Bio f4 Chap 2 Cell Structure and Cell Organisatio

7/30/2019 Bio f4 Chap 2 Cell Structure and Cell Organisatio

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CHAPTER 2

CELL STRUCTURE

AND

CELL ORGANISATION





1. Nucleolus 2. Nucleus

3. Ribosome

4. Vesicle

5. Rough endoplasmic

reticulum 6. Golgi apparatus (or "Golgi body")

7. Cytoskeleton

8. Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

9. Mitochondrion

10. Vacuole

11. Cytoplasm

12. Lysosome

13. Centriole

Diagram of a typical animal cell. Organelles

are labelled as follows:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleolus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_%28biology%29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_apparatus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeleton



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuole

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centriole

http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_%28biology%29&action=edit

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Biological_cell.svg

http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_%28biology%29&action=edit



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasm









http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_%28biology%29




http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Biological_cell.svg









Organelle Main function Structure Organisms Notes

chloroplast (plastid)

photosynthesis double-membranecompartment

plants,protists

has some genes

endoplasmic reticulum

translation and foldingof new proteins (roughendoplasmicreticulum), expressionof lipids (smoothendoplasmicreticulum)

single-membranecompartment

alleukaryotes

rough endoplasmicreticulum is covered withribosomes, has folds thatare flat sacs; smoothendoplasmic reticulum hasfolds that are tubular

Golgiapparatus

sorting andmodification of proteins

single-membranecompartment

alleukaryotes

cis-face (convex) nearestto rough endoplasmicreticulum; trans-face(concave) farthest fromrough endoplasmicreticulum

mitochondrion

energy productiondouble-membranecompartment

mosteukaryotes

has some DNA

vacuole storage, homeostasis single-membranecompartment

eukaryotes

nucleus DNA maintenance, double-

membraneall

has bulk of enome

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis








http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis








http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast



Minor eukaryotic organelles and cell components

Organelle Main function Structure Organisms

centriole anchor for cytoskeleton Microtubule protein animals

cilium movement in or of external

mediumMicrotubule protein

animals, protists,

few plants

lysosome

breakdown of large molecules

(e.g., proteins +polysaccharides)

single-membrane

compartment most eukaryotes

myofibril muscular contraction bundled filaments animals

nucleolus ribosome production protein-DNA-RNA most eukaryotes

ribosome translation of RNA into proteins RNA-protein

eukaryotes,

prokaryotes

vesicle material transportsingle-membrane

compartmentall eukaryotes



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtubule

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilium



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myofibril



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(genetics)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_(biology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_(biology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(genetics)



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myofibril



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilium






• Chloroplasts are larger than mitochondria, and aresurrounded by twospecialized membranes. In

plants and some other eukaryotes, chloroplasts arethe sites of photosynthesis,a process in whichatmospheric carbon dioxide

is "fixed" into organiccompounds, and oxygen isreleased into theatmosphere



• Mitochondria are small, oval shaped

organelles surrounded by two highlyspecialized membranes. Mitochondria are thesites of aerobic respiration, and are generallythe major energy production center ineukaryotes





• Cell Organisation

1. Organism can be categorised as unicellular or

multicellular

2. Unicellular organism are organism with just one

cell, for example Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp .

3. Multicellular organisms are made up of more than

one cell



Amoeba proteus



The Amoeba sp. Exhibits various living processes asfollows:

a) Feeding

b) Locomotion c) Reproduction Feeding

1. Amoeba sp. feeds on bacteria and algae much smaller than

itself.2. When the amoeba sp comes in contact with its food, it puts its pseudopodia all around the food to enclose it in a drop of water, forming a food vacuole

3. The cytoplasm secrete enzymes into the food vacuole to digest the food.4. The digested substances are absorbed into the cytoplasm

while the undigested material are removed when the vacuole comes in contact with the plasma membrane and

breaks





Locomotion

• The amoeba moves by putting out new pseudopodia in

front withdrawing other behind.• Movement by means of pseudopodia is known as

amoeboid movement

•

The shape of the amoeba changes as it move.



Reproduction • The amoeba reproduce mainly by binary fission • Binary fission is a method of asexual reproduction which

does not involve the fusion of gametes.• When food is abundant, the amoeba reproduces by binary

fission. When the amoeba reaches a maximum size, the nucleus divides into two and the cytoplasm constrict, forming two new amoeba.

• The amoeba does not reproduce sexually.



Cell specialisation in multicellular organism• Being multicellular not only enables organisms to be larger,

it also enables their to become specialised.

• Each type of cell specialiseds in performing a particular function, for example the red blood cell in animal transports oxygen and the xylem vessel in plant transports water and mineral salt. This is known as division of

labour.• The division of labour permits greater efficiency and

enables multicellular organisms to exploit environments that are denied to unicellular organisms. Foe example, only

multicellular organisms can adapt to life in terrestrial environment.

• Multicellular organisms have a great potential for cell specialisation, leading to the development of tissues and

organ



Cell organisation in the formation of tissues, organ and systems in

the multicellular organism

• The study of cells is known as cytology

Level of organisation meaning

Cell The smallest unit of life capable of carrying

out all the function of living things.Tissue A group of cells of the same type that

perform a specific function in an organism.

Organ Several type of tissue that carry out a

particular function

Organ system Several organ working together to perform a

function



cell Function

Muscle cell Able to contract and relax and are involve in

movement

White blood cell Involves in defence of the body against

diseases

Sperm Fertilises the ovum

Red blood cell Transport oxygen

Nerve cell Receive and sends out nerve impulses

Some of the human cell and their functions



cell Function

Parenchyma cell For support and storage

Xylem vessel

element

Transports water and mineral salt

Sieve tube element Transports organic product of photosynthesis

Companion cell Regulates the metabolic activity of sieve

tube element

Epidermal cell For protection and covering of other cells

beneath

Some of the human cell and their functions



Tissue Function Example

Epithelial tissue Forms thin sheets that line and cover body structure; the function depends on its location in an organ

Ciliated cells that line the respiratory tract

Connective tissue Holds the body together Bone, cartilage, blood,tendon, ligament

Muscular tissue Contract to produce movement

Skeletal muscles,smooth muscle,

cardiac muscle Nervous tissue Conduct nerve impulses Densely packed nerve

cells

Humans and animal tissues

• The study of tissues is known as histology

• In human and animal, there are four basic types of tissuesc



Tissue Function Example

Epidermis Covers and protects underlying tissues from drying

out and form mechanical abrasions

Epidermis of leaves,cork layer of stems

and roots

Ground tissue Chief functions are to store food and to provide support

Parenchyma at the cortex and pith

Vascular tissue Distribute water, mineral salts and photosynthetic

products throughout the plant

Xylem, phloem

Plant tissues

• There are three major plant tissues; epidermis, ground tissue and vascular tissue



• Organ consists of several types of tissues and it is

specialised to perform a specific function

• Example of human organ include heart, stomach, kidney,

liver and blood vessels

• Organ system consists of a group of organs which

carryout major function such as respiratory, nutrition and other

• There are 12 organ system in human.



Circulatory system

Function;Transport material such as

nutrient, gases, metabolic

waste and heat around the

body

Organs and structure;

hear, blood vessels



Function; provides a means for

gaseous exchange, that is

oxygen


hear, blood vessels



Function;

Breaks down complex food

into simple substance for

easy absorption by body

cells

Organs and structure;mouth, oesophagus,

stomach, intestine, rectum

and anus





Excretory system

Function;

Discard toxic waste

product


Liver, kidney, urinary

bladder



Intergumentary System

Function;• Physically separates the

body from the external

environment

• Protects the body against mechanical injuries,

microbial infection and

dehydration


Skin



Skeletal System

Function;

Provides bodily support and

protection to soft internal

organs


skull, rib cage, humerus,backbone, ulna, radius,

femur, fibula and tibia



Muscular System

Function;

help in movement of the

body


all muscle..



Lymphatic System

Function;

• Defend the body against

infection

• Return excess tissue fluid to the

blood


all muscle..



Endocrine System

Function;

produces hormone that

control the bodily activities Organs and structure;

Pituitary gland, adrenal

gland, thyroid gland,

pancreas, testes and ovaries.





Female reproductive system



C ll i ti



Cell organisation

Plant tissue

•

Meristematic tissue consist of small cells whichhave thin walls, large nuclei, dense cytoplasmand no vacuoles.

• Apical meristems are located at the tips of

roots and the bud of shoots. The tissuesundergo mitotic cell division to increase thenumber of cell division to increase the number

of cell for plant growth.• Lateral meristems or cambium are found in the

peripheral areas of stem and roots. They areresponsible for secondary growth which adds

girth to the plants.

Permanent tissues



Permanent tissues• Permanent tissues consist of more mature cells that

are either undergoing differentiation or have already

undergone differentiation.• There are three types of permanent tissuesa) Epidermal tissues• forms a layer to cover the entire surface of the plants

and protects the surface of plants• Protect the underlying tissues from physical damageinfection

• Reduce water loss

b) Ground tissues• Provide support and strengthens the plantsc) Vascular tissues• Transport water and food

• Provide support

The importance of maintaining an optimal



The importance of maintaining an optimal

internal environment in cells1. The self-regulation of the internal environment of

organisms have or cells is called homeostasis

2. Multicellular organisms have a series or organ andsystems that functional in homeostasis

3. For a multicellular organisms to function efficiently,other factors in the internal environment also have tobe maintained within narrow limits. Examples of these factors include the volume of water,

temperature, acidity and concentration of salts.4. Homeostasis is essential for the maintenance of

health and its breakdown will inevitably result in

disease

Appreciating the uniqueness of the cell



Appreciating the uniqueness of the cell

1. Each cell is unique and its organelles are specialised toperform specific roles to carry out the cell mechanisms

2. With the division of labour among the different types of cells, it ensures the efficient and smooth functioning of the life processes in the body and the survival of the

organism.3. The function of intracellular organelles such as

mitochondria, lysosomes and the endoplasmic reticulumalso depend on the integrity of their cell membrane

(explain the function of each organelles)4. Generally, any damage to the cell parts or organelles

can effect the cell’s activities and this could be

d i l h ll i ld l d ll d h

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Bio f4 Chap 2 Cell Structure and Cell Organisatio