Biochips Presented by Anjan Kumar Singh Reg No. 0701224352

Biochips

Presented byAnjan Kumar Singh

Reg No. 0701224352

Overview What is a Biochip? Its first occurrence and the history

behind its existence What are its uses and applications? Hurdles to overcome before the

technology becomes popular Who are the major researchers? What is the estimated market for

biochips?

Introduction Collection of miniaturized test sites

of living entities (microarrays) arranged on a solid substrate that permits many tests to be performed at the same time in order to achieve higher throughput, speed, accuracy and smaller size

A marriage between electronics and biology/medicine

•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

In BriefBio + Chip = Biochip

• Bio: stands for any biological entity eg: protein, DNA

• Chip: a computer chip• Biochip: a mate between

biological entity and a computerGenome chips, Microarrays


The Idea behind Biochip Biology

• DNA was discovered in 1950• The Watson and Creek model was

developed in 1953• Protein sequences, DNA sequences

started getting discovered in 1980s Electronics

• Transistor was first invented in 1948• In 1980s 100,000 to 1 million

transistors• Brick wall due to size limitations


Types of Biochips•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Active

PositionEnergy supplier

implantable external

Interaction capture

Biochips

Function

Passive

Lab-on-chips

Tracking device Tracking and identification devices

in animals around 1983 for monitoring fishery

Now widely used in monitoring pets and animals in zoos

Implanted under the skin of the animal with a unique ID number

Works on Radio Frequency Identification

Made of Reader and Transponder


TransponderThe implantable biochipPassive Biochip: No BatteriesComposed of

• Microchip• Antenna coil• Tuning capacitor• Glass Capsule


Transponder Computer Chip: Stores the unique

ID number


Transponder Antenna Coil: Primitive Radio

antenna to receive and send signals


Transponder Tuning Capacitor: Charged by the

small (1/1000 of Watt) signal sent by the reader


Transponder Glass Capsule: Made of biocompatible

material such as soda lime glass, hermetically (air-tight) sealed, covered with Polypropylene polymer

Glass Capsule


Implant Injected by a Hypodermic syringe

beneath the skin Usually behind the neck in cats

and dogs


Reader/ScannerTransmits a small signal Charges the tuning capacitor ID number transmitted by the

transponder


Tracking device in Humans Works on the

same principles in general

Satellite will be able to track any human with the tracking biochip

Tracking Request


Social ConcernsBig Brother fear

• Federal government has not legalized the implant of tracking biochips in humans

Mark of the Beast fear• What if the tracking biochip has

the number 666?


Different Biochips•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Biochip Manufacturing

Figure: http://www.affymetrix.com/technology/manufacturing/index.affx


Biochip Manufacturing

Figure: http://www.wired.com/news/medtech/0,1286,53861,00.html


DNA Biochips DNA (Gene expression): Human Genome Project started in

1990 to study genomes Study of interactions of individual

genes in an organism• Requires simultaneous study of genes

Requires High-throughput

Figure: http://www.biochip.ru/en/anthr.html


Technical ChallengesAttachment of living entity

with the silicon surfaceLimitation of visionBiocompatibility (Research

done at National Tsing Hua University)

Reliability


Overcome challengesMore experimentsMore funding by big

foundations like NSF• Eg: Human Genome project: $3

billion

Recently Past Market•Introduction•History•Current Technology•Challenges•Principal Players•Market•Summary

Global Market of Biochips


SummaryBiochips is a very broad field

• Many different types of biochipsBiochips is going to set the

new trend in MedicineStill in research phase, but

soon will be commercially used


Further ResearchBiocompatibility: Not a lot of

research is done in making the Ics biocompatible

Artificial proteins and DNA More Tests need to be

conducted to make it more reliable

Reference Center of biological Microchips:

http://www.biochip.ru/en Affymetrix:

http://www.affymetrix.com/index.affx Agilent:

http://www.chem.agilent.com/Scripts/PDS.asp?lPage=51

http://www.av1611.org/666/biochip.html#Part3

http://www.biotechinsights.com/pages/biopr.html

Questions

???

Documents

Biochips Presented by Anjan Kumar Singh Reg No. 0701224352