Upload
taimur-hyat-khan
View
221
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
1/34
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
2/34
BiomeliorationLiving in Harmonywith Nature
Harnessing Bio-
Methanation forEnergy Generation &Environment
Protection.
Co-
Generat ion
of Organic
Waste
Bio
Reactor
Methane +
Soi l
Amendment Re-Mediated
Water
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
3/34
Introduction: Most of the worlds public water has
become undrinkable due to sewage
infiltration into groundwater. Unlesssomething is done now to restorethe environment and curb pollution,
the future will be very challenged interms of meeting the worlds waterdemands
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
4/34
Sewerage Statistics: It is estimated that a community of 10,000
people can generate 40-acre inches of
sewage effluent per day or an equivalent of 1
million gallons of wastewater. Sewage: 1 person = 100 gallons pd = 1.46
acre inches pa
25 persons = 2,500 gallons pd = 8 kWhrs pd
2.4 kWhrs = 1 x 100 W Bulb = 24 hrs
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
5/34
Types of LiquidWaste
Rural Sewage
Municipal Liquid Waste
Agro-Industrial Effluent
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
6/34
GOP
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
7/34
Definitions: Environment:Encompasses the
Inorganic Biosphere that we inhabit; theinter-dependent Organic Life Forms and
the Life Supporting Ecological Systemsthat have evolved to work in harmony inorder to sustain Life.
Biological: Taken to mean all living
creatures be they zoological or botanical.
Bioenvironmental Management: Theattempt to minimize the impact on the
environment of Biological activity can be
termed as Bioenvironmental
Management.
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
8/34
Biological amelioration/ remediation or usingBiological means to improve or rectify existing
harmful conditions. A more cost effective method ascompared to incineration or physical and chemicalremediation methods.
Biomelioration/Bioremediation:
The amelioration of our degraded environment is
best carried out by employing biological remedialmeasures that are low-cost and ecologically
sustainable. Solid and Liquid Waste is increasingly being
processed by Microbial Agents (Bioaugmentation)and Plants (Phytoremediation) to provide recycled
water for aqua, horti and agriculture. Disposal of
waste is more effective where there is partial
recovery of energy and salvageable material.
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
9/34
History of Biogas 10th century BC - Used to heat water inAssyria
16th centuryUsed to heat water inPersia
17th century - Flammable gases found tobe emitted from decaying organic matter
1776-1778Methane discovered andisolated by Alessandro Volta.Relationshipbetween the amount of decaying organicmatter and the amount of flammable gasproduced
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
10/34
History, contd. 1970s - Energy crisis renewed interest in
AD
1970s - 80s - Lack of understanding and
overconfidence resulted in numerous
failures
China, India and Thailand reported 50%
failure rates
Failures of farm digesters in U.S.
approached 80%
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
11/34
Reasons for Failures
Inadequate operator training. Managemen t fai lures.
Benefits oversold.
Operations too small to justify digester.
High costs of Infrastructure.
Excessive operating costs.
Unreliable market for biogas.
Impurity of Gas produced.
Lack of appropriate microbial inoculation.
Prevailing Contractor System.
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
12/34
Whats Different Now:
Improved designs and better understanding of O&M
requirements. Cogeneration to raise volume of Methane captured.
High prices for liquid fuel & natural gas.
Market evolving for biogas energy.
Microbe culture in Laboratories. Methods of scrubbing gas produced along-with
valuable by-products evolved.
Possibility of deploying Multi-Use, Integrated Plant to
address different problems simultaneously. Revolutionary new Low-cost, Low-carbon, Super-
Insulated, Disaster-proof Construction developed inPakistan.
System of CDM/ Carbon Credits created.
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
13/34
Advantages. The odor potential of a well digested
waste is considerably reduced.
Further Treatment & Bioaugmentationcan eliminate foul odors.
Digested waste has slightly less fertilizer
value than non-digested waste, but it ismore readily available to plants. It is
simply converted to a more useful form.
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
14/34
Disadvantages. A methane digester is large and
expensive. The expense stems from the
fact that it must be well-insulated, air-tightand supplied a source of heat. The size
of a conventional digester is equal to 15-
20 times the daily waste volumeproduced.
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
15/34
A very high level of management is required.
A methane digester can be extremely sensitive toenvironmental changes, and a biological upset
may take months to correct. Methane generationceases or is very low during an upset.
Start-up--usually the most critical phase ofmethane generation-is difficult. Methane-
producing bacteria are very slow-growing, andseveral weeks are required to establish a largebacterial population.
Methane is difficult to store, since at normal
temperatures the gas can be compressed but notliquefied without special, very expensiveequipment.
Methane can form an explosive mixture if
exposed to air.
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
16/34
Environmental Benefits
Reduces odor from
land application
Protects water
resources
Reduces pathogens
Weed seed reduction
Disease vector control
after digestion
Greenhouse Gas
reduction
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
17/34
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
18/34
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
19/34
Biological treatment is the most
economical of waste treatments available
today. In biological systems, the dynamics are
biochemical as opposed to chemical, and
the active agents are living entities.
Where one would have to increase the
quantity of chemicals proportionally to
deal with a higher load of reactant, in abiological system the biological additive
can grow to help compensate for
increased loadings.
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
20/34
NATURE NURTURES!
We must NurtureNature in order toensure that itcontinues tonurture US21stCenturyChallenges haveto be faced withlo-cost,innovative andeco friendly, Hi-Tech.Interventions.
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
21/34
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
22/34
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Amino Acids
Fatty Acids
Sugars
Carbonic Acid
Alcohols
Hydrogen
Carbon Dioxide
Ammonia
Hydrogen
Acetic Acid
Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Carbon Dioxide
Hydrolysis Acidogenesis Acetogenesis Methanogenesis
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
23/34
The septic system is abiological process. Like any living thing, it has certain
nutritional requirements to function
properly and functions best in a suitableenvironment.
However, the best first step in optimizing
the performance of a septic system is tohave a complete ecosystem of the
organisms required for the most
complete breakdown of the waste.
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
24/34
Successful BioaugmentationTotal System Management If the microbiological population can be viewed
as a workforce, then the consultant or systemmanager is responsible for keeping the
workforce productive. He must maintain the integrity of the microbial
ecosystem.
The system manager must provide anacceptable work environment by controlling thekey system managers such as pH, temperatureand oxygen levels.
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
25/34
He has to know when to lay off workers
through wasting to keep the population
young and vital. The successful system manager knows
when to hire new workers to provide
special skills not found in his workforce. Finally, he must compensate them with
nutrients to ensure good growth and a
healthy population. Bioaugmentation is the mechanism to
provide these skills workers.
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
26/34
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
27/34
Tensegrity is a contraction of
tensional integrity structuring.Tensegrity describes a structural-relationship principle in which
structural shape is guaranteed by thefinitely closed, comprehensivelycontinuous, tensional behaviors of
the system and not by thediscontinuous and exclusively localcompressional member behaviors.
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
28/34
The Mongol Tent was named Ger,
which gave rise to our Urdu word Ghar
and was adapted by the Turks as theYurt, the source of our language Urdu
arising from the plural Yurtu or group of
tents.
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
29/34
Sizing a Plant:REQUIREMENTS
Small Large
Single
Chamber
Double
Chamber
Amount & Type
Of Raw
Material Used
Single
Stage
Double
Stage
Artificial
Heating &
Agitation
Multiple
Digesters
Artificial
Heating &
Agitation
Operating Cycle of
the Plant
Size of Digester
Availability of
Raw Material
Suitability of
R aw Material
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
30/34
Benefits of Composting:Serves as the principal storehouse for anions such as nitrates, sulfates, borates,
molybdates and chlorides that are essential for plant growth.
Increases CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity) of soil by a factor of 5 to 10 timesthat of clay.
Acts as a buffer against rapid changes caused by acidity; alkalinity; salinity;
pesticides and toxic heavy metals.
Supplies food for beneficial soil organisms like earthworms, symbiotic Nitrogen
fixing bacteria and mycorrihize (beneficial fungus).
Serves as recycling sink for organic waste and green manures (animal manure,
crop residues, household refuse and leguminous plants collected within and
outside the farm) and thus keeps environment clean and hygienic.
Softens the soil by introducing fibrous matter.
Increases soil water retention capacity.
Makes plants more resistant to pests and disease through improved nutrient
availability and uptake, resulting in healthier plants with strong
immune systems.
Prevents soil acidification.
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
31/34
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
32/34
UK Estimate: If just 5.5 million tons of food waste was treated by
AD we could generate between 477 and 761 GWhof electricity each yearenough to meet the needs
of up to 164,000 households. Compared to
composting the same amount of food waste,
treating it with AD would save between 0.22 and
0.35 million tons of CO2 equivalent, assuming the
displaced source is gas-fired electricity generation.
But at the moment we only AD 50,000 tons of foodwaste each year - 0.4 per cent of the UKs food
waste.
ERM (2007), Carbon Balances and Energy Impacts of the Management of UK Waste Streams
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
33/34Moving Towards The Future?
8/12/2019 Bio Mel i Oration
34/34
Conclusion: By now, I am sure that all will agree that the
discussed exercise is not only badly needed, it
is also highly desirable and affordable.
A CMD Project that commands carbon Credits
is the requirement of the day. In this manner, given seed money for initial
establishment, a recycling of Capital along with
Socially Generated Waste is made possible.
In this case we do not have to ask How much
will it cost, rather ask what will it cost not to
implement the Project?