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8/12/2019 Bio Compare

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ANIMAL CELLS PLANT CELLS

Cell wall Absent Present (formed of cellulose) Shape Round (irregular shape) Rectangular (fixed shape) Vacuole One or more small vacuoles(much smaller than plant

cells).

One, large central vacuole

taking up 90% of cell volume.

Centrioles Present in all animal cells Only present in lower plantforms.

Chloroplast Animal cells don't havechloroplasts

Plant cells have chloroplasts

because they make their own

food

Cytoplasm Present Present Endoplasmic Reticulum

(Smooth and Rough)

Present Present

Ribosomes Present Present Mitochondria Present Present Plastids Absent Present Golgi Apparatus Present Present Plasma Membrane only cell membrane cell wall and a cell membrane Microtubules/

MicrofilamentsPresent Present

Flagella May be found in some cells May be found in some cells

Lysosomes

Lysosomes occur in

cytoplasm. Lysosomes usually not evident.

Nucleus Present Present Cilia Present It is very rare


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ACTIVE TRANSPORT PASSIVE TRANSPORT

DefinitionActive Transport uses ATP to pump

molecules AGAINST/UP the

concentration gradient. Transport

occurs from a low concentration ofsolute to high concentration of

solute. Requires cellular energy.

Movement of molecules DOWN

the concentration gradient. It goes

from high to low concentration, in

order to maintain equilibrium inthe cells. Does not require cellular

energy.

Types ofTransport

Endocytosis, cell membrane/sodium-

potassium pump & exocytosis

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion,

and osmosis.

Types ofParticles

Transported

Proteins, ions, large cells, complex

sugars.

Anything soluble (meaning able to

dissolve) in lipids, small

monosaccharides, water, oxygen,

carbon dioxide, sex hormones, etc.

Examples Phagocytosis, pinocytosis,sodium/potassium pump, secretion ofa substance into the bloodstream

(process is opposite of phagocytosis &pinocytosis)

Diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated

diffusion.

ImportanceIn eukaryotic cells, amino acids,

sugars and lipids need to enter the cell

by protein pumps, which requireactive transport.These items either

cannot diffuse or diffuse too slowlyfor survival.

It maintains equilibrium in the cell.

Wastes (carbon dioxide, water,

etc.) diffuse out and are excreted;nutrients and oxygen diffuse in to

be used by the cell.

FunctionsTransports molecules through the cell

membrane against the concentrationgradient so more of the substance is

inside the cell (i.e. a nutrient) or

outside the cell (i.e. a waste) than

normal. Disrupts equilibrium

established by diffusion.

Maintains dynamic equilibrium of

water, gases, nutrients, wastes, etc.between cells and extracellular

fluid; allows for small nutrients

and gases to enter/exit. No NET

diffusion/osmosis after equilibrium

is established.


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ACTIVE TRANSPORT OSMOSIS

Importance In eukaryotic cells, amino acids,sugars and lipids need to enter thecell by protein pumps, which

require active transport.Theseitems either cannot diffuse or

diffuse too slowly for survival.

In animals, osmosis influences thedistribution of nutrients and the

release of metabolic waste products.

In plants, osmosis is partiallyresponsible for the absorption of soil

water and for the elevation of the

liquid to the leaves of the plant.

ExamplesPhagocytosis, pinocytosis,sodium/potassium pump, secretionof a substance into the bloodstream

(phagocytosis& pinocytosis)

Movement of water into root haircells.


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Introduction Meiosis I is a special type of celldivision necessary for sexualreproduction in eukaryotes.

The cells produced by meiosis aregametes or spores. In many

organisms, including all animalsand land plants (but not some

other groups.

Meiosis II is the second part of the

meiotic process. Mechanically, theprocess is similar to mitosis, though

its genetic results are fundamentallydifferent. The end result is

production of four haploid cells (23chromosomes, N in humans) .

Process Metaphase - chromatids (remembernot chromosomes - chromatids are

in "X" form) lining up side by side,Anaphase - separating, Telaphase -

Finally seperated into two

Homologous pairs of chromosome

separate, separate again into 4 sex

cells

Replication Replication ofDNAprior to meiosis No replication

MEIOSIS I MEIOSIS II

Introduction Interspecific competition, inecology, is a form ofcompetition in which

individuals of differentspecies compete for the sameresource in an ecosystem.

Intraspecific competition is a particular

form of competition in which membersof the same species vie for the same

resource in an ecosystem. This can becontrasted with interspecificcompetition, in which different species

compete.

INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION
http://www.diffen.com/difference/DNA_vs_RNAhttp://www.diffen.com/difference/DNA_vs_RNAhttp://www.diffen.com/difference/DNA_vs_RNAhttp://www.diffen.com/difference/DNA_vs_RNA


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BLOOD LYMPH

Definition Blood is the main bodily fluid and responsible fortransporting important nutrients, oxygen, carbon

dioxide and waste products to and away from the

cells.

Lymph is a translucentalkaline fluid present

between capillaries and

tissues

Composition Plasma, red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood

cells (leukocytes), and thromobocytes (platelets).

Plasma and leucocytes


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ACTIVE IMMUNITY

Acquired when lymphocytes in the body are activated by antigens to produce antibodiesto fight against an infection

Last for long time Divided into

1. Natural Active Immunity - Take place during the natural course of an infection- Throat infection

2. Artificial Active Immunity Injected into the body (vaccination)- Chickenpox

PASSIVE IMMUNITY

Person becomes temporarily immune to an antigen by receiving ready made antibodies Last for only short times Divided into

1. Natural Passive ImmunityFrom mother to the foetus

- Gives the baby protection

2. Artificial Passive ImmunitySerum

- Provides immediate protection


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PHLOEM XYLEM

Function Transportation of food and nutrients

such as sugar and amino acids from

leaves to storage organs and growing

parts of plant. This movement of

substances is called translocation.

Water and mineral transport from roots to

aerial parts of the plant.

Movement Bidirectional (Moves up or down the

plant's stem from "source to sink")

Unidirectional (Moves up the plant's stem)

Occurrence Roots, stems and leaves. transports

sucrose to growth (roots and shoots)

and storage regions of the plant (seeds

fruit and swollen roots)

Roots, stems and leaves

Additional

FunctionsForms vascular bundles with xylem

Forms vascular bundles with phloem and

gives mechanical strength to plant due topresence of lignin cells. The lignified

secondary wall also makes the xylem

waterproof and prevent it from collapsingunder the pressure of water transpiration

Structure

Elongated, tubular shape with thin

walled sieve tubes. The sieve tubes

have pores at each end in the crosswalls and microtubules that extend

between sieve elements allowing

longitudinal flow of material.

Tubular shape with no cross walls which

allows a continuous column of water +

facilitates more rapid transport within thexylem vessels. There are two types -

protoxylem (first formed xylem) +

metaxylem (mature xylem) depending on

pattern of lignin.

Elements

Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloemparenchyma (loosely packed resulting

in intercellular spaces which allows gas

exchange), bast fibers, intermediarycells,

Tracheids, vessel elements, xylemparenchyma (loosely packed resulting in

intercellular spaces which allows gas

exchange), xylem sclerenchyma

Nature of

tissue

Living tissue with little cytoplasm but

no nucleus/tonoplast.

Dead tissue at maturity so it is hollow with

no cell contentsShape Phloem is not star shaped. Xylem is star shaped.

Location in

vascularbundle

Phloem occur on outer side of the

vascular bundle.

Xylem occupy the center of the vascular

bundle.


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EmbryoAs the name suggests, the

dicot embryo has two

cotyledons.

Monocotyledons have one cotyledon in the embryo.

Leaf venationLeaf veins are reticulated

(branched).Leaf veins are parallel.

Flowers Petals in multiples of four orfive. May bear fruit ( if tree).

Petals in multiples of three.

Root Pattern Taproot system Fibrous roots

Secondary

growth

Often present Absent

Stem andvascularsystem

Bundles of vascular tissuearranged in a ring. Thevascular system is divided

into a cortex and stele.

Bundles of vascular tissue scattered throughout thestem with no particular arrangement, and has nocortex.

Pollen Pollen with three furrows orpores.

Pollen with a single furrow or pore.

Presence orabsence of

wood

Both herbaceous and woody Herbaceous

Seed leaves2 seed leaves 1 seed leaf

Examples

Legumes (pea, beans, lentils,

peanuts) daisies, mint,

lettuce, tomato and oak areexamples of dicots.

Grains, (wheat, corn, rice, millet) lilies, daffodils,

sugarcane, banana, palm, ginger, onions, bamboo,

sugar, cone, palm tree, banana tree, and grass areexamples of plants that are monocots.

DICOT MONOCOT


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Types ofresponse

Response is widespread and systematice.g. growth

Response is very localised

Nature ofinformation

Chemical transmission via hormones

Electrical transmission ( nervous

impulses within neuron) and chemicaltransmission( synaptic)

Mode oftransmission

Endocrine glands secrete hormones

directly into bloodstream where they are

carried to target organs

Transmission is via a system of neuronsthat branch throughout the body

Rate oftransmission

Slow Rapid

Duration of

effectLong-term changes/ effects e.g. growth

Short-term, almost instantaneous

effects e.g. knee jerk

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM


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Intro

The Egg cell is the female reproductive haploid cell in

oogamous organisms. The egg cell is typically not

capable of active movement.

The male reproductive cells

in

Size Much larger then the sperm cells. The human ovum

measures approximately 0.12 mm in diameterc

Smaller than the egg cell.

ShapeEggs are genetically unique and often physicallydistinctive as well -- spherical, ovate, conical,

sausage-shaped, barrel-shaped, or torpedo-shaped.

The mammalian sperm cell

consists of a head, a

midpiece and a tail

OVUM SPERM


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Nature of the Exist as a broad continuous range Falls into few distinctive

Variation with many intermediate values phenotypes or categories

between the extreme

Measurement Tends to be quantitative in Tends to be qualitative in

nature nature

Prevalence of Present in all individuals of the Either present or absent

The Trait species concerned

Genetic Control Controlled by many genes Controlled by one or fewgenes

Effect of Genes show additive effect Does not showGenetic Control

Environmental Significantly affected by the Not affectedInfluences environment

CONTINUOUS VARIATION DISCONTINUOUS VARIATION

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