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2.Hotspot Plant speciesMore than 13,000 species of vascular plants, 90 % endemicAt least 310 endemic genera of plants. Local endemism is high as well; some individual mountaintops have 150 to 200 endemic plants.Madagascar's signature endemic plant, traveler's tree 6 out of 8 species of the baobab, or bottle tree found in drier regions of the west and south Madagascar. bottle shaped trunks store large reserves of water(adaptation) Back to menu

3a.Hotspot Vertebrates- BirdsBirds of Madagascar low diversity but spectacular endemism. More than 300 bird species,60% endemic. Over 55 endemic species are currently threatened, and 32 have already gone extinct, mainly from the Mascarenes.Birds of the Indian Ocean islands- 10 bird species extinct in Runion since 1500 & all the endemic birds of Mauritius are threatened.

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Our research is based on-Madagascar & the Indian Ocean Islands HotspotRegion: Madagascar, Seychelles (including Aldabra), the Comoros, Mauritius (including Rodrigues), and the French overseas departments of Runion.Seychelles, Comoros & Mascarene islands in the Indian Ocean have many critically endangered bird species. Seychelles are also home to the only endemic family of amphibians: the Sooglossidae, and the Aldabra giant tortoise

3c.Hotspot Vertebrates- Fishessmaller islands are dominated by species with wide marine distributions, which enter both brackish and freshwater habitats. Madagascar's fish are mainly freshwater species of continental origin that have evolved on the island. nearly 100 endemic species of fish.

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3d.Hotspot Vertebrates- Reptiles & AmphibiansReptiles-one endemic reptile family but high species diversity and endemism96% of nearly 400 reptile species are endemic. chameleon diversity- proposed that all the worlds' chameleons originated here.endemic reptile in the Indian Ocean islands is the Seychelles' Aldabra giant tortoise . it is considered threatened by development, illegal trade, and natural disasters.

Amphibians- 2 endemic families of amphibians: Sooglossidae, found in the SeychellesMantellidae, endemic to Madagascar and Mayotte. Among the flagship amphibians are the beautiful frogs of the genera Mantella and Scaphiophryne and the tomato frog , a bright red, bullfrog-sized animal found only in a small corner of northeastern Madagascar. Back to menu

Hotspot Invertebrate faunaMadagascar: 5,800 species, 86% are endemic Some examples: terrestrial snails, dragonflies, tiger beetles,scarab beetles, true butterflies ,freshwater crayfish and freshwater shrimp.Seychelles: estimated 5,100 species, 80% are endemicunique and amazing invertebrate flagship species is the endemic giant tenebrionid beetle, restricted to 1 small island in the Seychelles, and one of the largest terrestrial invertebrates in the world. largest millipede and populations of the world's largest terrestrial invertebrate, the coconut or robber3b.Hotspot Vertebrates- MammalsMammals in MadagascarLow diversity, 90% endemic more than 150 mammal species. Lemurs are unique to Madagascar. represented by 5 families of primates. 72 kinds of lemurs (species and subspecies), representing 15 genera highest primate endemism in the world.One of the most unusual lemur species is the aye-aye more than 15 endemic bat species, including the Madagascar flying fox and numerous endemic rodents, like the unusual giant jumping rat primary predator of lemurs is the carnivore fossaThe endemic tenrecs, a unique family of insect-eating mammals, occupy the ecological niche that shrews and moles occupy elsewhere.

83b.Hotspot Vertebrates- Mammals (contd)Mammals are thinly distributed elsewhere on the Indian Ocean Islands, but include the world's largest bat, Livingstone's flying fox (Pteropus livingstonii, CR) on the Comoros.

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Hotspot- Food web & Food chain

Key species in this hotspot and their relationships with other species-Madagascar's signature endemic plant, the traveler's tree is pollinated by the island's flagship vertebrate species, the lemurs. Grandidier's baobab, the largest baobab species, is pollinated by nocturnal lemurs. It is the most heavily exploited tree with the fruit, seeds, wood and bark all being collected and used by local people for making rope and medicines. The greatest threat to this tree comes from the transformation of its habitat into agricultural landbut it is also threatened by fire, overgrazing and bark collection.Other Malagasy species are pollinated by fruit-eating bats.

14Role of abiotic factors in the HotspotSoil- is very moist, which allows many plants to grow and prosper there. Sunlight-lot of sunlight because of the large quantities of tall trees. These trees absorb all of the sunlight, which has caused the plants to adapt to this. Rainfall- abundant in the lowland rainforests, plants & animals adapted to it.Climate- of a lowland rainforest is hot and humid. If the climate gets any colder and dryer, many of the plants & animals would not be able to survive. Human Impact on the HotspotDemands from todays global markets threaten the diversity brought about by the isolation that the island of Madagascar has experienced. Deforestation, unsustainable agriculture and erosion fueled by human population growth all endanger the islands unique habitats. The result: several species such as lemurs and chameleons that evolved over millions of years may become extinct before the end of the century.

16Referenceshttp://www.eoearth.org/article/Biological_diversity_in_Madagascar_and_the_Indian_Ocean_Islandshttp://www.conservation.org/WHERE/PRIORITY_AREAS/HOTSPOTS/Pages/hotspots_main.aspxhttp://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/hotspots/index.html