Upload
harold-davidson
View
227
Download
2
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
BiochemistryBiochemistry
Chapter 3Chapter 3
WaterWater
polar compound polar compound one end is slightly one end is slightly negative while negative while
the other the other is slightly is slightly positivepositive results from unequal sharing of results from unequal sharing of
electronselectrons molecule itself is neutralmolecule itself is neutral
WaterWater
hydrogen bonding hydrogen bonding attraction that attraction that holds holds different different water molecules water molecules togethertogether the slightly negative O is attracted to the the slightly negative O is attracted to the
slightly positive H of another moleculeslightly positive H of another molecule
WaterWater
cohesion cohesion attractive force of particles attractive force of particles of of same kind (stick together)same kind (stick together)
adhesion adhesion attractive forces between 2 attractive forces between 2 particles of different particles of different
substances (stick substances (stick to other things)to other things)
WaterWater
capillary action capillary action the movement of the movement of water up water up through through small tubes, small tubes, against against the force of gravitythe force of gravity
Heat sinkHeat sink it takes a lot of energy to it takes a lot of energy to change the change the
temperature of water temperature of water
Carbon CompoundsCarbon Compounds
Most important element for living Most important element for living thingsthings
Can make 4 bonds because it has Can make 4 bonds because it has only 4 electrons on the outer shellonly 4 electrons on the outer shell
Carbon CompoundsCarbon Compounds
Functional groupsFunctional groups clusters of atoms clusters of atoms that that influence influence thethe properties of the properties of the
molecules they molecules they composecompose
molecules with the same molecules with the same functional groups act similarfunctional groups act similar
Ex: hydroxyl, amine Ex: hydroxyl, amine
Carbon CompoundsCarbon Compounds
MonomersMonomers simple molecules that join simple molecules that join together to make large compounds together to make large compounds
Ex: monosaccharides, amino acidsEx: monosaccharides, amino acids
PolymersPolymers several monomers joined several monomers joined together to form complex together to form complex molecules molecules
Ex: polysaccharides, proteinsEx: polysaccharides, proteins
Carbon CompoundsCarbon Compounds
MacromoleculesMacromolecules very large very large polymerspolymers
Ex: DNA Ex: DNA
Condensation reaction Condensation reaction
Reaction that links monomersReaction that links monomers
Removes a water Removes a water moleculemolecule
take an Htake an H++ from one from one molecule molecule & a OH& a OH-- from from anotheranother
make polymersmake polymers
Hydrolysis reaction Hydrolysis reaction
Reaction that breaks apart polymersReaction that breaks apart polymers
by addition of a water moleculeby addition of a water molecule
one molecule gets an Hone molecule gets an H++ & & one gets one gets OHOH – –
It is used to turn ATP into It is used to turn ATP into ADPADP
ATP & ADPATP & ADP
ATP has 3 phosphates ATP has 3 phosphates
(adenosine triphosphate)(adenosine triphosphate) ADP has 2 phosphatesADP has 2 phosphates
(adenosine diphosphate)(adenosine diphosphate)
hydrolysis breaks off a phosphate from ATP hydrolysis breaks off a phosphate from ATP to to make ADP make ADP
this releases a great deal of energythis releases a great deal of energy
cells use the energy released to function & cells use the energy released to function & livelive
Molecules for LifeMolecules for Life
1.1. CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
2.2. ProteinsProteins
3.3. LipidsLipids
4.4. Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
made of Carbon, Oxygen, & Hydrogen made of Carbon, Oxygen, & Hydrogen 1.1. MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides
monomer – it is a single unitmonomer – it is a single unit 3 types - Glucose, Fructose, & 3 types - Glucose, Fructose, &
GalactoseGalactose all 3 have same chemical formulaall 3 have same chemical formula
CC66HH1212OO66
they have different structural formulas (shape)they have different structural formulas (shape) molecules that have the same chemical molecules that have the same chemical
formula but different structural formulas are formula but different structural formulas are called called isomersisomers
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
2. Disaccharides2. Disaccharides
are two monosaccharides are two monosaccharides joined joined
Ex: Sucrose Ex: Sucrose 3. Polysaccharides 3. Polysaccharides
many monosaccharides are joined many monosaccharides are joined
Plants store starchPlants store starch
Animals store glycogenAnimals store glycogen
ProteinsProteins contain C H O Ncontain C H O N made up of Amino Acids (monomers)made up of Amino Acids (monomers)
Peptide bonds join amino acidsPeptide bonds join amino acids20 different amino acids20 different amino acids
dipeptide – 2 amino acids joined togetherdipeptide – 2 amino acids joined together
polypeptide – long chain of amino acidspolypeptide – long chain of amino acids- usually bent or folded- usually bent or folded- shape will change because - shape will change because
of of heat, acidity, & other factorsheat, acidity, & other factors
ProteinsProteins
Enzymes Enzymes special proteins that are special proteins that are biological catalystbiological catalyst
lock & key fit with enzyme & lock & key fit with enzyme &
substratesubstrate
substrate – is the substance substrate – is the substance that binds to enzymethat binds to enzyme
substrate changes enzyme substrate changes enzyme does notdoes not
LipidsLipids
large non-polar molecules that do not large non-polar molecules that do not dissolve in waterdissolve in water
fatty acids (monomers) fatty acids (monomers)
Have a water loving end – Have a water loving end – hydrophilichydrophilic
Polar endPolar end
Has a water fearing end – Has a water fearing end – hydrophobichydrophobic
Non-polar endNon-polar end
LipidsLipids
Triglyceride – 3 fatty acids & a Triglyceride – 3 fatty acids & a glycerolglycerol
Saturated – unhealthy Saturated – unhealthy Solid at room tempSolid at room temp
Unsaturated – healthyUnsaturated – healthyLiquid at room tempLiquid at room temp
LipidsLipids
Phospholipids – 2 fatty acids & a Phospholipids – 2 fatty acids & a glycerolglycerol
Make up cell membranesMake up cell membranes
LipidsLipids
Wax – long chain fatty acidsWax – long chain fatty acids Plant leaf covers & earsPlant leaf covers & ears
Steroids – lipids shaped in a ring Steroids – lipids shaped in a ring instead of a chaininstead of a chain
Ex: cholesterol, Ex: cholesterol, testosterone & testosterone & estrogenestrogen
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
large molecules that store genetic large molecules that store genetic informationinformation
DNA info for cell functionsDNA info for cell functions RNA info for making proteinsRNA info for making proteins Nucleotides (monomers)Nucleotides (monomers)
made of made of 1.1. Phosphate groupPhosphate group2.2. SugarSugar3.3. Nitrogen BaseNitrogen Base