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10/31/2018 1 Biochar Soil Amendment Opportunities Curtis Dell Research Soil Scientist, USDAARS and Adjunct Associate Professor, Ecosystems Science and Management Department, PSU Soils 101 Important soil properties for ag and forestry production Soil texture % sand, silt, and clay Mineralogy Parent material influences soil properties (especially clay) Clay type and amount greatly influences nutrient and water retention Organic matter Amount Composition Mix of materials at various stages of decomposition Influenced by the type of plants growing at the site Living and nonliving Soil structure 3D arrangement of soil materials

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Page 1: Biochar Soil Amendment Opportunities.pptx [Read-Only]bioenergy.psu.edu/shortcourses/2018BiocharTorrefied/11...0.6 0.8 Soil Soil + 1% biochar ab a d c bc e bc Wilting point water content

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Biochar Soil Amendment Opportunities

Curtis DellResearch Soil Scientist, USDA‐ARS

and 

Adjunct Associate Professor, Ecosystems Science 

and Management Department, PSU

Soils 101 Important soil properties for ag and forestry production Soil texture 

• % sand, silt, and clay

Mineralogy

• Parent material influences soil properties (especially clay)

• Clay type and amount greatly influences nutrient and water retention 

Organic matter 

• Amount 

• Composition 

Mix of materials at various stages of decomposition  

Influenced by the type of plants growing at the site

Living and non‐living 

Soil structure• 3D arrangement of soil materials

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Soil Texture

% sand, silt, and clay defines soil type

Based only on particle size distribution

Depends on the parent material

Does not vary with management

Loamy soils tend to have best characteristics for plant growth

MineralogyClays have negatively charged surfaces that bond with positively charged molecules   Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

Different types of clays have different CECs

Important in retention of nutrients (especially ammonium (NH4+))

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Organic MatterBenefits of increasing organic matter  Adds cation exchange capacity Can add some anion exchange capacity to retain 

negatively charged molecules Adds water holding capacity  Improves soil structure, improving water and air 

movement Slow release of N, P, K  Food/energy source for soil organisms  Sequestered form of carbon

Organic MatterComposition of organic matter Complex chemical structure Often characterized by amount of OM in three stages of 

decomposition• Labile: living organisms and easily metabolized plant residues

• Slow: Moderately degradable materials

• Stable:  Highly resistant to decomposition, contains naturally occurring chars. Very similar to biochar.  Main pool of sequestered carbon in soils.

(5‐10%) (40‐50%) (50‐60%)

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Soil structure and aggregation Soil particles have various shapes depending on the type of mineral

Organic matter materials can act as glues to bring mineral particles together

Roots and fungal hype can bring particles together to form aggregates of various size

3D arrangement of aggregates influences amount of pore space

Nitrogen Cycle

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Reported potential benefits of soil amendment with biochar

Sequestration of carbon in soil Increased crop yield  Improved soil structure

Improved water holding capacity

Improved nutrient holding capacity 

Improved nutrient cycling

Contaminate absorption/retention

Reduced nitrogen leaching Reduced nitrous oxide emissions

Impacts of biochar on soil properties Adding stable soil organic matter well documented 

H. Blanco‐Canqui 2016 review of biochar impacts on soil physical properties

• Soil bulk density reduced 3 to 31%• Porosity increased 14 to 64%• Little no effect on penetration resistance (soil compaction)  • Wet aggregate stability increased 3 to 226%• Mixed effect of dry aggregate stability• Available water increased 4 to 130%• Saturated hydraulic conductivity decreased in course soil, increased in fine soils

• Change in soil properties usually proportional to biochar application rate• Sandy soils tend to have larger response to biochar than other textures• Long‐term impacts not very clear

Many recent studies on soil biological impacts, but methods vary and comparisons hard to make

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Impacts of biochar on crop yields  Large variation in yield impacts 

Review by Jeffery et al. in 2011 (20 studies with a range of crops, biochars, and soils)

• 28% decrease to 39% increase reported (20 studies)

• Average across all studies was 5% increase

• Increased yield most frequently associated with liming effect and improved water availability with biochar

• Yield benefit increased with biochar application rate up to about 50 tons/acre

Review by Liu et al. in 2013 (103 studies)• Found average yield increase of 11% with biochar

• Greater response to biochar in acid and sandy soils=

Impact of biochar on N losses (leaching and gas emissions)

Wide range of results reported from increased losses to large reductions, results tend to be site specific

Impacts depend on a range of characteristics such as:• Soil and biochar pH (alkaline biochar in acid soils seems to have most benefit)• Soil texture• Soil moisture (different effects seen with same soil and biochar at different moisture levels) and temperature

• Soil microbial community structure

Multiple mechanisms appear to be involved• Increased absorption of ammonium and nitrate • Changes in abundance and activity (gene expression) of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria

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Penn State – USDA Biochar Study(Roger Koide, Howard Skinner, Curt Dell, Paul Adler, Bihn Nguyen, and Pat Drohan,

Funded by USDA‐NIFA)

Established switchgrass on four marginally productive sites• Two poorly drained, frequently saturated soils

• Two excessively drained, drought prone

Switchgrass‐derived biochar (~5 tons/acre)• One time application (rototilled 3‐5 in deep), or

• Four annual applications (in narrow trenches between

switchgrass rows)

PA study : SitesDuff: Excessively well drained Loam, with high gravel content (30%)

Tofftrees: Well drained, sandy loam

Gibboney: Very poorly drained, silty clay loam with fragipan

Krasinski: Poorly drained, silty clay loam

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PA study: Findings‐ Biochar stability

Lab studies showed >98% of the biochar C was stable.

Biochar amendment had no measurable impact on the decomposition rate of the native OM.  

Electron microscope images showed no noticeable physical change in biochar two years after incorporation into soil.

Switchgrass biochar was stable in all four soils and did not impact the decomposition rate of the native soil organic matter, therefore long‐term C sequestration was increased.

Graphs from Nguyen et al, SSSAJ 2014

PA study: Findings‐ Soil C concentration

With trench (chisel) application of biochar, total C was greater than initial soil C +biochar C

Little loss of native soil C during biochar application 

Additional C sequestered by changing to switchgrass

With rotilling, total soil C less than initial soil C +biochar C

Native soil C lost to tillage, partially replaced by biochar and switchgrass C

Adding biochar in narrow trenches (chisel‐plowed) lead to the greatest soil C concentration.  

Graphs from Koide et al, 2018

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PA study: Findings – Water retention

Lab studies with thoroughly mixed 1% biochar (by weight) and soil 

Available water is difference between soil water content at field capacity and wilting point

Biochar decreased wilting of point of three of the four soils

Biochar increased field capacity of the two well drained soils, but not the poorly drained soils

0.8 to 2.7 additional days of transpiration per season 

Biochar addition increased quantity of plant‐available water    Avialable water content

g/cm

3

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

SoilSoil + 1% biochar

ab a

d cd

bc

e

bc

Wilting point water content

g/cm

3

0.00

0.03

0.06

0.09

0.12

0.15

0.18

Field capacity water content

g/cm

3

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

a a

b bd c

fe

ab

cd

ee

e

f

Biochar alone

Kras-inski

Gib-boney

Duff Toff-trees

PA study: Findings‐ Switchgrass yield

Average annual biomass yield of ~6 ton/acre

Rotill incorporation of biochar increased average yield by 8.3% (across all sites and years)  

Even distribution of biochar (rotilling in this case) likely needed to increase plant available water and/or nutrient holding capacity

Biochar addition increased switchgrass biomass yield with full, one‐time application and rotill incorporation, but no impact on yield with incremental chisel‐plow biochar additions.   

Graphs from Koide et al, 2018

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PA study: Findings‐ Other measurements

Biochar addition had little impact several other measured properties:  

Bacterial and fungal community structure

Several soil enzyme activities

Mycorrhizal colonization

Earthworm numbers

Overall, very low nitrous oxide emissions from switchgrass plots. So, unable to access impact of biochar

PA study: Take home message

Biochar amendment added stable C to the soil

Biochar amendment increased yield if thoroughly mixed with soil

“Best” application method depends on objective

• Decreased soil disturbance lead to greatest C sequestration

• Full incorporation of biochar needed for yield increase

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Recommendations

When the goal is C sequestration, consider loss of native soil C due to tillage to incorporate biochar

• If initial soil C is moderate or high, more C could be lost than is added with biochar

Biochar probably most beneficial for remediating low organic matter and sandy soils such as minelands

Consider the characteristics the biochar, soil, and vegetation grown when selecting best biochar for a specific location/use

• Biochar pH and C:N 

• Soil pH, texture, and organic matter 

• Range of plant growth requirements

Questions and Discussion