Bio effects of Selected Non lethal Weapon

7/27/2019 Bio effects of Selected Non lethal Weapon

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Nft,DonaldFriedmanConfidentialLegal Correspondencell25 Thid SteetNapa,Califomia94559-3015

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SEEffifiieFenAr

Bioeffects f Selected onlethalWeapons(fn )

Thisaddendumo theNonlethal echnologies*WorldwideNGIC-I147-101-98)tudyaddressesn summary,ome fthe mostoftenasked uestionsfnonlethalweaponstechnology,heph)siologicalesponsesbservedn clinicalsettings fthe biophysicalcoupling ndsusceptibilityfpersonnelo nonlethal ffectsweapons. heseesults

identifyandvalidate omespects f maturing

onlethalechnologieshatmay ikely beencounteredr usedas nonlethaleffectors n the future ncludins:

. Laserand other ight phenomena.

. Radioftequencyirected nergy.

. Awal bioeffects.

Thestudyofelectromagneticieldsand heir nfluence n biological ystemssincraaiingapidly.Muchofthis wo* is takingplace ecausefhealthconcems. orexample,ncreasedoncem asarisen egardingheeffects foperator xposureo theelectromagneticieldsassociatedithshort-wave iathermy evices, ighpower

microwave vens, ada!systems, agneticesonancemaging nits,etc. n addition,muchconcem asarisen boutextremelyow frequency60Hz power requency)eleakic ndmagneticields hatoriginateiom high-voltageansmissionines, ndust[ialequipment,nd esidential ppliances.oth occupationalnd esidentialo[g-termexposureavebeen he ocusofepidemiologicaltudies. hestudies ave uggestedpossible dverse ffects n human ealth e.9., ancer,cproduction,tc.).Laboratoryresearchs still beingpursuedo identifypossiblemechanismsfinteraction. owever,other han hermalheating or microwave requencies,here s no yet agreed-uponmechanismfaction.As aco[sequence,ur knowledge ases developedntirelywithphenomenologicalbservations.ecausefthis fact, t is notpossibleopredict ownorithermal iological effectsmay diflbr llom one exposuremodality to another. t is

especially ifficult,becausefthe smalldata ase or fastpulses,o predict iologicaleffects hatmight be associated ith high-powerpulsesofextremely short duration.

There s, however, growing erceptionhatmicrowaverradiation ndexposureo lowfrequencyieldscanbe nvolved n a wide ange fbiological nteractions.omeinvestigators re evenbeginning o describesimilaritiesbetweenmicrowave rradiationanddrugs egarding heir effectson biological systems.For exarnple, omesuggesthatpowerdensityand specific absorption ate of microwave rradiation may be thoughtofasanalogouso the concentration fthe injection solutionand he dosage fdrug

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admin;stration,espectively. learly, heeffects fmicrcwaves n brain issue,chemistry,and unctionsarc complexand selective.Observations fbody weight andbehavior evealed hat ruts, exposed mdercertainconditions o microwaves,eat anddrink ess, avesmaller odyweightasa resultofnonspecific tress ediatedbroughthe centralnenous systemand havedecreasedmotor activity. It hasbeerl ound hat

exposure f the animals o onemodality of radiofiequencyelectromagneticnergysubstantiallydecreases ggtessive ehaviorduring exposure.However, he oppositeeffects fmicrowaves,n increasinghemobilityandaggressionfanimals, asalsobeen hown or a differentexposure odality.Recent ublished ata mplicatesmicrowavessa factor elatedo a deficit n spatialmemory unction. similar lpe ofeffectwasobserved ith exposureo a "resonanceuned"extremelyow frequencymagneticield.Thus, he data ases repletewithphenomenologicalbservationsfbiological ystemsaffected" y exposureo electromagneticnergy.The act hatabiological ystemespondso anextemalnfluence oes ot automaticallyor easilytruslate o thesuggestionfadversenfluence n health.) heobjective fthe presentstudywas o identify nformationtom his developing nderstandingfelectomagneticeffects n animal ystemshatcouldbecoupledwithhuman iological usceptibilities.Situations hcrc hc ntersect ionfthese wo domains oexistDrovide ossibilitiesoruse n nonlethal pplications.

I[capacitatingEffect: MicrowaveHeatitrg

Bodyheatingo mimic a fever s thenatuleofthe R.F ncapacitation.heobjectives toprovide eatingn a verycontrolled ay so hat hebody eceives earlyuniformheatingandno organs redamaged. ore emperatwespproximately1oC areconsideredo beadequate.t such emperatureconsiderablyhangedemeanor ill takeplacewith the

individual.Mostp€

ople, nder eve!conditions, ecomemuch essaggrcssive;omepeoplemaybecomemore nitable.Thesubjective ensationsroducedy thisbuildupofheat are ar more unpleasanthan hoseaccompanyingever. n hlperthermiaall theeffectorprocessesre stmined o the utrnost,whereasn fever hey axenot. It is alsopossiblehatmicrowave ,?erthermiaevenwith onlya 1' C increasen braintemperature)may disrupt workingmemory, hus resulting n disorientation.

BiologicalTsrgeUNormalFunctious,/Diseasetate

The temperature f warm-bloodedhomeothermic) nimals ike thehuman cmanspnctically unchanged lthough he surroundingemperaturemay vary considerably.The

nomal humanbody tempentue recordedtom the mouth s usuallygivenas 37' C, withthe ectal tempemtue one degree igher.Variation between ndividuals s tlpicallybetween 5.8' C and37.8' C orally.Variatiorcalsooccur n anyone ndividuaithroughout he day-a differenceof l 0' C or even2.0oC occurringbetween hemaximum n the late allemoon or early evedng,and he minimumbetween3 and 5o'clock n themoming.Strenuous uscular x€rcise auses temporaryise n bodytemperatue hat s proportional o the severityofthe exercise;he evel maygo ashigh as40.0. .



Extremeheatstress, uch hat the bodyscapacity or heat oss s exceeded, ausespathologicalncreasen the temperature fthe body.The subjectivesensationsrcducedby this buildup ofheat are ar moreunpleasanthan hoseaccompanyingever. nhyperthermiaall the effectorprocessesre stained to theutmost,whereas n fevers heyarenot. The limiting temperatureor survival,however, s the same n both cases--a ody

temperature f42o C. For briefperiods,peoplehavebeenknownto survive emperaturesashigh as 43 ' C.

In prolonged )?erthermia, ith temperaturesver40' C to 41. C, thebminsufferssevere amage hat usually eads o death.PeriodsofhlTrerthermiaare accompanied ycerebraledema hat damage ewons,and he victim exhibitsdisorientation, elirium, andconvulsions.hissFdrome s popularlyeferredo assunstroke,r heatstroke,depending n the circumstances.When he hyperthermias prolonged,brain damageinterfereswith the central hermoregulatorymechanisms.n particular,sweatsecretionceases, othat the condition s further exacerbated.

Mechanismo Produce he DesiredEffects

Thisconcept uildson about40years fexperience ith theheating ffects fmicrowaves.umerous tudies avebeen erfomedonanimalso identifycharacteristicsfimportanceo theunderstandingfenergydepositionn animals. s aresultof thephysics,he relationshipetweenhesizeofthe animal nd hewavelengthofthe radiofrequencynergysmost mportant.n fact, hehuman xposureuidelinesoradioftequencyadiationare designed roundknowledgeofthe differential absorption sa functiorof fiequency ndbodysize.Thechallengesto minimize he ime o effectwhile causingnopermanentnjury to anyorganor the totalbody and o optimize he

equipmentunction. heorientation fthe incident nergywith respecto theorientationofthe animal s also mportant.

In a studyofthe effect ofRF radiationon body tempelaturen the Rhesusmonkey,afreqtency(225MHz) is purposelychos€nhat depositsenergydeepwithin thebody othe animal.A dos€ ate of 10 W,&gcausedh€body temperatureo increase o 42oC in ashort ime 10-15min),To avoid neversible dverse ffects,h€ exposurc asterminatedwhen a temperature f 42oC was reached.A lower dose ate of 5 W,&gcausedhe emperatureo increaseo 41.5oC in less han2 hours. he eversiblearureofthis responsewasdemonstrated y the rapid drcp in bodytemperature hen RFexposurewasteminated before a critical temperature f42o C was reached. t is

estimated or rats hat he abso6ed hresholdconrulsivedose ies between22 a!|td 5 !/gfor exposure wations tom less har a secondo l5 minutes.For 30-pinute exposurc,the absorbedhresholddose or decreasen endurances near20 J/g, the threshold orwork stoppage pproximately J/g, and he hreshold or work pertubation rangesiom5 to 7 yg. All oftheabovemeasures,xcept onvulsions,rc )?esofnonlethalincapacition.

A rough estimateof thepowerrequired o heata human or this technology s on theorderof l0 Wkg givenabout15 o 30 minutes ftargetactivation. ctualpower evels



dependon climatic factors,clothing, and other considerationshataffect the heat ossAom the ndividual concemed.A method or expressing ose ate n termsofbodysurfacearea i.e.,wattspersquaremeter) ather han bodymass i.e.,watts perkilogam)wouldpemit a more eliable rediction fthermaleffects crcss pecies. owever,hereaxe argeuncertaintiesn the ability to extrapolatehermorcgulatory ffects n laboratory

animals o those n humanbeings.

This technology s an adaptation ftechnology whichhasbeenaround or manyyears.tis well known that microwaves anbe used o heatobjects.Not only is microwavetechnology sed o cook oods, ut t isalsoused sa directed ource fheating n manyindustrial pplications.t waseven hesubject fthe "PoundProposal', fewyears go nwhich he deawas oprovideesidential eatingopeople, ot iving space. ecausefthe apparently afenatureofbody heatingusing microwave echniques, varietyofinnovativeusesofEM energy or humanapplicationsarebeing explored.Thenonlethalapplication ouldembody highlysophisticatedicrowave ssemblyhatcanbe uscdoprcjectmicrowavesn order o providea conholled eating fpersons. hiscontrolledheating ill raisehecore emperaturefthe individualso apredeterminedevel omimic a high everwith the nt€ntofgainingapsychological/capabilitydge n heenemy, hilenot nflictingdeadly orce,Theconcept fheating s straightforward;hechallenges to idgntifyandproducehecorrectmix ofliequencies ndpower evelsneededo do the remoteheatingwhile not injuring specificorgansn the ndividualsilluminated by the beam.

A varietyoffactorscontributeo the attractivenessfthis nonlethalechrology. i rst, tis based n a well-known ffect, eating. veryhumans subjecto theeffects fheating;therefore,t wouldhaveapredictabilityatingof 100%. he ime o onset anprobably

be engine€

redo betweel15and30 minutes; owever,iming s thesubject faddilionalresearcho maximize eating hileminimizingadverseffeats f localized eating.heonset anbeslowenough nd,/orfsuch requencyo be unrecogniz€dy theperson(s)being nadiated. afety o innocentsouldbe enhancedy theapplicationndadditionaldevelopme[tof advanced ensor echnologies.ocapacitationime could be extended oalmostanydesiredperiodconsistentwith safety. GivensuitableR&D, temperature rothervital signscouldb€ monitorcdremotely,and emperatureould be maintainedat aminimum effectivepoint).

Tim€to Onset

The ime o onsets a fulctionofthepower evelbeingused.Carefullymonitoreduniformheating ouldprobablyakeplacen between5 and30 minutes. ime oorcetcould be reducedbut with increasedisk of adverse ffects.Minimum time is deDendenton thepower evel ofthe equipmentand he efficiencyofthe aimingdevice.

Duration of Effect

Assuming hat he heating s donecarefully,reversalof elevatedbody temperature ouldbegin as soonas he sourceofheat is removed.



Tunability

This concepts tunable n that any rute ofheating,up to the maximumcapacityof thesouce, may be obtained.Thus t is suitable or use n agradual orceor ',rheostatic',approach.fthe situationallows, and he source s sufficiently powerful, there s thepossibilityo use his echnologyn a ethalmodeaswell.Prolonged ody emperatureabove43' C is almostcertain o result n permanent arnageo the brain and death.

DistributionofHuman Sensitivitieso DesiredEffects

No reasonhasbeen dentified to suggest hat anyonewould be mmune o thistechnology. ndividualswith compromisedhermoregulatorymechanisms ould besusceptiblewith a lower incident energydensity.This would includepeoplewith orgalncdamageo the h,?othalamus, hepartofthe brain that ntegates he autonomicmechanismshichcontrolheat ossaswell aspeoplewith compromisedomaticeaturesofheat oss e.g.,espiration, aterbalance, tc.).

The echnologieseededor the hermalechnologyoncept re elativelywelld€velopedecausefthe knownbiophysical echanism,heuniversal usceptibili tyfhumanso themechanismfheating, ndbecausefa well developed€chnology asefor theproductionofradiofrequencyadiation. Becausehe huma.n odyisinhomogeleous,eftain rgans re,by virtueoftheir sizeandgeometry, oreeasilycoupledwithone adiofrequencyavelengthhananother. herefore,o avoidpermanentdamageo thesusp€ct r to innocent ystarders,t maybenecessaryo vary hefrequencyo avoid ocalized eating ndconsequentamageo anyorgan,Additionally,it will be necessaryo avoid he conditions hought o be associated ith the nduction of

cataracts.hus,while he echnology fmicrowave eatingn generals matule,adaptationsanonlethalechnology ill rcquire ophisticatediophysicalalculations)identify heproper egimen fmicrowavelequenciesnd ntensities;t will alsobcnecessaryo optimize existing hardwareo meet hebioph,sical requirements.

Possibletrflu€oc€ r Subject(s)

Ifthe technology unctionsapproximatelyasenvisioned,he targetedndividual could beircapacitated ithin l5 to 30minutes. ecausehis echnologys focused n a relativelyslow onset, t shouldonly be used n situationswherespeeds not important.The veryuncomfortableature fa highbody emperatureaybe usefuln negotiationsr

possiblyor controlling rowds.t wouldbe equally seful n single ersons t crowds.Evidencealso ndicatesa disruptionofworking memory thusdisorientationmay occurbecausefall inability o consolidate emory fthe recentminutes)ast.

Technological tatusof Generator/AimingDevice

Equipmentneededo explore his conceptn the aboratory s available oday.Designandconstruction fthe RF/microwavegenemtorwill depend n the constraints osedby thecalculations, otentialgeneration evices,alld energy-directing tructures.A varietyof



optlons xist orbothoftheseequipmenteeds. heuseof advancedrequency ndmodulation-agileFgenerationndamplificationircuitrywill berequiredo o"scssfully thefrequency/power/timenvelopeofRF heatingprofiles requir;d. Althoughmuchequipments cornmerciallyavailable,t is likely thatcustomhadwareandsoftwarewillbe necessaryecause vailableequipment asnot beendesignedwith the need

orfrequ€ncy/intensilyariability,which w.ill probablybeneededor safetypurposes.naddition, he designof antennas nd otherenergy-directing tructueswili almostcertainlynvolveunique onfigurations.ince his echnology tilizes adiofiequencyenergy,t canbe defeatedy theuseof shielding rovided y conductiveariers ikemetalor metalscreen.

IrcapacitatingEffect:MicrowaveHearirg

Microwave earings aphenomenon,escdbedy human bservem.s. hesensationsfbuzzing, icking, hissing,or knockingsoundshatoriginatewithin or imrnediatelybehindthe head.There

s no soundpropagatilg hrough heair like nomal sound.Thistechnologyn itscrudes!ormcouldbeused o distractldividuals: frefined. t couldalsobe usedo communicateithhostagesr hostageakeNdirectlyby Morse odeorothermessageystems,ossibly€venby voiae ommudcation.

BiologicalTarget/NormslFunctiotrs/Diseasetate

This echnology akes seofa phenomenonirstdescribedn the iterature ver30 vearsago.Different)?esofsoundswereheard ependingn theparticularsfthe pulsecharacteristics. af,iousexperimentswer€ performedonhumansand aboratorvanimalsexploringheoriginofthis phenomenon.t this ime,virtuallyall investigatorsho hrve

studied_thehelomenon ow accepthermoelasticxpansionfthe brain,-theressurcwaveofwhich is rcceived ndprocessedy thecochlearmicrophonic ystem,iohc tlrcmechanismfacoustic erceptionfshortpulses fRF energy.Onestudy in 1975)usilg human olunteers,dentiliedhe hresholdnergy fmicrowave-auditorycsponscsin humans sa function fpulsewidth or 2450MHz radioftequencynergy.t is alsofound hat about40J/cmzncident energydensityper pulsewai required.

-'


After the phenomenon asdiscovercd, everalmechanisms ere suggestedo explain hehearing fpulsedRF fields.Thermoelasticxpansion ithin hebrain n rcsponseo RFpulseswas flrst studiedanddemonstntedn inert matedals id wasDroposed s hernechanismfhearingofpulsedRF fields.A presstlre ave s generitedn mostsolidand iquidmaterialsy apulse fRI energy--aressurc ave hat s seveml rders fmagnitudearger n amplitude han hatresultilg from radiationpressure r fromelecnoslrictiveorces. hecharacteristicsfthe field-inducedoihlearmicroohorucnguineaigs nd ats.he elationshipfpulse uralionnd tu-eshold.hvsicrimeasurementsn waterand n tissue-simulat ingaterials,swell asnumerousheoreticalcalculations-allpoint to thermoelastic xpansion s he mechanism fthe hearinsDhenomenon.



Scientists avedeterminedhe thresholdenergyevel for humanobservers xposedopulsed 450-MHz ields 0.5-to32 micrcnpulsewidths).They ound hat, egardlessfthe peakofthe powerdensityand hepulsewidth, theper-pulsehreshold oia normalsubjects neax 0 mJ/kg.Theavemge levation fbrain emperaturessociatedith ajust-perceptibleulsewasestimatedobe about5xl0 6.C.

Time to Onset

Thephysicalnatureofthis themoelasticexpansion ictateshat he sounds reheardasthe ndividual ulses reabsorbed.hus, he effect s immediatewithinmilliseconds).Humanshavebeenexposed o R.Fenergy hat resultedn theDroduction f sounds.

Duration of Effect

Microwavehearing astsonly as ong as heexposure.There s no residualeffectafier

cessationfRF energy.

Turability

Th€ phenomenons tunable n that the characteristic oundsand ntansitiesofthosesounds epend n hecharacteristicsfthe RF energy sdelivered. ecauseheftequency fthe sound eards dep€ndentn thepulse hamcteristicsfthe RF energy,it seems ossiblehat his echnologyouldbe developedo thepointwherewords ouldbe hansmittedobeheard ikethe spoken od, excepthat t couldonlybo heardwithinaperson'sead.n oneexperiment,ommunicationfthewords romone o ten using"speech odulated" icrowave nergywassuccessfullyemonstrated.icrophonesext

to thep€rson xperiencinghevoicecouldnotpickup hesound.Additional evelonncntofthis wouldopenup a wide ange fpossibilities.

DistributiotrofHuman SeDsitlvitieso Desir€dEffects

Becausehephenomenon ctsdirectlyon cochlearprccesses,he thermoelastic ressurewavesploducesounds fvarying Aequency.Many ofthe tests un to evaluatghephenomenonroduced ounds n the5 kHz rangeandhigher.Because umansarekno.wnto experiencewide ange fhearingossdue o cochlear arnage,t is possiblehatsomepeoplecanhearRF inducedsoundshat otherswith high&equencyhearing osscannot. hus, heres a likelyrange fsensitivity, rimarilybased n he )?e ofpulseand hecondition fthe cochlea. ilateral estructionfthe cochlea asbeendemonstxatedo abolishall RF-inducedauditory stimuli.

RecoYery/Safety

Humanshavebeensubjected o thisphenomenonor many years.The energydeposrnonrequired o producehis effect s so small hat it is not considered azardousexpenmentationwhen nvestigating esponsest the ust-perceptibleevels.

11



Possiblenfluenceon Subject(s)

Application ofthe microwavehearing echnologycouldfacilitate apdvatemessagetransmission.t may be useful o providea disruptiv€ condition o apersonnot awaxe fthe echnology.Not only might it be disruptive o the sense fhearing, it could be

psychologicallydevastatingf one suddenlyheard voiceswithin one'shead.

Technological tatusof Getrerator/Aiming evice

This technology equiresno extrapolation o estimatets usefulness.Microwave energycanbeappliedat a distance,and he appropriateechnologycanbe adapted tom existingradarunits. Aiming devices ikewise are availablebut for specialcircumstances hichrequireextremespecificity, theremay be a need or additionaldevelopment.Extemedirectional pecificitywouldbe requircdo hansmitamessageo a singlehostagesunoundedy his captors. ignals anbe ransmittedongdistanceshuDdredsfmeters)using urrent echrology.nngerdistances ndmoresophisticatedignal

lpeswill

requiremorebulky equipment,ut t seems ossibleo transmit ome ,?e ofsignals tcloser anges singman-potable quipment.

Range

Theeffective ange ouldbe hundreds fmeters.

IncapacitatingEffect: Disruptionof Neural Coutrol

The natureof the ncapacitations a rhythmic-activitysFchronizationof brain neurons

thatdisrupts ormal odicalconkolofthe corticospinalndcorticobulbarathways hrsdisrupts ormal unctioning fthe spinalmotorneurons hichcontrolmuscle onlt clronandbodymovements. ersonsufferingrom hisconditionose oluntary ontroloftheirbody.Thiss),nchrcnizationaybe accompaniedy a suddenossofconsciousnessand ntensemuscle pasms.

BiologicalTargeUNormalFunctions/Diseasetrte

The normal function ofthe brain s to control all formsofbehavior, voluntary controlofbody,and he homeostatic ararnete$ofthe organism.n normal conditions,all thebrainstructur€s, euro[ populations,networks,and singleunits function with specific hyhnic

activity depending n the ncomingsensory nformatioq infomation fiom mnemonicskuctwes,andsignals :romvisceralorgans.Eachsingleneuronprovidesspecificprocessing finformation it receivesand orms a specificpatternofimpulse firing asoutgoing nformation.Synchronization fn€won activity is a natual mechanism fthebrain function that usessuch controlling processessmotivation,attentionandmemory(experience)n order o organizebehavior.For example,motivationalprccessesreconsidered s activating ascending ignals hatslarchronizehe neuronactivity ofspecificbrain structures nd neuronnetworks; his activation/slnchronizationn hrm activatesspecificormsofbehavior uchassexual, ggressive,ngestive ctivities.



In normal unctioning he degree fneuronalsynchronizations highly controlled.Fromexpedmentshat rccord he neuronalactivity iI1differentbmin axeasimultaneouslvnanimals,t is known hatcorelationofspikeactivitybetween euronsmeasuredl thecorrelation evelof synchronization)hanges epending n the slageof behavior,motivation, ttention,r activation fthememory rocesses.owJver,

nder omeconditions,suchasph)rsicalstress, eatshock,or shongemotionalstress, he l€vel ofs),ncbronizationmaybecomehigher, nvolving nonspecificargepopulationsofbrainneuronsand le s)mclronizationmay becomeuncontrollable.

Dependingon at which frequencyhe slmchronizationh),thmoccursandhowmanyneuonsare nvolved,t mayproduce ifferent hysical ffects;muscleweakness,involuntarymuscle ontractiols,ossofconsciousness,r intensetonic)muscle pasms.The higher evelof sl,nchronizationakesplace n persons ffectedwith epilepsywhentheyexpedenceeriodic eizuresince heyhaveapathologicourcee.g., rorn njury othe brain)of rh',thmics)'nchronization. ecauseheneurophysiologicalnechanismsfepileptiform

yrchronizationrebetter ocumented,his ncapacititingechnologysdescribedn termsof €pileptogenesis.

Theneurophysiologicalechanismsctive n epileptogenesisnvolvechangesnmembrare onductancesndneuotransmitterlteEtions s heyaffectneuionalinteraction.n theprocess fepileptogenesis,ither ome eurons rcdischargingooeasily €causefalterationsn membmneonductancesr there sa failureoiinhibitoryneurotransmission.heactual ischargesavebeen ecognizedo result roma neuronaldepolarizationhiftwithelectrical yrchronyn cellpopulationselatedn pa rochangesn membraneonductances.he onicbasis ndbiochemicalubstiate fthisactivation avebeen .reasfconsiderabletudybut still leavemanyquestions

unanswered. hatarc hebasic ellular roperties,resentn nomal cellsand issuc. hlicouldcontributeo thegenerationfabnormal ctivity?Whatparts fthe systemsrelow thresholdand unctionas riggerel€ments?

'

Oneofthe current lTrothesess involvedwithmicrocircuitry,articularlyocalslmapncinteractionsn neocorticalnd imbicsystem tructures.n thehippocampus,he oleofthetrigger elementhasbeen ongattributed o theCA3 pyramidaliells_a hypothesisbasedon thc fact that spontaneous)mchto[ousburstdischaxgeanbe establishednCA3 neuons Somestudiesdescribean ntrinsicallybursting

-e[

type n theneocoftexthatplaysa role similar o thatofCA3 cells n thehippocampusnd hatofdeepcells nthe plriform cortex. The intrinsicnatue ofthesecellsappearso be all importantcontnbutor o the establishmentf slnchronizedbursting n these egions.Anotherapparentequirementn suchapopulations for a certaindegree fsynaptic interactionanongneurons,uch hatdischargef even necell enlistsheactivityofits neighbors.Given thepresence ftheseburstingcellsand he occurrence fexcitatory interactionsarnonghem n normal issue,t mayactually e hemoryhologicubstrateorepileptiformischarges.

Anotherh,?tothesishas ocusedpaiicularly on theroleofN-methyl_D-aspartate(NMDA) receptors.Various actors egulatehe effcacy ofNMDA receptors:herr

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voltage-dependentlockadeby magnesium nd modulationby glycineandpolyamrnes.For exarnple,n the ow magnesiummodel,spontaneous lncluonousburst dischargenhippocampal lramidal cell populationss sensitive o NMDA antagonists. hat findingsuggestshat t is theopening fNMDA channels,y relievinghemagnesiumlockade,that facilitatesepileptiformactivity.

Significantattention n the literature s alsobeinggiven o gamma-aminoutFic acid(GABA) receptors or thepotential ole in control ofexcitability. Changesn GABAinhibitory fficacy arr ead o important ffects n he excitability fthe system.GABAergicnhibitory osFsynapticotentialslPSPs) avebeen howno bequitelabi1en responseo repetitive ctivation fcorticalcellpopulations,smayoccurduringepileptiformdischarge.Scientists aveshown hat evena smallpercentagehange nGABA nhibition anhaveprofound ffects n neocodical pilsptogenesis.hesechangesn CABAergic inhibition may be the key to ao explanation fhow repetitivedischargeattems ivedse o ictaldischarge.urther,hereappearso be a significantincreasen excitatoryosts)'napticotentialEPSP)requencyrior o seizue nitiationan observationhat s consistent ith lossoflPSP efficacy rior o ictalonset-

Theabove )?othesesescribe ifferentmechanismsfepileptogenesis,ut t isquitepossiblehatall ofthesemechanismsakeplace, nd hey eflectarge arietyoft)?cs ofepileptic eizures.hecommon rinciple fthe mechanismsroposeds thechange fmembraneropeties i.e.,conductance,ermeabilitytc.)ofcertainneurons hichrcsults n d€polarization nd burst discharging.Some actors e,g., auma) can affectth€sespecificneuronsand nitiatesynchrcny or neuronshat conrol intemalcommunicationndcommunicationithvariousmuscle )rstemsot associatedlthvital functionsi.e.,headbeating, reathing). igh strength ulsed l€ctric ieldscould

alsobe sucha factor.

Mechanism o Reproducehe DesiredEffects

Application felectromagneticulsess alsoa conceptualonlethalechnologyhatuseselectromagn€tic nergy o irduce neurals)'nchronyanddisruptionof voluntary musclecontrol. heeffectivenessfthis concept asnot been emonstrated.owever,rompastwork in evaluating hepotential or electromagnetic ulse generato$o aflect humans,tis estimatedhat sufficiently shong ntemal fields canbegenerated ithin the braintotrigger neurons.Estimates re hat 50 to 100kv/m freefield ofvery sharppulses - I nS)are equired o producea cell membranic otentialof approximately V; this would

probablyb€suflicient to trigger neuons or make hemmore susceptibleo firing.

The elecfomagneticpulseconcept s one n which a very fast(nanosecondimeframe)high voltage approximately100kv/m or greater)electomagneticpulse s repeated tthe alphabrain wave frequency about 5 Hz). It is known that a similar frequencyofpulsingight can rigger ensitivendividualsthosewithsome egree f light-sensitivityepilepsy)nto a seizureand t is thought hat by using a method hat could actually riggernerve )'napsesirectlywithanelectricaliel4 essentially00% findividualswouldbesusceptibleo seizure nduction.The photic-induced eizurephenomenon as bome out

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demonstrablyn December 6,1997 n Japaneseelevisionvhen undredsfviewersofapopularcartoonshow were reated, nadvertently,o photicseizure nduction(fi eurelU. Thephotic-induced eizurcs indirect Dthat theeye must cceiveand ransmit heimpulseswhich initially activatea portionofthe blain associated ith theoptic nerve.From hatpoint heexcitabjlity preadso otherporlions

f thebrain.Wirh heelectromagneticoncept,excitation s directlyon thebrain,and all regionsareexcitedconcurently. heonset fsFchony anddisruption fmuscular onk;l is anticiDatedobe nearly nstantaneous.ecovery imes areexpectedo be consistentwith, or more rapidthan. hatwhich s observedn epileptic eizures.

Time to Onset

No experimentalvidences availableor this cortcept. owever,ight-inducedeizureslatency nsetn photosensitivepilepticsaries rom0.1 o about 0 seconds. ecausefthe fact that he electdcalmpuls€s riggeredby light must spreado otherpartsoftho

brain,photic-induc€d eizuesare expectedo havea genemllysloweronset han neunlsFchrcny inducedby high-stength pulsedelectric ields.

Durationof Effect

For epilepticndividuals,he ]?ical duration fa petitmal event r apsychomororvenris I minute r 2,possiblyonger,while heduration f agrandmal seizures I to 5minutes.n anon-epilepticndividualwho s induced y el€chomagneticeans,hedurations fthedifferent vents reexpectedo be roughly hesame s heepileptici[dividual'sevents fter heextemal xcitations removed.

Tunability

There remanydegrees fepilepticseizue n diseasedenons, nd t seemseasonablethatelectromagnetictimulationfneuralsyrchronymightbe unable ith regardo tncanddegeeofbodily influence, epe[ding n heparametersssociatedith thechosenstimulus.Becausehereareno actualdata o build on, thesestatementsmust beconsideredentative. t is knownthat in the studyofphotic-inducedseizues,panmeterscanbevaried o hat he ndividual nder tudydoes ot actually ndergo grandmalseizure.This knowledgegiv€sco[fidencethattheproposedechnologywouidbe tunable.

DistributionofHumatr Sensitivitieso DesiredEffects

It is anticipatedhat 100% fthepopulation ouldbe susceptible.hemechanisms onethat could actorl many ndividualneuronalcells concurrentlyand hencedoesnot dependon spreading egionsofelectrical activity as n thedisease tate.

Possiblenlluenceotr Subjects(s)

If the technologyunctionsapproximatelyas envisioned,he argetedndividualcould berncapacitatedery quickly. Becauseherehavebeenno reportedstudiesusing he

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conditionsspecified,experimentalwork is required o chaxacterizenset ime. Differenttlpes of technologies ould be employedo influencewide areasor single ndividuals.Becausehis technologys consideredo be tunable, he nfluenceon subjects ould varyftom mild disruption fconcentmtiono muscle pasms nd ossofconsciousness.hesubject(s)would havevarying degrees f voluntarycontrol depending n the chosendegree f incapacitation.

Technological tatusof Generator/AimingDevice

An electric ieldskength froughly100Kv/m overa timeperiodof 1 nanosecondsapproximately hecondition hought o be necessaryo produce he desiredeffect whenprovidedo an overall epetitionateof 15Hz.Sucha field maybe developed singaradarlike,high-peak-power,ulsed ouceor an electromagneticulsegeneratoroperated t 15Hz. Theseechnologiesxist odaysufficiento evaluatehe disablingconcept. ower equirementsrenot highbecauseheduty actor s so ow.Aimrng

devices recurently available,ut a highdegree fdirectionality t org distances illrequire evelopment,t maybe necessaryo provide ursts fthesenanosecondulscs norder o stimulate he desiredeffect.As the duty time increases o does he averagcpowerrequirement or powersource,Becauseherewere no open iterature eports romwhich o make nferences,here s some ncertainty bouthepower evels equired.

Ratrge

Theeffective ange ouldbe hundredsf mete$.

DefeatCapabilities/Limitatiors

Shielding anbeprovided y conductivearriersikemetalor metalscreen. herearcanumber fdrugs hatarecapable finducingconvulsiveeizuresndothers,ikephenoba6ital, iphenyllhydantoin,rimethadione,-4dinitrophenol,ndacetazohunide,which are aoticonlulsive. Anticonvulsivedrugsareknown to be helpful in reducing heeffectofseizuresn epil€ptic atients, ut heirability o reduceheeffectoftheproposedtechnology s unlinown(possiblyno effect) but expectedo be less han or photic-induced eizures.

IncapacitatingEffect; AcousticEnergy

The natureofthe incapacitation oNists of severcprcssure ensations,ystagnus aspasmodic,nvoluntarymotion ofthe eyes),and nausea aused y high intensitiesof9140-155 B).Nlstagmus ccruswhenconvection urlents xe roducedcupulamovement) n the ateralear canal.This cupulamovement ausesheeyes o moveinvoluntari ly; ence,he extemalworld s nterpretedsmoving.Thesubject',sees',issurroundingsuming rcund him andat the saine imeexperiences sensation f tuming.Persons xposedo these evelsof soundexperience ausea.

BiologicalTargevNormalFunctiols/Disease tate

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The two lateml semicircular anals,one ocatedn eachnner ear.alert apeNon o thefact hathis upight heads experiencingngular cceleration. ithinth; ampulla fthecanal reseveral o called aircells.Thecilia of these ellsprolrudentothe umen fthe ampullawhere hey {rreencasedn a massofjelly-like material (thecupula)which isattachedo theoppositewall ofthe canal.As theheadaccelerates,he cilia arcbent by aninertial orceofthe cupula nd heviscousiquid n thecanalumen.Thebending fihecilia exciteshaircells which in tum excite afferentneurons;lese thenalert thebrain thata change fpositionofthe head asoccurred. imilarevents ccurwhen hehead topsmoving.The esultofa strong air cell stimuluso thebmin s a rapideyemovement,call nystagmus,feeling fdizziness nddisorientation,ndaDossibilitv fnausea ndvomltmg.

Normalhearings in the ange etweenhe requenciesf20,000 o 16,000 z with theoptimal ensitivityor mostpeople etweenhe tequenciesf500 to 6000Hz.


Becauseheendorgansor acoustic ndvestibular erceptionresoclosely elated,intense coustic timulationan esult n vestibular ffects. heh]?othesiss that hesound fnormal ntensity roducesscillationsfthe endolymph ndperilynpn,compensatedor by oscillationsfthe roundwindow.High ntensity ound roduceseddy unents,whichare ocalizedotationalluiddisplacements.igh ntensity oundcanalsoproduce onlinear isplacementfthe stapes,ausing volumedisplacement,the esultofwhich canbea fluid void n thc aby.inth. o fill thevoid, luidmaybedisplaced long heendollmphatic uctand,/orlockcapiltary athways, hich, n tum,couldstimulate estibulareceptors.timulation fthe vestibulareceptors ay ead o

nauseandvomitingf thesound ressureevel s highenough. oncludehatboth j(l(lycurrents ndvolumedisplacementerveo stimulate estibulareceptorsn humans,whenexposedo high ev€ls fnoise.

Onestudy oundnystagmumn guinea igs€xposedo high evels finfrasound iastimulation fthe vestibularecepto$.Howev€r,hesameabwasunableo producenystagmusn human ubjects t 5- and10-secondxposureso apure oneat 135dB,broadbandngine oise, r a I 00 Hz toneat I 20 dB, pulsedhree imes/s r 2 minutes.Thesarneesearch asunableo elicitnystagmust evels p to 155dB, andalsoequallyunableo produce ystagmussingnfrasoundevels f I l2-150dB in guinea rgs,monkeys,and humars.However, esearchwith audiblecomponentsn the sound

spectrumwith guineapigsand monkeysproducednystagmus.Otherresearcherseportother vestibulareffects n addition o nystagmus t the following thresholds:125 dB fiom200-500Hz,l40 dB at 1000Hz, and155dB at 200Hz.Decremertsn vestibula.rtunctionoccur consistentlyor broadband oise evelsof 140dB (with hearinsprolectlon).

Humansubjects istened o very high levels of low-frequencynoiseand nfrasoundn theprotectedor unprctectedmodes.Two-minutedurationashigh as 140 o 155dB produceda mngeof effects rom mild discomfort o severepressure ensations,ausea, aggrng,

l3



andgiddiness.Effects also ncludedbluned vision and visualfield distoiions in someexposure onditions.The natwe and degreeofall effectswasdependent n both soundlevel and iequencywith the most severeeffectsoccurring n theaudible iequency ange(asopposed o infrasound),at levels aboveabout145dB. The nvestigatorsound notemporary hresholdshift (TTS) among heir subjects, nd he useof hearingprctectongreatlyalleviated he adverse ffects.

Since he early daysofjet-enginetesting and maintenance, [ecdotal evidence asappearedinking exposue o intensenoise,with suchcomplaintsas dizziness, ertigo,nausea,ndvomiting.As a resultofsirennoiseat 140dB, subjectsonsistentlyeporteda feeling fbeingpushed ideways,sually way tom heexposedar,andonesubjectreporteddifflculty standingonone oot.

Theseeffectswerenot as dramaticas from th€ eFengineOroadband) oiseat 140dB.This esearchoncludeshat he hreshold f labyrinthine ysfunctions about135 o 140

dB and hat theseeffectsoccur during,but not after,exposurc.

Time to Otrset

No times o onsetofnauseaor n)stagmuswerc dentified n the iteraturebut is presumcdto berelativelymmediateased n effectso the abyrinth ystem ccwringduring, utnot after,exposureo sound ressureevels f 135 o 140dB.

Duration of Effect

The ncapacitationa6ts nly as otlg as he ncapacitatingoundspresent.

Tunability

Based n he data resentedbove,t is unclear hetherhedegree fnausea rnystagmuss tunable,but similarsymptoms aused y otherstimuli a.re ariable ndegre9.

DistributionofHuman Sensitivitleso Desir€dEffects

It is mostprobablehat all individuals will be susceptibleo this stimuluswith theexception fthosewitha disease r defect i.e.,deafmutes) fsomepartor partsof thevestibularsystem.Datashowedno consistent ecreasen vestibulo-oculareflectswithinoeasedage.

Recovery/S fety

Normal subjectsare ikely to recover mmediatelyandexperience o or unmeasurablechangesn hearingunlesswell known iequency-intensity-timeactorsareexceeded.This is basedon studieswhich found notemporary hresholdshift in hearingof subjectstestedat low frequency.Occupational afetypersonnel enerally ecognizehat 1 5

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dB(A) is to be avoidedand hat 70dB(A) is assumed afe. s believed hat the noiseenergywith predominatingrequencies bove500 Hz haveagreaterpotential or hearingloss han noiseenergyat lower frequencies.Occupational tandardsor noisestate hat apersonmay be exposed ontinuouslyor 8 hours o 90 dB(A) or 15 minutes o I 15dB(A).

Possiblenfluenceon Subject(s)

Inductionofnystagmusandnauseawill havevariableeffectson individuals.Effectsmaybe sufficiently incapacitationo allow offensiveadvantage;heperceptionof sicknessmay makea subjectsusceptibleo peFuasion. t would bedilncult to targetsingleindividuals at thepresentevelof sounddirecting echnology.This technologymay bebetter uit€dor goupsofpeople.

Techtrological tatusof Generator/Aimltrg evice

Sound eneratingechnologys well developedut not highlyportable. imingdcvicesarepoorly developed.

Rrnge

Undernormal circumstanc€she soundpressuleeveldecreases dB(A) when hedistancerom he sources doubled. or examplefthe sormds 100dB(A)at 100 t, at200 t thesoundwouldbe 94 dB(A).At veryhighsoundevels, ertain onditions aylead o nonlineareffects n propagation ndgreatly ncreaseangeaccuracy.

DefeatCapabiliti€s/Limitrtions

Negative ffects faudiblesound regreatly ecreasedfhearingprctections wom.High frequency ound s more easilyblocked han ow frequency ou[d due owav€engtheff€cts.

Lrser-hduced BiologicalEffects

Theirare hreebasicdamagemechanismsssociated ith exposureo laser adiation:chemical, hermal,ard mechanical r acoustic-mechanical.

The laser-induced,hemicalalteratio$ in irradiated issueare eferred o asphotochemical amage.The ikelihoodof laser adiation n theblue-lightportionof theelectromagngticpectrum.380 o .550microns)nducing hotochemicaleactionsprogressiv€y €creases ith increasingwavelength.Photochemical ffectsarenotobservedponexposureo ndiationwithwavelengthsxceeding550 o .650micfonsbecausehe kinetic energyassociated ith thesephotonss insufficient o initiate aphotochemicalhange.

l5



On the otherhand, he thermaleffect s aprimaxymechanismor laser-inducedmJ ry.The extentof the njuries nduceddepends ponthe wavelengthandenergyoftheincidentmdiation, durationof exposure, nd he natuleofthe exposedissueand tsabsorptionharacteristics.enerally,hismechanismredominitesn thevisibleand henear-infrared.760 o 1.4 microns)portionsofthe electromagneticpectrum

and oralmost ll CW andpulsed xposuresetween .1millisecondsnd to 5 seconds.

The third injury mechanism ssociated ith exposure o laser adiation s themechanicalor acoustical-mechanicalffect.The radiantenergys absorbednto the tissueand,as aresult frapid hermal xpansionollowinga short l nanosecondo 0.1millisecond)laser adiation ulse, pressure ave s generatedhatmay esultn explosiveissueinjury.

Generally, ll threemechanismsperate oncunentlyn an radiatedanimal.Thermareffectscurrentlypredominateor continuouswave(CW) lasers,while mechanical ffects

areofincreased igrificanceorpulsed-modeasers.With evenhigher ower,onemustalsoconsider onlinear henomenauchasmultiphotonbsorptionndelectromagneticfield effects.

Theorgansmostsusceptibleo extemalaser adiation re heskinandeyes. heseverityofinjury is affected y thenature f the arget,he energy ensity eliveredo themrger,the fiequencyandpowerofthe laser,atmospheric ttenuation fthe beam,and he useoffilteringor ampliflng opticsby the arget, tc.

Theprimaryeffect on the skin is thermaldarnagebums).The severityvaries tom slighter],'themar reddeningo severe listering r charring, ependingn such actors s otal

energy eposition,kinpigmentation,nd he issue,sbility o dissipate eat.

Theeye sparticularlyusceptibleo intense ulse flaser adiation ecausefits uniquesensitivityo light.The ocusing ffect s similar o thatofa magnifyingens,whichfocusesbe energyon aparticularspot.Since hecomeaand ensofthe eye amplify theintensity fthe light ncident pon he etina, he etinas extremelyensitiveo visibleandnear-inftaredight, anddamageo theretinamayresult n temporaryor permanentlossofvisualacuity.Lasereye njuries aryaccordingo ncident ower, potsize,beamangle, emporalmode(CW or pulsed),andpulse epetition requency.Reportedeffectsincludecomeal esions,bums, cataracts, nd retinal lesions.

Somehigh-poweraserscan cause ntipersonnel ffectsby thedepositionof themalenergy.These asersmust operateat a wavelengthhat s readilyabsorbed y the skin orthe comea.Thesegenerallynclude he far- andmid-IR regioru(10to 12 micronsand 3to 5 microns)aswell as he ultravioletregion(<0.4microns).However.ultravioletwavelengths enerallydo notpropagatewell in the atmosphere,o theprimarythreatwavelengthso be considered rebetween3 and l2 microns.Althoughrelatively modestamountsof far-IR laserpowerare equired o producesuperficialbumson the skin atshort anges,andefforts to design heostaticallyethal aserweapons re on going.

lb



Nonlethalblinding laserweapons enerallyusecollimatedbeamswith very low beamdivergence, nd he energycontainedn the beamdiminishes elatively slowly overgreatdistances. nagilg systems uchas eyesand EO vision systems ave ocusingoptics hatbring the ncidentplanewaveof light to focusat the sensor lane.This results n a highopticalgain(geater than 100,000or eyes),which makeshe associated ensorluLoerable o relatively ow fluencesoflaser energy.

The effectsof laselson eyesare hreefold:

. Dazzlingor inducedg1are.

. Flashblindingr lossofnight adaptation.

. Pemanent r semipermanentlinding.

Theseverityoflaser eye njuriesvariesaccordingo the ncidentpower,spot size,beamangle, upildiameterambientightconditions),emporalmode CWor pulsed), n<r

PRF ofthe laser.Reportedeffects ncludecomealbums,catamctsa pemanentcloudinessfthe lens), nd etinal umsandperfoEtions.ow-energy aserweapons rccapable fcausinghe atter.

Exposue o relativelyow laser nergiesanproduceemporaryhangesn theability oseewithoutproducingpermanentnjury. Exposue to laser ight canproducean effectcall€dglareor dazzle, hich s similar o the emporaryossofvision experience hcoviewing heheadlightsfan oncomingar.Thevisualeffectsastonly as ongas helight spresentn the ield ofview (FOV).At slightlyhigherenergy xposures,hesam€laser adiation ansaturate r flashblindhephotoreceptorells, esultingn after magesthat adewiti timeafterexposue.Onlyvisible adiationwill induce eilingglareor aftcr

images; ear-IR adiation ill notproducehese ffects ven hough he adiant ncrgyreacheshephotor€ceptorells.Flashblindnessnddazzle,whilenotpermanentn,urrus,cancause iscomfort nd emporaryossofvision.Some tudies ave hownharuazzleand lashblindnessanseriouslympactmission erformance,speciallyn highlyvisualtasks uchaspilotingan aircraft r aiming.

Blinding is thepermanent r semipermarentoss ofvisual acuity. The effectcan asrfiom severalhou's onwardandgenerallys evidenced y a da* spot n thefield ofvision.Thisspot s calleda scotoma.he mpactofthe scotoma nvisualacuitywillvary with the sizeandpositionofthe injury. Humanvision is greatlyaffectedwhen helaser amages to thecentral isionarea fthe retina alled he ovea.Nonfovealaser

damagemay be lesssevereor evengounnoticedbecauset affectsonly theperipheralvision. The most serious etinal njuriesoccur when he ncident ight is so ntense hat aperforation n the retina s formed, esulting n a hemonhagento either he subretinallayeror, n themostsevere ases,hevitreous umorofthe eve.Lesssevere xDusurcsresult n lesionson the retila.

Foot ote:

1-(U) This appendixs classifiedFOROFFICIAL USEONLY in its entirery.

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Bio effects of Selected Non lethal Weapon