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Bio1B Evolution 12Last lecture:Speciation: outcomes of secondary contactFossil record - significance & interpretation (Ch 18)
TodayExtinction -Background extinction rates vs “big 5” mass extinctionsThe “K/T” boundary - asteroid hypothesis; dinosaur extinctions, radiation
of mammalsAre humans causing the 6th mass extinction?Species selectionTransitional forms - tetrapods, bird feathers: “exaptation”Human evolutionEvolutionary origins of Homo sapiens: fossils & molecular evidence
The big 5mass
extinctions
• Evidence from analyses of extinction (red) and blues(diversity) or families of marine invertebrates
• Permian-Triassic - 96% species extinction, 8/27 orders ofinsects; Volcanism in Siberia?
• Cretaceous-Paleogene (“K/T”), 65 Myr - demise ofdinosaurs & large terrestrial animals => mammalianradiation
The asteroid impacthypothesis - Luiz & Walter
Alvarez, UC Berkeley(see Science, 5th March, p1214)
Faunal turnover Carbon cyclechange
Iridium spike
Are we the cause of the 6th massextinction? (Barnosky et al. Nature 2011)
Macro-evolution: Species selection
Evolution of particular trait (red)consistently associated withincreased rate of diversification (fromRabosky & McCune 2010 TREE)
BUT -diversificationrate (S-E) -higher in SI(purple) thanSC (blue)
E.g. self incompatibility (SI) in hermaphroditic plants isoften disdadvantageous within species compared toself-compatibility (SC)
E E Goldberg et al.Science 2010;330:493-495
SI
SC
Understanding the transition of tetrapodvertebrates from water to land
Fig 34.20
Tiktaalik
Acanthostega
Modification of existing structures for newpurposes: ears and feathers
Fig. 34.31. Bones of inner ear ofmodern mammals are derived fromjaw joint of ancestors (see also Fig.25.6
LateJurassicfeathereddinosaur
Feathers:for displayor warmthbeforeflight?
Recent discovery:dinosaur featherswere colored -display?
Evolution ofhominins: fossil
evidence I
See also Fig. 23.52 in Hillis et al.
• Hominins split fromcommon ancestor withchimps about 7Myr;African origins, diversityexpands 4-2Myr
• Key features: bipedalism,smaller canines (largebrain later)
• A. ramidus - neitherchimp nor human - seedisplay in VLSB
• “Australopiths” probablyparaphyletic with Homo
“Lucy”
Robustanthropoids
Evolution of hominins: fossilevidence II
• Homo - key features:increasing brain size,reduced jaw, lower sexdimorphism, moreterrestrial
• African origins; H. erectus-> europe >1.8Myr ->Indonesia (“Java man”).Extinct 200 Kya?
• H. floriensis - >1M? -12Kya. Related to H.erectus?
• Neanderthals - Europeand near east, 200-24Kya
?
Evolution ofhominins: fossil
evidence IIIH. floriensis• Possibly persistent
relative of H. erectus [ormalformed H. sapiens?]
• Exemplifies humansevolve as other species:dwarfing of largemammals on islands -eg. Stegodon “pygmyelephants & hugelizards! (Varanus)
• Putative tools >1Myr,fossils to 12Kya -overlapping H. sapiens
H. floriensis MicrocephalicH. sapiens
Migration of H. sapiens• Out of Africa - about
100Kya• Rapid spread across Sth
Asia to Australia & centralAsia
• One or 2 colonizationsacross Bering bridgeduring last ice age ->rapid spread to SthAmerica
• Polynesian migrationsacross Pacific are recent:1500 BC to 300 AD(Hawaii)
Modern humans &related species -hybridization orreplacement?
Genetic evidence largelysupports single origin & “out-of- Africa” over independentorigins from differentpopulations of H. erectus(multi-regional).
But did modern humanshybridize with, or simplyreplace neanderthals?
Paleogenomics: Neanderthal v modern humans• 60-38Kya bones of neanderthal
sequenced - compared to differenthuman populations
• 2-3% neanderthal genes ineurasian-papuan, not africans
• Several genes - eg skin &pigmentation, skeleton, metabolismunder recent selection in humans
• Refs: Green et al. 2010 Science 328:710,Gibbons 2010 Science 328:680
‘Denisovans’ - anotherrecent Homo
Neanderthals
(bottleneck?)
Modernhumans
440-270 Kya
2.5%
4-5%
Reich et al. 2010 Nature 468:1053
50-30Kyafossil