101
I ALBANIA / CONVENTION DN BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY NATIONAL REPORT BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN Sponsor: Glokal Environmental Facility (GEF) Tll ana November, 1999

Biodiversity Action Plan

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Page 1: Biodiversity Action Plan

I

ALBANIA

/

CONVENTION DN BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

NATIONAL REPORT

BIODIVERSITY STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN

Sponsor: Glokal Environmental Facility (GEF)

Tll ana November, 1999

Page 2: Biodiversity Action Plan

Blodlverslty Strategy and Action Plan

Prepared by the Alliance "The Institute of Biological Research & Museum of NaturalSciences"

Editor: Ferdinand Bego & Mynyr KoniPictures: Ferdinand Bego, Taulant Blno, Mynyr Konl

Layout: Altin Allko

Copyright© 1999 by The National Environmental Agency (NEA). Ail rightsreserved. No part of this book may be reproduced without the permission of TheNational Environmental Agenc)

Page 3: Biodiversity Action Plan

LIST OF ACRONYMS

AS Academy of SciencesBG Botanical Garden

CBD Convention on Biological Diversity

CCCH Convention on Climate ChangeCEP Committee for Environmental Protection

CITES Convention on the Illegal Trade of the Endangered SpeciesCTD Council of Tourism DevelopmentDAP Department of Environmental Protection within the GDFP

DCTA District Council of Territorial Adjustment

EAP Environmental Action ProgramEECONET European Ecological NetworkEIA Environment Impact AssessmentEU European UnionFPRI Forest and Pasture Research Institute

FRI Fishery Researc?_ InstituteGDFP General Directorate of Forest and Pastures

GEF Global Environmental FacfiityGTZ German Technic;ti Assistance

IBA Important Bird Area

IBR Institute of Blolo ¢lcal ResearchINC Institute for NattLre Conservation

IUCN World Conservat on Union

MAF Ministry of Agric'llture and FoodMNS Museum of Natural Sciences

NCNB National Councfi for Nature and BiodlversityNCTA National Councfi of Territorial AdjustmentNCW National Council of Waters

NEA National Environmental Agency

NGO Non governmental OrganisationNEAP National Environmental Action PlanNSI National Seed In:_titute

NUPI National Urban Planning InstitutePA Protected Area

PEMU Project Environmental Management Unit

PESBLD Pan-European Slrategy on Biological and Landscape DiversityRAC / SPA Regional Activity Centre / Specially Protected Areas (Tunis)REA Regional Enviror mental Agency

REC Regional Enviro_ mental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe

RNPA Representative Network of the Protected AreasSCBD Secretariat of thc Convention on Biological Diversity

SNV Netherlands Dev,._lopment OrganisatlonUNDP United Nations Development Program

UNEP United Nations Environmental ProgramUNO United Nations OrganisationUSAID United States Ag_ncy for International DevelopmentWB World BankWCTT World Council fo; Travel and TourismWWF World Wildlife Ft nd

Page 4: Biodiversity Action Plan

Contents

Page

Executivesummary 8

Part One BIODIVERSITY IN ALBANIA 22

Chapter i CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND 22BIODIVERSITY IN ALBANIA

INTRODUCTION 22THE STATE OF BIODIVERSITY 23ALBANIA AND ITS BIOGEOGRAPHYCAL IMPORTANCE 25

HABITATANDECOSYSTEMDIVERSITY 25SPECIESDIVERSITY 27

GENETICDIVERSITY 27

SPECIES OF ECONOMIC VALUE 29AESTHETIC AND RECREATIONAL VALUES 29

BIODIVERSITYANDTOURISM 29

Special Features of the Biodiversity 30ENDEMIC / SUBENDEMIC TAXA 30

LINKS BETWEEN ALBANIA'S AND NEIGHBOURING COUNTRY ECOSYSTEMS 30

THE IMPORTANCE OF ALBANIA FOR MIGRATORY SPECIES 31THE IMPORTANCE OF ALBANIA FOR GLOBALLY THREATENED SPECIES 31

CHAPTER 2 THE THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY IN ALBANIA 34

THESOURCEOFTHREATS 34IMPACTS ON B1ODIVERSITY ' 39

CHAPTER 3 THE STATUS OF BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION IN 41

ALBANIA

LEGISLATION 41

THEINSTITUTIONALFRAMEWORK 42

THE CONVENTIONSANDINTERNATIONALPROGRAMS 45THEEXISTINGNATIONALPROGRAMS 48

IN-SITU AND EX-SITU CONSERVATION 49

Part Two IDENTIFICATION OF PRIORITY ISSUES 54

CHAPTER 4 THE TOPICS AND ISSUES 54

INTRODUCTION 54STRATEGICPRINCIPLES 54

THECRITERIA 55

ISSUES / pRIORITY TOPICS 55

HABITATANDSPECIESACTIONPLANS 56

Part Three THE BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN: PRIORITY ACTIVITIES 59AND ACTIONS

CHAPTER 5 THE NEED FOR CHANGE AND ACTION 59

INTEGRATION OF BIOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY WITH ACTMTIES IN 59OTHER SECTORS

EXPANDING AND STRENGTHENING THE NETWORK OF PROTECTED AREAS AND 67ESTABLISHING THE ECOLOGICAL NETWORK

BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION OUTSIDE THE PROTECTED AREAS 70

Page 5: Biodiversity Action Plan

NEED FOR EX-SITU CONSERVATION 70

NEED FOR FURTHERRESEARCH AND MONITORING 70

INFORMATION USE AND MANAGEMENT 71

EDUCATION, TRAINING AND EXTENSION SERVICE PROGRAMMES / INCREASING 72AWARENESS OF THE PUBLIC, POLICY-MAKERS, AND DECISION-MAKERS

CHAPTER 6 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BIODIVERSITY ACTION 75PLAN

REFORM AND INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING 75

LEGISLATION 75

INSTITUTIONALSTRENGTHENING 75

DEVELOPMENT OF INTER-SECTOR CO-ORDINATION MECHANISMS 76DECENTRALIZATION 76

THE NEEDS AND THE ROLE OF THE NGOs AND LOCAL COMMUNITIES 77

COST-BENEFIT ANALYSES OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 77INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION 77STRATEGY FOR BSAP IMPLEMENTATION 79

List of Figures

Figure i. Physical Map of Albania 24Figure 2. Organograrn on the interrelations and links between 44Institutions/structures in correlation with the biodiversity issues in therepublic of Albar_taFigure 3. Organogram of structures related with Biodlversity study and 46MonitoringFigure 4. Map of the Existing Protected Areas of Albania 52Figure 5. Map of the Proposed Network of Protected Area of Albania 69Figure 6. Functional Scheme for the Implementation of the CBD and BSAP 74in Albania

Boxes

Box 1. Habitat Types in Albania 26Box 2, The Number of Species in Albania 28Box 3. What is biological diversity?. 32Box 4. Why we should protect the blodlverslty? 33

Box 5. The Management Categories of Protected Areas 50Box 6. National Environmental Agency Projects for Nature Conservation 53Financed by International OrganizationsBox 7. The Working Groups for BSAP Implementation 57Box 8. What should be the Content of the Action Plans for Species and 58Habitats?

Box 9. The EC Agro-Environment Regulation {EEC 2078/92) 60Box 10. Main Elements of a National Energy Strategy 61Box 11. The Principles of Sustainable Forestry Policy 62Box 12. Main Principles for Responsible Fisheries 63Box 13. Main Elements of a Sustainable Policy for Transport 64Box 14. Environmental Guidelines for Tourism Adopted by the World Travel 65and Tourism Council (WTTC)

Box 15. ProtectedAreas and Sustainabillty 68

ANNEXES

A List of the Experts for the Preparation of the BSAPB- 1 Proposed Representative Network of the Protected Areas for AlbaniaB-2 Summary Statistics on the Network of the Protected Areas for AlbaniaC List of endemic/subendemic taxa

D List of Globally Threatened Species in Albania

Page 6: Biodiversity Action Plan

E- 1 List of the Species for which the Species Action Plan will be Prepared within 1-2

yearsE-2 List of the Species for which thc Species Action Plan will be Prepared within 3-5

yearsF- 1 List of Habitats for which the Habitat Action Plans will be Prepared within 1-2 yearsF-2 List of Habitats for which the Habitat Action Plans will be Prepared within 3-5 years

Page 7: Biodiversity Action Plan

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTIONcombined with steep cliffs creates ideal

1 The Convention on Biological Diversity conditions for maintaining and protecting(CBD), was signed by Albania in ,January a large number of ancient species, which1994. Although faced with the difficulties are both endemic and subendemlc. Thereof a country in transition, Albania has are 27 endemic and 160 subendemicendcavoured to fulfil its obligations under species of vascular plants, which have athe Convention. In 1998, the Albanian special protection importance for thegovernment charged the National country.Environmental Agency (thc former

Committee for Environmental Protection) 5 The high diversity of ecosystems andto prepare the Biodivcrslty Strategy and habitats (marine and coastal ecosystems,Action Plan (BSAP) as a step towards wetlands, river deltas, sand dunes, lakes,implementing the Convention. Albania rivers, Mediterranean shrubs, broadleaf,has been, and continues to be, a conifers and mixed forests, alpine andparticipant In European and regional subalpine pastures and meadows, andinitiatives related with the CBD, especially high mountain ecosystems) offers a richin the PAN-European Strategy on species variety of plants and animals. InBiological and Landscape Diversity Albania, there are around 3,200 species of(PESBLD). vascular plants and 756 vertebrate

species. Approximately 30% of all2 In Albania, the main objectives for European floras occur in Albania. The

implementing the CBD and PESBLD are: high Albanian forests maintain thecommunities of large mammals such as

(i) protection and improvement of wolf, bear, lynx, and wild goat, and alsobiological and landscape diversity; the characteristic bird communities,

(ii) incorporation of the principles and which are associated with virgin forests.policies required for sustainablebiodiversity use and management; 6 Coastal lagoons and large lakes insideand the country, are important areas --

(iii) promoting sustainable development especially for wintering migratory birds.for present and future generations. There are annually met around 70

waterfowl and waterbird species with a

3 Thc World Balk, through the Global total population of 180,000 individuals inEnvironment Facility (GEF), provided Albania during the winter. Albania is alsofinancial support to the NEA for preparing an important crossroad for the migrationthe BSAP. As part of this process, an of birds, bats, and insects.Advisory Board was created and headedby the Chairman of the NEA. 7 There are some 91 globally threatenedSupervision, consulting, and co- species found in Albania. These includeordination were the duties of this Board. the Dalmatian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus),

Technical specialists, university slaff, and Pygmy Cormorant (Phalacrocoraxrepresentatives of central and local pygmeus), and the Sturgeon (Aclpenser

governmental and non-governmental sturio) for which Albania is a country oforganisations participated in the particularly critical importance.preparation and drafting of the BSAP.

8 The landscape diversity inside thecountry derives from natural

THE IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY characteristics and Albania's ancient

4 Although a small country, Albania is origins and the associated humandistinguished for its rich biological and activity. Traditional agriculture and stocklandscape diversity. This diversity is farming have been developed according toattributable to the country's geographic the natural characteristics of the country,position as well as ge)logical, and are the major factors, whichhydrological, climatic, and soil mid relief determine the landscape physiognomy infactors. The mountainous terrain those areas, which are characterised by

Page 8: Biodiversity Action Plan

autochthonous species. A number of local · Loss of species or the threat of their &autochthonous livestock and plant extinction; and Ispecies have existed In Albania over the · Damage and erosion of geneticyears. They represent very Important resources.heritage values for protecting and

improving the quality and productivity of 11 Although a low number of species hasagricultural and livestock products, become extinct during this past century,

the rate of loss of Albania's blodlversity

WHY BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION IS during the last 50 years is believed to beIMPORTANT increasingly high. Moreover, insufficient

knowledge and studies on a wide range of9 There are many reasons for the flora and fauna limit an accurateimportance of biodlversity protection in historical evaluation of the biodlversityAlbania; (i) we live by using the plants status of Albania. Two species of plantsand animals found in our surrounding and four species of mammals haveenvironment; {11) it is our duty towards become extinct; and meanwhile 17 bird

future generations to ensure a nature as species no longer nest in the country'srich as we inherited it; (iii) any living territory. During the last 25 years,organism has the right to live, those living approximately 122 species of vertebratesand evolving over the past thousands and (27 mammals, 89 birds, and 6 fish) andmillions of years may disappear very fast, four species of plants are expected to havebut they can not be recreated; (iv) a large lost more than 50% of their population.number of plants axe known for their The number of rare and endangeredmedicinal values, and their number may species of plants and animals is high andeven increase in the future with expected to increase.technological advances; (v) wild plantsand animals play an important role in 12 In Albania, the major types ofproviding the sustenance for cultivated endangered ecosystems and habitats areplants and domestic animals; {vi) natural not only coastal [sand dunes, river deltas,biological processes protect lite and alluvial forests, lagoons, and coastalenvironment on our planet; (vii) nature lakes) and marine (medium and

that offers high diversity also has greater infrallttoral level), but also Inland ones,potential to be appreciated for tourism Including alpine pastures and meadows,development and for its aesthetic and continental and glacier lakes, andrecreational values; and (viii) the broadleaf and coniferous forests.

country's economic prosperity can only beachieved through the protection and 13 The high rate of population growthsustainable use of its natural and (the population has almost tripled duringbiological resources, the last 50 years) has been followed by

the progressive increase of human

RISKS AND ADVERSE IMPACTS ON impacts and disturbances on theBIODIVERISTY country's nature and biodiverslty. These

pressures are expected to increase in the10 Economic development over lhe past future due to the relatively free and

50 years was based upon agri(ultural, uncontrolled movement of the populationindustrial and tourism devel)pment, from rural to urban areas. Increasing

increasing use of transportation and urbanisation will most adversely affect theurbanisation, and exploitation of forest, coastal and littoral ecosystems, which arefishing, and other natural resources. All more ecologically fragile.this development has had its impacts

upon biological and landscape div,zrsity in 14 The intensive agricultural practices ofAlbania. Some of the major adverse the past, combined with the presentimpacts have been: activities of a free market economy, have

damaged and are damaging to the native· Habitat loss and fragmentatlor_; species. These practices have also

· Damage and degradation of _tabltats reduced people's interest in protectingand ecosystems; and improving the autoehthonous variety

· Disturbance and maltreatment of of plants and animals.wildlife;

Page 9: Biodiversity Action Plan

15 it is observed that agriculture is Meanwhile, individnals and the privatereturning back to the traditional extensive sector are focusing on maximislngpractices due to the lack of inveshnents earnings and short-term profits, so theafter the privatisation of land. This combined effects have negative impactsphenomenon has reduced the impact on on biodiversity, There have been efforts tobiodiversity, but it is believed that the Improve the legislation and administrative

agriculture sector will use more intensive structure, but illegal wood cutting, andpractices in the future, which will have illegal and uncontrolled fishing andincreasingly adverse impaels on hunting persist.biodiversity - especially in the westerncoastal plains. IN-SITU AND EX-SITU CONSERVATION

16 Although a large part of the industrial 21 In-situ conservation of nature andsector is not functioning at the moment, it biodiversity began only in the second halfis expected that this will not be She case of this century in Albania. Protected areasas economic development and growth were established, and followed by theincrease in the future. The effects of approval of laws and regulations for theindustrialisation will adversely impact the protection of endangered species of plantsbiodiversity of the country, particularly in and animals. Although progress has beenthe coastal areas, which will have a made, there are still problems which need

higher number of urban centres, to be addressed such as:

17 Tourism and transportation are two · Lack of a national strategy for theother factors, which will soon have an protection of nature;

adverse impact on biodiversity, on,'_eagain · Existing gaps in legislation andparticularly in the coastal areas, institutional weaknesses;

· Limited number of Protected Areas

18 The exploitation of forests was (5.8% of the country's territory);common in the past due to the absence of · Lack of management plans for thealternative fuel resources for cooking and major part of the existing Protectingheating. These practices have had adverse Areas;effects upon forest biodiverslty, which * Lack of means and financial resourceshave been further exacerbated by existing for effective administration of the

forestry practices and the lack of a clear Protected Areas;

national strategy for the protecton and * Insufficient number of personnel andsustainable development of forei ts. The their lack of training: andpopulations of large mammals have · Lack of practices for protectingparticularly suffered in the forest areas of endangered species of plants andAlbania. animals outside the Protected Areas.

19 There are no discernible effects on 22 Until recently, there were no practicesmarine and wetlands biodiversity due to for ex-situ conservation of endangeredpast fishing and aquaculture practices, plants and animals. However, a seedHowever, the consequences are expected bank for crops was recently establishedto increase in the future due to recent near the National Institute of Seeds (NIS).changes in fishing practices (e.g.,

increased fishing with dynamite) a_nd the EXISTING NATIONAL PROGRAMSforeseen development of the fishery sector

in the future. 23 The process of preparing the Strategyand Action Plan on Biodiversity {BSAP)

20 The transition period that began in built on previous acnvities such as the1991 has been marked by political National Environment Action Plan

instability - especially during the last 2-3 (Committee for Environmental Protection

years. Some of the factors influencing - CEP, 1993), Environmental Strategy ofthis destabilisation have been thc lack of Albania (World Bank - WB, 1993).,

appropriate legislation, lack of Ecological Survey of High Forests inimplementation of existing la_ rs and Albania (1995), Coastal Zone Managementregulations, and the ineffectiveness of the Plan (CZMP, 1996), Specially Protectedexisting institutional str_ctures. Areas (UNEP, RAC/SPA, 1995), and NGO

Page 10: Biodiversity Action Plan

Nature Conservation Strategy in Albania existing protection measures; priority(REC. IUCN, MilieuKontakt, 1997). Their problems which require solutions tofindings and recommendations were enhance biodlversity protection, speciesincorporated into the BSAP. distribution and habitat size; and a list of

measures which need to be undertaken.IDENTIFICATION OF PRIORITIES

28 Although it Is the government's24 The following criteria were used for responsibility to prepare and implementidentifying the priorities for action plans the action plans on species and habitats,and solutions relevant to species and it Is proposed that a partnership led bytheir habitats: various co-ordinators for each species and

habitats be responsible. Responsibilities· Endangered species and habitats with would include facilitating, co-ordinating,

global, regional, and national and promoting the submission andimportance; Implementationof action plans.

· Habitats containing endemic speciesor high levels of biodlversity; THE NEED FOR CHANGE AND ACTION

· Species or habitats risking totalextinction: 29 The implementation of the Biodlverslty

· Species or habitats which would yield Convention can be achieved only throughlocal or national economic benet'_ts; acceptance and reference to the objectives

· Species or habitats with local or and principles for protection. This willnational education benefits; include engaging in practices, which

· Endangered species or habitats which promote sustainable development In allcould be better protected through sectors impacting on biodlversity such asmore suitable policies and use; and agriculture, forestry, fishing, industry,

· Actions which could yield viable urban planning, transport, and tourism.economic, ecological, and social In the meantime, the "polluter pays"benefits, principle and the appropriate

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

25 These criteria, together with the procedures should be enforced In allpresent level of knowledge on national sectors.biodlversity status and the opinion andconsensus of the country's leading 30 The protection of nature withinProtected Areas should be considered aszoologists and botanists, were used toselect the plant species, animal species, an important instrument for in-situand habitat types which need to be conservation of blodlverslty. It IsIncluded as priorities In the action plans, recommended as a short-term objective

that 14% of the country's territory bedivided into different categories of26 The selected species and habitats are

presented in two lists based on their Protected Areas. with 25% as the long-importance and the level of danger: (i) term objective for the year 2020. Thisspecies/habitats action plans which process will require greater support for

environmental protection inside theshould be undertaken within 1-2 years;and (ii) species/habitats action plans General Directorate of Forestry andwhich should be undertaken within 3-5 Pastures (GDFP).

years. The first list of short-termpriorities includes 80 species/taxa - 42 31 Another Important aspect ofvertebrates. 26 invertebrates, and 12 blodlverslty management is its protection

plant species, while the longer-term and sustainable development outside ofpriorities include 143 species/taxa - 95 Protected Areas. This is especiallyvertebrates, 31 invertebrates, and 17 Important in Albania because of theplant species, limited number of present and proposed

protected areas. Without the appropriate

27 The action plans for species and measures, a large percentage of fauna,habitats should include: the present especially birds and mammals, willsituation of species or habitats; the major struggle to survive.factors influencing the loss or decrease ofpopulations; a short description of

Page 11: Biodiversity Action Plan

32 Ex-sltu conservation of blodiversity is are another priority for Albania. and allalso a priority because of increasing public institutions, NGOs, and the privateanthropogenic pressures upon nature, sector should be involved in them wherewhich threaten to increase the number of possible. Advisory services on biodiversityendangered and extinct species. The should be developed to help land usersestablishment of genetic banks is required understand the benefits of Improvedfor ex-situ conservation, first through the biodiversity protection and management.establishment of a Gene Bank for plants. The Regional Environment Agencies

(REAs) under the National Environmental

33 The further elaboration of scientific Agency [NEA) may well be the mostresearch is also a high priority for appropriate vehicle for providing theseAlbania. Currently, there is a lack of advisory services.studies for different groups of fauna(especially marine groups) and flora IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ACTION(especially low plants such as algae, PLANlichens, and moss). The lack of financial

support continues to be an obstacle for 38 Institutional reform and strengtheningconducting the necessary research. In are an important step for implementingthe future, improved co-ordination among the BSAP, and this should bescientific institutions will be necessary, as complemented with an improved legalwell as collaboration with foreign system and commensurate lawinstitutions and the active involvement of enforcement efforts.NGOs.

39 Two important actions need to be34 Improving information use and taken in the legal field in order tomanagement is a high priority for harmonise existing and future legislation.improving blodlversity management in First, the draft law on Nature ProtectionAlbania. To improve the collection and and Blodiverslty should be approved as

management of data and information it soon as possible by the parliament.willbe necessary to: Second, relevant bylaws and

implementing regulations should follow· Use existing data and information to this new law to speed up implementation

the maximum extent possible; and harmonlsatlon.

· Improve and standardlse existing datacollection and reporting; 40 Another priority is the strengthening of

· Set up a national database for governmental institutions responsible forbiodiversity; and biodiversity inventories, management,

· Develop an information network with and monitoring. Better support should beopen access for all locally interested provided for the NEA and the REAs, aspersons, well as for the Environmental Project

Management Unit responsible for the35 The recent establishment of the Albania Forestry Project. In this way they

Ministry of Information should be used as will be able to fulfil their responsibilitiesan opportunity to offer more possibilities on environmental protection in general,for developing information programs on and biodiversity in particular. As part ofbiodiversity, the institutional reform process, it will be

necessary to establish as soon as possible

36 Because the role of the public in the Institute of Nature Conservation (INC)biodiversity protection and management which would provide qualified help in theis critical, environmental education and area of nature conservation and

public awareness should be improved, protection as well as sustainablePublic participation, particularly at the development of biodiversity.local level, should be encouraged throughvarious projects and programs aimed at 41 The process of local autonomy andimproving biodiversity planning and deeentralisation is part of the democraticmanagement, process. The governmental authorities at

the local level should be responsible for

37 Training and qualification programs sustainable management of nature andfor biodiversity study and management biological resources in their areas, and for

Page 12: Biodiversity Action Plan

establishing the methods for avoiding long-term uneconomic practicesimplementing the CBD and BSAP at the and policies. These analyses must beregional and local levels, included as a basis for future

conservation practices and policies.42 Co-ordination across sectors also

needs to be improved. It is recommended THE STRATEGY FOR IMPLEMENTINGas a first step to establish a National BSAPCouncil on Biodiversity withrepresentatives from the central and local 45 The following will be part of thegovernment, university staff, and NGOs Implementation process of the BSAP:operating in the area of environmentprotection. The Secretariat on Biodiversity · Dialogue and co-ordination process;(SB) should be established within the · Identification and mobfiisation of

NEA. Its responsibilities will include financlalresources;program co-ordination, identification and · Identifying economic barriers tomobillsation of financial resources for biodiversityprotection;

implementing the CBD and BSAP, and · Finding and Implementing theother administrative duties, appropriate mechanisms to realise the

benefits of protection; and43 NGO and local communities' · Technical support for projects.participation in biodiversity planning,

management, legal issues, and monitoring 46 The agencies and institutionsshould be encouraged as part of the responsible for implementing andprocess of implementing the CBD and monitoring the CBD and BSAP are theBSAP in Albania. NEA, REAs, National Council for Nature

Biodiversity (NCNB), and the country44 Biodiversity protection has its costs, Secretary for the Convention onbut at the same time there are benefits to Blodiversity (SCB) within the NEA.be derived. Cost/benefit analysis shouldbe used as an effective mechanism for

Page 13: Biodiversity Action Plan

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Page 14: Biodiversity Action Plan

Agri

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Page 16: Biodiversity Action Plan

and

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Page 21: Biodiversity Action Plan

PART ONE

BIODIVERSITY IN ALBANIA

CHAPTER 1CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND BIODIVERSITY INALBANIA

INTRODUCTION

Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan1.1 The Convention on Blodiversity (BSAP) in order to implement the(CBD) was an important part of the Convention. The NEA Is responsibleEarth Summit in Rio de daneiro, for Albania's role in the regional and1992. Albania signed this Convention European 'initiatives and programs inon January 5, 1994. response to the CBD, in particular in

the Pan-European Strategy of1.2 Article 1 explains the objectives of Biological and Landscape Diversitythe Convention as follows: (PESBLD).

The objectives of this Convention, 1.5 The goal of the implementation ofto be pursued in accordance with the CBD ar/d the PESBLD in Albaniaits relevant provisions, are the is:conservation .of biological diversity,the sustainable use of its Protection and improvement of thecomponents and the fair and country's biological and landscapeequitable sharing of the benefits diversity, and the integration ofarising out of the Utlllsation of sustainable use and managementgenetic resources, including by policies into other sectors, aimingappropriate access to. genetic to achieve sustainable development

resources and by appropriate for the future generations.transfer of relevant technologies,taking into account all rights over 1.6 With the financial support of thethose resources and to World Bank through the Globaltechnologies, and by appropriate Environmental Facility (GEF), a grantfunding, was made available to the NEA to

prepare the PEBLS. For the1.3 In accordance with article 6a of preparation of the PEBLS, an Advisorythe CBD, Albania must accomplish its Panel chaired by the NEA's Chairmanobligations in regard to: was created. The Panel was

responsible for the supervision and

Develop national strategies, plans co-ordination of the work. Staff fromor programmes for the conservation the scientific and academicand sustainable use of biological Institutions, government and localdiversity or adapt for this purpose institutions, and NGOs working onexisting strategies, plans or nature and the environment issuesprogrammes which shall reflect, was involved in the process of iinter alia, the measures set out in preparation and discussion of thethis Convention PEBLS.

1.4 Albania, taking into account the 1.7 This report p_esents thedifficulties of the transition period, viewpoints and important issues to behas taken the responsibfiity to considered by the Government as aaccomplish the obligations of the basic instrument for developing aConvention. The National long-term program from 2000-2015.

Environmental Agency (NEA), whichwas formerly the Committee for 1.8 In the remainder of Chapter 1, theEnvironmental Protection (CEP), has state of blodlverslty in Albania lsbeen asked by the Albanian reviewed, focusing on what isGovernment to prepare the biodiversity, and why it is important

Page 22: Biodiversity Action Plan

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Page 23: Biodiversity Action Plan

for sustainable development. Chapter area. Within Albania there are2 explains the existing and potential tectonic zones which during theirdangers to blodiversity, while chapter geological development changed' to3 'reviews the state of biodiverslty tectonic and nco-tectonicprotection and management in configurations.Albania. Chapter 4 explains thecriteria used for the identification of 1.13 The Albanian relief is mostly hillythe important issues and ac:ions to and mountainous. There is a diversityimplement the CBD and the PESBLD of morphological formations andin Albania. An important part of this slopes. It has a young age since thechapter is the detailed information on Albanian relief originated during thestrategic steps, the content of the Miocene Age. At the beginning of thespecies and habitat action plans, and Quaternary Age, the Adriatic lowlandthe identlltcaClon of the target issues and other inland lowlands wereand working groups, attached to the continental part of

Albania, but thc existing relief shape1.9 Chapters 5 and 6 explain the was formulated during the Pliocenebiodiversity action plan mud the Period. The evolution of the Albanianmeasures to be taken in order to relief continues to this day. Theimplement the CBD and PF.BLS in highest point is 2751m above sea levelAlbania. The annexes illustrate the (Korabi Mountain) and the lowest one

importance of biodiverslty in _,lbania. is 8 meters below sea level (the formerand the need to take measures to Terbufi Marsh). The medium altitude

enhance it. The Represented Wetwork of the country is 708m above the seaof the Protected Areas (RNPA) receives level. The altitude declines movingspecial attention in Annex B. The list from the east to the west of theof experts and institutions responsible country, and this determines thefor the preparation of this r_port is conditions of the climate, land. andpresented In A. vegetation.

l',q.E STATE OP E_OPIVERSI'I ?. 1.14 The climate of Albania is diverse.It has four major climatic zones and

1.10 Although Albania is a small 13 sub-zones, which contribute to thecountry, it is very rich in biological country's rich biological diversity.and landscape diversity. This is due to

its geographical position, geological 1.15 Albania is well known for its richfactors, hydrology, climate, amd soft and complex hydrographic networkconditions, composed of rivers, lakes, wetlands.

groundwater, and seas. The main1.11 Albania Is a Mediterranean rivers are the Drini, Buna, Mati.

country on the Balkan Penii.sula in Shkumbini, Semani, Vjosa, Erzeni.the south of Europe. The ,_lbanian Ishmi, Bistrlca, and Pavllo, and theircoastline is 476 km long, _md the courses have an important effect onAdriatic and Ionian Seas have a great the country's coastal biodiversity.impact on the climate, fio_ a, and About 247 natural lakes of differentfauna in the country, types and dimensions, and a

considerable number of artificial

1.12 Albania is part )f the lakes, are located inside the country.Mediterranean Alps in tt,e line Based on their origin, they are dividedDinarido-Albanido-Helenid, _md is into tectonic lakes (4), glacier lakescharacterlsed by a diversity of rock (134), carstie lakes (94), and fluvialformations since Palaeozol( time. lakes (15). Among the more importantThere are more sedimentacy and ones are the transboundary lakes ofvolcanic formations, while Shkodra, Ohrid, and Prespa- themetamorphic ones are less e_mmon, most important and largest ones inOther formations such as alluvial, the Balkans with European andproluvial, koluvial, and deluvial international significance. In theglaciers, marshes, and lakes, are coastal area of Albania there areyounger and from the Quaternary wetlands such as Karavasta, Narta.

Page 24: Biodiversity Action Plan

.24

Patoku, Vilunl, Kune-Vainl, Orikuml, Alluvialforest(Vaine, Lezha)

and others, with a total area of150kin2.

1.16 Albania is an important

migration route for ,flora anc fauna.The main elements of the ._lbanian

flora are Mediterranean (24%), Balkan

(22%), European (18%), and Eurastan Castanetum(Oaf_-Molle) ](14%). I

Corological spectrum of theFlora of Albania

EuroasianEuropean Others

CultivatedCost_opoliteEuro_iberiar

Balkani Mixed Beech and Pine ForestMediterrar can

The Eurasian, l tolartlc,Mediterranean, and Balkan elements

dominate the faunistic spectrum ofthe country.

Sub-alpine Meadow (Biz_)

1.17 Albania is well known for its highdiversity of ecosystems and Irabttats.Within its territory there are rmritimeecosystems, coastal zones, lakes,rivers, evergreen and bcoadleafbushes, broadleaf forests, pine forests,alpine and sub-alpine pastu:'es andmeadows, and high mountain Land Uaeecosystems.

1.18 Albania is rich in for,_.st and Forestspasture resources. The fores[s cover1,030,000 ha or 36% of the c_untry'sterritory, and the pastures about

400,000 ha or 15%. Appro_dmately A_ablola_60% (244,000 hal of the pastures are

alpine and sub-alpine pastures andmeadows. The forests and the

pastures have a diversity of types,formations, and plant and animalcommunities.

Page 25: Biodiversity Action Plan

25

Box

Habitat Types In Albania

Habitat Type Habitat subtype Number of communltle;

Coastal communities Marine communities 19Marine Wetlands 19

Coastal sandy 13Dimes and seaside's

Rockycoast 4Non-maritime water Coastal wetlands

Sweetwaters 36

Running watersRivers and springs 7

Bushes Temperate heath grove 53Bushes 23

GEwriga 16PseudomakJa 1Terrain 2Gorse terrain ?

FrLganat 2G] ass terraln's 17Termofile forest 2 associationsSi:es with Mediterranean

grass 5Mcditerranean -Mount ain

grass terrain's 6DIy grass terrain's 6Al'sine and sub-alpinegr tss terrain's 48

Forests Br oadleaf forest 141C( nffer forest 31Fcrests and bushes 30

Ex ergreen andTemperate broad-leaveforest 6

Pond water vegetation Rush formation 25Rocky formations Rc,cky slope 15

Rccky gaps 12Cf.ves

Other habitat types: Crop lands: Fruit-tree plantations; Vineyards; Low forests;Urban parks; Towns, villages or industrial sites; Mines

Page 26: Biodiversity Action Plan

26

1.19 Along the coastline of thecountry there are many ecosystems ofsignificance in the Mediterraneanregion such as lagoons, wetlands,sand dunes, river deltas, hydrophlland hygrophfi forests. Litto::al andinfralittoral communities of

Mediterranean origin along t?e rockycoast are quite diverse aatd wellpreserved.

Wetland along the coast

SPECIES D_VERSITY

1.22 Information on biodiversity in

Albania is generally lacking. Thereare stfil flora and fauna taxonomic

groups, which are unknown or havenot been studied. The information on

well-known taxonomic groups is

1.20 The lakes and rivers are also lacking in terms of species. The

important for the biological and number of species shown in Box 2 islandscape diversity of the country, larger, and in some groups several

times larger, from that known to date.

Vegetation along the Shkodra L_lie1.23 Taking Into account the existinginformation, Albania has a rich

diversity of flora.and fauna with about3,200 flora species and 756 fauna

species, respectively. Approximately30% of European flora occur inAlbania, and the high forests ofAlbania are the habitat for large gamesuch as the brown bear, wild boar,

1.21 There is a diversity of lanclscapes and others, and also of fowl species,in Albania due to its natural which flourish in virgin forests. The

characteristics and long hL, tory of rich marine flora and faunapopulation and human activities, communities are an Indicator of theTraditional agriculture and high level of preservation and qualitystockbreeding developed in the of these communities In Albania.countryside, in accordano; withnatural conditions, have bten the GENETIC DIVERSITY

major factors determining theAlbanian landscape, where indigenous 1.24 A number of autochthonouselements are not missing, breeds of cattle and crops exist in the

country. About 30 species of cropsSalty land vegetation with Sallconia are native to Albania. There are nine

autochthonous breeds of goats andfive for sheep. This is an important

heritage for the protection andimprovement of the production andthe quality of the agricultural andanimal husbandry.

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Box

The Number of Species in Albania

Group Species in Species in World SpeciesAlb_mia Europe

Bacteria Un}_own Unknown >4,000Viruses Unknown, Unknown >5,000Protozoa Unlqnown Unknown >40,000Algae 600 Unknown >40,000

Fungi 800 16,000 >70,000Ferns 45 145 >12,000Bryophytes 500 10,000 > 14,000Lichens 400 1200 > 17,000Flowring plants 320 D 11415 250.000MoUusca 520 (700) Unknown 80,000Insects 4,000 (14,000) 40,000 1,0bO,000Crustaceans 115 150 {Adriatic 8,000 ,(Decapoda) sea)Echinodermata 46 94 5,650

(Mediterranean)

Dish 313 (350) 618 32,000-40,000(Mediterranean)

Marine Fish 249 Unknown 23,000-30,000Freshwater Fish 64 Unknown 8,500Amphibians 15 (16) 62 4.000Reptiles 36 (38) 123 6.500Birds 323(335) 450 9,881Mammals 70 (34) 200 4,327

lote: The number in parentheses indicates the number of the expected species to)ccur in Albania

Breed "Syska" of Pollsl areaGoat Femal Male Tendencybreeds e

Dragoblja 6500 350 IVellpoJa Unknown IHasi 15000 377 IMat! 9500 240 I

Capore _22176 479 SShyta Unknown IDukat/ 20310 690 IMuzhak/_ 42096 1480 I

Llqenas 10000 500 ISheepbreeds

Breed "Dhla e Matit" Bardhoke 19740 880 IShkodran 13450 560 I

Ruda 29400 950 !

i Recka 19409 8100 I6

Syska 110 5 I(Lara ePollsit)

Note: I=lncreaslng; S=stable

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SPECIES OF ECONOMIC VALUE beauty of nature increase theappreciation for nature and the

1.25 The medical, industrial, _md feed countryside.

value of plants and animals is wellknown. There are 300 types of Iphlctldes podallrlusmedical and aromatic plants, whichrepresent about 10% of the i_lbanianflora. In the future the nu:_ber of

plants with medical or aromaiic valuewill likely increase.

Rosa canlna Salvia off clnalis

1.30 The diversity of the shape,colour, function, and behaviour of the

plants and animals has extraordinaryaesthetic and recreation value. The

biological diversity and natural andcultural landscape are also a source ofpleasure and culture for present and

1.26 About 40 plant speci_'.s have future generations.

forage values, and 35 plant speciesare tanlferous. The number of well- Penumbasl cave

.known plants for honey prodiLcing bybees is about 50, and the number of

plants used for feeding is 70.

1.27 Different types of fish in marineand inland waters, and a considerablenumber of sea animals, are an

important food source for tumans,and frogs are also becoming _ sourceof food. Molluscs are an lnkportant

source for the preparat Lon ofpharmaceutical products ant othercosmetic products. Their shells serveto produce artistic objects, stamps.parts of musical instrumenLs, and BIODIVERSITY AND TOURISMother objects. Insects are in[portantfor pollen, and some also h_ve food 1.31 The recreational values ofand industrial values such as the bee biological and landscape diversity areand sfikworm, an asset, which can be used to

promote tourism development. It is1.28 Furs of some animtds like our duty and responsibility to protect

martens, fox, squirrel, and others also and develop these values for presenthave economic value, and future generations. If we are not

able and responsible to protectAESTHETIC AND RECREATIONAL VALUES biological and landscape diversity,

there is a risk of losing their

1.29 There are indisputable aesthetic, recreations values to help fosterrecreational, and spiritua I and tourism as a means to promote

physical values associatec, with development and prosperity inbiodiversity and landscape. B[ological Albania.life and landscape diversity are animportant spiritual sour, ,e for 1.32 Sport hunting, fishing, climbing,humans. The diversity of tlc e living and other activities, which would be

organisms and habitats and the attractive for tourism, require that

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Albania take the necessary measures molluscs and two fish species areto protect thc environment and its endemic. Insects are represented bybiodiverslty. 16 species (11 species of Hemiptera

and five species of butterflies), Furtherstudies of the country's fauna, inparticular biospeleologlcal studies,which just have only just begun inAlbania, will help in finding newendemism in the country. [A list ofthe endemic species of Albania isfound in Appendix C of this report).

Hypericum haplophylloides

Nymphaea alba

L;r_li ', _E rV,;ZENAI,BANL¥,S ANrvNLIG_iBOURIN£;COUN'IRY ECOSYSrF_MS

1.35 The Albanian inland and marine

ecosystems are a part of theS?_;_i.,_: !.,_ Mediterranean and Balkan natural

_l() !', ; : i: _ -'' ¥_,_1( ecosystems.

Mountain ecosystem I1.33 The relief of Albania has created

the conditions for the existence and _jllr'protection of a number of endemicand subendemtc species. Ther,; are 27plant species with 150 sukspecies,which are endemic in Albania, and

another 160 plant species, which aresubendemic in Albania, Yugoslavia,and Greece. Among paleoendemicsthere are types with very old originlike Wulfenia baldaccii, F_rsythiaeuropea. Gymnospermium 1.36 Transboundary lakes likeshqipetarum, and from the neo- Shkodra. Ohrid, and Prespa are pointsendemics Lunaria telekiaoa, Crepis of fioristic and fauna exchange withbertiscea, Petasites doeifleri, L _ucoJum other Balkan countries.valentinum subspecies Vlorense, Asteralbanicus subspecies Paparis:ol, and 1.37 Species migrate through theothers, rivers and the highest parts of

Albanian mountains from their

1.34 In comparison with the flora, the natural habitats outside Albania inAlbanian fauna is less kno,_rn and Greece, Macedonia, and Yugoslavia.studied. It has a considerable number

of endemic and ancient species. Lake 1.38 The large number of subendemicOhrid is the most well known species linked with Greece andecosystem in the country in lerms of Yugoslavia. and the, marine speciesfauna endemism: over 40 species of endemic to the Adriatic Sea highlight

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the importance of Albania for the least 72 vertebrate and 18

protection of biodiversity in the invertebrate species with globalBalkan and Mediterranean regions, importance have at least part of their

habitats and population in Albania.THE IMPORTANCE OF ALBANIA For some of them (Pelecanus crlspus,FOR MIGRATORY SPECIES Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Salmo letnica

and Acipenser sturlo), Albania has a

1.39 The coastal wetlands and lakes critical importance. (A list of globallyinside the country are particularly threatened species is given in Annex Dimportant sites for the wintering of of this report).migratory species since about 70

waterfowl species with a population of Dalmatian Pelican in Karavasta180,000 are wintering in these areas.At.least four from them (Karavasta,Narta, Shkodra and Ohrid) can beconsidered as sites of international

Importance for waterfowls known asIBAs (Important Bird Areas), orRamsar sites, with more than 20,000

waterfowl species at each site. At thistime, only Karavasta has Ramsarstatus.

THE IMPORTANCE OF ALBAMA FORGLOBALLYTHREATENED SPECIES

1.40 In Albania, there are a number of

globally threatened species since at

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Box 3

WHAT IS BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

Article 2 of the Convention on Biodiversity states:

"The variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia,terrestrial marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of whichthey are part; this includes dlversiiy within species, between species and ofecosystems".

In other words, the term biological diversity is the number and the diversity of livingorganisms on our planet. Within this term is the diversity of genes, species, andecosystems which are the product of the evolutionary process over billions of years. Thepresence of human beings depends on this biological diversity, so from this point ofview the term blodiversity is a synonym for the term "life on the planet."

There are 1.7 million known species, but the exact number of species on the planet isnot known. It is estimated at about 5-100 million.

JBiodiversity represents the diversity of the life, which we must protect for futuregenerations and ourselves. If not, our chfidren will pay the price tomorrow.

Species disappearance is a norr:lal part of the evolution process of the living organisms.However, today, because of human activities, species and ecosystems are extremelyendangered. The loss of biodlverslty is high and continues. The forecast is that, withtoday's deforestation process, within the next 25 years 2-8% of the species willdisappear. This is in itself an environmental disaster, but the effects of this tragedy willalso Impact on the economic and social development throughout the world. At least 40%of the world's economy and 8C% of our needs are realized from the use of biologicalresources. In addition, new medical research, economic development, and newenvironmental challenges like climate change are linked closely to the protection ofbiological diversity.

Blodiverslty is a natural resource "bank" which everyone should "invest" in, in the sameway In which blodlversity is lnw sting in us.

Ole _ europaea and Spartium]ll_Ci°ll_rl

!

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Box 4

WHY WE SHOULD PROTECT THE BIODIVERSITY

MORAL AND AESTHETIC REASONS

The diversity of species and habitats are the basis of the beauty ofnature. They increase the love for it, the love for the countryside,and develop the sense of aesthetics, which inspire composers,painters, sculptors, and other artists. The best writers and artistsare always pupils before nature;Plants and animals have extraordinary aesthetic, educational, andrecreation values;Pleasure and culture;

As a steward of nature, man must respect the right of other livingorganisms to exist; a_cd

· 1We do not have the right to leave a poorer nature and biologicaldiversity to future generations.

3EING RESPONSIBLE

Where man has "klllsd' blodlversity, "the revenge" of nature hasbeen a prompt one -- to be careful for responsible biodiversitymanagement means responsibility for every action taken;The survival of many !_lant and animal species can not be assured ffman does not intervene and takes care for their protection; andEvery species plays It:) role in keeping the balance of the nature.

'HE BENEFITS TO SOCIETY

Biological diversity forms the life resources of the plant, and Itassures ihe diversity of food products for humans and all otherliving things;The protection of 01odiversity means the protection of theenvironment on our planet: (1) wetlands are a natural filter for thesurface waters, and ky cleansing organic compounds they improvethe quality of the water and lower eutrophication -- at the sametime they protect us from flooding through their capacity toaccumulate and maintain water; (ii) dune vegetation and marshesalong the coast reduc; the erosion from the sca; and (iii) vegetationcover in hilly 'and mo antainous areas protect the soil from erosion,and the bushes and forests protect the soil from winds and

flooding;Healthy climate and fi'ash air;Rest and recreation m'e enhanced by rich blodiverslty;Many birds and aniraals cat harmful insects, and thus serve toprotect the environment; andMany plants are known to have health values and many yet to bediscovered health ben'_fits will be found in plants in thc future.

;CONOMI C VALUE

Many plant and anita al species represent important industrial andhealth products (fishes, aromatic and medical plants, animal fur);Many plants and a_limals are cultivated and tame, and thusselection and improw ment of the genetic material of these specieshas economic benefiL,;

Plants and animals and their products are exported; andTourism and sport hunting can be a source of income for theeconomy only with high biodiversity values.

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CHAPTER 2

THE THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY IN ALBANIA

THE SOURCE OF THREATS235,500 ha in 1950 compared to703,516 ha today);

2.1 Economic development during the · abandoned or deserted landspast 50 years has had a strong impact (about 160,000 ha);

on the biological and landscape · degraded and impoverisheddiversity of Albania. This is primarily biological and landscape diversitybecause it was based upon unstable (some habitats and species havedevelopment practices in agriculture, been lost while there has been a

industry, forestry, fishing, and decrease in the population ofurbanisation, although there was less many others); and

impact from transportation and * considerable potential loss oftourism, tourism and the associated

economic development.2.2 Without doubt, agriculture hasbeen the major sector of the country'seconomy with the strongest impactson biological and landscape diversity.From the 1960's until the end of the1980's there was e _tensive

agricultural development, followed bythe intensive use of agricultural landin the 1990's. Together this has hadenormous impacts on biological andlandscape diversity.

2.3 Drainage and reclamation of 2.4 In the past, intensive agriculturalswamps (250,000 ha), deforestation processes utilized fertilisers andfor opening up new lands (290,000 pesticides, mechanical cultivation

ha), terracing and the creatio_ of fruit practices, and irrigation. Thesetree plantations, and damage to practices have also had impacts onsubalpine and alpine pastures for the the ecological status of waters andpurpose of setting up cultivated agricultural land, as well as on thatground or "Improved" pastur .'s have part of wild flora and fauna, which areall had adverse consequences on the found on agricultural land and in theenvironment and biodiversity. These wetland ecosystems.actions were perhaps justl'led on

behalf of the country's economic 2.5 Uncontrolled exploitation of inland

development, but they also destroyed lake waters for irrigation hashundreds of thousands of hectares of contributed to severe ecological stressforests, pastures, and wetlands with and crises in these ecosystems - mosthigh ecological, social, and economic notably the lakes of Prespa andvalues. Human interference without Dumre and on many glacier lakesconsideration of the consequences on such as Lura. Exploitation of riverenvironment, brought the f)llowing networks for irrigation has also hadresults: the same effects since it was often

carried out without regard for· excessive erosion (100-10£0 times scientific criteria or "the biological

higher than most other E _ropean minimum" of the water that needs to

countries); flowon the river's bed for ensuring the· coastal floods; continuation of life in the water.

· an increase in the qua ltity of Another contributing factor was theunproductive areas of la_d (from deviation of the rivers' course for

reclamation reasons as was done with

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the Bistrica River on the plain of plant of Elbasan and its impacts onVurgu in Saranda. The result has the Shkumbini River, and especiallybeen ecological stress on the wetland on the downstream coastalecosystems of the down stremn rivers ecosystems, and the PVC Plant inrespectively on the lake of Butrinti Vlora and its impacts on the coast andand on the wetland ecosystems of the Bay of Vlora. Other examplesLezha). include the paper factory in Lezha and

its impacts on the wetlands of Kune-2.6 Although Albania has nat used Vaini, the hydrocarbons and otherlarge quantities of fertilizers and chemicals from the Fierl fertlliserpesticides at the national lev, G1, large factory have downstream impacts ondoses in some localized areas have the Semanl river, and the copperhad adverse consequences on the mines in Ruhik, Burrell Kukes, andquality of the land, as well a_ on the Lac and their Impacts on thecomposition of terrestrial flora and landscape and nature surroundingfauna. The long-term impacts on flora them. The major impacts of theseand fauna, and on humm_s, will activities have been on the marine

continue in the future, ecosystems, especially in the coastalareas. There are cases of marine

2.7 The opening of Albania after the degradation as a result of settling of1990's to the free market economy solid materials, minerals, and heavydamaged, and is continuing to metals In those zones.damage, biological and laadscapediversity, Farmers and the population 2.11 Although the major part ofin general, now also have less interest country's industry is out ofin protecting and improvin 8 native functioning, the remaining onesbreeds of flora and fauna. If left continue to use old technologies,unchecked, this could lead to a large which cause harm to the environment.loss of genetic resource, withsignificant economic and social 2.1 2 Excessive forest exploitation dueconsequences, to the lack of alternative fuel

resources for heating and cooking has2.8 After agriculture, lndustr7 is the adversely affected forestsecond most damaging sect)r with biodiversity.respect to the environment, and its

biological and landscape diversity in StandlngVolumeparticular. These consequences have

been greatest along the coast _1 areas Shrubs Conifersof Albania where there ar_ larger 9% 23%concentrations of industrial ac ;ivities.

2.9 Industrial development has beenvital for economic development, but itwas not carried out in Albmda with Broao_eave

S

regard for the biological potential of 5s%the country, or with any inte ltion toavoid or minimize the impact t pon theenvironment. Surface

2.10 The discharges of gases, liquids, Shrubs Conlfersand solids generated t y old 25% 17%

technologies which did not tltke Intoconsideration the impacts on theenvironment have had er.ormous

consequences, some of which

continue even though the major part Br0adleaveof industry has not been fun ctloning s 58%since the beginning of the 1990's.Most notable are the metadurgical

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2.13 Since 1953, the forest areas have industrial value have severely affecteddecreased by around 300,000 ha or many of them.22% - equivalent to 30% of existingforests. There have also been notable 2.18 Forests close to the rural

effects on forest productivity since dwelling areas are particularlymany existing forests are heavily degraded. 51 0 TD (value) Tj 30 0 TD /SB 9 Tf (h Tf (h) Tj /SR 9 Tf (a7oral) Tj -388 01lrd)deeavily e(aby) Tj 23j 36 0 TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf in,soriotectstotto eR 9 Tf 9SI 9 Tf (.)336 0 TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf (h) Tj51 0 TD(ecologicTj 59 0 j 43 0 TD (are) Tj(h) Tj /SR 9 Tf unctions)59 0 TD (induD (30%) Tj 27 0 TD (o) Tj /SB 9 Tf (f) TjTD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf (h) TjTj 39 0 Tf (h Tf (h) Tj /SR 9 Tf (a7o,so) T6 0 TD (FoD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf araf) riD -1 -1851 0 TD(reased)Tj 42 0 TD (are) Tj 26 0 TD /SB 9 Tf igD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) T /SB 9 Tf (%) TjbiologicTj 59 Tf /SI 9 Tf ted) Tj -3raded.) Tj 58 0 TD i26 0 TD /SB 9 Tf st

arettbic

a. a. to toTD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf f (aj 26 0 TD (ru1ng) Tj com (a.) Tj 58 0 TD 32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf (i) Tj 60 4j 36 0 TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf eects) 51 0 TD(ellit) Tj 5 43 0 gabyellit

areha7oraltote(TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf eects) 0 TD (e(Tf (e) T T /SB 9 Tj 58 0 TD 32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf D (30%) Tj 27 0 TD 32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf Tj tion(t) Tj5 43 0 gis)59 Tf 404rticularly)2Tf (eansiteased)j -388 0lessto te fe 2.14 51 0 TD (value) Tbuildyh Tf (51 0 TD (value) Tany) Tj 37 j 43 0 aby51 0 TD (value) Tare o 51 0 TD (value) rubaded.a T 46 0 TTD (are) Tj 26 0 TD /SB 9 Tf aveTj /S1j 36 0TD (are) Tj 26 0 TD /SB 9 Tf ayemany e fh Tf 32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf roblems,Tj 375 -388 0esaded.e TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf et

e (o) Tj /SR 9 nesny o lack oe (o) f teR5(existing)3388 0newtotgeologic(e) T 102/SB 9 Tf 7 9 Tf Illeg(e) T 2j 42 0 Dcutnlnglnslde(t) /SR 9(threas) 15 43 0 ("Q,(o) Tj4/SB 9(SD (to) Tj 71 0 TD (t) Tj /S71 0 TDtamaD (to) Tj 71 0 TD'ts) Tf 55(existing)/SB 9 Tf (f) T /SB 9 Tf afd) Tj 2 9 Tf (relie(many) Tj 29 0 TD ) Tj 27-388 ( 18 0 TD /SB 9 Tf eatureral) T4346 0 T(o (o) Tj 9 Tf (TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf e) Tj 1 46 0 TDallisects) 0 TD (ejc vfed) Tj 1j -388 0N tion(e) T T5 43 0 (Parkts) Tf 25(existing)3388 0by(o) TjD /SB 9 Tf (h Tf (51 0 TD (value) igD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) 2j 42 0 TDf (f) TjTreeTj /SR 9 Tf (orests) Tf 40(existing232 0 TDf (f) Tj2j /SR 9 Tf (orests) TfTDf (f) Tj15ects) 0 TD (ejraded.) Tj 58 0 TD (51 0 TD (value) T) Tj 241 0 TD(lack) Tj 27j 57 0 (many) Tj 29 0 TD (o) Tj5 42 0 TDf (f) Tjn tion(e) T 4 /SR 9(ohjecoiveTj /SR-141rticulated) Tj (f() Tj 23 43 0 (TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf e) Tj 2D /SB 9 Tf (h Tf 32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf rotecoi fects)5 46 0 TDaby) Tj 27j 57 0 suD (to) Tj 21 0 TDs32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf tainablej /SR-133(existing)2Tf (managemen Tj /6 -388 0 (many) Tj 29 0 TD (o) Tj2-388 ( 18 0 TD /SB 9 Tf (a7oral) T3746 0 TDaby) Tj 2j 43 0 Tf (e) Tj 18 0 TD /SB 9 Tf (f) Tj /Sj 43 0 aby) Tjf teR1(existing)2Tf Tj 58 0 TD 32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf stureral) T j 43 0 biodiversiteased)j5 43 0 Tj 58 0 TD 26 0 TD /SB 9 Tf asimaded. to ejraded. 51 0 TD (value) Tsej /SR-161(existing) Tj (pDaded.) Tj 58 0 TD 32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf Tjaoi fsTj /6j 43 0 Tf (e) Tj 26 0 TD /SB 9 Tf aveTj /2 -388 0decllisedo(e) T 4046 0 TDaby 51 0 TD (value) Tmany TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf e laore, Tree 2j /SR 9 Tf (ore.32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf 17) Tj 27j 57 0 Dury many o tto (y) Tj 58 43 0 inTj 3SR-403(existing) Tj (TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf e) Tj 2346 0 TDimaded. managemen ,Tj 37701 0 TD(TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf ele) Tj 2 -388 0was raded. 51 0 TD (value) is (many) Tj 29 0 TD (o) Tj31 0 TD Tf (f) T(ooncernTj 374346 0 T Tj 58 0 TD 18 0 TD /SB 9 Tf ((o) 17j 57 0 wildlifeTj 373 46 0 T Tj 58 0 TD 32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf rotecoi fj /SR 9 Tf (ore,Tj 378 -388 Tf (e) Tj 26 0 TD /SB 9 Tf as) Tj 2 -388 0aggravated)59 63-388 (recen (y) Tj 4 46 0 TDaftfr) Tj 331 0 TD(TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf e) Tjf t397(existing) Tj (Hence,) Tj 361 0 TD(TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf ere) Tj 2 -388 Tf (e) Tj 26 0 TD /SB 9 Tf as) Tj 211 0 TD(beenTj 3/2 /SR 9(overexaded.) Tj 58 0 TD 32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf loi aoi fects)1j31 0 TD(KosovoTj 3737-388 (crisis) Tj 2 46 0 TDgoTD (tTj8-388 (over) Tj 241 0 TD(aby) Tj 2j 43 0 TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf e) Tj 1 46 0 TDdemaby) Tjf t373(existing)2388 (o (o) Tj 46 0 TDbiologic(e) T /SR 9((f)ourceral) T 8-388 (leady) Tj 37461 0 TD(Toal) T441 0 TD Tj 58 0 TD 18 0 TD /SB 9 Tf ((o) 17j 57 0 timbfr) Tj 35 43 0 (insideTj 37321 0 TD(KosovoTj 3737-388 (is) Tj j 9 Tf (increaD (to) Tj 21 0 TDs18 0 TD /SB 9 Tf y) ).) Tjf t356(existing) Tj (degradaoi fects)651 0 TD(aby) Tj 27-388 (imaded.) Tj 58 0 TD 32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf overisD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf men Tj /87-388 (o(many) Tj 29 0 TD (o) T45 43 0 T/SB 9 Tf Uncontrolley) Tj 741 0 TD(cutty) Tj 3748-388 (occursal) T441 0 TD(evefectsTf 390(exist-1ng) Tj Tj 58 0 TD 26 0 TD /SB 9 Tf abi aos,) Tj 541 0 TD(as) Tj 201 0 TD(wel(e) T T01 0 TD(as) Tj 21 43 0 TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf e) Tj 2 /SR 9(risk) Tj 2 46 0 TDo(many) Tj 29 0 TD (o) T441 0 TD T/SB 9 Tf in(many) Tj 29 0 TDs18 0 TD /SB 9 Tf ydeTj 3735 43 0 TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf e) Tj 2 9 Tf (Protecoey) Tj 501 0 TD(AreaTj /SR 9 Tf (ore.(o) T441 0 TD T/SB 9 Tf Most) Tj 2 46 0 TDo(many) Tj 29 0 TD (o) SR-40446 0 sting)3Tf /SB 9 Tf exty)coi fj / 5 9 Tf Tj 58 0 TD 18 0 TD /SB 9 Tf ((o) 1 -388 0a(o) 151 0 TD(large) Tj 2 -388 0numbfr) Tj 43-388 (o(many) Tj 29 0 TD (o) Tj31 0 TD( 32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf lan ects)601 0 TD(TD (to) Tj 21 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf is) Tj 2 46 0 TDcutty) Tj 37431 0 TD(waD (to) Tj 21 0 TDs18 0 2 46 0 T /SB 9 Tf doneTj 37331 0 TD(To(o) Tj 46 0 T Tj 58 0 TD 32 0 TD /SB 9 Tf rovydeTj 3f t377(exist1j31Tz ing)2 0 TDaby) Tj T01 0 TD(anim(e) T 461 0 TD(species.(o) T51 43 0 Unccntrolley) Tj 97j 57 0 timbfr) Tj 37j 57 0 f((o) 1 -388 0industrye) T 461 0 TD(aby) Tj 231 0 TD(construcoi f.) Tjf t348-388 1501Tz 117jTz ing) Tj (harvf) yaby pineTj 3727j 57 0 f(f) s aby with(o) T57j 57 0 damageyby(o) 1 -388 0this

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their high quality and high selling 2.24 Due to the lack of funds forprice on the uncontrolled market, maintenance, sea-lagoon

communication channels have

2.20 In the past, there have not been deteriorated with a notable reductionconsiderable effects from fishing on of water exchange between themarine and wetland biodiversity, wetlands and the sea. ThisHowever, new and uncontrolled phenomenon is accompanied by the

fishing practices used during the last transformation of the limnologlcfew years are adversely affecting regime which itself affects thebiodiversity, icthyofauna. Most problematic is the

situation of the Narta lagoon, where

2.21 During the last five years, there almost half of the area remains dry forhas been fishing along th(: whole the major part oftheyear.marine stretch with a depth of 2-30meters, which has led to the depletion 2.25 Uncontrolled hunting is a majorof the breeding grounds of Sparidae, form of disturbance on biodiversity,Soleidae, Mullidae, and other l_unfiies, especially during the winter when

The breeding grounds of P,)sidonia migratory winter birds are at risk.oceanlca have also severely Birds are abandoning certain areasdeteriorated because of changes in the such as Kune-Valni, Patok, Pishestructure of the fishing fleet. More Poro, and the Semani delta.than 50% of fishing boats hw'e smallpower motors and hence are able to The Chick of Larus cachinnans

apply deep fishing techniques inshallow areas since they are u:.lable tofish in zones more than 50 meters

deep.

2.22 Uncontrolled fishing also affectinternal waters - even in the critical

periods of fish growth. Thes( watershave been affected as well by the

usage of explosive and poisonousmaterials. The major lakes of Ohrid,Shkodra, and Prespa have all beenaffected, and these lakes kave an 2.26 There is a reduction in theinternational importance because of population of some species due to

the high number of endemic species illegal hunting methods, includingpresent in their aquatic 'fauna, and poison which is sometimes used forbecause some of these species are the killing or capture of wildlife

globally endangered. (mammals). The carnivore mammalsand birds of prey are the most

2.23 Foreign vessels fishing offshore affected.Albania also cause d {mages,

especially to fish and crusl:aceans, 2.27 Disturbances to biodiversitywhich are in demand in western caused by hunting have their greatest

markets. Along the Ionian co_st there consequences during critical life cyclehas been severe damage to benthic periods such as reproduction. Everyforms. Foreign divers have e_tracted disturbance or illegal form of huntingthe mollusc Lithofaga in a way, which practised during this period b0 TDj /SR 9 Tf (i 0 TD (suc) Taf) Tj TD (biod) Tj -0 0 TD Tf (i(f) Tj j 4i0 TD (ben) Tj 20 oast 0 TD (o Tf (inrock9 Tf (f) Tj /SR 9 Tf (kets) Tj /SI 9 TfHeracted) Tod) Tj 3a_trdonmj 45 0 7and) Tj 28 0 TD (birds) Tj 35 0 T6etsFore (.) Tj D (distu(f) Tj n Tfand) Tjeenhhfing offsi42 0 TD (di(is) Tj 22 0 TD /SB 9 Tf (p6nd) Tj 28 0 TD (birds) Tj 35 0 T5ets) Tj /SI 9 TfRime Tj (f) Tj a8 0 TD (birds) Tj 35 0(f) Tj /SR W.(distu(f) Tj Tf (h) Tj (distu0h) Tj / (ractiTj 80 0 TR 9 Tf (Along) Tj 31 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Tf (h) Tjin49 ru 9 Tf (Along) Tj(is) Tj 22 0 TD /Tf (p) Tj 80 0 TD8 0 TD (birds) Tj 35 0 T4ets) Tj /SI 9 Tf /SR 9 Tf (as) Tj 15 0 TD (re) Tj /SB 9 Tf (p) Tj /SR 9 Tf (roducorms) Tj /SI 9 TfT 0 TD (during) Tj 36 0 TD (t) Tj /SB 9 Taf) T4/SR 9 Tf (untinrelat Tff (sp) 1nd) Tj un TD (e_e 0 TD 6caused) Tj 38 0 TDegalAlong tAlong tseve(e) Tj 2lead9 Tf (h)0h4fAlong tperiods

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37

2.28 The animals, which are most the coastal districts (including Tiranasensitive to these disturbances, are district) in 1997, while at the same

the ones, which reproduce in colonies, time this land covers 35.7% of theA disturbance in the colony would country's area (10,279 km).bring the interruption of reprc,duction Population density has increased fromfor all the individuals of that colony. 82.4 inhabitants per km2 in 1960, toFor example, thc sea eagle, Haliaetus 179.3 inhabitants per km2 in 1997.albicilla, had previously been a The maximum density is in the centralpermanent species with many nesting part of this area (Tirana, Durresi, andplaces in coastal areas such as Kavaja districts) with 388.4Velipoja, Lezhe, and Karavasta. inhabitants per km 2.Presently, however, it is found only asa winter species in the ;trea of 2.32 The environmental impacts of

Karavasta. The dlsappearan _'e from the increasing number of newcomersthe other Albanian wetlands lame as have been obvious. The coastal areas,

result of the disturbances and the particularly those close to the majordeterioration of parts of its r utrition urban centres (Tirana, Durresi, Lezha,habitats. A similar fate has met the and Vlora) are facing today a numberPhalacrocoraxpygmeus. of emerging problems with severe

impacts on biological and landscape2.29 High rates of population growth diversity. In summary, they are:during the past 50 years wereaccompanied by a progressive · The intensification of naturalincrease of anthropogenic lm];acts on resources assimilating activity,nature and biodiversity. Many new mainly the fish and forest ones;

towns and villages were constructed, · The enlargement of constructionand existing ones wer e enlarged with sites, sometimes up to thethe enhancement of infras :ructure seashore:

and economic activities. In 1997, the * The degradation, deterioration,population of Albania reacf.ed 3.7 and deformity of landscape;million, or triple its level of _ 0 years · The increase of urban wastewater

ago. The fragmentation, reduction, discharges into the environment;and loss of natural habitats have been anda direct result of demi_graphic · The increase of urban and

developments and the urbaaisation industrial solid waste; thousandsprocess, of tons of urban and industrial

wastes are being deposited every2.30 At the beginning of the 1990's day in different sites, the majoritythe relatively free movement of people of them in inappropriate places.from the rural areas toward th e urban

ones began. This moveme:lt was 2.33 Population movements also _1uncontrolled and unguided, End has affect the areas where people migrateled to particular stress on the coastal from through:and wetland ecosystems of the

country which are more eco.ogically * Abandonment of agricultural landfragile. At the beginning of 1!)97, the on the slopes which leads topopulation in the coastal areas was erosion and landdegradatlon;

2.4 times higher than in 1960. · The cutting of fruit plantations orDuring the period from 19C0-1990, their total abandonment and

the population of this ar :a has degradation;increased by an average of 28,429 * Overexploitation of foresthabitants per year, and for th _ period resources; andfrom 1990-1997 by an average of · Overgrazing and further54,661 habitants per year or wice as

degradation of forests andfast. pastures.

2.31 According to the data of the 2.34 The transport sector has alsoState Secretariat of Local Government, expanded and led to damages to54% of Albania's population lived in

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biological and landscape diversity, the same time there is an absence ofDue to lack of funds, Inappropriate waste treatment stations. Thisplanning and poor estimation of the phenomenon is apparent not only inimpacts on the environment, large urban centres and beaches, butirreversible damages to the natural also in rural areas. Thousands of tonslandscape have sometimes oecarred, of urban and Industrial wastes are

being deposited in the coastal area2.35 The construction of thc north- every day. At the same time, thesouth and east-west highwa_s, and sewage pipes are dischargingthe increase of traffic are contcibutlng wastewater into the sea from theseto: (i) increase of natural i_abitats resident areas. For these reasons, the

fragmentation; [ii) interrup:ion of existence of many species ismigration and large mover lent of endangered along the coastal strip.animal species leading to the geneticdegeneration of animal poptLlations; THE IMPACTS ON BIODIVERSITYand (iii) air and water pollutl)n from

gases emitted from vehicles which are 2.39 The major impacts and damageshighly polluting and would not be caused by past and recent practicesallowed to circulate in many are as follows:countries. These effects will be more

pronounced in the future. Thus, · loss and fragmentation of habitats;measures to avoid or minlnize the * damage, impoverishment, andconsequences/impacts on the degradation of ecosystems andenvironment, as well as biolog cai and habitats;landscape diversity, will need to be · disturbance and harassment oftaken, wildlifein nature;

· species extinction or risk of2.36 Because of the low 1,:vels of extinction; and

tourism during the time of * genetic deterioration and erosion.communism, there were no impactson blodiversity. However, a_ter the

An individual of Testudo marglnata of1990's, there ls an increasin_ risk to broken cars )acebiodlversity from the adverse impactsof tourism. The number of touristswho came to Albania in the 1990's

was greater than that of thf periodfrom 1960-1990. Moreov:r, thenumber of tourists in 19!_6 was

75,000 or twice as much as ia 1992.

The majority of them pas.,ed thevacations in the coastal areas Someof the tourists were also hunters who

hunted without the required licenses'

and contributed to the further 2.40 In Albania, the main endangereddeterioration of coastal faura (e.g., types of ecosystems and habitatsKune-Vaini, Dlvjake, and Patol:). include marine ones (medium and

infralittoral level), coastal ecosystems2.37 The presence of an in<reasing (sand dunes, delta rivers, alluvial and

number of people in the coastal area wet forests, lagoons and coastalis accompanied by an increase of lakes), and terrestrial ones such as

pollutioff (water, air, ant [ land alpine pastures and meadows,pollution) which furtheJ the continental and glacial lakes, and oakdeterioration of biodlverslty, and conifer forests.

2.38 Urban pollution has btcome a 2.41 The known number of species,major concern in the 1990's _ecause which have become extinct during thisof the increasing consum F tion of century, is not high, however the rateseveryday products (especlall Ir those of biodlversity loss during the past 50packed with plastic materials) while at years are among the highest in

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Europe. The insufficlen[ level of 2.44 The red coral {Coralum rubrum)knowledge and studies concerning a and sponges of the genus Spongia arelarge number of flora and fauna does In high demand in western marketsnot allow for an accurate estimation of and are at risk of total extinction

biodiversity status in Mbania. because of their extraction.However, at least two species (,f plantsand four species of mammals are 2.45 Different species of fishtotally extinct, while 17 sp_'cies of crustaceans, molluscs, and otherbirds do not nest anymore in 3 lbania, marine species are endangered

because of the use of dynamite a_ndSand Dunes (Poro-Vlore) poisonous materials for fishing, the

consequences of which will be moreevident in the future.

Thraat_medVert_ratea

2.42 During the last 25 years,approximately 122 species ofvertebrates (27 mammals, 89 birds,

and 6 fish) and four species c [ plantshave lost more than 50% )f their

population. The number of rare andthreatened species of plan ts and ?h,_md _owe_nOP_nts

animals is high and expected toincrease. Today, the nunber ofvertebrates included in the flbanlan

Red Book is around 273 species, or DO Ca9% 5% EN36% of the vertebrates of the c, mntry.

Water btlffalo [Bt_bcl[tls bl_balisl _n ,_Lt6%

kR62%

2.43 Several species with nutr ent andeconomic values have become nearlyextinct such as Penaeus kemthurus

Imarine shrimp), which had been inabundance during the 1960's and1970's in the Drini and Mat_ deltas.

Today this species is rare, an :1 losingits previous economic value. Tie sameis true for Crangon crongon (acrustacean species).

i i'

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CHAPTER 3

THE STATUS OF BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION IN ALBANIA

LEGISLATION

3.1 Although the basic law on 3.3 A large number of by-laws andenvironment has existed since 1967, regulations based on these statutesthe development of a modern legal have also been drafted and approved.system for environmental protection For example, the draft procedures onbased on democratic principles began Environmental Impact Assessment,only in 1991. This legal system needsto be further developed and refined in 3.4 With all the efforts made towardsthe future, the improvement of the environmental

legal system, there are still gaps,3.2 There are also a number of laws, especially in the aspects of naturewhich have been approved since 1991, protection, and biolot,_cal andand represent an important landscape diversity. In addition, theadvancement in the legislative area. existing legal system Is also unclear In

some cases due to overlapping· Laws on the Land and Its responsibilities and sometimes-

Distribution (no. 7491 and no. contradictory language. Some of the7501, 1991) reasons for this are: the short time

· Law on the Forests and the Forest available for preparing the laws,Service Police (no. 7623, 19921 inefficient approval procedures, and

· Law on Environmental Protection the relative lack of attention afforded(no. 7664. 1993) to environmental problems in Albania.

· Law on City Planning (no. 7693, This situation has created confusion1993) with respect to establishing the proper

· Law on Plant Protection Service competencies and responsibilities,{no,7662, 1993) and, as a consequence,

· Law on Protection of Medicinal and implementation of the law has beenTaniferous Plants (no. 7722, 1993) weak.

· Law on Development of Areas withTourism Priority (no. 7665, 1993) 3.5 The Constitution of the Republic

· Law on Hunting and Wildlife of Albania approved in 1998 providesProtection (no. 7875, 1994) for further improvement and

· Law on Fishing and Aquaculture completion of the legal and(no.7908, 1995) institutional framework in the sphere

of nature and biodiversity protection.· Law on Pastures and Meadows

(no.7917, 1995) 3.6 Although progress has been· Law on Protection of Fruit Trees made, the reality is that the Impacts

(no. 7929, 1995) on environment have been

· Law on Water Resources (no. exacerbated by poor implementation8093, 1996) and ignorance of the law, moreso than

· Law on Construction, because of gaps in the laws.Administration, Maintenance, and

Operation of Water and Drainage 3.7 A solution to the country'sSystems. (no. 7846, 1994) environmental problems can not be

· Law on Water Supply and expected so long as the legallySanitation Sector Regulation[no. responsible institutions do not co-8102, 1996) operate and work together to

· Law on Waste's Public Removal implement the law. This will require{no.8094. 1996) taking concrete actions to work

· Mining Law of Albania (no.7796. together to prevent and reduce the1994} causes and risks of environmental

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degradation since co-operation is the will enhance the legislative and policy-most cost-effective solution, making initiative of the NEA.

THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

3.8 Although there is good will amonggovernmental institutions for co- 3.12 The Parliament is the main

operation, the costs of not promoting authority of the legislative system, andactual co-operation will be higher the the Permanent Commission onlonger it takes to effectively promote Health and Environment is the mainco-operation. More professional body within the Parliamenttraining for the employees responsible responsible for the environment.for implementing the law and

regulations will be required. District 3.13 The Council of Ministers (CM)

and central inspectors should have is the main organ of thegreater and more well defined administrative system. The Nationalauthority, especially for dealing with Environmental Agency (NEA) is theillegal construction or construction main public institution responsible forundertaken without the appropriate environmental protection, and itenvironmental permits, reports directly to the Prime Minister.

3.9 The implementation of the CBD 3.14 At the inter-ministerial andand other international environmental ministerial levels, there are other

conventions Is a process that requires institutions of public administrationAlbania to review and improve Its and scientific research institutions,

existing legal system, and to ensure which are responsible forthe implementation of the law. This administration, studying, andwill require the approval of the law on monitoring of the country's naturalthe protection of nature and and biological resources.biodiversity in Albania, which was

recently prepared by NGOs with EU 3.15 The Ministry of Agriculture andassistance. Food is one of the national institutions

with important environmental

3.10 The aim of this draft is stated responsibilities in Albania includingclearly: the administration, protection,

studying, and inventorying ofTo help the protection and re- biodiversity._stabllshment of the natural

l._alance of landscape and 3.16 The General Directorate ofiblodlversltY, and protectlon of aU the Forest and Pastures (GDFP) within

_07ms of life as well as the natural this ministry is responsible for the_nd aesthetic values inside or management and administration of_utside Protected Areas, through Protected Areas and National Parks,

_romotlng the sustainable use of and of wildlife and game hunting inthose resources. Albania. Recently, a Project

Environmental Management Unit3.11 The NEA is defined as the (PEMU) was established in the GDFP

responsible authority for to monitor the implementation ofimplementation of the law in Albania. mitigation measures recommendedIn 1998, a governmental decision under the environmental impacttransformed the CEP into the NEA by assessment process of the Forestpositioning it directly under the Management Project.authority of the Council of Ministers

instead of the Ministry of Health and 3.17 The General Directorate ofEnvironmental Protection. This act Fisheries administrates the resources

was an important and progressive step of marine aquatic fauna, and of thefor strengthening and enhancing the freshwaters in areas where there isposition of the NEA, and preparing it fishing and aquaculture.for possibly becoming a future

Ministry of Environment. TI:is step 3.18 The judicial system guarantiesequality in front of the law and, when

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relevant, rules on civil and criminal Protection (CEP) was put under thecases which are affected by authority of the Ministry of Health.environmental legislation. Figure 2 This reform weakened its position andpresents a general scheme of the Independence in the environmentalinstitutional framework of Albania and area. Being under the authority ofdepicts the relations and functions of another Ministry, the CEP and thethe existing institutions, country's environmental problems

were viewed as secondary ones.3.19 However, the role of the central

and local institutions is still 3.24 The NEA has played the role ofinadequate with respect to the catalyst and co-ordinator for the

problems of inventorying, studying, protection of nature and blodiversity.managing, and monitoring CEP previously, and NEA today,blodiverslty, nominally has control of, but

effectively limited participation In, the3.20 Albania inherited a very limited management of the natural andexperience and institutional structure biological resources of the country.in the area of environment. In This is because of the lack of

addition, there is a lack of alms, governmental support and theobjectives, and national strategies and incomplete legal framework.action plans for nature andblodiversity protection. This is 3.25 The shortage of NEA employeescompounded by the existing gaps in and its unstable positioning has had athe legal framework and in law strong negative impact on theenforcement, and this explains why environment, and biological andthe responsible institutions do not landscape diversity.

effectively co-ordinate their functionsand responsibilities. 3.26 The recent changes that

positioned the NEA under the direct3.21 This situation has led to authority of Council of Ministers, andovcrexploitation of some of the natural the establishment in the future of theresources without taking into Ministry of Environment willconsideration the real cost of the strengthen its role, especially in the

damage done, the consequences on process of decision-making.resource depletion, and the relatedeffects on other biological resources. 3.27 A number of Institutions have

been defined by decisions of the3.22 With an incomplete institutional Council of Ministers to participate inframework for euvlrollmental Environment and Biodiversltymanagement, the responsible Monitoring (Figure 3).ministries for nature and bio{liversitymanagement have not yet establishedtheir environmental monitoring units,which should oversee the effects ofeconomic activities on the

environment. Experience has alsoshown that the NationalEnvironmental Action Plan has not

been completely implemented, andthat the systematic request of J:he NEAfor the implementation of the relevantacts and programs has not beencomplete.

3.23 After 1990, the National

Environmental Agency has undergonesome reforms of its structure and

institutional dependency. In 1992, theformer Committee of Environmental

Page 43: Biodiversity Action Plan

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However, their efficiency is limited 3.31 The lack of law enforcement, lowbecause of a lack of co-ordination collection of fines because of the weak

among them, and the low level of institutions, and the corruption of thetechnical and financial support, judicial system has had adverse

impacts on the environment, and on3.28 The role of Non Governmental biological and landscape diversity.Organlsations (NGOs) and the citizensfor the protection of environment and THE CONVENTIONSAND INTERNATIONALbiodiversity should also be mentioned. PROGRAMS

3.29 In Albania, there _re 15 3.32 The long isolation of Albania hadenvironmental NGOs - all o,_ which notable impacts on the environment.were established after 1991. Their Until 1990, the participation ofrole is promoting public awareness Albania in international organisationsand participation and the protection of and agreements was only formal andnature and biodiversity. During these very limited.years they have enhanced theiractivities with support fo]' their · On February 4, 1975 Albaniaprojects from foreign and :,uational ratified the Agreement "For Non-donors. Gradually, their activity has proliferation of Nuclearexpanded throughout the country. Weapons.'Also they are setting up a forum of · On March 26 1975, Albaniaenvironmental NGOs to further their ratified the Convention "On the

work. However, the environmental Prohibition of the Developmentmovement of NGOs is still weak and Production and Stockpiling ofits Impact on society and the general Bacteriological (Biological) andpublic is limited. Some of the reasons Toxic Weapons and on theirare: Destruction. '

· On March 20, 1979 Albania· lack of experience; ratified the Convention concerning· total lack of financial and material "The Protection of the World

means (the only financial source Cultural and Natural Heritage".for the majority of NGOs is the As part of UNESCO, the Worldcontribution of their members and Heritage Committee, whichthe project funds released by administers the List of Worldforeign donors); Heritage, was established.

· Concentration of work in the

hands of a few people and the 3.33 After 1990, Albania started tononactlvisaUon of the members; participate in the international

· Insufficient co-ordination of Joint environmental organisations and toactivities among NGOs; benefit from the rights of this

· Activity concentration oI NGOs participation by trying to fulfil its legalmainly in big cities; duties as a member and participant.

· Relatively low level ofenvironmental awareness of the 3.35 The European Union has its own

people; and legislation and directives onDifficult economic conditions and environment, which are mandatory for

the unstable political situation in all of its members. As part of thisthe country especially during the legislation, there are also a series oflast two years, conventions and directives, which are

consistently revised according to

3.30 There are also virtu,ally no social-economic developments and

sanctions in case of damage to the their impacts on the environment.environment or non-implemenlation of Gradually, Albania is taking part inthe law. This situation has had its this initiative by signing different

negative effects on the existing conventions, and by trying toinstitutional structure, implement them as best as possible

under current conditions.

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3.46 During the past years, Albania nature and biological diversity inhas continued to work to fulfil the Albania. Some of the programs thatduties defined in the agreement they have been more active in are: "Anbetween the Government and NGO Strategy for Nature ProtectionUNESCO as part of the regional in Albania" (1994-1997) financed byprogram on the pollution of the REC (Budapest), IUCN andMediterranean Sea {MEDPOLI. This MilieuKontakt {Netherlands), and

has been done through pollution "Blodiversity Protection of themonitoring in coastal areas. Thus, in Ohrid-Prespa Transboundaryco-operation with UNEP and with the Lakes" (PPNEA, EURONATURE, GTZ).Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP)

based in Athens, Albania began the 3.51 The Blodlversity Strategy andprocess of pollution monitoring in the Action Plan Is based on the

Ionian and Adriatic Seas as well as on recommendations and findings of thethe main rivers that discharge into the above mentioned programs, but goesseas. one step further by evaluating what

should be done based on current3.47 In Albania, from 1993-1996 the conditions."Program on Coastal ZoneManagement in Albania" was DivjakaPineForest (NationalPark)

initiated as a co-operation of theAlbanian Government, UNEP, World

Bank and the European Union. Themain objectives of the program were:(i) biodiversity protection in the

coastal areas of Albania, including aswell the marine habitats, fresh, and

intertidal waters; (ii) development oftourism and of recreation activities;

and (iii) institutional strengthening ofthe institutions responsible for coastalmanagement in Albania.

IN-SITUAND EX-SITUCONSERVATION

3.48 Co-operation also began with theMediterranean Technical Assistance 3.52 In Albania, in-situ conservation

Program (METAP), which included started to be applied only in thesome programs on the "AssEssment second halfofthis century. A numberof Environmental Status" financed of Protected Areas have beenby the European Community and the established, and a number of lawsWorld Bank. and by-laws for the protection of3.49 Another program financed by the endangered species of plants andWorld Bank was the "Ecological animals have been passed.Monitoring of the High Forests inAlbania" (1995). This program aimed 3.53 The Protected Areas are withinto address the needs of biodiversity the forest areas, and to enhance their

protection for the high forests of protection and management theAlbania through the extension of Department of Nature Protection wasProtected Areas and the improvement established within the National

of forest management. The Project on Environmental Agency. In some of theForests Management being districts with Protected Areas orimplemented with the technical and National Parks there are locallyfinancial assistance of the World Bank functioning units responsible for theirand other foreign donors, is aiming to management and protection.strengthen the management of theprotected areas as one of its 3.54 Until the beginning of the 1990s,components, the total amount of Protected Areas

was not more than 2% of the country's3.50 The NGOs are also contributing territory. At that time there were onlyto awareness of different isaues on three categories of Protected Areas:

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3.35 The environmental conventions Fauna of the Natural

of which Albania is a party are as Environment in Europe," whichfollows: was ratified by the Parliament on

March 2, 1998.

· On May 30, 1990, Albaniaparticipated by accession to the 3.36 Albania participated in the EarthBarcelona Convention "For the Summit "The Environment and

Protection of the Mediterranean Development" of the United NationsSea against Poilution' (UN) (Rio de Janeiro, 1992). Around(Barcelona, February 16, 1976). 500 documents were approved, theThis convention has some most important of which were:

protocols as well, such as theProtocol Concerning 1. Agenda 21 - a complex programMediterranean Specially Protected for the development of ecologicalAreas {1982), and the Protocol for actions.the Protection of Biodiversity in 2. Rio Declaration on Environmentthe Mediterranean Sea (1996). which proclaims 27 principles

· On October 4 1991, Albania following the ones included in theratified the ESPO0 Convention Stockholm Declaration of 1972.

(Finland) "On Environmental 3. Convention on Climate Change.

Impact Assessment in a [On October 3, 1994 AlbaniaTransboundary Context." signed the basic text of this

· On March 18, 1992 Albania signed convention (New York, May 9,the convention "On the 1992). The Council of MinistersProtection and Use of approved the accession of AlbaniaTransboundary Watercourses to this convention by the decreeand International Lakes" no. 580 on June 29, 1993].

(Helslnki March 17, 1992). The 4. Convention "On Biologicalratification of the convention was Diversity" which represents an

done on January 5, 1994. agreement among different· The convention "On countries for the conservation of

Transboundary Effects of biological diversity, theIndustrial Accidents" was sustainable uses of genetic

approved in principle on March resources, and the transfer of18, 1992, and was ratified on relevant technologies by

January 5, 1994. appropriate funding. [Albania· On November 29, 1995 Albania signed the convention on January

participated by accession to the 5, 1994 and it entered into forceRamsar Convention (Ramsar, on April 5, 1994 ].1971). The official name of it is 5, Declaratio_ on "Forest Related"Convention on Wetlands of Principles" was a non-mandatoryInternational Importance declaration but it is an importantespecially as Waterfowl step towards the composition of anHabitat." Decision no. 581 on international convention for theJune 29, 1993 of the Council of forests which will later be

Ministers approved the accession mandatory.of Albania to this convention.

Decision no. 413 on August 22, 3.37 The treaties and documents of1994 of the Council of Ministers the Earth Summit aim to promote

declared the area of Divjaka- environmental actions, and theKaravasta as a "Specially establishment of solidarity among thcProtected Natural Ecosystem". countries of the world for betterAlbania became a party to this managing the world's environmental

convention through ratification on problems. This conference also defined? March 29, 1996. the concepts of environmental

· , On October 31, 1995 Albania protection and sustainablesigned the Bern Cm_vention development for developing countries.(September 19, 1979) "For the The adopted documents stated theProtection of Flora and Wildlife

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importance of NGO participation for Flora and Fauna (CITES) signedtile protec!iop al environment in Washington DC March 3, 1973

with amendments done in Bonn

3.38 The Conuet;tioi_ on Access to June 22, 1979.

It!formation, Pabli.' Foriicipationin Decision_MakHlq _lll_l Access to 3._-1 7he engagement of Albania inJustice in alluiFOlll?lintilJ ¥iatiers international environmental

(Aarl'us-Denmarh, dune 25, 1998), is agreements has been growing,an important instrtm!er t for however, implementation and fulfillingstrengthening ai_d harmonislng the the duties specified in theseenvironmental righls oI _iti2ens by agreements is still lacking in manygiving them more posziibi/ities tar instancesbeing inlormed lot public pmticipationand for justice in Et,rap*- Albania was THE EXISTING NATIONALPROGRAMSamong the 35 countries. _,,llif l, signedthis convention. 3.42 The preparation of the National

Environmental Action Plan is a

3.39 Albania is aisc a part 5, to the continuation of previously undertaken

"Adriatic Initiative' together with activities, including those undertakenItaly, Slovenia, Croatia. G_ecce, and with international co-operation andthe EU assis!ance.

3.40 Albania's parti/:ipa'ion in other 343 Part of this co-operation is alsoconventions is sift! under preparation: the presence of many international

organisations in Albania such as the1. The Coaventtot_ al l'roietiion of European Union, UNDP, World Bank,

Migratory Species q] Wildlife International Monetary Fund,known also as &lc Bo]In European Bank for ReconstructionConvention (Born, 'n: J_me 23, and DeYelopment, and others. They1979. Entry into loree o_: 1983). have financed and prepared studiesAlbania tws s!gncd two p_otocols on euvironment in Albania.of this convention ¢ff_r the

Mediterranean mammals and for 3.44 lhe first was the study "Ontile Numenius tennuirosttts}. The Environmet?tal Status and the

documents for the participation of Environmental Strategy" financedAlbania in this co _veoJi_,n have hy the World Bank. Its first phase wasbeen prepared, compleled in 1992. It was considered

2 Basel ti:mvention on t_te i_onitol to be a technical documentation in

oj' Transboundary Mo!,m lent of support of the Albanian Government,Hazardou.q Wastes atlr their and served as a basis for the NationalDestruc,ion. The col]vC'ili au was Environmental Action Plan.

. adopted In 1989, a,_d chic,ed intoforce in May 1992. Thc C,.:uncil of 3.45 The second phase of the

Ministers and the pa!l!ament "Envirol_.mental Strategy inapproxed the participalion of Albania" was completed in 1993. ItAlbania. but the process of was based on the co-operation of thedocument deposition at Ihe UN by CEP with the World Bank, andthe Fo-eign Affairs Ministry still financed by though the Government ofneeds to be eonpleted Italy and the World Bank. This

3. The Co_mcrltion on important study preceded otherDese_tljication and dryness concrete projects in this area. Basedaiming to combat these on it _md on the Declaration of thephenomena in coaniiies _uflering Ministers of Environment (Lucerne,form them (December 4, 1996). 19931 togethe_ with its document:Annex no.4 recognises the Environmental Action Program lEAP),desertification problen in Albania prepared its NationalMediterranean ct;tm_rJes. Environmentfd Action Plan (NEAP).

4. The Conoer_t[on on lnier_,citlonal

7'rade in Et d'maered Sp_,cies of

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49

Forest National Parks, Hunting Protected Areas has been prepared.

Resources of Categories "A" and "B,_ This will be presented to the

and Nature Monuments. Government together with the BSAP.

3.55 In i994, as part of the Ecological Box 5Monitoring of tile High Forests in

Albania, and based on the Protected The Management Categories ofAreas categorisation system cf IUCN, Protected Areasthere were identified and proposed a

number of new Protected Areas which Category I- Strict Nature Reseroe/would have effectively doubled the Wilderness Area. These are small

existing number. After the recent areas to be managed mainly roidesignation of the Prespa National science or wilderness protection.Park, and the lake Ohrid as

Landscape Protected Area, the total Category II. National Park. These arecountry'3 area under protection has large areas managed primarfiyforreached at 5,8% of the total territory, the protection of ecosystems,

education and recreation.3.56 Although progress has been

achieved, there are still probkms and Category III. Natural Monument.issues, which need to be, addressed These are small areas managed forsuch as: the conservation of specific natural· The lack of a national strategy on or historic characteristics or

nature protection; )henomena.· The lack of an adequate legal and

institutional framework; gategory IV. Species and Habitat!· The existing network of Protected Management Area/Manage_

Areas is very limited, not always Resource Area. These are protectedrepresentative of the highest areas for the conservation of speetefnature and biodiversity values, and habitats through appropriate

and poorly managed (less than 6% management.of the territory of the country isproteetedh Category V. Protected Landscap_

· The lack of existing Protected and Seascape. Protected areaAreas Management Plans managed mainly foi(Management Plans have been landscape/seascape protection andprepared for only 2-3 of the recreation. This category lnclude_,existing Protected Areas}; terrestrial or marine areas, whiel_

· Lack of financial resomces for can be public, or private property,effective administration of the and inhabited areas where differenl

protected areas; activities are undertaken such as· Shortage of personnel and lack of agriculture, fishing, and forestry

training; and The aim is to maintain the nature!· Lack of protection for endangered conditions of the landscapes, tc

species of plants and animals protect the biological diversity, andoutside the Protected Areas. encourage the harmoniouf

Interaction of man with the

3.57 On the basis of the Albanian environment.

NGOs Project: "NGO Strat:.'gy for Category VI. Protected Area oJNature Protection in Alban,!a," the Managed Resources/Resource._

activily of Specially Protected Areas Reserve. Protected area managec

(1996) which was ?inanced by the mainly for the sustainable use o _,

Regional Activity Centre/Specially natural resources.

Protected Areas (RAC/SPA, Tunis),

and of the Coastal Zone Management Source: IUCN (1990/931.

Plan (CZMP), a new proposal for a

representative network of Albanian

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5O

3.58 up to now, practices for ex-sltuconservation of endangered species of

plants and animals do not exist in The Blue Eyes {Delvina)-NatureAlbania. The Botanical Garden dose Monument

to Tirana University is a possibility,which should be considered in thefuture.

3.59 There is also no existing geneticbank for endangered species of plantsand animals. A seed bank for

agricultural crops was establishedrecently near the National SeedInstitute (NSI). This institution has

around 260 species, subspecies, andvarieties, of which 230 areherbaceous, and the other 30 aretrees and shrubs, From all of the 260taxa, 180 are cultivated and 80 are

spontaneous plants. However, this Flag-shaped Pine tree-Naturalbank should be used for the collection Monument

of the genetic material of endangeredendemic species belonging to thenatural flora of the country.

Lura National Park

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RSJETI EKZISTUE$ I ZONAVE TE MBROJTURA TE SHQIPERISEEXISTING SYSTEM OF PROTECTED AREAS OF ALBANIA

4',

TiuAN

O _&x.

. Legjenda/ Legend

Rezerv_t Strikt Satyror/ R,zervat Shkea¢or _ Monument Natyre _ Zou, · Pej,,gh.ve te MbroJturStrlet Nature Reserve/ Scientific Reserve __ Nature Monument LandJcape/Sea_ape Protected A_ea

National Park Managed N_ture Reserve _1 Multiple Use arei

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Box i5

National Environmental Agency Projects for Nature ConservationFinanced by International Organisations

Project Program Phase Grant Project's Objective1. Dajti National Phare finished 50,000 The preparation of aPark Conservation ' Program ECU management plan for thePlan AL9306 conservation of the Dajtl

National Park

2. Management of Phare finished 346,224 The preparation of aKaravasta Lagoon, Program ECU management plan and aPhase I AL9306 regulatory framework for the

Karavasta Lagoon and of theeco-guldes for this lagoon

3. Blodlverslty GEF/World finished 96,000 The preparation ofStrategy and Action Bank the first USD Blodlverslty Strategy andPlan phase, Action Plan, and the National

(l year] Reporton Blodlverslty

4. Lake Ohrid GEF/ start-up $1.78 To establish the base forConservation World Bank In million for sustainable management andProject December Albania joint protection of Lake Ohrld

1998 from GEF with Macedonia - legal{4years) framework and institutional

strengthening, lakemonitoring, watershedmanagement, and publicawareness

5. Management of Phare preparatio 400,000 Support for the managementKaraYasta Lagoon, Program n phase ECU of the lagoon, pilot study forPhase II SOP97 (2years) setting up an artificiallagoon

for sewage water treatment,building guard facilities, localworks for immediateImprovement of the fence,entering roads, etc...

6. Conservation LIFE/ Finished MedWet Study of the environmentaland Management of MEDWET 2 (l year) 3 and economic/social statusMediterranean (1,815,00 of the lagoons of the area oflagoons (the 0 USD) Kune-Vainlas part oftheextension to non- financed report on wetland status ofEU countries) by the participating countries

GEF [Albania, Algeria, Morocco,through and Tunisia), and theUNDP development of a model

methodology for wetlandstudies. The fulfilment of thisproject was followed byanother regional projectexpected to start soon,including Narta Lagoon,Llogar a-Kanall- Orlkumi-Karaburunl peninsula-SazanlIsland.

I

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PART TWO

IDENTIFICATION OF PRIORITY ISSUES

CHAPTER 4

THE TOPICS AND ISSUES

INTRODUCTION

only through the acceptance and

4.1 Albania's biological and landscape fulfilment of the objectives and principlesdiversity constitutes a valuable heritage of protection, as well the practices ofnot only for Albania but also for the sustainable development in the sectors

Mediterranean region as a whole, the which affect biodiversity such as

European continent and the rest of the agriculture, forestry, fishing, energy,world. The Albanian people are the tourism, urbanisation, transport, andowners of these resources, and hence it is water use and management. Thesein their interest that this property and its globally recognlsed principles areheritage be protected and managed in a emphaslsed in the Pan-European Strategyway that it will promote sustainable on Biodiversity and Landscape Diversityeconomic development in the future. (PESBLD) as follows:

4.2 In fact, natural resources have been The Principle of Diligent Decision-

valuable in the past for their economic making: The decisions regarding theimportance. However, their exploitation Strategy are taken based on the bestbrings not only profits (for both the state available information, and they adopt, asand private persons), but also losses much as possible, measures which take{when they are not used in the right way) into consideration economic and socialwhich impede future development factors to serve as incentives for the

because of further degradation of the protection and sustainable developmentenvironment, of biological and landscape diversity.

4.3 The development of a new zone not The Principle ofyet exploited brings short-term economic Avoidance/Elimination: The

benefits followed by the degradation of implementation of procedures that requirenatural systems, which can lead to higher Environmental Impact Assessment (El/k)economic losses than the initial benefits, for any activity that might haveOf course, today it is impossible to considerable effects upon biological andconserve "museum ecosystems" especially landscape diversity and, when it isclose to inhabited areas, but these possible, the guarantee of publicecosystems need to be properly managed participation in these procedures.by protecting their natural values, and,

when possible, by restitution of some of The Principle of Prevention: The

their lost values, avoidance or minlmlsatlon of negativeeffects of the activities upon the biological

4.4 Due to the potential adverse effects of and landscape diversity.resource depletion, it is wise to implement

the concept of sustainable development The Principle of Transfer/Shifting: Theaccording to which every natural resource activities which are expected to haveshould be used to fulfil the needs of both notable effects upon biological andpresent and future generations, landscape diversity but that could not be

STRATEGIC PRINCIPLES avoided, should, when possible, be shiftedto areas which might be less affected bythem.

4.5 The implementation of thebiodiversity convention can be achieved

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The Principle of Ecological biodiversity protection. Because the termCompensation: The negative effects of biodiversity constitutes species, habitats,physical changes which could not be and ecosystems, the criteria shouldavoided, should be balanced with express the need for their protection andprotection and compensation measures for the survival of endangered species oftaken by the subject that is causing them national and international significance.in the areas with high values of biological These criteria also should address aspectsand landscape diversity, of the economic and social benefits

attributable to the protection andThe Principle of Ecological Integrity: sustainable use of biodiversity. TheThe ecological processes responsible for criteria used in this BSAP are as follows:species survival should be protected, and

at the same time the habitats supporting · Critically endangered species andtheir survival should be preserved, habitats of global, regional, or national

importance;The Principle of Restoration and Re- · Habitats/ecosystems distinguished forestablishment: The rehabilitation of their high endemism or biodiversity;

biological and landscape diversity when · Habitats or species at risk of totalthis is possible, and its re-establishment extinction;

through the necessary measures for · Habitats or species for whichrescuing the endangered species and for appropriate protection and

setting up appropriate conditions for management would lead to local orthem. national economic and education

benefits;

The Principle of Best Technology and · Endangered species or habitatsPractice: From the environmental view because of the use of Inappropriatepoint, measures which are most practices, but which could beappropriate for the protection and improved through policy adjustments;sustainable use of biological and and

landscape diversity. * Actions/deeds that might lead toappropriate economic, social, and

The Principle of the Polluter Pays: ecological ehoices.According to this principle, the

responsible party should cover as much 4.7 During the BSAP preparation process,as possible the costs of measures for the lists of priority species and habitats wereprevention, control, compensation, and composed (Annexes E and F) along withmlnlmlsation of damages on biological action plans for protecting them throughand landscape diversity, the enhancement of the Protected Areas

network and/or through in-sltu and ex-The Principle of Public Participation situ conservation {Annex B).and the Public's Right for

Information: Active public participation ISSUES/PRIORITYTOPICSand support is Important for the

successful fulfilment of any protection 4.8 The Pan-European Strategy onplan for biological and landscape Biological and Landscape Diversitydiversity. The media and other education (PESBLD) has defined the 11 main topics,programs should Incorporate which should be addressed and developedenvironmental issues by supporting according to the specific conditions ofparticipation in the decision-making each country. They are as follows:process of public and private persons, the

scientific community, and of all the 1. The establishment of a Europeanindividuals and other civil groups, which Ecological Network (EECONET);use terrestrial and marine resources. 2. The integration in other sectors of the

biological and landscape diversity'['HECRITERIA issues;

3. The enhancement of awareness and

4.6 Different countries use different support from the public and policy-criteria for defining the primary problems makers;

and priority issues in the area of 4. Landscape protection;

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5. Coastal and marine ecosystems; years. The first list of short-term

6. River ecosystems and the wetlands priorities includes 80 species/taxa - 42linked to them; vertebrates, 26 Invertebrates and 12 plant

7. Inland wetland ecosystems; species, while the longer-term priorities8. Grassland ecosystems; include 143 species/taxa - 959. Forest ecosystems; vertebrates, 31 invertebrates and 17 plant10. High mountain ecosystems; and species. The lists are presented in the11. Actions for the endangered species. Annexes E- 1 and E-2.

4.9 The preparation of the national action

plans for the above topics, remains agovernmental duty, but at the same timeco-operation with the environmentalNGOs will be required. For _his reason

the permanent working groups (WG) withjoint participation of Governmentorganlsations, NGOs, and other interestedpersons or groups should be establishedas shown in Box 7. During the BSAPpreparation process 14 Working Groupswere identified, the establishment of

which will be done after the approval ofthis document. The duties of each

Working Group will be the preparation ofaction plans, as well as facilitation and

co-ordination, and promoting theimplementation of these plans.

HABITAT AND SPECIES ACTION PLANS

4.10 Based on the above criteria and the

existing level of knowledge of nationalbiodlversity, a consensus has been

reached on the selection of endangeredspecies and habitats for which actionplans will be prepared (Annexes E and F).The proposed network of Protected Areasshown in Annex B takes intoconsideration the inclusion of terrestrial

protection of the landscapes, habitats,and species which are an importantinstrument for the protection of biologicaland landscape diversity in the country.At the same time this instrument could

not solve the survival issues for a largenumber of species and habitats thatremain outside the Protected Areas, or

where the level of protection isinadequate. Hence, the implementation ofaction plans for endangered species andhabitats has a special importance.

4.1 1 The selected species and habitatsare presented in two lists based on their

importance and the level of danger: (i)species/habitats action plans whichshould be undertaken within 1-2 years;and (ii) species/habitats action planswhich should be undertaken within 3-5

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Box

The Worklng Groups for BSAP Implementation

1. The Working Group for Protected Areas and the Establishment of t_Ecological Network -- Co-ordinator: the General Directorate of Forest antPasture (GDFP)

Z, The Working Group for Public Education and Information.-- Co-ordinator:Protection and Preservation of the Natural Environment in Albania (PPNE_

3. The Working Group for Landscape Protection -- Co-ordinator: InstituteGeographical Research and National Planning Institute

_. The Working Group for Coastal and Marine Ecosystems -- Co-ordinatoFisheries Research Institute and Institute for Biological Research

5, The Working Group for Wedand Ecosystems -- Co-ordinators: FacultyNatural Sciences (FNS) and Institute for Biological Research

3. The Working Group for Plants and Agriculture Ecosystems -- Co-ordinator:Agriculture Directorate (MAF) and FNS

7. The Working Group for Forest and Alpine Ecosystems. Co-ordinatorForest and Pasture Research Institute (FPRI)

The Working Group for the Protection of Plant Species -- Co-ordinatoInstitute for Biological Research and FNS

9. The Working Group for the Protection of Animal Species -- Co-ordinator:Faculty of Natural Science

10. The Working Group for the Protection of Native Cultivated Plants -- Co-ordinator: Agricultural Research Institute (MAF)

[ 1. The Working Group for the Protection of Native Animal Agricultur_ Breed_,-- Co-ordinator: Institute of Zootechnic Research (IZR)

L2. The Working Group for Genetic Banks (Animals) -- Co-ordinator: FNS andInstitute of Zootechnic Research

L3. The Working Group for Genetic Banks (Plants) -- Co-ordinators: NationaJSeed

Institute and FNS

[4. The Working Group for Biotechnology -- Co-ordinator: Food Research·Institute and Institute for Biological Research.

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Box

What should be the Content of the Action Plans for Species andHabitats?

1. The actual status (situation) -- the reasons that explain this situatiorand what ts the knowledge level of the limiting factors

z. The factors that cause depletion or aggravation - a short summary o:the threatening factors of the past and present

The Protection measures taken up until now -- a short summary of whaqis being done for the moment regarding species/habitat protection

The Objectives of the Action Plan -- the objectives defined for thcprotection, improvement, and/or the growth of species population, or fo_the geographical extension of species or habitats.

S. The deeds/actions/proposed measures and the responsible lead agenc 5-- here are presented the steps to be undertaken for the achievement o:the objectives; what is being done, what should or might be done In thcfields of.'

Politics and legislationcl Site/zone, protection and management

Species/habitats protection and managementConsultation

:_ Scientific research and monitoringo Public communication and publication

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Part Three

THE BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN:PRIORITY ACTIVITIES AND ACTIONS

CHAPTER 5

THE NEED FOR CHANGE AND ACTION

INTEGRATION OF BIOLOGICAL AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY WITH ACTIVITIES IN OTHERSECTORS

5.1 The success in the recent years, there have been aimplementation of the CBD and the number of advantageous and

BSAP can be achieved only through disadvantageous effects of thesethe integration of strategic principles changes on the landscape andand objectives to protect biodiverslty biological diversity.in other sectors of the economy.These include agriculture, forestry, 5.5 The following factors have had afishing and hunting, energy and positive impact on blodiversity:industry, transport, tourism, and change of land use structure - thewater management, surface covered with crops is

diminished, the surface of land5.2 Protection of the country's planted with fodder 137% in 1996

landscape and biological diversity is compared with 23% in the earlyonly possible if sustainable policies 1990s) has been reduced, pesticideand practices are implemented as an use has decreased, and farmingintegral part of sector policies, techniques are now less mechanised.

5.3 Agriculture plays a vital role in 5.6 Reduction of soil fertility,the protection mid management of the desertlfication, and impoverishment oflandscapes and semi-natural habitats, the soil from degradation have beenand also in the protection of the among the adverse effects over thecountry's biological diversity. Over past decade. Erosion exists on one-one-third of the ornithofauna species third of the total land area, and itsof the country visit the country's effects are closely linked to impacts onagricultural ecosystems seasonally, the country's biodiversity.and over 15 bird species (some of

which are globally threatened} have 5.7 Under a free market economytheir critical habitats within without the support of stateagricultural lands. The life of some investments, parts of the nativeanimal species and reptiles is also agricultural plant and animal geneticlinked with agricultural ecosystems, material have been lost In Albania.Draining channels, riverbanks, Other parts have geneticallygardens, and salty lands within degenerated. To reverse this situationagricultural lands are a habitat for a the support of the governmentconsiderable number of plant and through a protection and subsidyanimal species. 'policy for farmers to protect these

genetic resources is necessary,5.4 Following the privatisation of land Alternatively, efforts could be made toin the 1990s, agriculture has returned preserve them ex-sltu through geneticto the traditional practices of a more banks to be preserved for future

extensive agriculture with less impact generations.on the environment and biodiverslty.This is primarily because state 5.8 Albanian agriculture is ansubsidies for more intensive extensive biological one. Preservationagriculture were abolished. During of this ecological character and its

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balanced development must be kept in 5.10 The requests of the EU Directivemind as the basis fur future policies on Agro-Environment [see Box 9)since intm_sive land use practices are need to be incorporated into thelikely to increase with economic Agriculture Strategy.development. In particular, tiledevelopment of agriculture is expected 5.1 I Preservation, rehabilitation, andto be highest ill the low-lying coastal enlargement (where possible) of theareas, and this will have a significant natural and semi-natural habitats ofimpact on the country's biodiversity, agricultural land are required toImplementation of Environmental secure the preservation of theImpact Assessment procedures, in country's btodiversity,particular for new projects on soil

drainage and irrigation, will be 5.12 Priority measures proposed inimperative in the fnture, the framework of the BSAP for the

agriculture sector include:

Box §

The EC Agro-Envlronment Regulation · afforestation of abandoned lands;(EEC 2078/92) provides for: · creation of soil protection barriers

to reduce the impacts of erosion;

a) Subsidies to farmers in selected areas ol · planting of bushes and trees inhigh environmental value: these would hell: coastal lowlands:to maintain traditional, low-intenslt · restoration of the naturalfarming. This includes the designationschemes similar to Environmental vegetation on river banks;Sensitive Areas (ESAs/, and othe · re-creation of the wetlands inmanagement agreements, some saline and former marsh

lands;Many Category V protected landscapes and · afforestation of watersheds tosome Category IV areas would greatb avoid creation of floods and

benefit fi-om such designation, since sliding:changes in farming practice are often th_greatest threat to their integrity. · agroforestry development;

· use of new technologies to

b) The removal of land from agriculture: decrease deep tillage:Under this provision, reserves for selected · new technologies for cultivation ofhabitats and species should be created different agricultural plantsperhaps by establishing new national parks through artificial irrigation;and forest parks on land no longer needed ° rehabilitation of poliphytefor agriculture or extending existing parks, pastures through evaluating the

c) Extenslficatlon generally in agriculture stages of degradation andMost measures are horizontal (i.e. affect ali vegetation succession:farmers equally), but some can relate tr · increasing farmers' awareness ofspecific areas. Extenslficatlon will b{ the benefits of ecologicalparticularly important by reducing the us_ agriculture;of fertillsers, herbicides, and pesticides Ir · application of models ofand around protected areas. Mediterranean and Albanian

ecological agriculture, taking intoSource: IUCN(1993) account agro-silvo-pastorallsm;

· application of biological actions toprevent against parasites and their

5.9 The effects of agriculture on the damages on agricultural andcountry's biodiversity should be taken forestry cultures.into account based on the "Green

Agriculture Strategy" which has been 5.13 Energy and Industry. Theprepared by the Ministry of impact of these sectors on theAgriculture and Food and is expected environment, biological diversity, andto be approved soon. In this way, the landscape are well known. Although anegative eflecis of agricultural large part of the industrial sector isactivities on biodiversity can be not currently working, its negativeaddressed, effects on the country's biological

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diversity are likely to increase in the environmental protection measures;future. This will be particularly true (iii) use of recycled materials; and (iv}in low-lying coastal areas, where the pollution control measures such asmain population and Industrial integrated waste management.centres of the country are located.

5.16 Because an Important part of theBox lc country's biodiversity is linked with

Main Elements of a National Energy forests and pastures, theStrategy implementation of sustainable forestry

Policies for the optimal of use of fossl] policies and practices Is a priorityfuels, bearing in mind the need te Issue for Albania. Integratedminimise depletion of non-renewable management of the Albanian forestsresources and to mlnlmlse pollution must be the first step. GDFP has thefrom energy consumption and main responsibility to design andproduction; implement sustainable policies forPolicies for the safe use of other fuels; integrated forest and pasturesPolicies and standards for energy management, which will enhance theefficiency; protection of natural habitats andEconomic policies that ensure thai wildlife.energy prices reflect the full social andenvironmental costs of alternatives andencourage the consumer to choose the 5.1 7 The strategic objectives of aleast damaging option; sustainable forestry policy are: (i)Taxes and Incentives to encourage better integration of strategicenergy efficiency and shelter poore_ principles {see chapter IV) in forestryfamilies from steep energy price management and planning; (ii)increases; protection of native tree species; (iii) toInformation campaigns to promote secure some protected forest areasenergy efficiency; where man can not Intervene inObligations on manufactures tc natural development and processes;monitor and publlctse the energyefficiencyofproducts; (iv) harmonisation and co-ordinationProduction of a national report, of reforestation policies withrecording progress towards realisation landscape and nature protectionof energyefficieneytargets; and policies; and (v) sustainable use ofSupport for citizens' groups promoting pesticides and fertilisers where it isenergy conservation, feasible. Some of the principles of a

sustainable forestry policy are shown_uree: IUCN [1993) in Box 11.

5.18 The measures and pilot projectsfor the ecological use of forests and

5.14 In the framework of the BSAP, it pastures, which are recommended byis recommended that energy and the working group on pasture andIndustry policies and practices forest ecosystems, are explained inIntegrate ecological considerations by detail in Appendix B of this report.using the proper sites for industrial The priority issues to be addressedactivities. Reduction of waste and are:

discharge of harmful substances will

enhance biological diversity and * Control of cutting tn forests, inlandscape protection. The main particular of illegal cutting:elements of a sustainable national * Rehabilitation of forest and

energy strategy are discussed In Box pastures ecosystems, degraded10. terrain, landscapes, and

abandoned lands for the

5.15 The Action Plan for the protection of habitats and wildlife;:protection of biological diversity and ° Creation of new forests,landscape proposes that all Industries establishment of new areas, and

should Implement sustainable widening of existing forestdevelopment practices such as: (1) Protected Areas;clean production technologies; (11)

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· Protection of the environnmntal integration of landscape and biologicalbahmcc through ecological diversity objectives in fisheries in aintervention iii forest and nasture way, which harmonises theseecosystems; activities with nature. The effects on

· Inclusion of blodiversily resource sustainability of over-fishing,considerations in Forest inappropriate fishing practices,Management Plans; including those of benthic, pelagic,

· Inclusion of biod!versity and other animal communities willconsiderations in forest need to be taken into account and

harvesting; minimised.· Consideration o[ tile eflects of

population migration; and Box 1· Inclusion of the public and local

conmmnities in forests and The Principles of Sustainablepastures plamiing and Forestry Policymanagement.

Establishment of a legall:5.19 One important emergency and guaranteed permanent forest;

temporary measure which could be Training in forest ecology andtaken to control illegal culling in management;forests when the state can not control Secure conditions for foresl

this activity is the ban of exToort of managers In the public, private,round-wood and charcoal. This and community forestry sectors;measure would prevent the over- Standards for annual allowable

harvesting in forests, help tim cut, cutting cycles, harvestingdevelopment of the forestry business techniques, infrastructure, andwithin the country and the internal environmental safeguards;market for timber, and create jobs for [2 Controls over all aspects olAlbanians. In addition, it is proposed harvesting and forest treatment toto liberalise the price of timber to protect the environment;

improve the qualily of the product so [2 Economic and financial policiesthat tire domestic market and product that do not require more from

more closely appro_'dmaie the forests than they can sustaina_yintcrnationa! one.yield;

5.20 Tile working group on Alpine .qznd Q Multiple use policies, to ensurethat the society gets the full

Forests Ecosystems proposed to be benefit (e.g., ,; timber, Jobs,established to ensure the environmental _ services

implementation of the CBD amd BSAP recreation) from all forests;will support and furthel develop Environmental policies tha'alpine ecosystems and foreslry protect ecological servicesbiodiversity act!on plans, and willmonitor the implementation of biological diversity and thiresource base: of all forest userssustainable practices and policies in andthe forestry mad pastures sector.

Effective monitoring of all theabove.

5.21Fishing. The effects of fisfiing,aquaculture, and hunting practices on

ourcc: Caring for the Earth (1991)the country's marine and wetlandbiodiversity have been substantial inthis decade. The filrtfier development 5.23 Responsible fishing managementof this sector in the future will have should consider the impact of fisheries

considerable effects on biodiversity if on the ecosystem as a whole,measures and policies to promote including its biodiversity, and shouldsustainable development arc not strive for sustainable use of wholetaken, ecosystems and biological

communities. Some of the main

5.22 Strategic objeetiw2s of a principles of a responsible fisheriessustainable policy will include are given in the box 12.

i

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· periodically review of the objectivesBox 12 and policies In the fishery sector in

Main Principles of Responsible order to ensure that ecologicalFisheries considerations are incorporated

into the sector

[3 The State and water users · improvement and enforcement ofshould _orescrve water the low and regulations onecosystems fisheries

[3 Fishing management should · further improve the survey, controlpromote and ensure the and monitoring scheme onmaintenance of quality, fisheries

diversity and values of fishery · improve the water regime of theresources coastal lagoons and their waterThe State should not allow exchange with the seaover-fishing and should · creation of a national network ofimplement appropriate fish hatcheries In fresh andmeasures to avoidthat coastal waters in order to

[3 Facilities and practices of a rehabilitate and restore native fishselective flshing should be populations and biologicaldeveloped and implemented In communitiesorder to ensure the

enhancement of blodiverslty 5.25 Hunting was and still is havingand conservation of water its adverse impacts on the country'secosystems biological communities, particularly

[3 Fish catching, and processing along the coast and wetlands. Withand distribution of fish the Increase of hunting activities inproducts should be carried the future the effects on biodlversityout In a way that reduces the will be increasingly higher. National,waste and minimise the regional and local policies to controladverse Impacts on and sustainably develop huntingenvironment activities, taking into account the

[3 All the key habitats for fish sustainabfllty of the hunting'" colpmunlties in marine and resources, and the species

freshwater, ecosystems should requirements for survival.be preserved and restored, if

appropriate._ . 5.26 There is an urgent need to[3 The State _honld Ensure that enforce the law and stop and control

its fi,ghlntitlSterests and those the illegal hunting activities andto conserve fishery rcso}lrces practices, particularly those practisedare considered and respected on benthic, pelagic, and other animalby all the users of the Coastal communities of the coastal zone, withZone, and are integrated in the special emphasis on endangeredmmaagement, planning and species protected by internationaldevelopment of this zone conventions.

C_ The State should promote andincrease pubilc awareness 5.27 The relevant and responsiblethrough education and hunting state authority shouldtraining administrate and manage the hunting

on a scientific basis and should take

Source: Code of Conduct for appropriate measures to protect andResponsible Fisheries {FAO, 1995) manage the hunting species, but also

to create facilities for hunters and

generate incomes from hunting.5.24 The proposed measures to betaken in this sector aim at ensuring 5.28 More attention should be paid toan effective control and a sustainable thc illegal trade of the endangereddevelopment of fishery and species that are protected by theaquaculture In Albania. Some of them international laws. The customare the following: personnel should be trained to get

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63

knowledge to deal with this problem to change this, with the help of theand get the low enforced. Another Council of Europe and the NEA, theimportant requirement to the relevant level of training and assistance to thestate authority is the development of institutions dealing with thesequarantine regulations and activities must increase in order to

enforcement in customs at the ensure that there will be enoughnational level, in order to control the specialists to include the concept ofimport of animals and breeds that sustainable development andmight be vector of diseases or biodlversity management in planning.harmful for native animal species.

5.29 Territorial Planning and Box 13

Urbanisation. Urbanisation is turning Main Elements of a SustainableInto a serious negative factor because policy for Transportof high levels of construction, aconsiderable part of which is out of n Ensure that transport policycontrol and without any territorial takes full account of the socialplanning. This has especially and environmental costs of eachdamaging effects in very sensitive form of transport;environments of high ecological risk. Review the current balance olThe establishment of state control on expenditure between road

this activity, and the integration of the construction, and investments forprinciples of nature, biological improvements in the railways antdiversity, and landscape protection in other forms of transport;territorial planning policies are a high Use economic instruments (e.gpriority for the country. Without such charges and taxes) to promot{considerations, the adverse effects will efficient transport use and cleanel

increase, and the costs very high. technologies;Link land-use planning tc

5.30 In the future, free and transport planning so as tcuncontrolled movement of the reduce the need for Journeys,

population from rural areas to urban especially by private transport;areas will have increasing impacts and Encourage traffic managemenlpressures on the coastal and land and "traffic calming" measures tc

fit traffic to the environmenJecosystems, which are moreecologically sensitive. This will require rather than vice versa; andthe responsible authorities to take Greatly expandedresearchintomeasures to prevent and mlnimlse the pollution-free vehicles and cleanimpacts, and efficient public transport.

5.31 The Council of Ministers, and _urce: IUCN[19931

especially the Ministry of Public Works

and Transport, will need to take the 5.33 Transpor_ has a great impact onresponsibility in this sector. More the country's biodiversity, especiallyresponsibility and expertise is taking into account Albania's need torequired from the Planning Institute, widen the transport infrastructure toNCTP, and RCTP to consider the promote trade with Europe. Forintegrated nature of development in example, plans to construct thethe rural and urban planning process. "Corridor 8" will have environmentalIn this way, steps can be taken to impacts. Therefore, it is important topreserve natural and landscape integrate landscape and biologicalvalues, in particular in the areas with diversity considerations into transporthigh landscape and blodiverslty policies and infrastructure

values, development. This will requireavoiding as much as possible areas

5.32 To date, in the constrttction with high natural values, andand transport sectors in Albania, prevention and mitigation measures tobiodiversity and landscape protection reduce the negative impacts onare virtually not considered. In order ecosystems and landscapes.

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:3 _'_c Ah;}tuian government, and resources, which has not alwaysn pa i,_da, t2e Ministry of Public benefited local populations.

I_V:z/} '%::; }Olil] _l _ulsport, nlust review ils Ecoiourisnl or green tourism is one of1_oli¢:_:,; ?c, _hc transport seclor to the best and most sustainable

lcd'Lei' . p sustainable policies. Box 14]Sca,. <;_ _'_:enlmended principles, Environmental Guidelines for I

from _ l_e ?:*nune Caring .for the rourlsm Adopted by the World[

Earth. _o _)( included into sector rravel and Tourism Council {WTTC) Ipoliclc,_ ,i _ s_to_vn in Box 13. 1992

b ,Lc)Tourism and recreation are Travel and tourism companies shou dstate their commitment t_

expec'_cd ;c, he r:car luture to have a environmentally-sustainable growth; [bif, iu'p t,:i ©ti thc country's biological The environment commitment should[

an0 k_ -t:_(r,!>e diversity, in particular be company-wide; li1_ ilw : ;s; ;1 areas. Tourism with its Education and research intc

de,fcl(_ ;.,chi denlands and improved environmental programme..

p)s,_;it,ili .:._. :_; . factor that can have should be encouraged; and

';' " Ibc biodiversity, Travel and tourism companies shouldan a:iverr_e i .pa_t on

ii L,oii) (l;_ Pew areas of development seek to implement soundm_d £1_cc;<i,'i!lil_ ones. environmental principles througk

self-regulation, recognizing thai

5.3(" !17 lhe existing tourism national and international regulatiormay be inevitable, and thai

dcv lo :er_*:_'__, care mnsl be taken to preparation ts vital.mJnir:!i_:,_ ! itc negative impacts on '2nvironment improvement programmesbiod_ve/:oii?. For a sustainable _hould be systematic and comprehensivedevc!_pmcnl of the sector it is /'hey should aim to:necea_-;a: ' that tourism and Identify and mlnlmise product and

l-c!e'eL',io!oci policies better integrate operational environmental problemstl_e r:;_ic::l:"c_ of landscape and nature paying particular attention to ne_

p_e:xc-:-_.!ir:_ ;;_nce this will prevent projects;

seisitt,,_e (la,?.:_ges to landscape and Pay due regard to environmentalconcerns in design, plannln

bi,_lo?!c;d _!ive!-_qity which would construction and implementation;_,DJ, In,l( l_le appeal cf tourism. Be sensitive to conservation

environmentally protected o_;'37 . ,. ,_ _mmittee for Tourism threatened areas, species and scenicDc,/: )l::: _CTD) and the NCTP aesthetics, achieving landscape;-_c,tb play a_! important role in this enhancement whereposslble;

sector _. 's unacceptable that the Practice wa/er conservation;

C'D drcs l,?t have a staff person Reduce and recycle wastes;Practice fresh-water management andrCSl)ons_b!e [or environment. Re-control sewage disposal;

ol _x,i_'_ ti _! 9:'. the tourisnl sector as a Control and diminish air emissions

('_.) - .to* '. utzdcr the Council of and pollutants;MiDi'_ ,_;, z 7_ strc;agthening the role Monitor, control, and reduce noiseoi b_ _(_(_l_ai !.:_l:onlnental Agency on levels;t_wi_f'l_intvi:d m-_.tters will create the Control and reduce environmentally.

;)o_;dbilifx _, cmm:-e more responsible unfriendly products, such a..c(m,'id( rs' i,:',_' .'A' envircurnental issues asbestos, CFCs, pesticides, and toxic,i%11}3,' ioxtl at_! sector, corrosive, infectious, explosive oi

flammable materials;Respect and support historic oi

5.38 t'b_': are many examples of religious objects and sites;poli(i_:s and types of tourism Il. Exercise due regard for the interestsd_v,.lopii_c_,t, arid Albania should of local populations, including thel_:C_tI I Cll;ill i'.IC experiences of other history, traditions and culture and

counlrics, tx1 particular, Albania future development; and$bott[¢l ' _ '' (,Jti_ l]to consideration that in [2, Consider environmental issues as a

many .ieve})pirg countries poverty key factor in the overall developmenla_xd l)re}_sL,!ls 10r last economic of travel and tourist destinations.

((?ye opt) _ have lead to over-cx0icilo ic_ ;:md cxl:ractloll of natural 5ource: WTTC (1992)l

Page 65: Biodiversity Action Plan

alternatives, which can protect and National Water Council (NWC). Theimprove the quality of the responsible Ministries mustenvironment, biological diversity, and reconsider their policies to promotelandscape. At the same time, this will the sustainable and environmentallyhelp to secure a sustainable income sound use of waters.base for the Albanians working in thissector. 5.44 Improving the existing water

supply and wastewater sewerage5.39 One important area of systems will be important for bettercollaboration is to develop the tourism managing blodiverslty. Presently, thepotential within and near protected existing networks and waterareas. Sustainable planning and management are poor, and thismanagement of tourism based on adversely affects biodiversity.nature protection can be a positive Feasibility studies and projects forforce to bring incomes to the local rehabilitation of water supply andcommunities. Tourism is welcomed wastewater treatment systems inwithin and near protected areas if it urban areas must play an importantrespects the specific characteristics of role in the future.every area, and the natural andcultural values. Ecological tourism 5.45 Application of EIA procedurescan be both cultural and educational and calculation of the social and

and have mlnimal pollution and environmental costs of differentadverse environmental effects, operations of water management must

be a priority for future policies in the5.40 Tourism development in Albania sector.must keep in mind the EnvironmentalGuidelines on Tourism approved by 5.46 Defence/Mllitary. The military'sthe World Council on Travel and role in the past has been important forTourism {WCTT) of 1992 shown in Box the country's biological diversity and14. landscape, and this will continue in

the future. This role has been and can

5.41 Water Management has been be positive and/or negative. As aand continues to be an important positive example, the military areasfactor with impacts on the country's have been, and are, the mostenvironment, biological diversity, and protected natural areas in thelandscape. As a result of demographic country. As a negative example onmovements and an increase in landscape and biological diversity, onepopulation and the demand for water, can note the construction of bunkersthe effects of this sector on the quality and tunnels, where the enviztbnmental ,'of the country's biological diversity are costs of these activities were notbecoming increasingly important, taken into account,

5.42 Albania is_a rich country in 5.47 The low cost attributed towater resources, but it is necessary environmental damage in Albania wasthat these resources be managed in a a result of the lack of knowledge of itssustainable manner for present and importance and values. Today, thefuture generations. The strategic strategic military needs of the countryobjectives of this sector in the have increased the demand for theframework of the BSAP are: Albanian territory to develop milltary

integration of biological diversity and manoeuvres with foreign partners.landscape protection objectives in allaspects of water administration and 5.48 Military objectives should be

management, including the Integrated with those for landscapemanagement of wastewater discharges and biological diversity in order toand polluting substances, avoid as much as possible the use of

areas with hlgh natural value for5.43 To achieve these objectives an military reasons. Measures to preventimportant role is played by the or mitigate the negative impacts ofCouncil of Ministers, through the military activities on the landscape,

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66

and to develop more environmentally have the need for repair or fullfriendly activities, should be taken, recovery: and (iv) buffer zones which

support and protect the ecological5.49 It Is important to create and network from external impacts. Corestrengthen an environmental unit at areas/biocenters must include areasthe Ministry of Defenee, and to and main characteristics, whichintroduce the polluters and users pay represent biological diversity andprinciples. In the case of areas to be landscapes. Blocorrldors areused for military manoeuvres, necessary to secure the coherence andpermission should be taken from the funefionlng of the ecological networkNational Environmental Agency so as because they facilitate spreading andto take Into account and minlmise the migration of species betweenenvironmental impacts of the activity, biocenters.

EXPANDING AND STRENGTHENING THE 5.53 A Representative Network ofNETWORK OF PROTECTED AREAS AND Protected areas (RNPA) which is

ESTABLISHING THE ECOLOGICAL proposed for approval In this strategyNETWORK represents the realisaUon of the first

step for the creation of the country's5.50 One of the main mechanisms for Ecological Network, Approximatelybiodlversity protection and ecological 14% of the country's territory aremanagement is the establishment and included in it, and within it there aremanagement of ProteetedAreas. These the best ecosystems, habitats, andareas vary in dimensions and landscapes of Albania. After approval,protection scale, and in the level of the first steps to be taken will be tocontrol of human use. They offer a preserve and improve the country'snumber of products and services with biological and landscape diversity forlocal, national, and international present and future generations. Atbenefits, the same time, this approval will be a

contribution of Albania to the

5.51 The Global Blodlversity Strategy establishment of the pan-Europeanand the Pan- European Strategy on ecological network,Biological and Landscape Diversity 5.54 The proposed RNPA does not(PESBLD), understanding and mean that the man and his interestsappreciating the importance of are excluded from the 14% of theProtected Areas for the preservation of country's territory designated to beblodlversity, have recommended covered as Protected Areas. Ratherexpanding Protected Areas and than dictating the exclusion ofstrengthening their management as economic, social, and recreationhigh priority objectives for every activities, Protected Areas are zonescountry, where this aefivityis sustainable and

controlled, and developed in5.52 A European initiative to establish accordance with the needs for theand develop an ecological network protection of the ecological integrity ofknown as EECONET aims to protect the ecosystems, habitats, landscapes,the structure and complex ecological and survival of the plant and animalrelationships of Europe. EECONET at species (Box 15).the same time Is an instrument todevelop the priorities for action for 5.55 Preparation of the managementeach country. The establishment of plans for the Protected Areas ofthe ecological network requires four Albania Is considered as a highmain elements: (i) core area or priority; so far, only 2-3 Protectedbiocenter to preserve ecosystems, Areas have existing managementhabitats, species, and landscapes; [11) plans or plans under preparation.ecological corridors or blocorridors to This should be a high priority activityimprove the coherence of the not only for the responsiblebiological systems; (111)rehabilitation authorities such as the DGFP and theareas where damaged elements of the NEA, but also for the scientific andecosystems, habitats, and landscapes research institutions such as the

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MNS, IBR, FPRI, FRI, the involvement in -this process. TheHydrometeorogical Institute (HMI), second step for the establishment ofand specialised NGOs in the country the Ecological Network after RNPAwhich have the necessary expertise for approval and establishment will be thethe preparation of the management creation of the biocorridors for linkingplans, the various Protected Areas with each

other. A long-term objective of thisBox li process is that Protected Areas cover

Protected Areas and Sustainability 25% of the country's territory by2020.

?rotected areas contribute t(

sustainable development by: 5.58 Achieving short and long termobjectives for the establishment of the

1. Conserving soft and water ir Ecological Network will need supporterodlble areas; from the government, in particular

2. Regulating and purifying water flow from the NEA and Environmentalespecially by protecting wetland,' Protection Unit (EPU) within DGFP, toand forests; enable fulfilment of these objectives.

3. Shielding people from naturadisasters, such as floods or storrr 5.59 The working group for thesurges; establishment of the Ecological

_. Maintaining important naturad Network and Task Force (ENTF) whichvegetation on soil s of inherently lo_ will be established after the BSAPproductivity; approval, and will design the proper

5. Maintaining wild genetic resource,' programmes and projects which are

important to medicine or for plant 01 needed in order to strengthenanimal breeding; Protected Areas management andProtecting species that are highl_ establish the Ecological Network of thesensitive to human disturbance; country.

Providing critical habitat for feeding

breeding or resting of species thaiare harvested;

Providing inconie and employmenithrough tourism,

5ource: Action Plan.for the Protected_reas in Europe (IUCN, 1993)

5.56 Taking into account thatAlbania's Protected Areas are part ofthe European natural heritage, It isthe responsibility and obligation of theinternational organisations to providesupport for the preparation andimplementation of the existing andproposed management plans. TheNEA and DGFP must help to createthe conditions to attract more of these

organisations to work in Albania.

5.57 Establishment of the EcologicalNetwork is a long process which willbe accompanied by a programme tohelp understand the Ecological

Network, its planning andestablishment, and to promote publicparticipation and local community

Page 68: Biodiversity Action Plan

RRJETI I PROPOZUAR I ZONAVE TE MBROJTURA TE SHQIPERISE

PROPOSED REPRESENTATIVE NETWORK OF PROTECTED AREAS OF ALBANIA

\

_toto_o_oTM

<)

/

Legjenda/ LegendZone

m mmO Pe_mzhove to MbroJtur

Rexervot Strikt Nltyror/ Rozor_at Shkaneor Monument Natyrem

mm _,.,_tN.t... _..o.o_so,..,,,,,b.ar. _' '"Nature Monument tond_apo/Sea]Bolpe Protected Area

P. ozarv&t Natyror I Mo_axhuer _ Zone · per4ortmit tm Shumftghte

Park Xom',.ter [/_ ...o,.d Nature ,es.ye [[[[[SS MuJt,,le Use AreaNatiGnll Park

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BIOD1VERSITY CONSERVATION OUTSIDE material of wildlife species. It isTHEPROTECTEDAREAS proposed to establish a genetic bank

for the spontaneous flora of Albania, a5.60 Only some 5.8% of the country's genetic bank for microorganisms, andterritory arc currently included in the a genetic bank for wild animals.Protected Areas network. Although amuch larger percentage (14%) is NEED FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ANDproposed by the RNPA, the proposed MONITORINGterritory under protection would stillbe small in comparison with the 5.64 The unknown can not be

country's territory outside of the protected against and managed.Protected Areas. Even if we suppose Starting from this, the need for thethat the surface of Protected Areas wfil development of scientific research inincrease, and be sustainably Albania is a high priority. The lack ofmanaged, this will not be enough to study of many animal groups (mostlysecure the survival of the species and invertebrates) and plants (mostly lowhabitats, in particular of the migratory species of moss) and low scale ofspecies of birds and animals. Outside knowledge of a considerable part ofthe Protected Areas there are also a plant and animal species call for morenumber of landscapes, which must be and better research support inprotected and managed in a Albania. With economic developmentsustainable manner, there will need to be more research for

the protection of the sea, and coastal5.61 To achieve the above objectives it and inland water blodiversity, whichis necessary to prepare action plans will be more threatened in the futurefor the ecosystems, habitats, and due to the increased activities of man

species. This will be the task of the in these ecosystems.Working Groups, which will be

established after the approval of the 5.65 More financial support is alsostrategy, needed for training programmes for

the main research institutions

NEED FOR EX-SITU CONSERVATION involved in biodlversity inventory andmonitoring such as the BRI, MNS,

5.62 Increasing pressure on FRI, and FPRI. Better co-ordination

blodiverslty, accompanied by the among the country's researchextinction of a number of species and institutions, and with their

an increase in the number of counterparts abroad, is important. Inendangered ones, warrants ex-situ addition, increased NGO and privatepreservation in zoological and sector involvement should bebotanical gardens or parks developed in the future.established for this purpose. The

support of the Botanical Garden to 5.66 Biodiverslty protection andrealise ex.situ preservation of endemic management requires monitoring inand endangered species is an order to control and prevent damagesimportant action which should be from exploitation andcomplemented by the future mismanagement. This can be realiseddevelopment of such practices for with the establishment of fixedanimal species in the long-term, stations to regularly monitor the

evolution of the plant and animal5.63 Where in-situ and ex-sim communities.

preservation of the threatened speciesare not possible, preservation of 5.67 Monitoring biotic data ratherbiological material should be done than measuring abiotic data can bestthrough genetic banks for plants and monitor the environmental situation.animals. The strengthening of the As a first step, a map of the mostGenetic Banks within the National sensitive biotopes should be prepared,Seed Institute, and a Laboratory of beginning with those of ProtectedDeep Freezing nearby the ZRI should Areas (within first 5 years), and laterinclude preservation of the genetic for the rest of the country (5-20

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7O

years). Within this activity is proposed * Data completion andthe mapping of sea meadows with standardisation:

Posidonia oceanica and Cymadocea * Establishment of a biodiversitynodosa, and those environments with database at the national level; and

reed coral {Corolum rubrum) and * Development of a co-operative and(Llpthophaga lipthophaga) which are open information network forcollected by fishermen and divers Interested parties at the local level.(within 1-3 years).

5,72 Establishment of a database on

5.68 Securing funds for biodiversity flora arid fauna to be used by existingmonitoring must be considered a institutions such as the BRI, MNS.

priority not only for government FRI, and FPRI is considered a highinstitutions, but also for the priority. Without a good database, itinternational community. The NEA, will not be possible to promoteGDFP, GDF, and others must better sustainable management ofco-ordinate their work programmes to blodiverslty. As a first step, aimprove efficiency. NGOs with their database for Protected Areas is

projects and programmes financed proposed, beginning with Nationalfrom internal and foreign donations Parks. To do so, the aboveshould also offer their contribution. A institutions must co-ordinate their

priority for BSAP implementation will work, and be supported withbe the development of blodiverslty equipment and necessary expertisemonitoring and research, from the state and donors.

INFORMATION USE ANDMANAOEMENT 5,73 Data creation and

standardisation will require better5,69 Information use and collaboration with speciallsed

management is another high priority international organisations.for blodiversity management and

protection in Albania. The lack of use 5,74 Development of an open and co-of existing knowledge of the country's operative information network for thcbiodiversity derives from the lack of an Interested parties will need to secureoperative and wen-organlsed the right of access to electronicInformation system in the country, information services such as theImproving the use of this information internet for central and localwill save time, money, and energy, Institutions, environmental NGOs,since this issue has not received and other groups interested in

enough attention in the past. information exchange. This willIncrease the efficacy of biodiversity

5,70 Article 56 of the constitution protection and management. As astates that everybody has the right to first step, It is recommended tobe informed concerning the state of provide electronic information servicesthe environment and its protection, to the central and speciallsedEstablishment of the Ministry of Institutions that are responsible forInformation is an important first step, data collection and management.which must be followed by other ones.

This action must be used to secure 5,75 Copyrights and intellectualthe necessary support to develop property rights must be respected andinformation programmes for regulated by the law and regulationsbiodiversity, pertaining to environmental

information. Such a legal framework5,71 To improve the quality and use must still be developed in Albania toof information and data on enhance bl0dlverstty management andblodlversity the following measures protection. For this reason Albaniaare proposed: must consult the existing

international legislation and· Maximal usc of the information regulations.

and existing data;

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EDUCATION, TRAINING AND EXTENSION and training of professionalSERVICE PROGRAMMES/INCREASING journalists for environmental mattersAWARENESS OF THE PUBLIC, POLICY- ts a priority for the media in Albania.MAKERS, AND DECISION-MAKERS

5.80 Providing a simple and5.76 Achieving tile objectives of the understandable message is importantCBD require increased public for environmental education and

awareness and sensibilisation of public awareness since highlydecision-makers and policy-makers, scientific presentations will notArticle 13 of the Convention states effectively increase the awareness ofthat the contracting parties must: the public. Increasing publicpromote and encourage understanding awareness of biodiversity wfil requireof the importance of, arid the measures simple messages to explain what isrequired for, the conservation of the biodiversity, why it is important, andbiological diversity, as well as its what needs to be done to preserve it.propagation through media, and the Preparation and publication of anyinclusion of these topics in educational guidelines to make a clear andprogrammes. In light of the low level of emotional communication with the

public awareness and environmental public for different aspects of theeducation in Albania, this is an blodiversity can be an important tool.important priority. Editing of popular books, which treat

the importance and the role of5.77 Programmes and projects to biodiversity for man, will also help toencourage public and community promote its sustainable managementparticipation in the process of and protection.biodiversity plamning and

management must be developed, 5.81 NGOs play an important role inencouraged, and implemented in the increasing the environmentalfuture. These programmes should be awareness in general, and forsuitable for the target age groups and biological diversity in particular. Theyprofessions. Environmental education often promote environmentalshould start with children under 7 education by carrying out concreteyears old, and be a priority for pupils actions for nature and biodiversityof elementary schools, protection. The state and NGOs

should work to renew the tradition of

5.78 Biodiversity protection should nature care. Special days or monthsreceive more attention in textbooks offer good opportunities forand progranlmes as a way of environmental education and publicdeveloping more environmentally awareness events. For example,aware citizens. December was the month of

reforestation and there can be special5.79 In a civil society the role of mass days such as Earth Day, Bird's Day,media in environmental education is Spring Day, and others.increasing. Although small progress

has been achieved, the Albanian 5.82 Implementing the abovemedia is still very much focused on recommendations will be the duty of apolitics and pays less attention to separate working group on Publicissues like biodiversity or the Education and Awareness proposed toenvironment. The infbrmation be established after BSAP approval.provided to readers or viewers is often

lacking, presented by people without 5.83 Training and qualificationadequate expertise, and is sometimes programmes on blodiversity study andwrong or difficult to be understood, management are another priority forGiven its importance in a post- Albania. These programmes mustCommunist society, the Albanian involve state institutions and

media must find more and better ways organisatlons, the NGO community,to inform the public and have a more and the private sector. Some of thepositive impact on its environmental objectives and directions of theseawareness and education. Formation programmes will be:

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72

· Focusing on professional trainingschemes for biodiverslty

management and protection;· Personnel training, of those that

work on a professional basis on'biodiver sity monitoring andmanagement;

· Training on particular issues ofbiodiversity action plans; and

· Encouraging a wider participationof the public with the nature as asource of education and pleasure.

5.84 Extension service on blodiversity

for land users is a long-term objective,but necessary to be developed in thefuture. This service must be organisedat the local level by the REAs, incollaboration with the speciallsedinstitutions in the country for

biodiver sity protection andmanagement (e.g., existing ones suchas the BRI, MNS, FPRI, and FRI, andnew ones such as the NPI).

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Figure 6. Functional Scheme for the Implementation of the CBD and BSAP

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74

CHAPTER 6

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN

REFORMANDINSTITUTIONALSTRENGTHENING

6.1 Reform and institutional include a plan for administration andstrengthening are essential to the creation of a decision-makingguarantee the implementation of the authority. Preparation of the law onBSAP. Only through completion and Watershed Management must also beimprovement of the legal framework, undertaken to harmonize thereforming and establishing suitable protection and use of water resourcesand responsible institutions, and for economic interests In a way, whichimproving law enforcement can we be mlnlmises adverse effects on theoptimistic for the future, ecosystem.

LEGISLATION INSTITUTIONALSTRENGTHENING

6.2 Legislation, which is coherent and 6.5 Strengthening of thc responsibleenforceable, will form the foundation state institutions for biodiversityfor sound biodlversity management, inventory, management, andOf particular importance will be the monitoring is also a high priority.approval of the proposed draft-law on Greater support must be given to theNature Protection and Biodlversity, strengthening and enlargement of theits harmonlsation with other sector NEA and its regional authorities, aslaws, and its supremacy over the well as creation of environmentalother laws and regulatory measures units in different sectors. For thison nature protection issues. The NEA reason, an important recent step isand DGFP must discuss and agree on the establishment of the Projectthe division of responsibilities Environmental Management Unitemanating from this law, (PEMU) in the Ministry of Agriculture

and Food {MAF), The establishment of6.3 Laws, which create autonomous such units in other sectors is alsoauthorities that encourage wide recommended.participation, will form thecornerstone for future law 6.6 In the framework of scientific and

enforcement. This process must be institutional reform, it is necessary toaccompanied by cooperation between create as soon as possible thepublic and private institutions in the Institute for Nature Conservationmanagement of Protected Areas .in (INC). The INC should beaccordance with management plans multldiscipllnary, and able to offerand the stated policies established by qualified guidance for biodiversitythe central environmental authorities, protection and sustainableThese policies should consider the management. Simultaneously,opinions of technical experts, and additional support is required for thehave publie approval, existing responsible institutions for

biodiversity inventory, management,6.4 The priority of the coastal area for and monitoring.the country's development warrantsthe preparation of the Law on Coastal 6.7 The consideration ofZone Management. Implementation of environmental issues, and particularlysuch a law can help to avoid biodiverslty, has been very weak In theenvironmental problems In the coastal decision-making process. With theareas. The law should be based on inclusion In the executive system ofthe principles of sustainable use and new concepts of territorialintegrated management and administration (watersheds, coastaldevelopment of this territory, and areas, and other territorial

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75

ecosystems), and with the preparation composed of the co-ordinators ofand approval of integrated laws on technical working groups. TheCoastal Zone Management, Protected Secretariat of the Cot_ventlon onAreas, and Watershed Management, Biological Diversity (SCBD) in thethe results of the decisions of the NEA, proposed for approval, will beinter-ministerial structures should be another important co-ordinationmore consistent with the principle of mechanism Their duty would be thesustainable development in the future, co-ordination of work and

programmes in the framework of the6.8 Decision-making of Inter- BSAP, and identification and securingministerial structures such as the of the financial resources for the

NCTP, NUC, and NEC, will yield better implementation of the landscape andresults if project assessment criteria biological diversity action plan.better incorporate environmentalissues, and not exclusively focus on DECENTRALIZATIONnatural resources exploitation.Establishment of the National Council 6.1 i Power decentralization and a

on Nature and Biodiversity (NCNB) wider autonomy for the localcan help to provide balance in the authorities is necessary for thedecision-making process, democratic development of the

country. More regional autonomy as it6.9 The NCNB would be composed of: is foreseen under the New(i) representatives of the Constitution will allow local andministries/institutions of the main regional authorities to becomesectors of the economy; (ii) increasingly active in the planningrepresentatives of the scientific and and management of the biological andacademic institutions in the area of natural resources they share. In thisbiodiversity and nature preservation; context, the implementation of theand (iii) representatives of the objectives of the CBD and the BSAP atenvironmental NGO community The the regional and local levels will beChairman of the NCNB would be the essential.Chairman of the Council of Ministers

(Prime Minister???), and its secretary 6.12 Laws and national programmeswould be the Chairman of the NEA. are effective if they are realized andThe establishment of this council implemented at the local level since

would promote proper decision- implementation of the BSAP can notmaking and prevent or minimize the be realized without the direct supportadverse effects of different and participation of the public andinterventions on the environment - local communities in the planning andespecially in the design and management of landscape andpreparation of national or regional biological diversity. Physical vicinityprogrammes and projects. Strategic with the natural environment,principles will be incorporated into the animals, plants, and habitats whichdecision-making process in order to have the need for protection andpromote their implementation in other proper management create a strongsectors since, without cooperation personal link of man and nature, andwith other sectors, the implementation focus particularly on the importanceof the CBD and BSAP can not be of nature protection. In addition,

guaranteed, many areas in towns and villages,which are not expected to be used for

DEVELOPMENT OF iNTER-SECTOR CO- buildings or streets, are the propertyORDINATIONMECHANISMS of the municipality or c3mmune.

Local authorities are directly

6.10 Development of inter-sectional responsible for the management of theco-ordination is also a high priority, public areas such as game areas,Establishment of the NCNB is the first parks, riverbanks, zoological gardens,step towards the achievement of this and green areas, These and otherobjective. The Implementation reasons must be kept in mind by theBoard of the CBD and BSAP would be central authorities, in particular those

Page 76: Biodiversity Action Plan

76

responsible for environmental, nature and experience to contribute toand biodiversity management and landscape and biological diversityprotection, inventory, planning, management,

and monitoring. Creation of the legalTHE NEEDS AND THE ROLE OF mechanisms to promc/te a widerTHE NOOsAND LOCAL involvement of these NGOs in this

COMMUNITIES process will better ensure theimplementation of the CBD and BSAP

6.13 Increasing the role of the NGOs in Albania.and local communities will be

essential for the implementation of the COST-BENEFIT ANALYSES OFCBD and BSAP since a precondition BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITYfor their implementation Is a well-informed public. Principle 10 of the 6.16 To date, man has not adequatelyRio Declaration says: "Every individual taken into account the environmentalhas the right to be informed concerning costs associated with natural andissues related to the environment, biological resources exploitation. Onlydealing with public authorities, when forced to pay for and/or repairincluding information on hazardous the damages or the loss to thesubstances and activities in collective, environment and btodlversity hasand to have the possibility to take part society become aware of their realin decision-making." A second value. This concept has only recentlyimportant step is the creation of the begun to be implemented in Albania.legal mechanisms for the participationof NGOs and the public in the 6.17 Cost-benefit analysis for thedecision-making process. NGO protection and preservation ofrepresentation in the NCNB, and the biological diversity, and the benefitImplementation Board of the CBD and from its use and preservation, mustBSAP, will institutionalize public be used to avoid non-economic and

participation in the decision-making non-sustainable practices andprocess, and be an important step policies. Cost-benefit analysis is anforward, instrument, which should be

increasingly used in the future for6.14 The scale of the public decision-making in sector policies, asparticipation in decision-making and well as for conservation practices.implementing the decisions taken inthe environmental area depends on INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATIONthe level of economic development,and cultural and social awareness. 6.18 Because of the lack of experienceNGOs, in particular environmental in the environment field, international

ones, play an important role in technical and financial co-operationincreasing the environmental has been, and continues to be, vitalawareness of the public, and of the for Albania. The opening of theimportance of improved environmental country in 1990 created wideprotection and biodiversity possibilities for such collaboration,management. Securing assistance for and its results are measurable.NGOs to develop their programmes forenvironmental education must be a 6.19 A number of programmes forpriority not only of the NGO forum technical assistance have made the

and Regional Environmental Centre transfer and use of international(REC], but also for the state, experience possible. ThesePartnerships of the state with NGOs programmes have been important forworking on the environmental are a increasing the professionalism of ournew objective of NGOs, which must be experts in environment. EUdeveloped In the future, programmes, such as PHARE, and

LIFE, the World Bank, the Global

6.15 A number of Albanian NGOs, in Environment Facility {GEF), UNDP,collaboration with international ones, UNEP, and technical assistance from

have developed sufficient expertise the governments of the USA (USA/D),

Page 77: Biodiversity Action Plan

77

Germany (GTZ), Italy, and has increased. A number of contactsNetherlands (SNV) and others, have all have been established with UNEP,contributed to this effort. UNESCO, IUCN, REC, WWF,

EURONATUR, Birdlifc International,6.20 The benefits of international co- EUCC, and others. Besides

operation have also been realized by strengthening co-operation with theseenvironmental NGOs. A number of organisatlons, which is a continuousenvironmental NGOs such as PPNEA, priority, establishment of links andASPBM, AQUARIUS, ABA, Forestry co-operation with other internationalProgress, the Albanian Ecological organisation is also recommended.Club, and others have had a These include:

successful co-operation withinternational organlsations such as * World Conservation Monitoringthe IUCN, WWF, EURONATURE, REC, Centre (WCMC) offering data onBirdlife International, protected areas and endangeredMIL1EUKONTAKT, and counterpart species;associations in neighbouring and · European Environmental Agencyother European countries. (EEA);

· European Thematic Centre on6.21 There are three primary Nature Conservation (ETC/NC inmechanisms for developing the framework of CORINE and

international co-operation: NATURA 2000 programmes);

· PLANTA EUROPA through the· Conventions; project on Important Plant Areas;

· Co-operation with International · European Commission, DG IX -Organisations; and the process of conforming to

· Agreements and bilateral European legislation;activities. * Federation of EUROPARK -

Exchange of Experience and6.22 Adherence of Albania to PHARE projectinternational environmental · ICOMOS International Council on

conventions such as Ramsar, the Cultural Monuments;CBD, and the Barcelona Convention * IPGRI - International Institute ofhave had important impacts on the Plant Genetic Resources;

environmental policy. It increases * ECP/GR - European Co-operationAlbania's international obligations as Programme on Genetic Resources;a party to these conventions, and · EUFORGEN - Europeanincreases the possibilities to raise Programme on Forest Geneticforeign funds. The examples of Resources;Karavasta, MedWet 2 and MedWet 3, · SAVE - Protection of AgriculturalThe Lake Ohrid Conservation Project, Varieties In Europe; andCoastal Zone Management Program * UNIDO - United Nation's

and others demonstrate this fact. Industrial DevelopmentStrengthening Albania's compliance Organisatton.with these international conventions,

and signing other conventions such as 6.24 Although there have beenBonn, International Trade of achievements in international co-

Endangered Species of Flora and operation for the environment,Fauna (CITES) is a priority. The bfiateral intergovernmentalstrengthening of the links with agreements and interministerial onesRamsar Convention can be done

or memoranda of understanding onthrough designation of other Ramsar environment are lacking. In othersites such as Shkodra Lake, Lake

countries, these are valuable practicesOhrid, Lake Prespa, and Narta Lagoon for environmental integration Into- all of which fulfil the conditions to be Europe, and have enhanced theincluded on the Ramsar list. implementation of the environmental

programmes In Central Eastern6.23 Co-operation with International European Countries. The onlyOrganizations during the past years

Page 78: Biodiversity Action Plan

78

agreement signed with the German · GEF/World Bank;Ministry of the Environment made · UNESCO;

possible the removal of 460 tons of · Ramsar Convention;dangerous and damaged pesticides. · UNEP;

Other agreements, particularly with · European Union;nelghbouring countries for issues like · IUCN;transboundary co-operation, use of · WWF;natural resources, and technical · REC for Central and Eastern

assistance for specific programmes are Europe; andrequired. In the framework of · Econet Fund (EUCC,international conventions, co-

EURONATUR, Euro Sites).operative work planning with

nelghbours can yield positive results. 6.28 Creation of a Blodiverslty

STRATEGY FOR BSAP Special Fund from the State and ItsIMPLEMENTATION administration in the Interest of

blodiversity protection would beanother instrument, which could be6.25 The work to be carried out forestablished to guarantee financial

BSAP implementation includes: support of the CBD and BSAP

· · Dialogue and co-ordination Implementation process.

processes; 6.29 Support of identified projects· Identification and securing of and those to be identified and

financial resources; prepared in the future in the· Reducing economic barriers to framework of the implementation of

biodiversity preservation; the BSAP Is necessary to achieve CBD· Finding and implementation of the objectives. The GEF will be contacted

proper mechanisms; together with other donors to make· Project support; and possible preparation and financing of· MOnitoring. a national project for biodiversity

based on the priority actions identified6.26 The NEA and Its regional offices, in the BSAP. The general meeting tothe National Council for Nature and present the BSAP to the GovernmentBiodiversity (NCNB), and the and donors will serve as a step toSecretariat of the Convention on identify and secure support for theBiological Diversity {SCBD) proposed BSAP.to be established at the NEA will be

responsible for the implementation of 6.30 The BSAP is not the final act. It

the CBD and BSAP, and monitoring can change and must change togetherthis process, with the changes in the country. It

must adapt to the new conditions6.27 For poor countries like Albania, created as part of the economic andinvestments for nature protection, in social development of the country.comparison with other sectors, receive BSAP preparation is the firstless attention. Still, it Is imperative important step along the long andthat modern states not only exploit challenging road to preservation andthese resources, but also, preserve, sustainable management of the

protect, and rehabilitate them for country's biological and landscapefuture generations. It is the duty of diversity - the wealth upon which ourthe central and local government, common futuredepends.scientific and research institutions,NGOs, and other to convince

international organizations anddonors to invest in Sustainable nature

protection and the Improvedmanagement of landscape andbiological diversity in Albania. Some ofmain financial sources can be:

Page 79: Biodiversity Action Plan

79

Appendix/Annexes

A List of the Experts for the Preparation of the BSAP

Management Task ForceDr. Ferdinand Bego --Biologist, Tlrana University {TU), Museum of Natural Sciences (MNS)Dr. Mynyr Koni --Biologist, Academy of Sciences (AS), Institute of Biological Research (IBR)Prof. Janl Vangjell -Biologist, AS, IBRProf. Kastriot Misja --Biologist, TU, MNSMark Cosmo --International Consultant, ALBANIA 2001

National Consultants

Ass. Prof. Babl Ruci -- Biologist, AS, IBRProf. Dalip Habili -- Forest Engineer, Forest and Pasture Research Institute (FRPI)Prof. Perikli Qlrjazl -- Geographer, TU, Faculty of History and PhilologyAss. Prof. Kozlna Buzo -- Biologist, TU, Botanical Garden (BG)Dr. Andrian Vaso --Biologist, AQUARIUS{NGO) .Prof. Niko Pano --Hydrologist, AS, Hydrometereologlcal Institute (HMI)Prof. Niko Peja -- Ecologist, TU, Faculty of Natural Sciences (FNS}Prof. Leke Gjiknurl -- Zoologist, TU, FNSProf. Mural XhulaJ -- Botanist, TU, FNSProf. Ndoc Rakaj -- IchthyologistLefter Veshl -- Soft SpecialistPro[. Ntkolla Konomi -- Geologist, Technical Tlrana University {TTU)Prof. Mlhallaq Kotro -- Forest Engineer, Agricultural Tlrana University {ATU)Dr. Maxhun Dida -- Forest Engineer, FPRIAss. Prof. Idriz Haxhlu -- Zoologist, TU, MNSDr. Taulant Bino -- Ornithologist, TU, MNSRoland Kristo -- Ichthyologist, Fishery Research Institute (FRI)Ass. Prof. Eqerem Kapedanl, -- Ichthyologist, Fishery Research Institute {FRI)Dr. Aleksander Flloko, -- Ichthyologist {Private Sector)Ass. Prof. Alfred Mullaj, -- Biologist, AS, IBRAss. Prof. Lefter Kashta, -- Biologist, AS, IBRDr. Petrit Hoda, -- Biologist, TU, BGAss. Prof. Gjovalin Gruda, --Geographer, Shkodra University "LuigJ Gurakuqf'Ass. Prof. Dhlmiter Dhora, --Biologist, Shkodra University "Luigj Gnrakuqf'Ass. Prof. Sabri Laqi, -- Economical Geographer, TUDr. Aleko Mlho, -- Biologist, TU, FNSAss. Prof. Mersin Mersinllarl, -- Botanist, TU, FNS

Ass. Prof. Arsen Proko, --Biologist, Agricultural Tirana University (ATU}Nihat Dragotl, -- Forest Engineer, GDFPProf. Kristaq Kume, -- Institute of Zootechnical ,Research {IZR)Merita SpahillarL -- National Seed Institute (NSI)Ass. Prof. Vangjel Andoni, -- BiologistPandeli Pasho, -- PaleontologistValbona Shutina, -- AQUARIUS (NGO)Elto Mazrekn, -- Lawyer,Enio HaxhimihalL --LawyerDamian Gjiknurl, --LawyerArben Pustina, MsD Forest Engineer, National EnvironmentalAgency (NEA)Drita Dade, --NEAGene Pasko, --National Committee of Tourism

Kujtim Jaho, --Ministry of DefenceDr. Mihallaq Qirjo, --Regional Environmental Center (REC}-Tlrana officeJuli Hoxha, -- ORT, Democracy Network

Advisory PanelDr. Maksim Deliana--Chalrman of the NEA

Prof. Dr. Lek_ Gjiknurl--Biologist, Chairman of the PPNEADr. Kol_ Malaj--Forester, Director of the GDFPDr. Aleksanct_r Flloko--Biologist, private sectorMSc, Zamir Dedej--Hydrobiologist

Page 80: Biodiversity Action Plan

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Rod

oni/5

kend

erbe

gca

stle

and

itsm

edie

val

chur

ch,

12.

Rru

shku

ll-E

rzen

i2,

700

ha,

Man

aged

Nat

ure

Dur

res

dist

rict

An

area

ofth

eve

ryty

pica

lal

luvi

alM

edite

rran

ean

fore

stof

Aln

us,

Riv

erO

utle

t-

ofw

hich

Res

erve

{Cat

egor

yIV

)gl

utin

osa,

Ulm

usca

mpe

stri

s,F

raxi

nus

angu

stif

olia

,an

dot

hers

.Sa

ndB

isht

it

Pall/

/s-P

orin

1400

hadu

nes

rela

tivel

yw

ell

deve

lope

d,ha

lo-p

hyte

and

hygr

o-ph

yte

vege

tatio

n,R

oman

ow

ater

and

apl

ante

dpi

nefo

rest

can

befo

und

inth

isar

ea.

Wat

erbi

rdan

dsu

rfac

e,w

ater

fow

lce

nsus

esof

the

last

two

year

sha

veid

entif

ied

this

area

asan

impo

rtan

tIB

A{o

ver

10,O

00w

ater

bird

san

dw

etla

ndbi

rds

have

been

Page 82: Biodiversity Action Plan

82

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coun

ted

here

).T

heE

rzen

iR

iver

Del

tais

impo

rtan

tfo

rm

igra

tory

fish

I

spec

ies

bree

ding

infr

eshw

ater

.Po

sido

nta

mea

dow

s,P

osid

onia

ocea

nica

,an

dve

ryw

ell

deve

lope

dm

arin

eco

mm

uniti

esar

efo

und

alon

gth

ero

cky

litto

ral

and

Port

oR

oman

oba

y.

13.

Cap

eL

agli/

Tur

ra60

0ha

Scie

ntif

icR

eser

veK

avaj

aA

very

typi

cal

Med

iterr

anea

nm

aque

s,w

here

the

anci

ent

tert

iary

'C

astle

{Cat

egor

yl)

spec

ies

Lau

rus

nobi

lisgr

ows

inna

tura

lco

nditi

ons,

and

can

occa

sion

ally

befo

und

inth

etr

ees,

Som

ene

wm

utat

ions

ofth

ispl

ant

spec

ies

have

thri

ved

insi

deth

ear

ea,

too.

14.

Vili

_B

osht

ov/_

-12

,000

haN

atio

nal

Park

Lus

hnja

and

Itis

the

mos

tim

port

ant

biod

iver

slty

area

inth

eco

untr

y's

coas

tal

zone

.

Shkt

unbi

niR

iver

(Cat

egor

yH

)K

avaj

adi

stri

cts

,T

hem

ost

impo

rtan

tIB

Afo

rth

eco

untr

yan

don

eof

the

mos

tim

port

ant

outle

t-

Div

jaka

-in

the

Med

iterr

anea

n(o

ver

45,0

00w

inte

ring

wat

erbi

rds

ofab

out

70K

arav

asta

-Sem

ani

spec

ies)

.B

reed

ing

site

ofth

egl

obal

lyth

reat

ened

spec

ies

Pel

ecan

usR

iver

Out

let

cris

pus.

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ersi

tyof

habi

tats

:ri

ver

delta

,la

goon

,sa

nddu

nes,

psam

ophy

te,

halo

phyt

e,hy

drop

hyte

and

hygr

ophy

teve

geta

tion,

and

lpi

nefo

rest

with

pres

ence

ofJu

nipe

rus

rnon

ocar

pa.

Thr

eeen

dem

icpl

ant

spec

ies

(Orc

hida

ceae

)of

Orc

his

and

Ast

eral

bani

cus

are

foun

din

here

,w

hile

alon

gth

eri

ver

delta

the

glob

ally

thre

aten

edsp

ecie

sL

utra

lutr

aoc

curs

.It

isun

ique

for

the

herd

ofth

ew

ildca

ttle

Bos

prim

igen

ius

and

the

dom

estic

ated

wat

erbu

ffal

o(B

uba/

usbu

balis

),w

hich

are

foun

d

only

here

inA

lban

ia.

The

very

firs

tR

amsa

rsi

tefo

rth

eco

untr

y.A

n]

area

ofar

chae

olog

ical

and

hist

oric

alva

lues

,an

dgr

eat

pote

ntia

lfo

rec

otou

rism

deve

lopm

ent.

15.

Sem

ani

Riv

er1,

500

haM

anag

edN

atur

eFi

eri

The

mos

tim

port

ant

rive

rde

ltas

ofth

eco

untr

y,w

here

very

wel

lO

utle

t-Pi

sh/_

Poro

-R

eser

ve(C

ateg

ory

IV)

deve

lope

dsa

nddu

nes

{up

to4

mhi

gh),

and

psam

ophy

te,

hygr

ophy

te,

Sem

ani

Riv

erha

loph

yte

vege

tatio

nca

nbe

foun

d.A

nar

eaof

exte

nded

Med

iterr

anea

nO

utle

tpi

nefo

rest

s.B

esid

esL

atra

lutr

a,th

eV

josa

rive

r'sw

ater

sar

eim

port

ant

for

mig

rato

ryfi

shsp

ecie

s(S

alm

osp

.).

Ano

ther

impo

rtan

t1B

Afo

rth

eco

untr

yre

gard

ing

bird

sof

prey

{Fal

conf

form

es).

16.

Vjo

saR

iver

Out

let-

3,40

0ha

Man

aged

Nat

ure

Vlo

raA

nar

eari

chin

wet

land

san

dw

ater

bird

s.V

ery

wel

lde

velo

ped

sand

Pish

6Po

ro(V

lora

)R

eser

ve(C

ateg

ory

IV)

dune

sps

amop

hyte

,hy

dro-

hygr

ophy

te,

and

halo

phyt

eve

geta

tion

take

plac

ein

side

the

area

.

17.

Nar

taL

agoo

n-

6500

haL

ands

cape

Prot

ecte

dV

lora

Des

pite

itsec

olog

ical

prob

lem

sN

arta

lago

onis

seco

ndaf

ter

Kar

avas

taZ

v/_r

nec

mA

rea

(Cat

egor

yV

)fo

rits

orni

thol

ogic

alva

lues

(20,

000

win

teri

ngw

ater

bird

sof

abou

t40

spec

ies)

.A

san

IBA

for

the

coun

try

the

area

beco

mes

impo

rtan

tw

hen

one

cons

ider

sth

atP

elic

anus

cris

pus

feed

she

rean

dP

heni

copt

erus

Page 83: Biodiversity Action Plan

83

i_!

_:i_

ii_i

i¸¸

¸'¸!il¸¸

rabe

rfe

eds

and

rest

sdu

ring

itsm

igra

tion.

The

salt

plai

nin

the

nort

hof

the

lago

onpr

ovid

esap

prop

riat

ebr

eedi

ngha

bita

tsfo

ra

num

ber

ofbi

rds.

Alo

ngth

eN

arta

lago

onty

pica

lM

edite

rran

ean

flor

aan

dfa

una

occu

r.Z

v/_r

necl

Isle

tin

the

sout

hof

the

lago

onis

cove

red

with

ever

gree

nfo

rest

ofC

ypre

sus

span

dP

iata

eia

lent

tscu

s.A

med

ieva

lm

onas

tery

ofcu

ltur

alan

dhi

stor

ical

valu

esis

loca

ted

onit

sso

uth

edge

.A

nar

eaof

pote

ntia

lec

otou

tism

deve

lopm

ent.

i

18.

Llo

gora

-O

riku

m,

35,0

00ha

Nat

iona

lPa

rkV

lora

The

area

ofth

ehi

ghes

tbt

odiv

ersi

tyva

lues

inth

eco

untr

y,an

don

eof

Kar

abur

tm-

Saza

n-(M

arin

e/T

erre

stri

al)

the

mos

tim

port

ant

inth

eM

edite

rran

ean

basi

n:al

pine

and

suba

lpin

eR

adhi

mi_

-Tra

g)as

-{C

ateg

ory

II)

past

ures

and

mea

dow

s;M

aced

onia

nin

'{A

bica

bori

ssi-

regi

s)fo

rest

Duk

atm

ixed

wit

hpi

nefo

rest

sof

Pin

usni

gra,

Pin

usle

ucod

erm

is;

mix

edde

cidu

ous

woo

dlan

dw

ith

Que

reas

cocc

ifer

a,Q

.m

acro

lepi

s:ty

pica

lM

edit

erra

nean

maq

ues;

typi

cal

rock

yco

asta

lve

geta

tion

;w

etla

nds

wit

hre

sidu

esof

allu

vial

fore

sts;

aw

ell

deve

lope

dlit

tora

lan

dbe

ntho

s;po

sido

nia

mea

dow

s(P

osid

onia

ocea

nica

};in

the

mar

ine

wat

ers

one

can

freq

uent

lyfi

nddo

lphi

ns(D

elph

inus

delp

hian

dT

ursi

ops

trun

catu

s};

the

,m

onk

seal

(Mon

achu

sm

onac

hus)

may

visi

tth

eca

ves

and

shor

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the

Ear

abur

unl

peni

nsul

a;no

rth

limit

ofal

lianc

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leo-

Cer

atin

ion,

End

emic

,su

bend

emic

,an

dm

any

rare

and

thre

aten

edta

xaoc

cur

insi

deth

ear

ea,

such

asT

axus

baca

ta,

Cer

aton

iasi

liqua

,P

itym

ysfe

lten

i,P

itym

ysth

omoo

si,

and

othe

rs.

Hig

hpo

tent

ial

for

tour

ism

and

ecot

ouri

smde

velo

pmen

t.

19.

Can

yon

ofG

jipes

e1,

200

haL

andg

cape

Prot

ecte

dV

lora

Ver

yat

trac

tive

land

scap

eof

quite

part

icul

aran

din

tere

stin

gA

rea

(Cat

egor

yV

)ge

omor

phol

oglc

form

atio

nsw

here

cave

sar

eno

tm

issi

ng.

20.

Port

oPa

lerm

o60

0ha

Stri

ctN

atur

eR

eser

veV

lora

The

best

-pre

serv

edm

arin

ean

dco

asta

lar

eaof

high

scie

ntif

icva

lues

in(M

arin

e/T

erre

stri

al)

the

coun

try.

Ave

ryw

ell

deve

lope

dlit

tora

l,w

here

one

can

mee

ta

{Cat

egor

yl)

num

ber

ofth

reat

ened

taxa

prot

ecte

dby

inte

rnat

iona

ltr

eatie

s(B

arce

lona

conv

entio

n).

Of

nole

ssim

port

ance

isits

terr

estr

ial

part

with

very

exte

nded

beds

ofE

upho

rbia

dend

roid

esan

dSa

lvia

trilo

ba.

The

pres

ence

ofth

eA

liPa

sha

cast

leac

ids

som

ehi

stor

ical

valu

esto

the

)_

area

,to

o.

2l.

Bor

shi

Stre

am2

kmSc

icnU

t'mR

eser

veSa

rand

aA

stre

amw

ithw

ell

deve

lope

dan

dpr

eser

ved

site

sof

Ner

ium

olea

nder

(Cat

egor

yI)

alon

gits

dow

nstr

eam

.

22.._

.K

akom

eba

yan

d22

00ha

Pro

tect

edL

ands

cape

Sara

nda

An

area

ofve

ryat

trac

tive

land

scap

ean

dse

asca

pe,

ofsc

ient

ific

,

Page 84: Biodiversity Action Plan

84

Cap

eQ

efal

ian

dSe

asca

peA

rea

tour

istlc

and

recr

eatio

nal

valu

es.

As

am

ifita

ryar

eait

isw

e[[

pres

erve

d(C

ateg

ory

V)

and

prov

ides

rest

ing

site

sfo

rth

ese

atu

rtle

Car

etta

care

tta,

ave

ryth

reat

ened

spec

ies

tnth

eM

edite

rran

ean.

The

occu

rren

ceof

this

spec

ies

inti

nsar

eagi

ves

ave

ryun

ique

valu

ean

dim

port

ance

toth

ear

eain

natio

nal

cont

ext;

som

e40

0ha

part

ofth

isar

eato

bede

sign

ated

asSc

ient

ific

Res

erve

(Cat

egor

yI)

.

23.

{_uk

aC

hann

el-

1,00

0ha

Prot

ecte

dL

ands

cape

Sara

nda

The

area

,in

part

icul

arK

sam

ifi's

smal

lis

land

sve

rycl

osed

toth

eK

sam

fii

Bay

and

and

Seas

cape

Are

ase

asho

re,

form

ave

ryun

ique

and

won

derf

ulla

ndsc

ape/

seas

cape

.T

heIs

land

s(C

ateg

ory

V}

isla

nds

are

cove

red

bya

very

typi

cal

and

deve

lope

dM

edite

rran

ean

ever

gree

nve

geta

tion,

whi

lein

the

mar

ine

wat

erth

ere

Isa

very

rich

flora

and

faun

a-

mos

tno

tabl

yH

alop

hyla

stip

uloc

eaan

dPi

nna

nobi

lisw

hich

are

both

prot

ecte

dsp

ecie

sby

conv

entio

nsto

whi

chA

lban

iais

aP

arty

.So

me

400

haou

tof

1,00

0ha

ofth

ear

eash

ould

bede

sign

ated

asSt

rict

Nat

ure

Res

erve

(Cat

egor

yI]

.

24.

But

rint

iL

ake

and

4,00

0ha

Mul

tiple

Use

Are

a,

Sara

nda

and

Insp

iteof

itsec

olog

ical

prob

lem

s,B

utri

nti

lake

lsan

impo

rtan

tar

eaits

Surr

ound

ings

{Cat

egor

yV

I)D

elvi

nafo

rits

icht

hyof

auna

/aqu

acul

ture

and

avif

auna

.In

the

lake

Myt

ilus

sp.

iscu

ltiv

ated

-pr

ay/d

ing

the

area

with

impo

rtan

tec

onom

ic'il

valu

es.

Buf

f(R

r_za

)la

ketn

the

Sout

heas

tof

But

rinU

adds

othe

rna

tura

lan

d

biol

ogic

alva

lues

toth

ear

ea.

Typ

ical

Med

iterr

anea

nfo

rest

ofQ

uerc

usili

cis,

Q.

robu

r,A

lnus

glut

inos

a,U

lmus

cam

pest

ris,

Fra

xinu

san

gust

ifol

iaan

dot

hers

with

rich

faun

ain

inse

cts

and

rept

iles

cove

rsm

ost

ofth

ean

cien

tci

tyof

But

rint

lw

hich

has

been

desi

gnat

edas

aU

NE

SCO

Site

.T

hean

cien

tci

ty,

alon

gw

ithne

arby

cast

les,

brin

gsbo

thhi

stor

ical

and

cultu

ral

valu

esto

the

area

and

mak

esit

very

attr

activ

efo

rvi

sito

rsan

dto

uris

ts.

25Pa

gane

-C

ape

500

ha,

Stri

ctN

atur

eR

eser

veSa

rand

aT

rans

borm

dnry

Prot

ecte

dA

rea.

One

ofth

ebe

stpr

eser

ved

mar

ine

and

'St

filo

and

Isla

nds

Mar

ine

and

coas

tal

area

sof

the

coun

try

with

high

scie

ntif

icva

lues

for

itsve

ryw

ell

terr

estr

ial

(Cat

egor

yde

velo

ped

litto

ral

zone

.O

fno

less

impo

rtan

ceap

pear

sis

itste

rres

tria

lI)

part

with

very

typi

cal

Med

iterr

anea

nm

aqui

s.T

heoc

curr

ence

ofT

estu

dom

argi

nain

insi

deth

ear

eais

ofve

ryhi

ghsc

ient

ific

valu

e.

Bog

a-T

heth

i-{C

ateg

ory

I1)

Shko

dra

and

dive

rsity

inth

eco

untr

y's

cont

inen

tal

part

:hi

ghdi

vers

ityin

habi

tats

.V

albo

na-

Gas

hi-

Tro

poJa

anim

alsp

ecie

s,an

dpl

ant

spec

ies.

The

area

iseh

arac

terl

sed

bypi

ne.

Cur

raj

fir.

beec

hfo

rest

s,ex

tend

edsu

balp

ine

and

alpi

nem

eado

ws

and

Page 85: Biodiversity Action Plan

85

past

ures

,m

ount

ain

stre

ams

and

rive

r,fo

rest

ofC

asta

nea

saliv

ain

natu

ral

cond

ition

s.A

rich

area

inen

dem

ican

dsu

bend

emic

spec

ies.

The

only

site

Inth

eco

untr

yw

here

one

can

find

fore

sts

ofPl

cea

abie

s(a

flor

istie

elem

ent

ofC

entr

alE

urop

e).

Big

gam

ean

dth

reat

ened

spec

ies

like

Urs

usar

ctos

,C

auls

lupu

s,F

elts

lynx

,R

upic

opra

rupi

capr

a,C

apre

olus

capr

eolu

san

dSu

ssc

rofa

occu

rIn

side

the

area

,w

hile

bird

sin

clud

eT

etro

our

ogal

lus

and

Aqu

ilach

rysa

etos

.It

ison

eof

the

mos

tim

port

ant

mou

ntai

nIB

As

ofth

eco

untr

y.A

long

the

clea

nw

ater

sof

the

Val

bona

and

$hal

ari

vers

the

glob

ally

thre

aten

edsp

ecie

sL

utra

lutr

ais

foun

d.B

esid

esits

natu

re,

land

scap

e,an

dsc

ient

ific

valu

es,

the

area

has

grea

tpo

tent

ial

for

alpi

neto

uris

m/e

coto

uris

mde

velo

pmen

t.

27.

Raz

ma

1,50

0ha

l.anr

t_ea

pePr

otec

ted

Mal

i_si

eM

adhe

An

area

ofdi

stin

guis

hed

land

scap

ebe

auty

whi

chis

freq

uent

edas

aA

rea

(Cat

egor

yV

)re

crea

tion

site

and

tour

istic

plac

eby

prim

arily

loca

lpe

ople

.C

onif

erou

s(p

ine)

and

deci

duou

sbr

oadl

eaf

(bee

ch)

fore

sts

cove

rm

ost

ofth

ear

ea.

Itts

incl

uded

inth

epr

ogra

mm

eof

prio

rity

area

sfo

rto

uris

mde

velo

pmen

t.

28.

Dow

nst

ream

ofth

e20

kmL

ands

cape

Prot

ecte

dT

ropo

jaA

very

clea

nri

ver

(dri

nkab

lew

ater

inits

uppe

rpa

rt),

ofsp

ecia

lin

tere

stV

albo

lmri

ver

Are

a(C

ateg

ory

V)

and

impo

rtan

cefo

rtr

out

($al

mo

sp.)

repr

oduc

tion

.O

ccur

renc

eof

Lut

ralu

tra.

The

dow

nstr

eam

ofth

eV

albo

nari

ver

isan

attr

activ

ela

ndsc

ape,

and

cove

red

with

typi

cal

ripa

rian

vege

tatio

n.

29.

Hel

shan

iFo

rest

-2,

200

haM

anag

edN

atur

eH

asi

An

area

cove

red

with

oak

woo

dlan

dof

asp

ecia

lIn

tere

stin

full

Fier

zaL

akes

hore

Res

erve

(Cat

egor

yIV

)ha

rmon

yw

ithth

cla

ndsc

ape

alon

gth

ela

kesh

ore.

Cha

ract

eris

ticbi

rdan

dm

amm

alco

mm

uniti

esar

efo

und

insi

deth

ear

ea.

The

wat

ers

ofth

e

lake

host

ari

chic

hthy

ofau

na,

and

the

lake

shor

eho

lds

pote

ntia

lsfo

r'

ecot

ouri

smac

tiviti

es.

30,

Tej

Dri

niB

ardh

e6,

500

haR

esou

rces

Has

t,

Tra

nsbo

unda

ryPr

otec

ted

Are

a,si

tuat

edne

xtto

thc

rive

rD

rini

iZ

i.A

Res

erve

/Mul

tiple

use

rich

woo

dlan

dar

eaw

ith

wel

lde

velo

ped

flor

aan

dfa

una

com

mun

ities

.ar

ea(C

ateg

ory

VI)

Asm

all

part

ofth

ear

eaha

sbe

ende

sign

ated

for

prot

ectio

n,an

dno

wit

ispr

opos

edth

atth

een

tire

fore

stun

itbe

desi

gnat

edas

such

.

31.

_Bje

shka

eO

rosh

iC5,

000

haR

esou

rces

Mtr

dita

Ver

yex

tend

edal

pine

past

ures

and

mea

dow

s,an

dve

ryin

tere

stin

gan

dR

eser

ve/M

ultip

leus

eim

port

ant

geol

ogic

alca

rsti

cfo

rmat

ions

{hor

izon

tal

and

vert

ical

cave

s),

Oro

shi's

Alp

ine

area

{Cat

egor

yV

I)of

grea

tsc

lent

ffic

and

aest

hetic

impo

rtan

ce.

An

area

ofla

ndsc

ape

]M

eado

wbe

auty

and

attr

activ

enes

sw

ithpo

tent

ial

for

ecot

ourl

smde

velo

pmen

t.I

--

p.

....

......

--....

Page 86: Biodiversity Action Plan

86

_

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_;_:

:_,,<

32.

T_r

buni

3,00

0ha

,R

esou

rces

Puka

T_r

bunf

sal

pine

mea

dow

sre

pres

ent

adi

vers

ela

ndsc

ape

ofa

spec

ial

'R

eser

ve/M

ultip

leus

ebe

auty

,w

hich

hold

sgr

eat

pote

ntia

lfo

rto

uris

m.

Fore

sts

inits

low

erar

ea(C

ateg

ory

VI)

part

,ri

chfl

ora

and

faun

a,in

tere

stin

gge

olog

ical

form

atio

ns,

and

wat

ers

prov

ide

num

erou

sre

crea

tiona

lop

port

uniti

es.

Situ

ated

clos

elo

Puka

tow

n,th

ear

eaof

fers

real

oppo

rtun

ities

for

the

loca

lco

mm

unity

tode

velo

pye

ar-r

ound

ecot

ouri

smac

tiviti

es.

33

.B

irza

na

1,7

00

ha

Man

aged

Nat

ure

Lez

ha

'T

yp

ical

Med

iter

ran

ean

veg

etat

ion

dom

inat

edby

mlx

edw

oodla

nd,

whic

hR

eser

ve(C

ateg

ory

lV/

ism

ostly

oak.

The

shru

bsan

dhe

rbac

eous

vege

tati

onar

ew

ell

deve

lope

d.A

mon

gth

ehe

rbs

loca

ted

here

,th

ere

are

seve

ral

med

ical

plan

ts.

Fau

nais

rich

and

char

acte

rist

icof

Med

iterr

anea

nw

oodl

and.

Am

ong

the

mam

mal

she

reth

ere

are

wil

dbo

ar,

wol

f,re

dfo

x,be

ech

mar

ten,

and

othe

rs.

The

area

has

been

used

asa

gam

ere

serv

ein

the

past

.

34.

"Kur

ora

eL

ur_s

-12

,000

haN

atio

nal

Park

,D

ibra

,M

all,

Ver

yhi

ghbi

odiv

ersi

tyva

lues

:di

vers

eha

bita

tty

pes;

grea

tnu

mbe

rof

Zall

Gjo

caj-

(Cate

gory

lf)

Mtr

dit

apla

nt

and

anim

al

specie

s:m

an

yg

lacia

lla

kes

wit

hch

ara

cte

rist

icK

unor

/_V

alm

ori"

aqua

ticve

geta

tion

{Nym

phae

a,N

upha

r,et

c.)

and

faun

a;al

pine

mea

dow

s,pi

nefo

rest

ofP

inus

peac

ean

dP

.le

ucod

erm

is,

and

beec

hfo

rest

(Fag

ussy

loat

lca)

;th

ree

ende

mic

spec

ies,

seve

ral

sube

ndem

icsp

ecie

s,an

dan

cien

tsp

ecie

s;ga

me

spec

ies

such

asU

rsus

arct

os,

Cun

islu

pus,

Fel

isly

nx,

Rup

icap

raru

pica

pra,

and

the

occu

rren

ceof

Tet

rao

uroq

allu

san

dA

quila

chry

saet

os.

The

area

repr

esen

tson

eof

the

mos

tIm

port

ant

mou

ntai

nIB

As

and

the

mos

tIm

port

ant

Cen

ter

for

the

abov

em

enti

oned

big

mam

mal

sin

the

coun

try.

Bes

ides

its

high

natu

rean

dsc

ient

ific

valu

es,

this

area

has

tour

isti

can

dla

ndsc

ape

beau

tyva

lues

ofa

spec

ial

inte

rest

,an

dre

pres

ents

one

ofth

em

ost

visi

ted

mou

ntai

nous

area

sin

the

coun

try

insp

ite

ofbe

ing

dhT

mul

tto

acce

ss.

The

natu

ral

and

biol

ogic

alva

lues

,as

wel

las

part

icul

arla

ndsc

ape

beau

ty,

prov

ide

grea

tpo

tent

ial

for

tour

ism

deve

lopm

ent

asan

impo

rtan

tin

com

ege

nera

ting

activ

ity

for

the

loca

lpe

ople

and

Nat

iona

lP

ark

adin

inis

traU

on.

35.

Fore

stof

Pin

us1,

000

haSc

ient

ffie

Res

erve

Mat

ian

dT

heon

lypl

ace

ofvi

rgin

fore

stof

Ptnu

spe

uce

inA

lban

ia.

Thi

san

cien

tp

euce

inA

llam

an(C

ateg

ory

I)B

ulq

iza

wood

spec

ies

shou

ldb

ep

ut

un

der

stri

ctp

rote

ctio

n.

36.

"Liq

ein

iZ

ff-

Th

e2

,00

0h

aL

and

scap

eP

rote

cted

Bn

lqiz

aA

nal

mo

stv

irg

inar

eaof

rich

bio

logic

alre

sourc

es.

The

landsc

ape

and

Bla

ckla

ke:

Are

a(C

ateg

ory

V)

the

glac

ial

lake

itsel

fpr

esen

top

port

uniti

esfo

rre

crea

tiona

lan

dI

ecot

ouri

smac

tivity

.

Page 87: Biodiversity Action Plan

87

:No:

Prot

ecte

dA

rea

::Si

ze

37.

Kor

abi-

Shis

htav

eci

20,0

00ha

Lan

dsca

pePr

otec

ted

Dib

raan

dT

rans

boun

dary

Prot

ecte

dA

reas

ofqu

itedi

vers

eha

bita

ts:

alpi

nean

dM

assi

fA

rea

(Cat

egor

yV

)K

uki_

sisu

balp

ine

past

ures

,m

ount

ain

wet

land

s,pi

ne,

beec

han

doa

kfo

rest

s.A

nar

eaof

ende

mic

,su

bend

emic

and

relic

tsp

ecie

ssu

chas

:N

arth

eciu

msc

ardi

cum

,R

anun

calu

sw

etsh

tein

i,R

.de

geai

,an

dT

riph

oliu

mw

etsh

tein

i.O

ccur

renc

eof

big

mam

mal

sU

rsus

arct

os,

Can

tslu

pus,

Fel

tsly

nx,

Rup

icap

rani

pica

pra,

Cap

reol

usca

preo

lus.

Tog

ethe

rw

ithth

eSh

arov

aM

ount

ain

(Nat

iona

lPa

rk,

FYR

OM

)th

isar

eare

pres

ents

anim

port

ant

regi

onal

bioc

orri

dor

ofth

eB

alka

npe

nins

ula.

Tile

natu

ral,

bio

logic

alan

dla

nd

scap

ev

alu

eso

fth

ear

eah

ave

po

ten

tial

for

deve

lopi

ngto

uris

mac

tiviti

es,

inpa

rtic

ular

alpi

neto

uris

m,

alon

gw

ithtr

aditi

onal

use

and

activ

ity.

38.

Fore

stof

Bei

nla

400

haN

atur

eM

onum

ent

Kuk

esi

Asm

all

tran

sbou

ndar

yar

eath

atin

clud

esth

eon

lypl

ace

inth

eco

untr

ype

ndul

aof

(Cat

egor

yII

I)w

here

Bet

ula

pend

ula

crea

tes

afo

rest

.Sh

isht

avec

i

39.

Qal

'eSh

tam

a-L

iqej

t3,

500

haL

ands

cape

Prot

ecte

dK

ruja

and

Mat

tPi

nean

dbe

ech

fore

sts,

whe

reth

een

dem

icsp

ecie

sF

orsy

thia

euro

pea

eG

erm

anjit

Are

a(C

ateg

ory

V)

occu

rs.

Tile

Shta

ma

pass

and

Ger

man

jfs

lake

sof

fer

aest

hetic

,la

ndsc

ape,

and

recr

eati

onal

and

cura

tive

valu

es.

Par

tof

the

area

has

been

used

assu

chpl

ace

even

inth

epa

st.

40.

Mou

ntai

nR

idge

3,80

0ha

Lan

dsca

pePr

otec

ted

Kru

jaan

dA

nar

eaof

land

scap

e,cu

ltura

lan

dhi

stor

ical

valu

es.

Wel

lde

velo

ped

"Kru

ja-T

ujan

ffA

rea

(Cat

egor

yV

)T

iran

aca

rstie

form

atio

ns(c

anyo

nsan

dca

ves)

;de

grad

edM

edite

rran

ean

shru

bsat

low

erel

evat

ions

,be

ech

fore

stat

altit

udes

high

erth

an90

0m

.It

isad

jace

ntto

the

Daj

tiN

atio

nal

Park

and

the

Bov

illa

wat

erba

sin.

41.

Daj

ti-Pr

iska

-Mal

t16

,000

haN

atio

nal

Park

Tir

ana

An

area

whe

reon

eca

ndi

stin

guis

hal

mos

tal

lth

em

ain

coun

try'

sm

eG

ropa

(Cat

egor

yII

)ph

ytog

eogr

aphi

cal

units

:M

edite

rran

ean

shru

blan

d(m

aqui

s),

oak

fore

sts

(Que

rcei

nm),

beec

hfo

rest

s(F

aget

um),

and

suba

lpin

e/al

pine

mea

dow

san

dpa

stur

es.

Insi

deth

ear

eath

ere

are

grou

psof

rare

and

prot

ecte

dw

ood

spec

ies

ofC

asta

nea

sp.

and

nut.

The

rear

eal

soth

reat

ened

mam

mal

ssu

chas

Can

islu

pus,

Urs

usar

ctos

,Su

ssc

rofa

,M

arte

sfo

ina,

and

Fel

Ls

sylv

estr

ls.

Itis

anim

port

ant

IBA

intil

eco

untr

y.B

esid

essc

ient

ific

,an

dna

tura

lan

dbi

olog

ical

valu

es,

the

area

has

also

land

scap

e,re

crea

tiona

l,an

dto

uris

tlcva

lues

,ba

sed

onw

hich

inco

me-

gene

ratin

gac

tiviti

esca

nbe

deve

lope

d.A

man

agem

ent

and

adm

inis

trat

ion

plan

isal

read

ypr

epar

edfo

rth

ew

hole

area

prop

osed

asa

Nat

iona

lPa

rk.

Page 88: Biodiversity Action Plan

88

42.

BIZ

e-M

arta

nesh

16,0

00ha

Lan

dsca

pePr

otec

ted

Tir

ana

and

MaU

Ver

yex

tend

edal

pine

and

suba

lpin

em

eado

ws

and

past

ures

and

beec

hA

rea

(Cat

egor

yV

)fo

rest

s{F

agus

sylv

atic

a);

very

inte

nsiv

ean

dex

tend

edca

rstic

(hol

es,

cave

s)fo

rmat

ions

;ve

ryat

trac

tive

land

scap

ebe

autie

s.O

ccur

renc

eof

Urs

usar

ctos

,C

ants

lupu

s,F

elts

lynx

,F

ells

sylv

estr

is,

Cap

reol

usca

preo

lus,

and

othe

rs.

Thi

sar

eafu

nctio

nsas

abi

ocen

ter

and

bioc

orri

dor

for

anu

mbe

rof

spec

ies

ofna

tiona

lan

dim

port

ance

such

asB

ear,

Wol

f,an

dR

oeD

eer.

As

anar

eaof

very

part

icul

arla

ndsc

ape

beau

ties

itof

fers

grea

tpo

tent

ial

for

tour

ism

deve

lopm

ent.

The

size

ofth

epr

opos

edPr

otec

ted

Are

ado

esno

tex

clud

eth

esu

stai

nabl

eus

eof

natu

ral

and

biol

ogic

alre

sour

ces

ofth

issi

tefo

rac

tiviti

essu

chas

hunt

ing,

fore

stry

,an

dgr

azin

g.

43.

RaJ

c//-

Sheb

enik

-8,

000

haSc

ient

ific

Res

erve

/L

lbra

zhdl

Tra

nsbo

unda

ryPr

otec

ted

Are

a.H

igh

biod

iver

sity

valu

es:

virg

info

rest

sQ

arri

sht/_

Stri

ctN

atur

eR

eser

vedo

min

ated

bybe

ech

(Fag

etum

),bu

tth

ere

are

also

othe

rw

ood

spec

ies

(Cat

egor

yI)

{Pin

uspe

uce,

Bet

ula

alba

etc.

);al

pine

and

suba

lpin

em

eado

ws

onse

rpen

tine,

dom

inat

edby

Vio

ladu

cagi

nlca

;an

den

dem

ican

dsu

bend

emic

plan

tsp

ecie

s.Im

port

ant

bioc

ente

ran

dbi

ocor

rido

rfo

rbi

gm

amm

als

(Urs

usar

ctos

,C

ants

lupu

s,F

ells

lynx

,R

upic

apra

rupi

capr

a,an

dC

apre

olus

capr

eolu

s)of

supr

areg

iona

l/Bal

kan

inte

rest

and

impo

rtan

ce.

44.

Kut

urm

an-Q

afe

4,10

0ha

Man

aged

Nat

ure

Lib

razh

dlan

dIn

spite

ofda

mag

esca

used

inth

epa

st(w

ood

cutti

ng,

over

hunt

ing)

,th

eB

ushi

:R

eser

ve(C

ateg

ory

IV)

Elb

asan

iar

east

illpo

sses

ses

natu

ral

and

biol

ogic

alva

lues

,pa

rtic

ular

lyas

anm

area

ofex

tend

edoa

kfo

rest

s(Q

uerc

etum

).T

hear

eaha

scr

ucia

lim

port

ance

for

wild

boar

(Sas

scro

fa).

The

area

has

been

used

asa

gam

ere

serv

ein

the

past

.

45.

Rra

pish

teL

abin

ot-

35km

Lan

dsca

pePr

otec

ted

Lib

razh

dlan

di

Alo

ngth

isse

ctio

nup

stre

amof

the

Shku

mbi

niri

ver

ther

ets

still

aw

ell-

Qul

_ds

Are

a(C

ateg

ory

V)

Elb

asan

ipr

eser

ved

and

char

acte

rist

icri

pari

anw

oodl

and

ofP

lata

nus

orie

ntal

ts,

havi

ngve

rysp

ecia

lae

sthe

tican

dla

ndsc

ape

valu

es.

46.

Shpa

t-Po

lis-

Sopo

t35

,000

haL

ands

cape

Prot

ecte

dE

lbas

ani,

Thi

sve

ryex

tend

edar

eain

clud

esa

vari

ety

ofha

bita

ts;

pine

and

beec

h-

Gur

ii

Top

it-

Are

a(C

ateg

ory

V)

Llb

razh

dl,

fore

sts,

alpi

nean

dsu

balp

ine

mea

dow

san

dpa

stur

es,

glac

ial

lake

s,an

dV

alam

are-

Hol

t_-

Pogr

adec

i,K

ori_

aw

efia

nds.

Occ

urre

nce

ofen

dem

ican

dsu

bend

emic

plan

tsp

ecie

s;B

ulga

rG

ram

shi

impo

rtan

tbi

ocen

ter

and

bioc

orri

dor

for

big

mam

mal

s(U

rsus

arct

os,

Can

tslu

pus,

Fel

lsly

nx,

Rup

icap

raru

pica

pra,

and

Cap

reol

usca

preo

lus)

;an

dm

igra

tion

rout

efo

rbi

rds

ofpr

eym

ake

this

area

ofre

gion

alin

tere

st

Page 89: Biodiversity Action Plan
Page 90: Biodiversity Action Plan

9O

grow

thfo

rest

sof

Fag

tts

sylv

afic

a,P

inus

sp.

and

Que

rcus

sp..

An

impo

rtan

tar

eafo

rbi

gm

amm

als,

part

icul

arly

for

Sus

scro

faan

dR

upic

aprc

tru

pica

pra.

51.

Pisk

al-S

hqer

ri5,

400

haR

esou

rces

Res

erve

/K

olon

jaA

good

part

ofth

ear

eais

occu

pied

byex

tend

edde

grad

edoa

kfo

rest

s,M

ulti

ple

Use

Are

aw

bich

stif

fm

aint

ain

thei

rin

tere

stan

dim

port

ance

for

the

wild

boar

(Cat

egor

yV

I)(S

ussc

rofa

),an

dot

her

taxa

tied

tooa

kw

oodl

and.

The

area

isim

port

ant

for

firew

ood

supp

ly,

graz

ing,

gam

ehu

ntin

gfo

rth

elo

cal

com

mun

ity.

Und

erth

epr

opos

edpr

otec

tion

cate

gory

thes

eac

tiviti

es'

wou

ldbe

cont

rolle

dan

dre

gula

ted

inor

der

toen

sure

the

fore

stre

habi

litat

ion

and

rest

ore

the

lost

natu

ral

and

land

scap

eva

lues

ofth

esi

te,

52.

G_r

men

j-Sh

eleg

ur/_

-15

000

haN

atio

nal

Park

(cat

eg.

Kol

onja

An

impo

rtan

ttr

ansb

ouud

ary

Prot

ecte

dA

reas

whi

ches

tabl

ishe

sth

eL

esko

vlk

II)

cont

inua

tion

ofna

tura

lha

bita

tsbe

twee

nG

reec

ean

dA

lban

ia.

Goo

dan

dhe

alth

ypi

ne,

fir

and

beec

hfo

rest

s,w

hich

prov

ide

suita

ble

habi

tats

for

big

gam

e,su

chas

the

bear

(Urs

usar

ctos

],w

olf

(Can

tslu

pus)

,de

er(C

apre

olus

eapr

eolu

s),

etc.

,ar

est

illpr

eser

ved

insi

deth

ear

ea.

The

pres

ence

ofm

ount

ain

wet

land

s(s

mal

lgl

acia

lla

kes)

brin

gspa

rtic

ular

scie

ntif

icva

lues

toth

issi

te.

The

very

part

icul

arsc

ient

ific

,to

uris

tican

dre

crea

tiona

lva

lues

ofth

ear

eaar

eof

feri

nggr

eat

and

real

pote

ntia

lsfo

rth

ede

velo

pmen

tof

the

ecol

ogic

alto

uris

man

dot

her

recr

eatio

nal

activ

ities

,th

atw

ould

brin

gso

me

inco

mes

and

pros

peri

tyto

the

loca

lco

mm

unity

itse

lf.

53.

Tom

orr

i-K

ulm

aku

28,0

00

ha

Nat

ion

alP

ark

Ber

ati

and

,T

he

mo

stim

po

rtan

tar

eain

the

sou

thco

nti

nen

tal

par

to

fth

eco

un

try

Mou

ntai

ns{C

ateg

ory

II)

Skra

pari

inte

rms

ofri

chne

ssof

biod

iver

sity

.T

heri

ches

tsi

teof

the

coun

try

inen

dem

ican

dsu

bend

emic

spec

ies.

Var

iety

ofha

bita

ts:

alpi

nean

dsu

balp

ine

past

ures

and

mea

dow

s,an

dpi

nean

dbe

ech

fore

sts.

All

impo

rtan

tIB

Aan

dbi

ocen

ter

for

big

mam

mal

ssu

chas

Urs

asar

etos

,C

ants

lupu

s,ar

idot

hers

.B

esid

esit

sna

ture

,la

ndsc

ape,

and

scie

ntif

icva

lues

,th

ear

eaha

scu

ltura

l,hi

stor

ical

,an

dre

ligio

usva

lues

whi

chto

geth

erof

fer

grea

top

port

uniti

esfo

rsu

stai

nabl

eto

urts

m/e

coto

uris

mde

velo

pmen

t.

54.

Hot

ova'

sFi

r-4,

200

haN

atio

nal

Park

P/ir

met

iA

nar

eaof

high

biol

ogic

alan

dla

ndsc

ape

dive

rsity

.B

igga

me

such

as

Dan

gil

li(C

ate

gory

II)

bear,

wolf

,w

ild

boar,

roe

deer

and

oth

ers

are

pre

sent

inth

eare

a.

Out

stan

ding

old

grow

thfi

rfo

rest

m/x

edw

ithoa

kis

foun

din

itslo

wer

Ilin

e,as

wel

las

typi

cal

Med

iterr

anea

nw

oodl

ands

and

shru

bsin

side

the

Page 91: Biodiversity Action Plan

91

mar

ea.

His

tori

cal

and

cultu

ral

site

sar

eal

sopr

esen

the

re.

Som

e1,

200

haof

the

area

have

been

rece

ntly

desi

gnat

edas

aN

atio

nal

Park

,bu

t:

the

enla

rgem

ent

ofth

ear

eais

need

edto

ensu

reth

em

aint

enan

ceof

itsna

tura

lan

dbi

olog

ical

valu

esan

dpr

ovid

eop

port

uniti

esto

deve

lop

tour

istic

auld

recr

eatio

nal

activ

ities

for

the

bene

fit

ofth

elo

cal

com

mun

ity.

55.

Vjo

saV

alle

y-

40km

Lan

dsca

pePr

otec

ted

Piir

met

iV

josa

rive

ris

shar

edbe

twee

nA

lban

iaan

dG

reec

e.It

ison

eof

the

(_ar

qovi

5A

rea

(Cat

egor

yV

)cl

eane

stan

dth

em

ost

impo

rtan

tri

vers

oftil

eco

untr

yfo

rits

aqua

tic

flor

aan

dfa

una

com

mun

ities

.T

heri

ver

isim

port

ant

for

the

glob

ally

thre

aten

edsp

ecie

sL

utra

latr

a,fo

ra

num

ber

ofpr

otec

ted

bat

spec

ies,

and

for

mig

rato

r,/

fish

spec

ies

(Sal

mo

sp.)

.O

fve

rym

uch

inte

rest

are

I

the

flor

aan

dfa

una

alon

gth

eri

ver.

Insp

iteof

bein

gun

der

cons

tant

hum

andi

stur

banc

e,th

eri

ver

isst

illco

nser

ved

inna

tura

lco

nditi

ons

in

'so

me

part

s/se

gmen

tsof

the

valle

y;on

eof

them

isth

eri

ver

valle

yse

gmen

tfr

omPe

rmet

ito

_arg

ova.

The

valle

yho

lds

stri

king

land

scap

ebe

autie

sw

ithsp

ecia

lto

uris

tican

dre

crea

tiona

lva

lues

.

56

.C

old

Wat

er-

50

krn

Lan

dsc

ape

Pro

tect

edT

epel

ena,

Anoth

erim

port

ant

segm

ent

of

the

Vjo

saR

iver

and

apar

tof

Dri

n's

atK

6lcy

raG

orge

and

1,50

0A

rea

(Cat

egor

yV

)P_

rmef

i.th

epo

int

whe

reth

etw

ori

vers

com

eto

geth

er.

The

area

has

natu

ral,

haG

jirok

astr

asc

ient

ific

,la

ndsc

ape,

and

recr

eatio

nal

valu

esw

hich

dese

rve

prot

ectio

nan

dm

anag

emen

tto

ensu

reth

em

aint

enan

cean

dhn

prov

emen

tof

such

valu

es.

57.

Zhe

Ji-Z

agor

i3,

500

haL

ands

cape

Prot

ecte

dG

jirok

astr

aA

nar

eaof

spec

ial

natu

ral,

biol

ogic

al,

and

land

scap

eva

lues

whi

chA

rea

(Cat

ego

ryV

)p

rov

ides

gre

atp

ote

nti

alfo

ree

oto

uri

sman

dre

crea

tio

nac

tiv

ity

.

58.

Kar

dhtq

1,80

0ha

Scie

ntif

icR

eser

veG

jirok

astr

aT

his

isa

larg

eoa

kfo

rest

dom

inat

edby

Que

rcns

cerr

isan

dQ

ucrc

us(C

ateg

ory

I1fr

aiae

ito.

The

Que

rcus

cerr

isfo

rest

isac

com

pani

edby

vari

ous

othe

rtr

ees

such

asF

raxi

nas

omus

,A

cer

cam

pest

re.

Ace

rob

tura

tum

,an

dso

me

Tili

apl

atyp

hyllo

san

dT

ilia

tom

ento

sa.

The

shru

bla

yer

and

herb

aceo

usve

geta

tion

are

wel

lpr

eser

ved.

Asm

all

fore

stof

Abi

esbo

risi

i-re

gis

with

Pin

usni

gra

occu

rsab

ove

the

oak

fore

st.

An

area

ofqu

itech

arac

teri

stic

bird

and

mam

mal

com

mun

ity

toth

eM

edite

rran

ean

woo

dlan

d.A

num

ber

ofsp

ecia

lta

xasu

chas

:A

escu

lus

hipp

ocos

tanu

m,

Tili

ato

men

tosa

,T

ilia

plat

yphy

llos,

Tax

usba

ccat

a,Q

uerc

usile

x,Sa

ture

jam

onta

na,

Ori

ganu

mva

lgar

e,an

dA

grim

onia

eupa

tori

aar

efo

und

insi

dem

the

area

.I [

Page 92: Biodiversity Action Plan

92

59.

Sott

ra's

F/r

1,74

0ha

$cie

nt/f

icR

eser

ve/

Ojir

okas

tra

On

the

basi

sof

the

Eco

logi

cal

Surv

eyof

the

Hig

hFo

rest

sof

Alb

ania

,St

rict

Nat

ure

this

area

gain

edth

est

atus

ofN

atur

eM

onum

ent.

Bec

ause

ofits

Res

erve

.{C

ateg

ory

I)re

lativ

ely

larg

esi

ze,

and

base

dup

onth

eIU

CN

crite

ria

and

del't

uitio

ns,

the

stat

usof

Scie

ntif

icR

eser

ve/S

tric

tN

atur

eR

eser

vesh

ould

begi

ven

toth

isar

eaIn

stea

dof

that

ofa

Nat

ural

Mon

umen

t.

60D

rino

-Sot

/re

1000

0ha

Lan

dsca

pePr

otec

ted

Gjir

okas

tra

An

area

ofna

tura

l,se

rain

atur

alan

dtr

aditi

onal

agri

cult

ural

land

scap

esA

rea

(cat

eg.

V)

that

are

wel

ld

evel

op

edan

dp

rese

rved

,si

tuat

edn

ext

toth

eb

oar

der

wit

hG

reec

e.T

heup

per

part

ofth

eD

rIno

'sri

ver

wat

ersh

edth

atof

fers

part

icul

arsc

enic

and

land

scap

ebe

auti

es.

The

villa

geof

Sotir

ais

very

char

acte

risU

can

dpr

ovid

eshi

stor

ical

valu

esan

dsp

ecia

lar

chite

ctur

e,an

dth

usis

carr

ying

alo

tof

oppo

rtun

ities

for

envi

ronm

enta

lso

und

tour

ism

deve

lopm

ent.

The

enti

rear

eaca

npl

ayth

ero

leof

the

buff

erzo

nefo

rth

eSo

ttra'

sFi

r-St

rict

Nat

ure

rese

rve.

61.

Rri

_zom

i_15

20ha

Lan

dsca

pePr

otec

ted

Del

vina

An

area

ofty

pica

lM

edite

rran

ean

vege

tatio

nfo

rth

ehi

llyan

dA

rea

(Cat

egor

yV

),

mou

ntai

nous

zone

.O

fa

spec

ial

impo

rtan

cear

eth

eab

unda

ntca

rsU

cw

ater

sour

ces

and

sprI

ngs

ofth

isar

ea,

asw

ell

asot

her

geol

ogic

alfo

rmat

ions

.T

heup

per

part

sof

this

area

repr

esen

tpa

rtof

the

mig

ratio

nro

utes

for

bird

sof

prey

.M

any

orch

ids

are

grow

nIn

this

area

,an

dth

eyar

eth

reat

ened

spec

ies

and

thus

dese

rve

prot

ectio

n.J

62.

Dhr

ovia

n-$y

rii

180

haN

atur

eM

onum

ent

Del

vina

Man

yca

rstic

spri

ngs

--on

eof

the

mos

tbe

autif

ulan

dpo

wer

ful

ones

isK

alt_

r(t

heB

lue

(Cat

egor

yII

I)ca

lled

_Blu

eE

ye.'

Alo

ngw

ithth

eca

rstic

spri

ngs

and

stre

ams

ofL

1YiS

Eye

)si

te,

ther

ear

eve

ryty

pica

laq

uatic

and

ripa

rian

vege

tatio

nan

dol

dw

oods

ofP

lata

nus

orie

ntal

is.

Inso

me

area

s,th

eve

geta

tion

isve

ryde

nse

and

thic

klik

ea

littl

e"j

ungl

e.'

Inth

isun

ique

area

ther

ew

asve

ryre

cent

lyre

cord

eda

new

bat

spec

ies

for

Alb

ania

,M

yoti

sbe

ehst

eini

.I

Page 93: Biodiversity Action Plan

93

B-2

Sum

mar

yS

tati

stic

sfo

rP

ropo

sed

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

Net

wor

kof

Pro

tect

edA

reas

Man

agem

ent

Cat

egor

y(b

yIU

CN

IN

o.of

Prot

ecte

dA

reas 9

14

54

02

3,2

5St

rict

Nat

ure

Res

erve

Scie

ntif

icR

eser

ve

[Cat

egor

yI)

9188200

42,1

0N

atio

nal

Park

(Cat

egor

yII

I

25

80

0,1

3N

atur

eM

onum

ent

(Cat

egor

yII

I)

Man

aged

Nat

ure

Res

erve

/Hab

itat

and

Spec

ies

1338

750

448,

68M

anag

emen

tA

rea

(Cat

egor

yIV

)L

ands

cape

/Sea

scap

ePr

otec

ted

Are

a(C

ateg

ory

2418

1020

145

40,5

0V

)

Res

ourc

esR

eser

ve/M

ultip

leU

seA

rea

(Cat

egor

y5

2390

05,

34V

I)

Note

s:

r

1)

The

Rep

rese

ntat

ive

Net

wor

kof

the

Prot

ecte

dA

reas

(RN

PA)

cove

rs14

.32

%of

the

terr

itory

ofth

eco

untr

y2)

The

RN

PA,

asde

fine

dhe

re,

does

not

incl

ude

eave

s,cl

iffs

,w

ater

falls

,ca

nyon

s,In

divi

dual

old

and

hist

oric

altr

ees

orgr

oup

oftr

ees,

and

othe

rpa

rtic

ular

smal

lte

rrito

ries

less

than

50ha

insi

zeth

atar

eco

nsid

ered

as'N

atur

alM

onum

ents

{Cat

egor

yIH

).

Page 94: Biodiversity Action Plan

, 94

dC List of the Endemic/Subendemic Taxa of Albania

Plants

1. Arenaria serpentini 15. AJuga piskol2. Polygonum albanlcum 16. $tachys sericiphylla3. Ranuncultts degenll 17'. Stachys albanica4. Lunaria telekiana 18. Wulfenia baldaccii5. $anguisorba albanlca 19. Asyneuma comosiforrne6. AlchemlUa albanlca 20. Petasltes doe!flerl7. Genista hassertlana 21. Centaure koi_'tninii8. Astragalus autrani 22. Centaure candelabrum9. Hypericum haplophylloides 23, Crepis bertiscea10. Viola dukadJlnlca 24. Colchicum pieperanum11. Ligusticum albanicam 25. Festueopsis serpentini12. Forsythia europaea 26. Crex markgrafi13. Moltkia doerferi 27. Orchis albanlca14. Alkanna sandwithi

AnimalsFish

1. Alosa faUax lacustrls 4. $aln_ letnica2. Chalcalburnus chalcoides tiranemsis 5. $almo letnica lumi

3. Rhodeus sericeus amarus 6. $almothymus ohridanus

Mollusca

1. Orlentalia curta 42. Valvata stenotrema2. Ohridohoratia pygmaea 43, Valvata rhabdoda3. Ohridohoratla carlnata 44. Valvata htrsutecostata4. Pollnsklola pollnskl 45. Acroloxus macedonicus

5. Polinskiola sturanyl 46. Acroloxux improvlsus6. Ohrldohauffenia depressa 47, Ancylus lapicidus7. Ohridohauffenia sublitoralis 48. Ancylus scalarinlformes8. Ohridohauffenia rotonda 49. Ancylus tapirules9. Ohridohauffenia drimica 50. Gyraulus lychnidicus10. Ohridohauffenia minuta 51. Gyraulus trapesoides11. Ohridohauffenia sanctinauml 52. Gyraulus albidus12. Ohrigocea samuili 53. Gyraulus crenophillus13. Ohrigocea karevt 54. Gyraulus fontinalis14. Ohrigocea miladinovorum15. Ohrigocea stankovici16. Dolapia ornata17. Gocea ohridana18. Pseudohoratia ohridana19. Pseudohoratla brustnae20. Pseudohoratia lacustrls

21. Lyhnidla gJorgjevici22, Lyhnldla hadzU23. Lyhnidia karamanl24, Lyhnidia stankovici25, Lyhnidia sublitoralis26. Strugia ohrldana27. Zaumia kusceri28. Zaumia sanctinaumi

29. Pyrgohydrobla grochmallckll30. Pyrgohydrobia sanctlnauml31. Pyrgohydrobia jablanicensls32. Chllopyrgula sturanyl33, Neofossarulus stankovici34. Macedopyrgula pavlovlci35, Macedopyrgula wagnerl36. Stankovlcia baicaliiformis37. Trachyohridia filocincta38. Ohridopyrgula macedontca39. Glnala munda

40. Xestopyrgula wagnerl41. Micropyrgula stankovici

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© _D C'D

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-No Taxon Ex EW CR EN VU LR DD

50 Albumusalbldus X

51 BarbusprespensJs X52 Leuciscuslllyrlcus X53 Salmoletnlea X

54 HIppocampusramulosus x55 Barbusgraecus i X56 Chalcalburnusbelvica IX57 Chalealburnusehalcoldes X

58 Chondrostomaprespensls X59 Pachychllon plctum X

60 Mlsgurnlsfossllls X61 Alosafallax !X

62 Cyprinuscarplo I X

63 Paraphoxlnuseplrotleus X64 Paraphoxlnusmlnutus X

65 i Paraphoxinus pstrossl X66 Sabanjewiaaurata X

67 Atherinaboyerl X68 Aphanlusfasclatus X

69 i Syngnathusabaster X70 Zosterlsessor X

oplocephalus

71 Xiphias gladlus X72 Thunnusalalunga X73 Carassius carassius X

Invertebrates

74 Bubrestlsslolendens X

I 75 Cerambyscerdo , X76 Morlmusfunereus X

77 Rosalla allolna X78 Osmoderma eremita X

79 Parnassius apollo X80 Coenagrlonmercuriale X

81 Sagapedo X82 Carabus lntrieatus X83 Formica X

pratensls / nigrlcans84 Formica rufa X

85 Lycaena dispar X86 Macultnea alcon X87 Macullneaorlon X88 Maeulineanausithous X89 Hlrundomedieinalis X

90 Hypodryasmaturna X91 , Prosperinus prosperlna I X

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E-1 List of Species for which the Species Action Plan will be Prepared within 1-2 years

Scientific Name Albaniau Common Scienlilic Name Albanian CommonName Name

Mamlnalla --_-- G__itar/_ 3. Scllmo letnlca Koranl1. Ursus arctos Ariu tyl, lclls

2. Canls lupus Ujku - S I. lumi ; Korani i lumit3. Lynx lynx Rri_qebulli - S. I. balcanicus Koranl i reres4. Fells silvestris Macja e egSr ..... - S. l. aestlvalis Koranl i dlmrlt5. Lutra lutra Lund/_rza 4, Salmothymzis Belushka

, ohridanus6. Monachus Foka e wesdheut;

monachus 5. Salmo trutta farlo_ Trofta malore (e egi_r)

7. Rhinolophus ----- Lakuriqi 6. M_blda mobular [ Lopa e detlteuryale hund/_paikua i ll_sects Insekte

mesdheut I. Sq__pedo Saga e stepave

8. Mqotis capaccinli ,_ _aknriq.i_.i_s_hti_gjat_ _ 2. Saga italica Saga itallane9. Myotis myotis Lakuriqi xesimliu i 3. Osmoderma Jeremltl {murgu)

madh eremlta

i 10. Tadarida tenlotls Lakurlql bishtlir_ 4. Cerambys cerdo Antenag}atl I zl 11I. Apodemus Mit! i shk6mbit dnshkut

m qstaclnus 5. Rosalia alpina Antenag, jati alpin12. Pit qmqsfelteni Miu i Felteni-it 6. Parrlassius apoUo Apollonja13. Pit!Ira!Is thomasi Miu i Thonlasi-iI 7. Lycaena dlspar Flaki_rroshja e arti_ e14, Bubalus bubalis Buallica madhe

15. Delphlnus delphi Delfiui 8. Maculinea alcon Kalt_roshja e vogel e

Aves Shpend/_ ki_net_s1. Pelecanus crlspus _ Pelikani ka_urrel 9. Maculinea arion Kalt/_rsohja njollazezi_2. Phalacrocorcl,_, i Karabullaku i vog/_l 10. Erebia oltomanus otomanjapygmaeus 11. Hypodryas Maturna3. Oxyura Rosa kok_bardh_ maturna

leucocephala 12. Phyllcdesma Fshik_endi_sja e ilqes4. Aythya nyroca____ Kryekuqja e vog/_l ilic!!blta ___

5. Circus maerour_ts Shqipjo e stepave 13. ProserFlrTus Proserpina6. Buteo rufinus Huta bish/bardh/_ _I2_serp ina

7. Haliaeetus alblcllla Shqiponja e deiit 14. Formica Milingona pratense8. Aquila clan_a Sbqiponj_a c rosavc t_raiensis9. Falco naumani -- Skifteri l_z_Formica rufa Mlllngona rufa

kthetraverdhb_ Mollusca (terresrial) Molusqi_t e toki_s

10. Tetrao urogaUus Gjeli i eger 1. Helot secernenda1 i. Bonasa bonasia Pula me 9atk_' -- 2. IIelix vladlca12. Crex crex Mbrcti i shkurt_s 3_?felix aspersa

13. Numenlus ---- Ko liku sqepholli Mollusca (marine} Molusqit e detittennuirostris 1. Lithofaqa_._z:_lith°facla Shk/_mb _pues

14. Gallinago media-- Sllapka t_-'nladll-e'_- .... 2. Venerupisujit decussatus

15, Larus adouinii Pul/_bardha e 3. Pinna nobilis Pina

Adouiniii 4. Charonla trltonls Gastropod

Rep/ilia _ _Rep111_ ..... varie_tata __1. Caretta caretta Breshk8 deli Crustacea Krustace

2. Dermochetys Breshk_ deli i. Pennaeus Karkalec detlcorlacea cheraturus

3, Testu. do mar_Jina_a Breshka malore 2. Homaras AstakolAmphibia Am fib(, _qam_larus1. Rana epelrotica Bretkosa e epiril --- 3. Pallnurus vulqaris Gambi_r

Knidarla Knidar_2. Rana balcanica Bretkosa e ___zakonshme J i. Corallum rubrum Korali i kuq.

-_. Rana lessonae Bretkosa e Vascular Plants Bim_ eni_soreleshterikui 1. Aesculus Geshtenje kall

Pisces Pest) q_ .... hlppocastanumi. Acipenser sturlo Blini 2. Quercus robur RrenJe2. Aclpenser naccari Blt,ii i bardhi _ 3, Beiula _endula Meshtekne

............ _ 4_._?_t)a n_atans Arre ujl

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Scientific Name Albanian Common Scientific Name Albanian CommonName Name

5. Slderitls raeseri _aJ mall 2. Marsilea Marslle

· 6. Orchis sp.div. Salep quadrlfolia7. Gymnospermium Lule helmi 3. Botrichium Botrik glethekamomilshqlpetarum rnatricarllfoliumFerns Fierna Funghi K_r_udha

i. Lycopodlum Ltkopod 1. Arturus archerilclavatum : 2. Cudonia ciclnas

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E-2 List of Species for which the Species Action Plan will be Prepared within 3-5 YearsScientific Name Albanian Common Scientific Name Albanian Common

Name Name

Mammalla Gjltari_ 24. Hieraeetus Shqiponja1. Myotis bechsteini Lakuriqi i Bechstelni- fasclatus blshtvlj_zuar

It 25. Hieraeetus Shqiponja e vogel2. Myotis daubentoni Lakuriql i pennatus

Daubentonit 26. Circaetus galllcus Shqlponja

3. Mi/otis nattereri Lakurlql l Nattererl-ti gJarp_rng/in_se4. N yctalus spp. Noktul_t 27, Faleo subbuteo Sklfteri 1 drur_ve

5. Plecotus spp. Lakuric[at vesh_jat/_ 28. Recurvirostra Sqepbiza6, Vespertilio Lakuriqi avoseita

murinus "climearg}end_" 29. Hlmantopus Kalor_sl7. Rhinolophus Hundipatkoi I vogel hlmantopus

hipposideros 30. Glareola Dall_ndyshe deti8. Rhlnolophus Hund_patkoi 1madh pratlncola

fermmequinum 31. Lams cachlnnans Pul_bardha9. Canis aureus _akallt kamb/_verdh_10. Meles meles Baldosa 32. Gelochelidon Dall_ndyshe detl

11. Mustela putorlus Qelb_si nilotlca k_mb_zez_12, Mattes martes Zardafi 33. Sterna Dall/_ndyshe deti

13, Sus scrofa Derrl 1 e/g_r sandvicensls pik_verdhi_14. Rupicapra Dhia e eg_r 34. Sterna hirundo Dallandyshe erupicapra zakon_shme e detlt15. Capreolus Kaprolli 35. Sterna albifrons Danandyshe deti

capreolus ball/_bardhi!Aves Shpend_ 36. Chlidonias Dall_ndyshe detlI. Phalacrocorax Karabunaku me hl/bridus fac[ebardhi/

aristotelis c_alk_ 37, Tyta alba KukuvaJka2. Phalacrocorax Karabullaku i madh mjek_roshecarbo 38. Bubo bubo Buff

3. Botaurus stellarls Gakthi 39. Asio otus Buff vesh_at_

4. Nicticorax _alka e nat_s 40. Remiz pendulinus Kolovat_sinicticorax 41. Parus lugubrls Trishtili i madh t

5. Ardeola raUoides _afka e verdh& murrm_6. Egretta garzetta _afka e vogel e 42. Dryocopus Qukapiku 1zi

bardh_ martlus

7. Ardea purpurea _afka e rrushit 43. Pieus vlridls Qukapiku 1_Jelb_r8. Ciconia ciconia Lejleku i bardh& 44. Plcus canus Qukaplki 1p_rhima9. Platalea leucorodia Sclepshpatukja 45. Dendrocopos Qukaplku l madh10, Plegadis Kojllku i zi major larosh

f alcinellus 46. Dendrocopos Qnkapiku ]arosh11. Milvus milvus Huta kuq_rreme s qriacus sirian

bishtg_rsh_r_ 47. Dendrocopos Qukaplku larosh12. Milvus migrans Huta e zez_ leueotos kurrizbardh_

blshtgirsh_r_ 48. Dendroeopos Qukapiku i mes_m13. Gypaetus Shkaba mjek_roshe medius laroshbarbatus _ 49. Dendrocopos Qukaplku i vogel

minor larosh14. Neophron Kall i qyqespercnopterus Reptilia Reptlli15. Aeglplus Shkaba e zez_ 1. Testudo hermani Breshkamonachus 2. Maureml/s casplca BreshkuJca

16. Gyps vulvus Shkaba 3. Lacerta vlridls Zhapiu i gjelb_rt17. Circus pygargus Shqipja e balltacleve 4. Lacerta irlllneata Zhaplu me tre visa

18, Circus cl/aneus Shclipja e fush_s 5. Podarcls erhardl Hardhue_ bari19. Circus ShqlpJa e k_netis 6. Podarcls Hardhue bishtg]at_aeruqinosus meliselencls

20. Aclplter nisus Gjerac[ina e shkurt//r 7, Ophlsaurus Bullarl21. AclPiter 9entills GJeraclina apodus22. Buteo buteo Huta 8. ColuberJuqularls Shig, jeta e _ate

23, Aquila pomarlna Shqiponja e vogel e 9. Coluber Shigjeta e shkurtirrosave !]emonensls

10. Elaphe Bolla e sht_pis_

i

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101

l

F-I List of Habitats for which Habitat Action Plans will be Prepared within 1-2 Years 11i

Medio and infralltoral Sea meadows of Posldonla aceanlca at Rodon,Porto-Romano, Karaburun, Sazan, Porto- iPalermo I

Lln (Ohrid lake} Site of intensive fish breeding and conservation IRiverine ecosystem "Buni-Drln-Vau 1Dej8s Breeding slte for Acipenser sturlo and

important migration route for other fishspecies

, Open sea waters Sublltoral (control for making evidence of theeventual presence of Caulerpa taxifotta)

I Sand dunes Sandy beaches and dunes along the low coastShrubs along the gravel river beds Shrubs with the presence of Nerlum oleander(Borsh}

Aluvlal hygrophll forests Forests of Alnus glutlnossa and Quercus robur(Patok, Vellpoji_)

Lakes Aquatic vegetation - habitats of Eiodeaeanadensls in Lake Ohrld to control further

expansion

F-2 List of Habitats for which Habitat Action Plans will be Prepared within 3-5 Years i1I

Sea meadows of fanerogams Meadows of Posidonia and those of Cymadocea.(Their inventory and mapping along the Adriaticand Ionian sea)

Rocky Coast "Forest" of Cystoseria. Inventory and mappingalong the Ionian Sca

Mediterranean Halo-Psamophil Meadows Along the coastal section Durres - VloreVegetation of Coastal Rocks Vegetation of the coastal section Karaburun-

Hlmare, and that of Ksamllt Islands

Lakes Habitats with aquatic plants and those with Trapanatans; habitats with Nympholdes peltata;vegetation along the lakeshore: restoration offorests with Sallx alba and Populus alba, and

m others along the eastern shore of Lake Shkodra,as well as in Lakes of Prespa and Belshi

Rivers Formations with Populus alba and othersdownstream on the Buns, Vjosa, Shkumblni, andSemanl rivers

i Xerophyte Shrubland Formation with Quercus ilex, and that withArbutus andrachne (_arshove-Sarandopore);

Garrige with Anthqlls hermania {Rrezome-Delvlne)Meadows Meadows with Deschampsia caespitosa, and

Cynosurus sp. (Blze)-Deciduous Broadleaf Forests Oak forests in Lcvan, Ishem, Belsh, Gorice,

Mlrdlte; Chestnut forest in Zdervaske-Pogradec,Gurakuq-Orenje; Forest with Betulus sp. itlShistavec-Kukes

Alluvial Forests Forest with Fraxtnus, Alnus, Ulmus- Rrnshkull

Coniferous Forests Forest of Ptcea shies in Valbona valley; Fir forestin Germenj-Shelegure; forest of Pinus peuce-Allaman, and that of Black Pine in Tu_ (Puke}

Semi-Deciduous Broadleaf Forest Forest of Quercus trojana on Rrenci mountainMarshes Reeds along the shores of Rreza lake {Sarandal;

vegetation along the Butrlnti channel; adjacentvegetation next to Narta lagoon

Irrigation channels Irrigation channel Vjose-Levan-Fier