BiochemistryBiochemistry Biology – Chapter 6 EOC Goal 2

BiochemistryBiochemistryBiochemistryBiochemistry

Biology – Chapter 6EOC Goal 2

Outline of NotesOutline of NotesOutline of NotesOutline of Notes

1. Basic Chemistry– Review of atomic structure and

composition of compounds

2. Biochemistry– Introduction to chemicals involved in

biological processes– Comparison of biological macromolecules

Basic ChemistryBasic ChemistryBasic ChemistryBasic Chemistry


• Atoms are the basic unit of matter.– Made of:

• Protons• Neutrons• Electrons


• Elements are pure substances that are made of one type of atom.

• Chemical symbols are used to represent each atom.– Found on the Periodic Table


• Compounds are combinations of 2 or more atoms. – Combination has different properties than

the individual atoms– Chemical formula shows the number and

type of atoms in a compound


• Compounds are held together with chemical bonds.

• Types of Bonds:– Ionic Bonds

• Exchange electrons• Called ions

– Covalent Bonds• Share electrons• Called molecules

Quick WriteQuick WriteQuick WriteQuick Write

1.Name three particles all atoms have in common

2.Name two particles located in the nucleus of an atom.

3.Name one thing that would remain constant if electrons were taken away or added to an atom?

Basic ChemistryBasic ChemistryBasic ChemistryBasic Chemistry• Acids, Bases, and pH

– Acids make hydrogen ion in water; are bitter to the taste

• Examples: lemon juice, vinegar, stomach acid– Bases make hydroxide ion in water; are slippery

to the touch• Examples: soaps, Clorox, Pepto Bismol

– pH Scale (0-14) scale that measures acid and base– Buffer: used to maintain a certain pH.

0 -6.9999neutral

7 7 7 -14

acid basic

Compounds Important to Compounds Important to LifeLife

Compounds Important to Compounds Important to LifeLife

• Inorganic compounds: derived from nonliving things ex. Water (most import.)

• Organic Compounds: derived from living things and contains carbon ex. Sugar, fats


• Study of the chemicals necessary for living things.

• Also called organic chemistry.– Involves the element carbon (C) in a

covalent bond with Hydrogen


• Six elements needed in large quantities for living things are:– Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen,

phosphorus, and sulfur

• Elements needed in small quantities are called trace elements.


• Terms to Know:– Monomer – the smallest unit of a substance

• Example: like one Lego block

– Polymer – many monomers linked together to make a large structure; also called macromolecules

• Example: Lego blocks put together to make a Lego house


• Types of Organic Molecules (Macromolecules)1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydrates

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates(subunit: monosaccharides)(subunit: monosaccharides)

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates(subunit: monosaccharides)(subunit: monosaccharides)

• Also called sugars and starches• To test for the presence of each..• Sugar >Benedict’s Solution • Starch >Iodine (Lugol’s Solution)• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a

1:2:1 ratio (Example: C6H12O6)

• Typically end in –ose (Example: glucose)• Function: to store and release quick energy

(but if not used, these are stored as fat)


• One unit of sugar (monomer ) monosaccharide– Example: glucose, fructose

• Two units of sugar Disaccharide– Example: sucrose, lactose

• Many units of sugars (polymer) Polysaccharide


• Examples of Polysaccharides– Starch sugars in plants– Glycogen energy storage in animal muscle

(makes muscle meat dark)– Cellulose found in plant cell walls;

animals can not digest (roughage)– Chitin in insect exoskeletons

LipidsLipidsLipidsLipids

http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/system/files/20070725_cholesterol.jpg

LipidsLipids (subunit: Fatty Acid) (subunit: Fatty Acid)

LipidsLipids (subunit: Fatty Acid) (subunit: Fatty Acid)

• Commonly called fats, oils, and waxes• To test for the presence of Lipids use…• >Brown Paper Bag or Sudan III/IV• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a non-

specific ratio (Example: C21H17O43)

• Function: – Quick energy (twice as much as carbs)– Cell membranes– Insulation and Body padding


• Monomer glycerol and 3 fatty acids


• Types of Lipids (Fats)– Saturated – bonds in molecule are

unbendable; tend to clog arteries; typically from animals (fats, butter, lard)

– Unsaturated – some bonds in molecule bend; better, but can still clog arteries; typically from plants (oils)

– Polyunsaturated – many bonds in molecule bend; best type of fat to eat; typically from plants (oils)

ProteinsProteinsProteinsProteins

ProteinsProteins(subunit: amino acids)(subunit: amino acids)

ProteinsProteins(subunit: amino acids)(subunit: amino acids)

• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

• To test for the presence of Proteins• Proteins >Biuret Solution• Monomer amino acids• Polymer polypeptide• Account for 50% of the dry weight of cells• There are 20 common amino acids


• Functions of Proteins– Cell movement – Fibers in bone, tendons, ligaments, and

cartilage– Homeostasis regulation (hormones and

enzymes)– Defense against disease (antibodies)


• Enzymes are special proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body.

• Enzymes end in –ase ex. Catalase (breakdown hydrogen peroxide)

(breaks into two new products)

Nucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsNucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids(subunit: Nucleotide)(subunit: Nucleotide)

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids(subunit: Nucleotide)(subunit: Nucleotide)

• Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

• Function control genetic information• Monomer Nucleotide• Polymers nucleic acid

– DNA deoxyribonucleic acid (genetic info.)– RNA ribonucleic acid (directs protein

building)

Nucleotides: Sugar, Phosphate, and Nucleotides: Sugar, Phosphate, and BaseBase

Nucleotides: Sugar, Phosphate, and Nucleotides: Sugar, Phosphate, and BaseBase

Macro-molecule

Subunit Examples Function

CarbohydrateMonosaccharide

Starch, cellulose, glycogen, glucose

Store and release energy

ProteinsAmino acids

Enzymes, hemoglobin

insulin

Structure, metabolism

LipidsFatty acids & glycerol Fats, oils

Long term energy storage, insulation

Nucleic Acids Nucleotide DNA, RNA

Store genetic information

Make Protein

Test Used To IdentifyTest Used To IdentifyTest Used To IdentifyTest Used To Identify

• Carbohydrates• Sugar > Benedict's Solution• Starch >Iodine (Lugol’s Solution)• Proteins > Biuret Solution• Lipids > Brown Paper Bag (Spot test)• or Sudan III

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BiochemistryBiochemistry Biology – Chapter 6 EOC Goal 2