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7/31/2019 Bio Rem Id at Ion
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Site Remediation
with Iron NanoParticles
Interagency Workshop: Nanotechnology andthe Environment: Applications and Implications
September 15, 2003
Wei-xian Zhang
Associate Professor
Civil & Environmental Eng.Lehigh University
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Improve environmentaltechnologies (treatment,remediation, sensing, etc.)
Improve manufacturing
processes (efficiency, wastereduction, etc.)
Dematerialization
Sensors
Treatment/
Remediation
Pollution Prevention
Nanotechnology holds great promise formeeting environmental challenges
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Site Remediation
Industrial Waste Treatment
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Environmental Remediationwith
Nanoscale Iron ParticlesLab and Field Experience
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Why Nanoparticles?
Small size for easy subsurface injection
Large surface area
Extremely high reaction rates
Low temperature reaction
Added Catalytical functions
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QuickTime and a Sorenson Video 3 decompressor are needed to see this picture.
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+
PrecursorsFe2+, Fe3+ Fe0
ReductionCluster
FormationStabilization
CMCD
(Sugar)
Methods of Synthesis
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 300 More
Diameter (nm)
Frequency
Size (50-100 nm)
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QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
50 nm nanoparticle
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QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed t o see this picture.
Iron particles (100-200 nm)
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Iron particles (3-5 nm)
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QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
Nano Iron Wire
(dia 50-75 nm,10-20 m long )
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Iron Rod (dia ~50 nm)
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Iron Tube (~ 50 nm)
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Nano Iron Antenna (~50 nm)
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Contaminant Transformation
With Reactive Iron Nanoparticles
Organic solvents (TCE, PCE)
Pesticides (DDT, lindane)
Fertilizers (nitrate)
Heavy metals (Pb, Hg, Cr, As)
Explosives (TNT, RDX)
Radioactive materials (U)Perchlorate (ClO4-)
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Perchlorate Level vs. Time @ T = 25 C
Initial perchlorate concentration 200 mg/L
Perchlorate Reduction
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Solution Eh
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Time (seconds)
0.0013 g/L
0.0016
0.00375
0.031 g/L
0.16 g/L
Most effective Eh regulator
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Field Test -1
(1.7 kg nanoFe applied, 2000)
A 27-acre NJ manufacturing site
Continuous production since 1930s
C2HCl3 (TCE), CCl4 (CT), etc.
>$1.0 million has been spent on the site
Active remedy is needed
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Test Area Schematic
1.5 m 1.5 m 1.5 m
4.8 6.0 m
2.4 3.6 mGroundwater
DGC-15PZ-1 PZ-2 PZ-3
Flowmeter
NanoparticleSuspension(400 L)
3.0
4.5 m
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Setting Up!
2-165 gal tanks
Recirculation from PZ-3S,
3D to DGC-15 or
storage tank
Dedicated low-flow pumps
in each well
Goal = Gravity Feed!
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The Nano Fe Slurry
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TCE Reduction %
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
DGC-15 1S 1D 2S 2D 3S 3D
Day 1 Day 9 Day 17 Day 22
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Field Test - 2
(Nano Fe 10 kg, 2002))
Total volume injected = 1,600 gallons (6,056 L)Nano Fe concentration = 1.9 g/l
Average injection rate = 0.6 gpm
Injection Well B-4Monitoring Wells
B-3: 20 feet north of B-4B-2: 40 feet northeast of B-4GW-4: 63 feet north-northeast of B-4
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Conceptual Geologic/Hydrogeologic Model
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Conceptual Model - Injection Area
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0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time Elapsed (days)
T CE (g/L) Injec tion Well T CE (g/L) 7. 5 m downgradient
Field Test - 2 (10 kg Nano Fe))
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Acknowledgments
U.S. EPA
NSF PITA
Dr. C.B. Wang
Dr. H.L. Lien
Dr. J. Cao
D. Daniel Elliott
Xiao-qin Li
Y.P. Sun
Steve Spear
Yu Xue
Steph Kravitz
Patrick Clasen
Tim Marks
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Research Group