Biodiversity pages 1-44 · Biodiversity Action Plan for Hampshire 4 Foreword When 150 heads of government signed the Convention on Biological Diversity at Rio de Janeiro in June 1992,

BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLANFOR HAMPSHIRE

H A M P S H I R E B I O D I V E R S I T Y P A R T N E R S H I P

V O L U M E O N E

Compiled by Jacklyn Johnston on behalf of theHampshire Biodiversity Partnership

VOLUME ONE

BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN

FOR HAMPSHIRE

Biodiversity Action Plan for Hampshire

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Hampshire Biodiversity Partnership

The Hampshire Biodiversity Partnership was initiated in July 1997 and consists of a range oforganisations that have an influence on the conservation of biodiversity. The Partnership aimsto establish a detailed program of action and engage everyone with an interest in biodiversity.Our goal is to conserve and enhance biodiversity in Hampshire for all who live in or visit thecounty. We would like to integrate additional organisations into the Partnership to progressthe action set out in this Plan. Current membership includes:

Basingstoke and Deane Borough Council

Country Landowners Association

Countryside Commission

East Hampshire District Council

Eastleigh Borough Council

English Nature

Environment Agency

Fareham Borough Council

Farming and Rural Conservation Agency

Forest Enterprise

Forestry Authority

The Game Conservancy Trust

Gosport Borough Council

Government Office for the South East

Hampshire Association of Parish and Town Councils

Hampshire County Council

Hampshire Wildlife Trust*

Hart District Council

Havant Borough Council

Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food

Ministry of Defence

National Farmers Union

New Forest District Council

Portsmouth City Council

Royal Society for the Protection of Birds

Rushmoor Borough Council

Southampton City Council

Test Valley Borough Council

Winchester City Council

* Some of the work undertaken by the Hampshire Wildlife Trust has been supported by the World Wide Fund for Nature.

Organisations in bold type are members of the Hampshire Biodiversity Partnership Steering Group.

For further information on the Biodiversity Action Plan for Hampshire contact:

David Pape, Environment Group, Planning Department, Hampshire County Council,TheCastle,Winchester SO23 8QE Tel: 01962 846739

The following organisations have contributed to the costs of producing this plan:

Hampshire County Council, English Nature, Environment Agency, Royal Society for theProtection of Birds, Hampshire Wildlife Trust, Eastleigh Borough Council, Basingstoke andDeane Borough Council, Rushmoor Borough Council, Gosport Borough Council, New ForestDistrict Council, Havant District Council, National Farmers Union.

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Contents

The Hampshire Biodiversity Partnership 2

Foreword 4

Summary 5

Chapter 1 Biodiversity 10

Chapter 2 A Biodiversity Action Plan for Hampshire 13

Chapter 3 The Biodiversity of Hampshire 17

Habitats 17

Species 30

Geographical Variation 36

Chapter 4 Habitat and Species Action Plans 45

Chapter 5 Information and Data 51

Chapter 6 General Issues Affecting Biodiversity 54

Chapter 7 Awareness and Involvement 61

Chapter 8 The Way Forward 63

Annex 1 Identification of Priority Species in Hampshire 64

Annex 2 Priority Species in Hampshire 65

References and sources of data used in the preparation of this plan 79


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Foreword

When 150 heads of government signed the Convention on Biological Diversity at Rio deJaneiro in June 1992, they were responding to a world-wide conviction that we must allcontribute to an initiative to limit the loss of animal and plant species. Gilbert White, writing atthe end of the eighteenth century, had no concept that man’s development could threaten thevery life systems of the earth, or that mankind could cause major extinctions. Homo sapiensnow appropriate between 20% and 40% of the solar energy captured in organic material byland plants. The Earth Summit of 1992 marked the moment when this crisis was recognised.

We are now committed to pursuing a policy of sustainable development and the monitoringof biodiversity is an essential element. The UK Biodiversity Action Plan of 1994 proposednational targets which could be used to measure the impact of development and highlightcases where policies are unsustainable. However since then at the national and internationallevel there has been only moderate progress in adopting sustainable policies. Much moreprogress has been made at the local level.

The Biodiversity Action Plan for Hampshire is an impressive example of how nationalobjectives can be translated into effective action at the county level. Without the knowledgeand commitment of the organisations within the Hampshire Biodiversity Partnership, therewould be little prospect of effective action. There is a great need for a comprehensivestatement on objectives and the means of implementation. This Plan provides a frameworkfrom which individual agencies and organisations can develop their own actions, partnershipprojects can be established, and progress can be monitored.

In May 1993 I chaired a seminar organised jointly by the Joint Nature ConservationCommittee and the Department of the Environment, at which key issues were identified forthe successful production of biodiversity action plans. We recognised then that the key tosuccess would be the active support and participation of as many people and organisations as possible.

Conserving biodiversity is not just about conserving the rare and endangered species, but alsoabout securing biodiversity in our everyday environment. We need to increase awareness ofthe biodiversity around us and we need to recognise that everyone can play a part. Those ofus who are fortunate enough to live in Hampshire now have the opportunity to put intoaction the proposals in the Biodiversity Action Plan for Hampshire.

Lord Selborne

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Summary

The Biodiversity Action Plan for Hampshire is produced in response to a growing concernfor biodiversity in the UK and throughout the world. This has become a particularly importantissue since the signing of the Convention on Biological Diversity at the Earth Summit in 1992.As a nation, we pledged to develop a strategy to halt the decline of biodiversity. Part of thatstrategy is the production of local biodiversity action plans to address the variety of actionsrequired at the local level across the UK.

Local biodiversity action plans differ from previous approaches to nature conservation in twoimportant ways: they are prepared by a wide partnership of individuals and organisations, andthey follow a very disciplined approach to auditing and target setting. The plans aim to ensurethat national targets are translated into effective action at the local level, and that importantlocal features are also fully included in strategies for action.

The Hampshire Biodiversity Partnership has been formed to advance the conservation andenhancement of biodiversity in Hampshire, and preparation of the Biodiversity Action Plan isthe first main task. The Plan will provide a strategy for action in two volumes: Volume 1, thestrategic framework and main courses of action, and Volume 2, the detailed action required forpriority habitats and species in the county.

The Biodiversity Action Plan provides the platform from which the Partnership will take action.Each partner organisation can review their own programmes and approaches to biodiversityagainst the objectives and targets outlined in the Plan. The Partnership will play a vital role instimulating and co-ordinating action, monitoring progress and reviewing priorities.

To advance biodiversity conservation in Hampshire, the Partnership has identified the following objectives:

• to audit the nature conservation resource of Hampshire

• to identify from the audit habitats and species of priority nature conservation concern,including those which are locally distinct

• to prepare action plans for habitats and species of priority concern and follow through withprogrammes of implementation and monitoring

• to ensure that data on habitats and species is sufficient to enable effective implementationand monitoring of biodiversity objectives

• to review general issues affecting biodiversity, such as agriculture and development,and chart a course of appropriate action

• to raise awareness and involvement in biodiversity conservation across all sectors

• to encourage individuals and organisations to review their role in biodiversity conservationand the resources required, and develop their own action in response to the BiodiversityAction Plan for Hampshire

• to maintain an ongoing partnership which will co-ordinate, develop and support action for biodiversity

• to monitor and review progress towards meeting the above objectives and the targets setout in the habitat and species action plans

• to periodically update the Biodiversity Action Plan for Hampshire and its componenthabitat and species action plans to take account of changing circumstances


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The Biodiversity of Hampshire

Hampshire is one of the richest areas for wildlife in England. Nevertheless the county hassuffered immense losses during the past 200 years. Many habitats have been lost to builtdevelopment, or become degraded through changes in agricultural practice and afforestation.There is a pressing need to conserve those areas that remain and enhance or restore otherareas of valuable wildlife habitat. The Hampshire Biodiversity Partnership has undertaken anaudit of habitats and species to determine their extent and distribution as well as past trendsand losses. The audit is an essential component of the Biodiversity Action Plan and enables theidentification of priority habitats and species: these will be addressed in detailed action plansfor individual habitats and species.

Habitats

Of the UK’s 37 broad habitat types, 23 are found in Hampshire. Within the broad habitattypes, ‘key’ habitats of priority importance have been identified. In Hampshire, 18 key habitatsof UK conservation concern are present, and there are an additional 3 habitats of localconcern. Detailed habitat action plans will be written for these 21 priority habitats to fullyreview their current status and set objectives and targets for action.

Species

The richness of habitats in Hampshire is reflected in the wide range of species found. The UKBiodiversity Programme has identified 1288 species of national conservation concern, and ofthese, 489 priority species require urgent conservation action. Of the 489 national priorityspecies, 196 are found in Hampshire, and the audit has identified an additional 248 priorityspecies which are particularly important in the local context. Action for most of the priorityspecies in Hampshire will be covered by relevant habitat action plans. Where national speciesaction plans exist, these will be translated into specific action in Hampshire. For those speciesnot covered by national plans or which can not be easily accommodated by a habitat actionplan, a specific species action plan will be prepared.

Geographical Variation

The distribution and location of habitats and species of conservation concern needs to beunderstood so that action can be targeted appropriately. Variation in the landscape andecological character of Hampshire has been described in three map-based classifications:Hampshire County Council’s Landscape Character Areas and Landscape Types; theCountryside Commission’s Character Areas; and English Nature’s Natural Areas. Each of theseclassifications can help to identify biodiversity issues, such as hedgerow loss, which requiretargeted action across a wide geographical area.

Urban areas have a particular biodiversity character of their own and it is therefore particularlyimportant for the Biodiversity Action Plan to address urban issues. An action plan for urbanareas will be prepared along with those for the other key habitats of conservation concern.

Habitat and Species Action Plans

Detailed habitat action plans for 21 key habitats are in preparation. For the 443 priorityspecies brief statements will be prepared. These will make the link with the relevant actionplan (national species action plan, Hampshire habitat plan, or Hampshire species action plan).

Volume 2 of the Biodiversity Action Plan will include all of the Hampshire habitat action plans.It will also identify the relevant action plan that has been, or will be, prepared for each priority species, and include some species action plans. More will be added as they become available.

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Habitat and species action plans will have several goals:

• to provide information

• to identify conservation issues

• to establish comprehensive targets for action

• to direct conservation action

• to raise awareness

• to provide a monitoring framework

Each plan will follow a standard format. Some plans will be prepared by working groups andothers by a lead partner. Each will undergo wide consultation to ensure that plans arecomprehensive, accurate, forward thinking and widely supported. A lead agency will beencouraged to oversee the implementation of plans most relevant to their own area of work.

ACTION

• prepare action plans for 21 habitats

• prepare detailed action plans for individual priority species where these are not catered for by a national species action plan or Hampshire habitat action plan

• establish working groups or lead partners to prepare and promote the implementation of the plans

• identify a lead agency to adopt each habitat and species action plan and take the lead inmonitoring, co-ordinating and encouraging action

• involve existing fora and projects in delivering action, for example the Farming and WildlifeAdvisory Group, Hampshire Woodland Forum and Hampshire Heathland Project

• establish partnership projects and initiatives to help implement action

• encourage individual partners to identify objectives and action relevant to their own activitiesand integrate these, with specific targeting and action, into their work programmes

Information and Data

The collection of data on habitats and species is fundamental to the development andimplementation of the Biodiversity Action Plan and indeed to the whole biodiversityprogramme. A large amount of data on the biodiversity of Hampshire is already held on theHampshire Biological Record at Hampshire County Council. However, there is still a lot ofinformation to be obtained and a need to co-ordinate current data.

The UK Biodiversity Steering Group recommends the development of local biological recordcentres to serve local needs and contribute information at the national level. The existingHampshire Biological Record could be developed into a Hampshire Biological Record Centreas part of the National Biodiversity Network. This would capitalise on data and informationsystems already available and ensure the full complement of services required to support theHampshire Biodiversity Partnership and the biodiversity programme.

Summary


ACTION

• continue to undertake detailed habitat survey of Hampshire in support of biodiversityconservation, using the Hampshire Habitat Survey Project

• encourage, support and co-ordinate a voluntary network of recorders to assist in providing dataon biodiversity

• encourage the centralisation of data on habitats and species into the Hampshire BiologicalRecord and use this database for monitoring progress in biodiversity action

• progress the development of a Hampshire Biological Record Centre to service the HampshireBiodiversity Partnership and individual partners, and contribute to the National BiodiversityNetwork

• establish a programme to monitor land-use and habitat change using the digitised habitat andland-use mapping of the county as a baseline.

General Issues Affecting Biodiversity

The conservation of biodiversity is not only dependent on direct action for habitats andspecies. There are many wider issues that have a great influence on the welfare of wild plantsand animals. Two of the key issues in Hampshire are agriculture and development: farmingplays a pivotal role in determining the biodiversity of the countryside, and development hascaused extensive loss of wildlife habitat during the past 50 years.

Other issues affecting biodiversity include forestry, coastal management, recreation andtourism, water management, energy, transport, air quality and climate change. For these topicsthere are many different levels of action required and many different vehicles for pursuingaction. The Hampshire Biodiversity Partnership will support existing initiatives and encourageand support individual organisations in the formulation of their action for biodiversity. Whereappropriate, the Partnership will establish topic groups to address certain issues.

ACTION

• encourage organisations and individuals with a particular responsibility for land-use and landmanagement activities such as agriculture, development, forestry and water resources, toestablish their own specific objectives and action for biodiversity, taking particular account oftargets and action outlined in habitat and species action plans

• establish groups where appropriate to review issues influencing biodiversity and prepare plans of action

• develop action for biodiversity through appropriate land-use fora such as SERPLAN and theSolent Forum

• take full account of biodiversity objectives within land-use plans and strategies such as theHampshire County Structure Plan, local plans and Local Environment Agency Plans

• influence local and regional policy and national guidance, policy and legislation to supportbiodiversity objectives in Hampshire

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Awareness and Involvement

One of the central aims of the Biodiversity Action Plan is to increase understanding andsupport for biodiversity throughout the county. This will involve many sectors of society andpeople in all walks of life. Messages on biodiversity need to reach everyone and focus on thebenefit of biodiversity conservation to us all.

Communication and action will have to be relevant to individual sectors. Their involvement,the support provided to them, and the action requested of them needs to be sensitive totheir particular concerns. An action plan will be prepared to specifically address awarenessand involvement. A working group from the Hampshire Biodiversity Partnership will formulatea marketing strategy to get the key messages of biodiversity across. Successful implementationof the Biodiversity Action Plan will depend on widespread understanding.

ACTION

• establish a working group to prepare an action plan to address awareness and involvement inbiodiversity conservation

• ensure that information on biodiversity and how to get involved in conserving biodiversity isreadily available to the public. Local authorities and voluntary conservation organisations inparticular can promote awareness and provide opportunities for involvement throughmechanisms such as grant-aid for community projects and the management of nature reserves

• promote the Biodiversity Action Plan for Hampshire and publicise the main objectives andprogramme of action

• develop a strategy for marketing biodiversity which targets key sectors such as farmers, businessand industry, all levels of government, the public, land managers and education

• encourage and support organisations in developing their corporate awareness and commitmentto biodiversity, for example within all departments of local government

• ensure that biodiversity is a central component of Local Agenda 21 programmes and thatAgenda 21 is a vehicle for promoting awareness and involvement

• support the integration of biodiversity conservation into formal education

The Way Forward

The Hampshire Biodiversity Partnership has a long-term vision for the biodiversity programmewhich stretches well into the next Millennium. The Biodiversity Action Plan marks thebeginning of a co-ordinated programme of projects, initiatives, and other courses of action:some can be progressed immediately, others will evolve over time. Each individual andorganisation concerned with the conservation of Hampshire’s biodiversity has a fundamentalrole in ensuring the success of the objectives of the Plan.

ACTION

• develop and maintain a long-term Partnership to progress the conservation and enhancementof biodiversity in Hampshire through developing initiatives, exchanging information, encouragingaction and monitoring and reviewing progress. This work will be assisted by the BiodiversityAction Plan Steering Group.

• encourage individual partners to review their own action, to help meet the objectives and targetsset out in the Biodiversity Action Plan and associated habitat and species action plans

• monitor the development of the UK Biodiversity Programme and other policies and initiatives at the national and international level, for integration into the Biodiversity Action Plan for Hampshire

• review and update the Biodiversity Action Plan, including the habitat and species action plans,every five years

Summary

chapter 1

BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity - the variety of life on earth - is being lost at an alarming rate throughout the world.

The Government has established a programme for conserving biodiversity in the UK. A key element

is the preparation of local biodiversity action plans.

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What is Biodiversity? Why does it Matter?

Biodiversity includes all species of plants andanimals, their habitats, and the complexecosystems that sustain them. Biodiversityincludes all living things - from sparrows oncity streets to rare creatures found inremote places.

Plants and animals are essential to our lives.It is our responsibility and in our self-interestto look after biodiversity now and for futuregenerations. There are many compellingreasons for doing this: some are moral,others are aesthetic or economic.Biodiversity provides food, medicines,water, and even the oxygen in the air thatwe breathe.

REASONS FOR CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity supports life itself - Most specieshave a precise role to play in the Earth’s well-being. Many plants and animals aredependent upon each other in a complex webof life, with each species relying on others forsurvival.

Biodiversity provides essential goods - Plantsand animals provide food, medicines, clothingand some of the raw materials for buildingand industry. It is vital to conservebiodiversity to maintain a wide range ofspecies for future use.

Biodiversity helps to maintain theenvironment - Natural processes assist withflood control, prevent soil erosion, help to filterwaste water, clean pollutants from the air, andmitigate noise and the visual intrusion ofdevelopment. Biodiversity also acts as anindicator of the health of the environment andis a key test of sustainability.

Biodiversity has aesthetic and spiritual value -People benefit greatly from contact with thenatural world. Quality of life is intimatelylinked with the health of the environment.Many people value the very existence ofspecies and habitats even if they have nodirect contact with them.

Biodiversity is valuable for recreation - Manypeople enjoy recreation in the countryside andurban nature areas. Attractive landscapes andwildlife are a focus for tourism and veryvaluable to local economies.

2. Silver-washed fritillary

chapter 1

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Biodiversity

The loss of biodiversity is important toeveryone. During the past 50 years, therehas been an unprecedented rate of loss ofwild plants and animals across the UK.More than 100 species are thought to havebecome extinct here in this century. If thepollution of the air, land and sea, and thedestruction of habitats continues, people areultimately the losers. Action to reverse thecurrent trends is needed now. Asindividuals or organisations, everyone canassist with the conservation of biodiversity.

The Global Challenge

The Convention on Biological Diversity wassigned at the Earth Summit in Rio deJaneiro in 1992. The United Kingdom wasone of 150 countries that pledged todevelop a national strategy for ‘theconservation and sustainable use ofbiological diversity’. The Conventionsignalled global concern that habitats andnatural ecosystems were being lost at analarming rate. Each country recognised thatit had a responsibility to halt the decline ofbiodiversity within its boundaries.

UK Strategy

The UK Government was one of the firstsignatories to the Convention to produce abiodiversity strategy and action plan inJanuary 1994 - Biodiversity: The UK ActionPlan1. The report outlines the broadstrategy for conserving and enhancingbiodiversity in the UK for a 20 year period.

Although the Plan set broad goals andobjectives, it was recognised thatimplementation would require detailedtargets. The UK Biodiversity Steering Groupwas established with the task of preparing adetailed programme of action.This grouphad a wide membership includingrepresentatives from national agencies suchas English Nature and the EnvironmentAgency, local government, farming and landmanagement, voluntary conservation bodiesand industry.

Biodiversity: The UK Steering Group Report2,published in two volumes in December1995 and endorsed by the Government inMay 1996, advocates four key elements toachieve biodiversity objectives:

• development of action plans with costedtargets for key species and habitats

• improving the handling of informationand data

• raising awareness and involvement

• the production of Local BiodiversityAction Plans

Each of these topic areas is now beingaddressed under the UK BiodiversityProgramme. Central to this is thepreparation of national action plans forhabitats and species of particularconservation concern: 38 habitat actionplans and over 400 species action plans willbe produced during the next few years.Many have already been written. The planswill have clear objectives and quantified andcosted targets, enabling progress to bemonitored in the long-term. This is a newand much more disciplined approach tonature conservation in the UK.

The UK Biodiversity Programme is beingsteered by the UK Biodiversity Group whichhas replaced the former UK SteeringGroup. The various elements of theProgramme are being overseen by a rangeof sub-groups. Also reporting to the UKBiodiversity Group are groups for England,Wales, Scotland and Northern Irelandwhich help provide information and supportbiodiversity action within each area.

4. Ancient woodland

chapter 1


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Local Biodiversity Action Plans

The Government has taken a lead in settingthe approach for biodiversity conservation.But to succeed, action needs to be taken atall levels and in all sectors of thecommunity. One of the essential means ofachieving national objectives for biodiversityis through the preparation of LocalBiodiversity Action Plans. Biodiversity:The UKSteering Group Report has clearly advocatedthe preparation of Local Biodiversity ActionPlans and sees them as a fundamentalcontribution to Local Agenda 21programmes. Local Biodiversity ActionPlans have two broad functions:

• to ensure that national action plans aretranslated into effective action at the local level

• to establish targets and action for speciesand habitats characteristic of each local area

Local Biodiversity Action Plans differ fromprevious approaches to nature conservationin two important ways: they are preparedby a wide partnership of interestedindividuals and organisations, and theyfollow a very disciplined approach toauditing and target setting. The Plans formthe framework from which individualmembers of biodiversity partnerships candevelop strategies for delivering relevantparts of the Plan.

FUNCTIONS OF LOCAL BIODIVERSITYACTION PLANS

To ensure that national targets for species andhabitats, as specified in the UK Action Plan,are translated into effective action at the locallevel. National priority species and habitatsoccurring in the local area must be identified;targets should be linked to national priorities.

To identify targets for species and habitatsappropriate to the local area, and reflect thevalues of people locally. Local BiodiversityAction Plans can highlight important localfeatures and provide an opportunity for peopleto express their views about what is importantin their area.

To develop effective local partnerships toensure that programmes for biodiversityconservation are maintained in the long term.The Local Biodiversity Action Plan must bebuilt by consensus. The Plan should be ownedby all parties that have a key role in deliveringaction.

To raise awareness of the need for biodiversityconservation in the local context. Increasingpublic awareness and involvement inbiodiversity conservation is crucial for success.

To ensure that opportunities for conservationand enhancement of the whole biodiversityresource are fully considered. Plans need toconsider appropriate action for differentlocalities within the plan area. Opportunitiesfor habitat enhancement and restorationshould be pursued in addition to conservationof the existing resource.

To identify the resources available forimplementing the objectives of the Plan.

To provide a basis for monitoring progress inbiodiversity conservation, at both local andnational level. A periodic review of whethertargets have been achieved will assess theeffectiveness of the plan and contribute tonational monitoring.

(adapted from: Guidance for Local BiodiversityAction Plans: An Introduction)3

chapter 2

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The Hampshire Biodiversity Partnership hasbeen established to advance biodiversityconservation and enhancement inHampshire. One of the first functions ofthe Partnership has been to prepare thisBiodiversity Action Plan. The Plan willprovide a focus for everyone involved andguide action on conservation for thecoming years. This will mark the beginningof a process of implementation which willcontinue well into the next Millennium.

The Partnership embraces a wide range oforganisations - local authorities, statutoryconservation agencies, voluntary bodies,representatives of landowners and others -all working together with the common goalof conserving Hampshire’s biodiversity. ThePartnership will undoubtedly expand as theprocess of conserving biodiversityprogresses. Additional partners from manysectors of society will be particularlyvaluable as each can bring their own skills toformulating and implementing the Plan.

The Biodiversity Action Plan

The Plan consists of two parts. Volume 1sets out the overall strategy for biodiversityaction and the key objectives. Volume 1also:

• explains the audit of habitats and speciesundertaken in Hampshire

• outlines how the Partnership hasselected habitats and species of priorityconcern

• reviews geographical variation inbiodiversity

• identifies data needs

• summarises the main issues influencingbiodiversity

• examines the raising of awareness andinvolvement in biodiversity conservation

Detailed action plans will be prepared forhabitats and species of priority concern.

Volume 2 will contain action plans forpriority habitats and will identify the actionplans that have been, or will be, preparedfor priority species. Some species actionplans will be included at the outset, otherswill be added as they become available.Together, the overall strategy of action in

A BIODIVERSITY ACTION

PLAN FOR HAMPSHIRE

The Hampshire Biodiversity Partnership is co-ordinating action for biodiversity in Hampshire andhas formulated a comprehensive strategy. The Biodiversity Action Plan will stimulate a growing webof conservation action and each partner will have a particular role to play.

5. Otter


chapter 2

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chapter 2

Volume 1 plus the detailed action plans forhabitats and species, will provide aprogramme for biodiversity conservation inHampshire. This will be reviewed andupdated every five years.

The Process

The Biodiversity Action Plan provides theplatform from which the Partnership willtake action. It will also enable eachorganisation to develop their own ideas andapproaches to biodiversity, or cometogether collectively to implement jointprojects and address strategic issues. Therewill also be opportunities to implementaction for biodiversity by building onexisting initiatives.

Action stemming from the Plan will be veryvaried. Within the habitat and species plans,recommended action will cover aspectssuch as site protection, habitat managementand restoration, data needs and policymatters. From the strategic action pointsset out in this document, detailedprogrammes of action will be developed, forexample to deal with data needs or theraising of awareness and involvement inbiodiversity conservation. Within eachsubject there will be a variety ofmechanisms at many levels for deliveringobjectives. To assist implementation of theplan, lead agencies will be identified to co-ordinate action.

Roles and Contributions

Implementation of the action will include awide range of functions such as land-useplanning, provision of grant-aid and landmanagement. Each partner will have aparticular role to play: for example,planning is the remit of local authorities;giving grants and incentives is one of thefunctions of the Ministry of AgricultureFisheries and Food; land management is aprimary responsibility of farmers; andcommunity action can be fostered bybodies such as the Hampshire Wildlife Trustand parish councils.

The Plan will stimulate a growing web ofaction. Success will largely rest on thecommitment and enthusiasm of individualpartners. However, the Partnership will playa vital role in stimulating and co-ordinatingaction. Through effective networking andinformation exchange, the Partnership willhelp to minimize duplication and insteadbuild co-operation so that best use is madeof the expertise and resources available.The Partnership will also undertake thefundamental role of monitoring progressand reviewing priorities.

What’s New?

Much is already being done for biodiversityconservation in Hampshire. There is a greatrange of existing projects and initiatives anda variety of mechanisms. Nevertheless, theBiodiversity Action Plan process brings anew discipline to this work. It provides theopportunity to review current activities,identify priorities and set specific targets. Italso provides a clear framework forreviewing and monitoring progress. Eachorganisation can analyse its own programmeof work against the agreed priorities of theHampshire Biodiversity Partnership, and thenational targets laid down in the UKBiodiversity Action Plan.

Although organisations with an interest inbiodiversity conservation have workedtogether before, the scale of the HampshirePartnership is unique. Partners from adiverse spectrum of organisations andagencies have agreed to joint responsibility.This is the first time that there has beensuch a co-ordinated approach tobiodiversity both nationally and in thecounty. This should translate into anunprecedented degree and range of actionfor biodiversity.

6. Barn owl

7. Cowslip

chapter 2

A Biodiversity Action Plan for Hampshire

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PREPARATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PLAN

National Biodiversity Programme

Hampshire Biodiversity Partnership

Hampshire Biodiversity Action Plan

Contribution to National Targets

Monitoring & Review

Actionby Individual Partners

or the Partnership

Conservation &Enhancement of

Hampshire’s Biodiversity

Biodiveristy Action Plan for Hampshire

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chapter 2

Links with Other Plans

The UK Biodiversity Action Plan sets thepriorities for all other biodiversity plans inBritain. In some areas, regional plans arebeing formulated to fit into the hierarchybetween national and local programmes.The South-east Regional Biodiversity Audit,essentially an audit of the habitats andspecies of conservation concern within theregion, will assist counties in matching theirpriorities with each other, and with those inthe national guidance. In turn, theBiodiversity Action Plan for Hampshire willguide any further plans in the county, forexample at district level or withinorganisations.

A range of other plans and processes willhelp to deliver biodiversity objectives.Objectives and targets should be included inLocal Agenda 21 programmes, structure andlocal development plans, transport plansand many others. There are many plans andstrategies in existence or in preparationwhich address biodiversity issues: forexample Local Environment Agency Plans,coastal management plans and managementplans for specific areas such as the NewForest Special Area of Concern.

Each of these have a distinct role and arecontributing to biodiversity conservationwithin Hampshire. The biodiversityprogramme relies on a network of suchplans. In turn, the Biodiversity Action Planwill help to identify the need for furtherplans, help guide them, and support thereview of existing plans.

The habitat and species action plans willidentify relevant current action and existingplans and put these in the context of theoverall action required. Individualorganisations and agencies such as theEnvironment Agency, district councils,Ministry of Defence and Forestry Authoritywill be encouraged and supported in thepreparation of biodiversity action plans tocover their own areas of activity. In manycases, individuals responsible for themanagement of land may find it useful toprepare a plan which relates specifically totheir own landholding, and which forms partof their overall business plan.

STRATEGY FOR ACTION ONBIODIVERSITY

The Hampshire Biodiversity Partnership hasidentified the following broad objectives:

• to audit the nature conservation resourceof Hampshire (chapter 3)

• to identify from the audit habitats andspecies of priority nature conservationconcern, including those which are locallydistinct (chapter 3)

• to prepare action plans for habitats andspecies of priority conservation concernand follow through with programmes ofimplementation and monitoring (chapter 4)

• to ensure that data on habitats andspecies in Hampshire is sufficient toenable effective implementation andmonitoring of biodiversity objectives(chapter 5)

• to review general issues affectingbiodiversity, such as agriculture anddevelopment, and chart a course ofappropriate action (chapter 6)

• to raise awareness and involvement inbiodiversity conservation across all sectors(chapter 7)

• to encourage individuals and organisationsto review their role in biodiversityconservation and the resources required,and develop their own action in responseto the Biodiversity Action Plan forHampshire (chapter 8)

• to maintain an ongoing partnership whichwill co-ordinate, develop and supportaction for biodiversity (chapter 8)

• to monitor and review progress towardsmeeting the above objectives and thetargets set out in the habitat and speciesaction plans (chapter 8)

• to periodically update the BiodiversityAction Plan for Hampshire and itscomponent habitat and species actionplans to take account of changingcircumstances (chapter 8)

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THE BIODIVERSITY OF

HAMPSHIRE

Hampshire is exceptionally rich in wildlife and diverse landscapes. But many habitats have been lost

or damaged, and there is a pressing need to conserve and enhance those which remain. The audit

has enabled the identification of habitats and species of priority concern.

Hampshire is one of the richest areas forwildlife in England. The county contains alandscape of remarkable contrasts and adiversity of habitats unparalleled in otherparts of south-east England. AlthoughHampshire is largely a rural county, thereare also large urban areas. The BiodiversityAction Plan aims to conserve all aspects ofthe county’s biodiversity: it is just as criticalto keep the commonplace common, askeeping the rare from extinction.

An audit is an essential first step toidentifying the quality and range of habitatsand species in the county. This has beencarried out by the Partnership and hasenabled the identification of habitats andspecies of national concern and Hampshireconcern requiring priority attention. Theaudit has identified the extent, quality anddistribution of wildlife habitats as well aspast trends and losses.

HABITATS

Diversity and Importance

Hampshire’s mosaic of habitats includesancient woods, wildflower meadows,heathlands, chalk downland, river valleys,coastal habitats, and the New Forest - thegreatest area of ‘semi-wilderness’ left inlowland England. Together these habitatssupport an exceptionally varied flora andfauna.

Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) aredesignated to protect examples of Britain’smost valuable wildlife habitats. InHampshire, SSSIs cover 48,000 ha - some13% of the land area. This is about twicethe national average of 6.8%. Many of theSSSIs have been recognised for theirinternational importance too: 41,700 ha(about 11 % of Hampshire) have beendesignated (or are proposed) as SpecialAreas of Conservation (SACs) or Special

Protection Areas (SPAs) under EC Directives,and/or as Ramsar Sites under the Conventionon Wetlands of International Importance.

But this is only part of the picture.Statutorily designated sites protect onlysome of the best examples of Hampshire’shabitats. Sites of Importance for NatureConservation (SINCs) are also beingidentified within Hampshire, jointly byHampshire County Council, district councils,English Nature and Hampshire WildlifeTrust. The purpose of these is to helpconserve, and direct resources to, additionalareas of important wildlife habitat. Thisnetwork of locally designated sites currentlycovers a further 6% of Hampshire.

Even outside the specially recognised sites,the rest of the county is exceptionally rich.Scrub, field margins, hedgerows, ponds,mature trees and urban greenspaces allcontribute to Hampshire’s biodiversity andare of particular value to people in theireveryday lives.

10. Beacon Hill National Nature Reserve

9.The New Forest

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NATURE CONSERVATION DESIGNATIONS IN HAMPSHIRE

Candidate Special Areas for Conservation (cSACs)

Special Protection Areas (SPAs)

Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs)

Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation (SINCs)*

District Boundaries

*SINCs have not yet been identified for Test Valley Borough Council, Gosport Borough Council, Southampton CityCouncil or Portsmouth City Council

Based upon the Ordnance Survey mapping with the permission of the controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office © Crown Copyright.Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and maylead to prosecution or civil proceedings.Hampshire County Council LA076651/98/01


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Losses and Threats

Despite the richness and extent of valuablehabitat in Hampshire, the county hassuffered immense losses during the past 200years. Some habitats have declineddrastically in extent and have become veryfragmented. Many areas have been lost tobuilt development - houses, industry, roadsand marinas - or become degraded throughchanges in agricultural practice andafforestation. For example:

• 50% of ancient semi-natural woodlandhas been lost in the past 50 years

• over 90% of heathland has been lost innorth-east Hampshire in the past 200 years

• 98% of chalk downland has been lost inthe past 150 years

These statistics highlight the pressing needto conserve those areas that remain andenhance or restore other areas of valuablewildlife habitat.

Built development results both in outrightloss and in degradation due to secondaryimpacts such as increased water abstraction,loss of buffer zones and increased pressurefrom people. Changes in agriculturalpractice have caused the loss orimpoverishment of wildlife habitats throughalteration of drainage patterns, spraying withpesticides and herbicides, nutrientenrichment, or removal of farm featuressuch as hedges.

Designated Nature Conservation Sites in Hampshire

DESIGNATION NO. OF SITES AREA (HA) % HAMPSHIRE

Candidate Special Areas of Conservation (cSACs) 7 34,400 9.0

Special Protection Areas (SPAs) proposed/designated 10 41,124 10.8

Ramsar Sites 6 37,250 9.8

National Nature Reserves (NNRs) 10 1,500 0.4

Local Nature Reserves (LNRs) 18 1.034 0.3

Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) 124 48,600 12.7

Sites of Importance for Nature Conservation (SINCs) 2285 25,909 6.8

Note: There is overlap in the area covered by the various designations.

A BREAKDOWN OF SSSIS BY HABITAT NO. OF SSS1S AREA (HA) % HAMPSHIRE

Ancient woodland/wood pasture/other woodland 28 15,300 4.0

Unimproved grassland/fen/New Forest lawns 32 3,100 0.8

Calcareous grassland/scrub 25 1,800 0.4

Heathland and associated habitat 16 18,600 4.9

Coastal habitats 16 8,150 2.1

Freshwater habitats 12 680 0.2

Geological/geomorphological features 10 230 0.1

Note: Many SSS1s have more than one habitat type.

11. Fragmentation of woodland

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For each key habitat, a UK action plan hasbeen, or will be, prepared under the UKBiodiversity Programme. From the list of 38key habitats of conservation concern in theUK, 18 occur in Hampshire. An additional 3habitats have been identified by theHampshire Biodiversity Partnership as beingof local concern within the county: roadverges, canals, and urban habitats.

For each of these priority habitats a detailedaction plan will be prepared and included inVolume 2 of the Biodiversity Action Plan.The purpose of the 21 habitat action plansis to both reflect UK objectives and targetsfor habitats of particular conservationconcern, and to set appropriate localtargets. Action plans will fully review thestatus and current action for key habitats,and set detailed objectives and targets,identifying particular areas for urgent action.

These changes were largely supported andencouraged by successive governmentsstriving to ensure that Britain become moreself-sufficient in food production.Afforestation has also resulted in loss ordegradation of habitats, particularlyheathland and ancient woodland.

The dramatic rate of loss in the past hasdeclined and land-use practices such asagriculture and forestry are now muchmore sensitive to nature conservation.However, significant pressures remain: forexample space must be found for aconsiderable number of new homesbetween 2001 and 2011. Many valuablesites are also suffering from lack ofappropriate management.

An Audit of Hampshire’s Habitats

At the UK level, the whole land surface andsurrounding sea has been divided into 37broad habitat types. Hampshire contains 23of the UK’s 37 broad habitat types, andtogether these cover the entire land areawithin the county. At the UK level, keyhabitats have also been identified and theseare habitats of particular national concern.

Some key habitats match the broad habitattype - for example ‘calcareous grassland’ isboth a broad and key habitat - whereasothers are subdivisions of broad habitattypes - ‘arable farmland’ is a broad habitattype and ‘arable field margins’ is thecorresponding key habitat. Within the 37broad habitat types found in the UK, 38 keyhabitats of particular UK conservationconcern have been identified. Key habitatswere selected using one or more of thefollowing criteria:

• habitats for which the UK hasinternational obligations

• habitats at risk, such as those which arerare or have a high rate of recentdecline

• habitats which are functionally importantfor species inhabiting widerenvironments, for example spawninggrounds for fish

• habitats important for species ofparticular conservation concern

Marine Habitats

The national biodiversity programme isreviewing marine broad habitat types andthe selection of key marine habitats. TheHampshire Biodiversity Programme willincorporate marine habitats and thepreparation of relevant action plans whenthe national review has been completed.

BROAD AND KEY HABITATS

UK HAMPSHIRE

37 broad habitat 23 broad habitat typestypes found in UK present in Hampshire

38 key habitats 18 key habitats of UK of UK conservation conservation concern concern present in Hampshire

and 3 habitats of local concern

‚

‚

‚


Broad Habitat Types in Hampshire

AREA (HA) % HAMPSHIRE

LENGTH (KM)

Broadleaved/yew woodland/scrub 45,000 11.8Coniferous woodland 20,000 5.2Lowland pasture woodland/parkland* 6,000 1.6Hedgerows 14,995km -Arable farmland 141,000 36.9Improved grassland 65,800 17.2Unimproved neutral grassland/fen 3,000 0.8Calcareous grassland 2,800 0.7Floodplain grazing marsh 2,000 0.5Lowland heath/bog/acid grassland 16,900 4.4Fen/carr/marsh/swamp/reedbeds 400 0.1Standing open water 1,300 0.3Rivers & streams 540km -Canals 28km -Maritime cliffs 7km -Shingle 250 0.1Saltmarsh 2,660 0.7Coastal grazing marsh 750 0.2Sand dunes 110 <0.1Mudflats/eelgrass beds 4,000 1.1Saline lagoons 95 <0.1Road verges 10,000km -Urban 72,000 18.9Total area of Hampshire 382,000

*much of this habitat area is also included in the ‘Broadleaved Woodland' figure

Key Habitats of Nature Conservation Concern in Hampshire

AREA (HA) % OF UK

LENGTH (KM) HABITAT

Ancient semi-natural woodland 16,500 5.1Lowland pasture woodland/parkland 6,000 25.0Ancient hedgerows u uArable field margins u uUnimproved neutral grassland/fen 3,000 20.0Calcareous grassland 2,800 5.0Floodplain grazing marsh 2,000 uLowland heath/bog/acid grassland 16,900 28.0Fen/carr/marsh/swamp/reedbeds 400 uStanding open water 1,300 uChalk rivers 187km uCanals 28km 0.5Maritime cliffs 7km 2.7Shingle 250 6.0Saltmarsh 2,660 5.9Coastal grazing marsh 750 uSand dunes 110 0.2Mudflats/eelgrass beds 4,000 2.0Saline lagoons 95 7.3Road verges 20km uUrban u uTotal area identified so far 56,765

u = unavailable

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BROAD HABITAT TYPES FOUND INHAMPSHIRE

The following summaries of the 23 broadhabitat types define what the habitat is, itsextent in Hampshire and its relativeimportance in the UK. Main factorsaffecting the status of each habitat are alsogiven. Fuller details of distribution andextent, factors affecting the habitat, and thebroad conservation direction required willbe given in Volume 2.

Broadleaved/Yew Woodland/Scrub

Hampshire contains approximately 42,000 haof broadleaved woodland - about 11% ofthe county - and a further 3,000 ha ofscrub. About half of this woodland isancient and has been in existence since theMiddle Ages.

Ancient semi-natural woodlands - thosewith stands of native trees not obviouslyplanted - are particularly rich and diverse inwild plants and animals. A characteristicfeature of many of these woods is springcarpets of bluebells - a feature which isquite particular to Britain.

Although Hampshire is of nationalimportance for this habitat, holding about5% of the UK resource of ancient semi-natural woodland, 50% has been lost toagriculture, mineral extraction, urbanisationand plantations in the past 50 years. Todaythe major threat is lack of traditionalmanagement practices such as coppicing.

Coniferous Woodland

Coniferous woodland accounts for about20,000 ha or 30% of Hampshire’s woodlandresource. Almost half of this type ofwoodland occurs within ancient woodlands.Other major complexes include largeplantations over former heathland.

Conifer plantations on chalk are generallybiologically impoverished, although the rides,glades and woodland edges often supportan interesting downland flora and fauna.Plantations over heathland, however, canretain valuable relic heathland communities,although this is generally more by luck thandesign. Some of these areas are ofinternational importance for theirpopulations of bird species such as nightjarand woodlark.

Lowland Pasture Woodland/Parkland

Pasture woodlands are landscapescomposed of a mosaic of extensivelygrazed, or once grazed, wooded and openhabitat. Hampshire is of nationalimportance for this habitat because of thelarge amount of pasture woodland locatedin the New Forest. Medieval deer parksalso contain important vestiges of woodpasture in more open communities ofpasture and ancient pollard trees. Althoughthere is some 600 ha of relic pasturewoodland and parkland recorded inHampshire, the total amount in the countyis unknown as it often occurs as unmanagedancient woodland, wooded common, or asscattered trees in farmland.

Pasture woodlands such as those in theNew Forest contain very old trees withtree-hole nesting birds and bats, lichens,fungi and deadwood invertebrates. This richassemblage of species can be ofinternational importance and is one of thereasons for recommending the New Forestas a Special Area of Conservation.

Major threats to this habitat are cessation ofgrazing and removal of dead wood and oldtrees. In many areas there is also a large‘generation gap’ between the very old andyoung trees which leads to loss of habitatcontinuity, usually caused by overgrazing inthe past.

13. Coniferous woodland

12. Pasture woodland

14. Broadleaved woodland


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Hedgerows

Hedgerows are linear features composed ofwoody species, sometimes raised on grassybanks. Hampshire retains a traditionalpatchwork of small fields, woods andhedgerows, particularly in the north andsouth of the county. Winding parishboundaries and ancient lanes are oftendefined by hedgerows, many in existencesince medieval times. Hedgerows are veryimportant ecologically, resembling woodlandedge and scrub habitats. Ancienthedgerows possess a particularly richvariety of trees, shrubs and ground flora,and in some landscapes, hedgerows are oneof the few refuges left for wildlife.

Factors affecting this habitat includedestruction, lack of management andmismanagement. Continued agriculturalintensification to create bigger fields, urbanexpansion, new roads and otherdevelopment all contribute to hedgerowdestruction, although in recent years netloss has slowed considerably. Lack ofmanagement leads to overgrown, gappyhedgerows which are less valuable towildlife. Some hedges are poorly managedand cut at the wrong time of the year, cuttoo short, or cut too frequently. All ofthese factors reduce the value ofhedgerows for biodiversity.

Arable Farmland

Arable land is either that which is undercultivation, or temporary grassland of lessthan five years. Approximately 37% or141,000 ha of farmland in Hampshire isarable: just below the national average of41%. The county provides about 3% of thetotal UK resource. It is Hampshire’s largestsingle type of land-use.

Despite the effects of agriculturalintensification, Hampshire still possesseswhat is probably the richest and mostdiverse arable weed flora of any county inBritain. Nevertheless, much of the wildlifeinterest is confined to field margins whereherbicides and competition from the cropcan be avoided.

A large number of insects spend part oftheir life cycle in cereal fields and they are asource of food for many birds andmammals including grey partridge, skylark,lapwing and corn bunting. The use ofherbicides and insecticides has led to adecline in many of these species.

Improved Grassland

Improved grassland is intensively managed,species-poor, and dominated by a fewspecies of grass. There are about 66,000 haof this habitat in Hampshire, 90% of thecounty’s grassland. This represents 31% ofall farmland or 17% of the county land area.

Improved grassland is sown for agricultureor amenity, or created by modification ofunimproved grassland by fertilisers andselective herbicides. Biodiversity is low. Fewplants other than competitive grassessurvive, and there is also a veryimpoverished fauna. The change over thepast two decades from hay to silage hasfurther degraded this habitat. Thesegrasslands may support a range of groundnesting birds such as lapwing and skylark ifmachinery is used infrequently and stockingdensities are low.

15. Hedgerow

16. Improved grassland

17. Arable farmland


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Unimproved Neutral Grassland/Fen

Unimproved neutral grasslands vary in theirpH and wetness and include marshy ‘fen’meadows associated with river floodplains,peaty ‘fen’ meadows associated with springsand flushes, wet and dry loamy/sandymeadows, and clay meadows. Surveys inthe 1980s show about 3,000 ha of thesemeadows in Hampshire. The total UKresource is now thought to be less than15,000 ha.

In Hampshire many of these areas comprisea mixture of wet and dry grassland. Theyare often associated with the flushes,streams and ditches of water meadows andmany are SSSIs. Most are managed asgrazed pasture, with few still managed astraditional hay meadows.

Herb-rich meadows are particularlyimportant due to a high proportion ofherbaceous plants, including many nowregarded as nationally uncommon: green-winged orchid, marsh helleborine and flat-sedge. Across the UK, 97% of this habitathas been lost between 1930 and 1984,making it one of the most endangered inBritain today.

Calcareous Grassland

Calcareous grassland is species-rich andoccurs on chalk or limestone. This habitatin Hampshire is very fragmented and mostlyconfined to the steep slopes of the centraldowns and the chalk escarpment in thenorth. Less than 2,800 ha - 5% of the UKresource - now remains. Nationally, anoverwhelming 95% of this rich habitat hasbeen lost during the past 50 years.

These grasslands contain an exceptionaldiversity of plant species, many now scarcein Britain. Many butterflies such as theadonis blue, duke of Burgundy and chalk hillblue are also in serious decline due to thesmall, fragmented nature of the remainingareas of chalk grassland.

Major threats to this habitat include lack ofmanagement, overgrazing, and agriculturalimprovements through application offertilisers and herbicides.

Floodplain Grazing Marsh

Floodplain grazing marsh is grassland whichis periodically inundated. The grassland itselfis generally improved, but ditches can berich in plants and invertebrates. Most sitesare grazed, although some are cut for hayor silage. Species-rich fen meadows foundin the floodplain are included in theunimproved neutral grassland/fen habitattype above.

Grazing marsh is very important forbreeding waders such as snipe, lapwing andcurlew, and internationally important forpopulations of wintering wildfowl such asBewick’s and whooper swans.

The main threats to this habitat includeagricultural intensification and associateddrainage, inappropriate ditch management,ground water abstraction, encroachingdevelopment and climate change which iscausing increased evaporation and lowerrainfall.

18. Unimproved neutral grassland 19. Calcareous grassland - Butser Hill 20. Floodplain grazing marsh - Itchen Valley


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A mixture of open fen and carr can supportan exceptional range of plants, insects andbirds, and at one time the river valleys musthave been a continuous mosaic of thesehabitats.Today they tend to be isolated,separated by improved pasture and arableland. The amount of this resource inHampshire has been conservativelyestimated at 400 ha.

Fens are dynamic ecosystems and requiremanagement to maintain their opencharacter, otherwise they develop naturallyto scrub and woodland. Generally, thefactors affecting these habitats include lackof, or inappropriate, management, andfragmentation and loss caused by waterabstraction, drainage, encroachingdevelopment, and climate change. Futuresea level rise may lead to loss of reedbedsalong the coast through coastal ‘squeeze’.

Standing Open Water

Hampshire has a large number of lakes,ponds and gravel pits - as many as 500 lakes(> 0.5 ha) and over 1000 ponds (< 0.5 ha)scattered across the landscape. Thisresource has declined nationally by anestimated 75% over the past 100 years.

Lowland Heath/Bog/Acid Grassland

Lowland heathland is characterised by openexpanses of heather, gorse and cross-leaved heath on acidic soils, and generallyfound below 300m. Hampshire’s lowlandheaths are of international importance. Thecounty contains 16,000 to 17,000 ha -about 13% of the heathland left in Europeand 30% of the UK total. Much of theheathland is located in the New Forest, withthe rest scattered across the Thames Basin,Western Weald, and a few fragments insouth Hampshire.

Hampshire’s heathlands are particularlyimportant for birds, insects and spiders.They are also vital habitats for reptiles andamphibians: all 12 British species - includingsand lizard, smooth snake and natterjacktoad - are found here.

One of the greatest threats facing heathlandis lack of management. Fragmentation anddisturbance from development alsothreaten these very valuable areas.

Fen/Carr/Marsh/Swamp/Reedbeds

Fen, carr, marsh, swamp and reedbeds oftenoccur together and are scatteredthroughout Hampshire principally along theriver valleys and coast.

Species-rich fen tends to be inextricablyassociated with ‘fen-meadows’ and dryunimproved grassland, and so is largelyincluded in the broad habitat ‘unimprovedneutral grassland/fen’. Species-poor fen isoften associated with reedbeds and swampvegetation found along watercourses andaround pools of water. It commonly gradesinto fen-carr dominated by alder and willow.

21. Heathland - The New Forest

23. Open water - Alresford Pond

22. Reedbed - Titchfield Haven


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Virtually all of Hampshire’s lakes are man-made and have been created to provide ahead of water for mills, fish for a nearbysettlement, or as part of the landscapesetting of country houses. More recently,lakes have been created in the river valleysof the Avon,Test and Blackwater as a resultof gravel extraction. Many are importantfor overwintering and breeding birds.

The majority of ponds are also man-made.Originally they were created to providewater for a village or for farm livestock, asdecoys for wildlife, or as a result ofabandoned clay pits. Today they tend to becreated for fishing purposes. Only a fewponds result from a naturally high watertable, but these tend to disappear duringhot, dry summers. Nevertheless, theyprovide ideal conditions for some rareinvertebrate species such as the fairyshrimp.

Neglect, infilling and eutrophication fromfertiliser run-off are major causes of declinein standing open water.

Rivers and Streams

Hampshire has some of the finest chalkrivers in Britain: the Test, Avon, Itchen andMeon, and a number of other rivers such asthe Lymington, Beaulieu, Loddon,Whitewater,Wey, Rother and Blackwater.

Chalk rivers are particularly important fortheir assemblages of plant species: theclarity of the water provides the lightneeded to stimulate luxuriant growth. Bedsof river water crowfoot, lesser waterparsnip and water starwort are host to avariety of invertebrates such as flatworms,snails, water bugs and beetles and are ofnational and international importance.

The chalk rivers of Hampshire are alsoimportant for fish: notable species includebrown trout, salmon, bullhead, brooklamprey and sea lamprey. The Avon,Testand Itchen are all notified as SSSIs, and theAvon and Itchen are also candidate SpecialAreas of Conservation (cSACs) for theirfloating vegetation of water crowfoot. TheAvon is also a candidate SAC because of itsfish populations.

Other rivers are important for other groupsof animals and plants according to theirnutrient status. For example, the more acidrivers of the New Forest and the RiverEnbourne along the northern countyboundary support a much richer dragonflyfauna than the chalk streams. In addition tothe chalk rivers mentioned above, theLymington is also an SSSI.

Current factors affecting rivers and streamsin Hampshire include: ground and surfacewater abstraction; pollution from sewage,fish farms and fertiliser and soil run-off;inappropriate bank management andengineering works; and climate change.

Canals

Hampshire once had several canals andriver navigations: the Itchen Navigation, theBasingstoke Canal, the Southampton andSalisbury Canal (with a branch to Andover),the Titchfield Canal and the Portsea Island Canal.

The Itchen Navigation was not a true canalbut a linked series of ‘cuts’. These havebeen replaced by weirs and the distinctiveslow-moving waters typical of canals havebeen lost.Very little of the Southamptonand Salisbury Canal remains except for asmall stretch of the Andover section near Romsey.

24. Chalk river - Avon 25. Basingstoke canal

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The 4 km Titchfield Canal, constructed inthe 1600s between the sealock at TitchfieldHaven and the then ‘Port’ of Titchfield, wasone of the first recorded canals in England.It became redundant within 100 years, buthas recently undergone some restorationwork. Part of it lies within the TitchfieldHaven National Nature Reserve.

The only sizeable canal remaining is theBasingstoke Canal. The 24 km in Hampshire(0.4% of the total UK resource of 6,400km) has become one of the mostimportant wetland habitats in the UK sinceit was restored between 1976 and 1991.This is due to the unusual transition fromcalcareous spring water in the west to moreacidic conditions in the east, resulting in anextremely diverse aquatic flora and fauna,including 24 species of dragonfly.

Potential threats to canals include increasedrecreational pressure, decreasing waterlevels, pollution and the presence of invasivespecies.

Maritime Cliffs

In Hampshire, maritime cliffs are soft anderodable and liable to cliff falls and slumping.They are nationally important for plant andanimal fossils and for their invertebrate fauna.

Open unstabilised areas of cliff areparticularly important for invertebrates.The main threat to this habitat is coastaldefence works: these isolate the cliff facesfrom the intertidal zone and encouragegrowth of stabilised slopes with scrub.Whilst erosion at the foot of the cliff isbeneficial to biodiversity, it is not so at thecliff top where valuable maritime vegetationneeds to be allowed to retreat landwards.The encroachment of urban developmentand cultivated land towards the seasqueezes and erodes this valuable resource.

Shingle

Much of the coastline of Hampshire iscovered by shingle beaches. This is sometimesmixed with sand or silt, and forms transitionsto other habitats such as saltmarsh andgrassland. Many shingle spits or beaches aremobile and therefore unvegetated:vegetation will only establish where there isa matrix of finer material such as sand orsilt, and the structure is stable. Vegetatedshingle is a nationally rare habitat.

Pioneer species on undisturbed shingle inHampshire include sea kale, the yellowhorned poppy and ‘little robin’ - a nationallyrare plant. Important fauna on shingleinclude breeding colonies of terns and anumber of nationally rare invertebrates.

Shingle is mostly threatened by recreationalpressure and sea defence works.

Saltmarsh

The Hampshire coast supports extensiveareas of saltmarsh: 2,660 ha or 6% of theUK total. Saltmarsh develops alongsheltered coasts and estuaries andrepresents a transition from mudflats whichare completely inundated by tides, to uppersaltmarsh which is infrequently inundated.Saltmarsh often grades into freshwatermarsh, shingle, heath, scrub and oakwoodland. These transitional habitats areparticularly valuable for invertebrates.

Over half of the saltmarsh in Hampshire isdominated by the hybrid cord-grass Spartinaanglica. The cord-grass marshes of theSolent are of international importance asthe original site for the introduction anddevelopment of this hybrid species nowfound worldwide. Other saltmarshes in theregion are more typical mixed communitieswhich support species such as glasswort,sea aster, sea purslane and a variety ofsaltmarsh grasses. Nationally importantcolonies of black-headed gulls and breedingterns are found on areas of saltmarsh, andthe majority are notified as SSSIs.

The main threats to saltmarsh include landreclamation for urban, port, transport andindustrial infrastructure, coastal defenceworks, waste disposal and recreationalpressures. The biggest threat in future islikely to be sea level rise and consequentcoastal squeeze.

26. Maritime cliffs - Barton on Sea

27. Shingle


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Coastal Grazing Marsh

Coastal grazing marsh is low-lying,periodically inundated grassland, with ditchesthat contain standing brackish water andmay grade into saltmarsh. Although mostformer grazing marsh has been convertedto intensive agriculture or urban andindustrial use, extensive areas still remain inHampshire.These are some of the largestremaining areas of this habitat on the southcoast. They are of national natureconservation importance because they arespecies-rich and support internationallyimportant populations of wintering andbreeding birds, especially Brent geese.

This habitat grades into other importanthabitats such as reedbed, freshwater marshand ancient woodland. The total UKextent is unknown, but it is estimated thatthere are approximately 750 ha inHampshire.

Main threats to this habitat includeimproved drainage and management,pollution from sewage discharge andagricultural run-off, and cessation of grazing.Loss of habitat due to sea level rise will alsobe a problem if equivalent areas are notcreated elsewhere.

Sand Dunes

Sand dunes are windblown sand formationswith associated grassland and scrub.Thereare only two vegetated dune systems inHampshire, both on the south coast ofHayling Island, amounting to 110 ha. This isa tiny but valuable proportion of the UKtotal of 47,000 ha.

The sand dune systems are quite varied.One system has a rich fixed-dune florasupporting species such as dune fescue,sand cat’s tail and various unusual clovers,alongside mobile sand dunes which alsosupport many species local to Hampshire.The other system consists of a transitionfrom mobile sand dunes and stable shingleridges through to low-lying wet dune slacksand extensive dune-heath. Here large sandyareas support carpets of heather andlichens, with many nationally rare plants andinvertebrates.

The major threat to sand dunes is erosionfrom trampling: the south Hayling coastlinehas long been used for leisure andrecreation

Mudflats and Eelgrass Beds

These are areas of subtidal and intertidalsoft sediments, consisting of mixtures ofmud, sand and gravel. Often they supporteelgrass species in extensive beds whichhelp to stabilise the mudflats and allowinteresting marine communities to develop.They typically support a rich burrowingfauna of molluscs and worms and providean important nursery and feeding groundfor many fish species. They also provide avaluable food source for internationallyimportant populations of wintering waders,waterfowl and other coastal birds,particularly in the large sheltered harboursand estuaries of the Solent. There arearound 4,000 ha of this resource - about2% of the UK total.

Coastal defence work can interruptmovement of material along the coast andlead to depletion of mudflats. Sea levelrises will also reduce the extent of theseareas if they cannot retreat landwards.Mudflats are also particularly vulnerable topollution incidents such as oil spills orsewage discharges.

At least 1,000 ha of mudflats have been lostto development since 1930, reducing thebiological capacity of the Solent for fisheriesand wildlife. Losses have slowed greatlysince the majority of mudflats are nowdesignated as SSSIs, SPAs, Ramsar Sites andcandidate SACs.

28. Sand dunes - Gunner Point - Hayling Island

29. Mudflats 30. Coastal grazing marsh - Farlington


chapter 3Saline Lagoons

Saline lagoons are open, shallow, brackish orsaline bodies of water which are completelyor partially separated from the sea by a beach,spit or seawall. Natural lagoons are very rare:most are modified or created by man but stillprovide a similar habitat with a comparablerange of specialised species. Saline lagoonsare considered a priority habitat under theEC Habitats Directive because of their highnature conservation importance .

The Solent area and adjoining harbourshave the greatest concentration of salinelagoons in Britain. Some 33 lagoons (95 ha)are found along the Hampshire coastline -7.3% of the UK total. At least 13 of theseare of national or international importancefor their communities of specialised plantsand invertebrates, including the lagoonshrimp, the starlet sea anemone and thefoxtail stonewort.

Saline lagoons are fragile habitats which aresusceptible to changes in salinity andpollution yet have only a limited ability tobuffer themselves from such changes.Theyare particularly threatened by anyalterations to their retaining barriers such asthose brought about by coastal defenceworks or a rise in sea level.

Road Verges

Road verges are ribbons of grass and scrubof varying width which may also containother habitats such as heath and woodland.Hampshire has about 10,000 km ofmotorway, trunk and minor roads, givingnearly 13,000 ha of road verge -approximately 3% of the county land area.

Road verges form a potentially importantand extensive habitat. Many pre-datemodern farming and provide an unbrokenlink with a former, more species-richcountryside. Others are more recent, butwith sympathetic management can supporta wide range of plants and animals.

Several factors currently affect this habitat:the lack of mowing beyond a one metrestrip which results in rank grassland andscrub replacing more important species-richgrassland, road widening, fertiliser run-offand spray drift from adjacent farmland, andthe laying of pipes and cables. Allcontribute to a decline in biodiversity.

Urban

Urban areas have an important biodiversitycharacter of their own. They containremnants of countryside and river corridorsas well as habitats that have taken hold inindustrial landscapes and those createdwithin parks, open spaces and gardens. Thelargest urban areas in Hampshire areSouthampton, Portsmouth, Basingstoke,Andover, Farnborough and Aldershot.

Remnants of former countryside includeSouthampton Common, a very rich area ofgrassland most of which is an SSSI, andancient woodland found within built-upareas. Most urban areas also containhabitats that have developed alongsideindustrial landscapes such as railwayembankments or vacant lots. Other greenareas such as urban parks, greenways andnature parks, have been specifically createdto provide open space, and each urban areahas significant numbers of private gardenstoo. All of these types of greenspaceprovide habitats for wildlife and access tonature for thousands of people who live inHampshire’s towns and cities.

Development should be carefully plannedto protect and provide urban greenspace.Managers of these areas need to balancethe conservation and enhancement ofbiodiversity and the provision of attractiveplaces for recreation and enjoyment.

31. Saline lagoon - Lymington

32. Road verge 33. Urban habitat - Basingstoke

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SPECIES

Diversity and Importance

Hampshire is very rich in a wide range ofspecies. This is due to a number of factors:

• the merging of two climatic zones

• the county's situation on the coast

• the broad extent and stability of aconsiderable range of habitats

• the New Forest

Hampshire lies at the junction of twoclimatic zones and is fortunate to havespecies that are typical of both. Somewestern or oceanic species reach theeastern edge of their range - for instancewestern gorse and the marsh fritillarybutterfly. Similarly, some eastern orcontinental species reach the western edgeof their range - ground pine, wall bedstraw,and small cord-grass. The county is also thefirst landing point for some species fromcontinental Europe.

Hampshire has a variety of coastal habitats,including extensive saltmarshes and coastallagoons, which have their own distinctivewildlife. These habitats support a number ofspecies absent from inland counties.

Compared to the rest of south-eastEngland, Hampshire has a wide range ofhabitats, and many large areas valuable towildlife have remained comparativelyunchanged for long periods. This stableenvironment has allowed many species with very specific habitat requirements topersist. For example, species characteristicof old grasslands and ancient woodlands are widespread. Such habitats areincreasingly rare in the UK and this makes a very large number of the species theysupport of international or nationalconservation concern.

The New Forest is a special case. It is thelargest expanse of semi-natural habitat inthe lowlands of north-west Europe and isextremely rich in fungi, lichens, bryophytes,vascular plants, invertebrates andvertebrates, many of which are foundnowhere else in Britain.

Losses and Threats

Species can be threatened by a range offactors which can affect individual organismsor their habitat. They can be grouped underthe following headings:

• changes in habitat

• pollution

• species effects

• direct human impacts

• genetic effects

Species can be affected by a reduction in theoverall extent of their habitat, fragmentationof the habitat, or changes in habitat quality.For example, the marsh fritillary butterflyhas been driven close to extinction astraditionally managed damp pastures andmeadows have been reduced in extent bydevelopment, agricultural improvement andabandonment. These grasslands now oftenoccur in patches too small to support aviable population of the butterfly.

chapter 334. Kingfisher

35.Water vole 36. Stone Curlew 37. Silver-studded blue


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Some species are particularly sensitive tothe direct effects of pollution. Lichens arewell known as sensitive indicators of airpollution, and similarly, freshwater molluscscan be used as bio-indicators in aquaticenvironments.

Some species may be adversely affected byother species, through competition, diseaseor predation. For example, the nativewhite-clawed crayfish has undergone a verymarked decline since the introduction ofseveral species of North American crayfishinto Britain’s open waters.The Americanspecies have been aggressive competitorsand carry a fungal disease lethal to thenative species.

The populations of some species may bedirectly reduced by the collecting or huntingactivities of people. Several species oforchid and fern have had their populationsdrastically reduced or even brought close toextinction by enthusiastic collectors in thepast. Human disturbance can have similarconsequences. Disturbance is a particularlyimportant factor in the reduced breedingsuccess of several species of bird,particularly waders nesting in open habitatssuch as wet grasslands in river valleys andshingle on the coast.

Some species may also be threatened bychanges in their genetic make-up. Thoughthe genetics of wild species are generallypoorly understood, issues include theintroduction of alien varieties of nativespecies, such as the Spanish bluebell, and therelease of genetically modified organismsinto the environment.

An Audit of Hampshire’s Species

The UK Biodiversity Programme hasidentified 1288 species of nationalconservation concern.

CRITERIA FOR SELECTING SPECIES OFNATIONAL CONSERVATION CONCERN

• threatened endemic and other globallythreatened species

• species where the UK has more than 25%of the world or appropriate biogeographicalpopulation

• species where numbers or range havedeclined by more than 25% in the last 25 years

• in some instances, where the species isfound in fewer than 15 ten-km squares inthe UK

• species which are listed under internationalconventions or legislation (e.g. EC HabitatsDirective, EC Birds Directive, BernConvention, Bonn Convention, CITES,Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981)

Of these, 489 species of particular concern(rapidly declining or globally threatened)have been selected as priority species.National action plans have been or will beprepared for the majority of the priorityspecies. These plans set targets and a broadframework for action, but to be effectivethey must be translated into local contextsthroughout the UK.

The audit in Hampshire follows the nationalapproach by identifying species of concernand priority species within the county. Theaudit has taken account of all the nationalspecies of conservation concern andnational priority species which occur inHampshire, as well as identifying additionalspecies within the county.

38. Man orchid 39. Stag beetle 40. Grey partidge

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Species of Concern

Species of concern in Hampshire include allthe species of national conservationconcern which occur in the county, speciesidentified from Biodiversity Challenge4 (anaudit of nationally important speciesundertaken by a consortium of voluntaryorganisations) and other species of localconcern. These additional species of localconcern were nominated by variousexperts and specialist groups and aregenerally regarded as rare, declining,threatened or found in significant numbersin the county. In Hampshire, 776 species ofconcern have been identified.

SPECIES OF CONCERN IN HAMPSHIRE

UK HAMPSHIRE

1288 species 489 national priority species 196 national 40% of national priority speciesconservationconcern

799 other species of national 342 other species 43%conservation concern of national

conservationconcern

40 Biodiversity Challenge species

198 additional species of local concern

776 species of concern in Hampshire

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‚

‚

‚

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41.Wild gladiolis

42. Natterjack toad 43. Harvest mouse 44. Corn bunting

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EXAMPLES OF SPECIES OF NATIONAL CONSERVATION CONCERN OCCURRING IN HAMPSHIRE

Endemic Species

There are dozens of species which occur in the UK and nowhere else on Earth. Many are severelythreatened and the UK has an international responsibility to ensure that they do not becomeextinct.

• Early gentian - a nationally scarce species of chalk grasslands which occurs in a few scatteredpopulations in Hampshire.

Globally Threatened Species

Many species occurring in Britain are threatened with world-wide extinction. Action in Hampshire isan important part of the international effort to maintain these species on Earth.

• White-clawed crayfish - declining across Europe and now occurring in only six small populationsin the county.

Internationally Important Numbers of Species

There are many species in the UK which occur in internationally significant numbers. Where the UKhas a large proportion of the world or European population, it is important to safeguard them inHampshire, even if they may seem common in the county.

• Bluebell - the UK has approximately 25% of the world’s population of bluebell. Britain’s bluebellwoods are unparalleled on the continent and Hampshire is particularly well-endowed with thesewoods.

Rapidly Declining Species

Large numbers of species have declined dramatically in numbers or range this century. Somechanges may be natural, but most have been brought about by human activities. Many farmlandbirds which were once common, widespread and familiar, have suffered drastic reductions in the UK.

• All of the following bird species are found in Hampshire and have declined by more than 50% inthe UK between 1969 and 1994: tree sparrow, grey partridge, corn bunting, turtle dove,bullfinch, spotted flycatcher, song thrush, lapwing, reed bunting, skylark, linnet.

Nationally Rare Species

Many species occur at very low population levels in the UK and this puts them at an increasedthreat of extinction. Some are naturally rare, whereas others have become rare due to humanactivities. In general, the former require surveillance to ensure that they do not become any rarer,and the latter require conservation measures to prevent their extinction.

• Slender cotton grass - confined to moderately acid valley bogs in the New Forest and believed tobe extinct in the rest of Hampshire. This plant has always been rare in the UK, but is nowparticularly threatened by scrub encroachment through lack of grazing.

Legally Protected Species

These species are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, the EC Birds Directive, orthe EC Habitats Directive. They are given greater legal protection against killing, taking, disturbance,destruction or damage to their habitat than species which are not legally protected.

• Great-crested newt - protected under both the Habitats Directive and Wildlife and CountrysideAct. It can still be found in many of Hampshire’s ponds and lakes.


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chapter 7chapter 3

Priority Species

Priority species are those species ofconcern which are in most need ofconservation action. They include allnational priority species which occur in thecounty - 40% of the national total occur inHampshire. In addition, other priorityspecies have been selected from the speciesof concern in Hampshire using informationon the following:

• significance of local population in regionaland national context

• local decline

• local rarity

• local threat

The full information gathered for eachspecies and the detailed method ofselecting priority species is given in Annex 1.In total 444 priority species have beenidentified, and these are listed in Annex 2.

EXAMPLES OF SPECIES OF LOCAL CONCERN IN HAMPSHIRE

Rare

• Rough horsetail - only ever recorded at twosites in Hampshire, but persisting in both.

Declining

• Scarce blue-tailed damselfly - declineddrastically in the New Forest in the past 10years, from occurring in 28 to 1 km square.

Threatened

• Bulbous foxtail - a grass of damp hollowsin traditionally managed coastal grazingmarshes. Threatened by changes ingrassland management, lack of tidalflooding, loss of habitat as sea defences areretreated, and development pressures.

Significant Populations

• White-letter hairstreak - a little knownbutterfly which breeds on elm trees. South-east England is a stronghold for the speciesand Hampshire has a thriving population.

• Hampshire purslane - a prostratewillowherb of muddy places and ponds stilllocally common in the New Forest. Thisplant is not reliably recorded anywhere elsein the UK.

Several of the priority species identified inHampshire are extinct in the county orpossibly extinct. It is important that theHampshire Biodiversity Programme takesaccount of those species once occurring inHampshire that have disappeared. Wherethese species persist elsewhere they mayreturn of their own accord if conditions aresuitable.

Action for Priority Species

Conservation action for most priorityspecies can be dealt with through habitataction plans. The majority of species willbenefit from positive habitat managementand will be well catered for in these actionplans. However, there remains a number ofspecies with very special requirements.Species action plans will be needed whereone of the following criteria applies:

• the species is so highly threatened, orrapidly declining, that urgent action mustbe taken to prevent local extinctions

• the species is widespread and found in arange of different habitats and will bevery difficult to conserve throughgeneral habitat work without specificaction

• the species, although restricted to aparticular habitat type, has such peculiarecological requirements that normalhabitat management will not cater for it

Relatively few species action plans will beneeded in Hampshire. Most species will becatered for in Hampshire habitat actionplans or national species action plans.

Brief statements will be prepared for eachof the 444 priority species. Thesestatements will make the link with therelevant action plan. For example, where anational species action plan exists, thestatement will translate the national planinto specific action and targets forHampshire.

Monitoring

A database has been established whichincludes information on all the 776 speciesof concern in Hampshire. This will beupdated as additional information on thestatus of species becomes available, and maylead to species being added to, or taken offthe priority list. The database will also keeptrack of relevant conservation projects andcurrent action on each species.

45. Noctule bat


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PRIORITY SPECIES IN HAMPSHIRE

Species of concern Priority speciesin Hampshire in Hampshire

National priority species 196 196

Other species of national 342 124conservation concern

Biodiversity Challenge species 40 10

Additional species of local concern 198 114

Total 776 444

Species of concern Priority speciesin Hampshire in Hampshire

Algae 3 3

Lichens 31 15

Fungi 16 14

Mosses & Liverworts 26 14

Ferns 11 5

Flowering Plants 183 114

Insects 230 165

Other Invertebrates 45 26

Fish 13 8

Amphibians 6 2

Reptiles 5 2

Birds 173 62

Mammals 34 14

Total 776 444

47. Sand lizard 48. Fungi46. Dartford Warbler


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• English Nature have classified Englandinto ‘Natural Areas’, 8 of which occur inHampshire.This classification is verysimilar to the Countryside Commission’s,except that within Hampshire four of theCountryside Commission CharacterAreas have been combined into twoNatural Areas.The CountrysideCommission and English Natureclassifications are illustrated anddescribed in The Character of England6.

All three classifications are being used toidentify issues that are influencing orimpacting on the landscape and ecologicalcharacter of the county. For example,some landscape areas have sufferedconsiderable hedgerow loss and wouldbenefit from hedgerow planting andmanagement. Others would benefit fromheathland or downland restoration.

Both the Countryside Commission andEnglish Nature have published profiles foreach Character Area and Natural Area,which describe each area and the issuesinvolved in conserving or enhancing theircharacter. At a more detailed level theCounty Council, together with otherpartners, is preparing a comprehensiveLandscape Strategy for Hampshire: this willidentify issues and courses of actionrequired across a whole range of topics thatinfluence landscape and ecological character,and relate these to each of the CountyCouncil’s Character Areas and LandscapeTypes. The Hampshire Landscape Strategywill help guide the plans, policies and actionof a whole variety of organisations andgreatly assist the biodiversity programme.

GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION OF BIODIVERSITY

Knowledge of the distribution and locationof habitats and species of conservationconcern is important. Understanding thisgeographical variation helps to target actionto appropriate areas.

Landscape Character Areas and NaturalAreas

Variation in the landscape and ecologicalcharacter of Hampshire has been defined bythree map-based classifications, and thesecan be used to support the biodiversityprogramme:

• At the most detailed level, HampshireCounty Council has divided the countyinto 11 ‘Landscape Character Areas’ andthese have been further subdivided into20 ‘Landscape Types’.The classification isdescribed in The Hampshire Landscape5

and is being used and refined by districtcouncils for district landscapeassessments.

• The Countryside Commission hasdivided the whole of England into‘Countryside Character Areas’, 10 ofwhich occur in Hampshire.Theboundaries of these CountrysideCharacter Areas were influenced by theHampshire County Council classification,and the two classifications are virtuallysynonymous.The main difference is thatthe Countryside Commission mapexcludes the river valley character area.

49. Landscape Character Area - New Forest Lowland and Heath

50. Landscape Character Area -Cranborne Chase


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Land-use and Habitat Maps

Two other sources of information areparticularly useful for defining the extentand distribution of habitats. Acomprehensive map of land-use andhabitats in Hampshire has been producedfrom the interpretation of aerialphotographs. The project, undertaken onbehalf of Hampshire County Council during1996-97, has classified the entire landsurface of the county on a ‘field-by-field’basis using 81 land-use/habitat categories.The mapping is held in digital form for useon Geographical Information Systems (GIS).This provides a particularly powerfulanalytical tool for identifying the locationand area of specific habitats, and formonitoring land-use change over time. Themapping will be an invaluable informationresource for the biodiversity programme.

In addition, Hampshire County Councilholds many detailed site records collectedby ground survey which are stored on theHampshire Biological Record. Thisinformation is useful for illustrating thedistribution of habitats and providingdetailed biological information.

Key habitats of concern identified by thebiodiversity audit, can be ascribed to eachof the landscape character/natural areas.Programmes to conserve the biodiversity ofthese areas of Hampshire will need to takefull account of the detailed action andtargets set out in relevant habitat andspecies action plans.

URBAN - AN ADDITIONAL ‘CHARACTERAREA’

The three main landscape character/naturalarea classifications do not identify urban areasas a specific category. Yet in terms ofbiodiversity the character of these areas isquite distinct. Strategies and policies for urbanareas are also often distinct from those for thecountryside. It is therefore very important forthe Biodiversity Action Plan to address issuesthat are specific to urban areas.

An action plan for urban areas will beprepared along with those for other keyhabitats of conservation concern. This willcater for habitats particular to urban areas,and those also found within the countrysidebut with specific requirements because of theirurban location. A special emphasis of theaction plan will be to ensure sufficient accessto biodiversity for all who live in urban areas.

51. Urban gardens


38

HAMPSHIRE LANDSCAPE CHARACTER AREAS

Hampshire Downs

Mid Hampshire Downs

South Hampshire Downs

Cranborne Chase

North Hampshire Lowland and Heath

Western Weald Lowland and Heath

South Hampshire Lowland and Heath

New Forest Lowland and Heath

New Forest Coast

South Hampshire Coast

Avon,Test, Itchen and Meon River Valleys

Urban areas and settlement boundaries


39

HAMPSHIRE LANDSCAPE CHARACTER AREAS AND LANDSCAPE TYPES

Hampshire DownsMid Hampshire DownsSouth Hampshire DownsCranborne ChaseNorth Hampshire Lowland and HeathWestern Weald Lowland and HeathSouth Hampshire Lowland and HeathNew Forest Lowland and HeathNew Forest CoastSouth Hampshire CoastAvon,Test, Itchen and Meon River Valleys



Chalk and ClayClay PlateauCliff CoastlineOpen Coastal PlainPasture on ClayEnclosed Coastal PlainPasture: Hangers AssociatedScarps: HangersPasture and Woodland: Heath AssociatedHeathland and ForestMixed Farmland and WoodlandScarps: DownlandHorticulture and SmallholdingsOpen Arable on ClayOpen ArableRiver ValleyCoastlineUrban AreaOpen Arable on GreensandHangers on Greensand

Landscape Types

Landscape Character Areas

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11


40

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER AREAS

KEY HABITATS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Ancient semi-natural woodland x x x x x x x

Lowland pasture woodland x x x x x x

Ancient hedgerows x x x x x x x x x x x

Arable field margins x x x x x x

Unimproved neutral grassland/fen x x x x x

Calcareous grassland x x x x

Floodplain Grazing Marsh x

Lowland heath/bog/acid grassland x x x x

Fen/carr/marsh/swamp/reedbed x x x x

Standing open water x x x x x x x

Chalk rivers x

Canals x

Maritime cliffs x

Shingle x x

Saltmarsh x x

Coastal grazing marsh x x

Sand dunes x

Mudflats/eelgrass beds x x

Saline lagoons x x

Road verges x x x x x

Urban x x x

Key Habitats within the Landscape Character Areas of Hampshire

Key to Landscape Character Areas

1. Hampshire Downs

2. Mid Hampshire Downs

3. South Hampshire Downs

4. Cranborne Chase

5. North Hampshire Lowland and Heath

6. Western Weald Lowland and Heath

7. South Hampshire Lowland and Heath

8. New Forest Lowland and Heath

9. New Forest Coast

10. South Hampshire Coast

11. Avon,Test, Itchen and Meon River Valleys

This table shows onlythose habitats which areparticularly characteristicof each LandscapeCharacter Area.

41

DISTRIBUTION OF ANCIENT SEMI-NATURAL WOODLAND IN HAMPSHIRE

Ancient semi-natural woodland SSSIsHampshire Downs

Mid Hampshire Downs


Cranborne Chase





New Forest Coast




0 - 22 - 55 - 1010 - 2525 - 100100 - 400

Other ancient semi-natural woodland sites*(area in hectares)


* Details of other sites are extracted from the Hampshire Biological Record



42

DISTRIBUTION OF UNIMPROVED NEUTRAL GRASSLAND/FEN INHAMPSHIRE

Unimproved neutral grassland/fen SSSIsHampshire Downs

Mid Hampshire Downs


Cranborne Chase





New Forest Coast




0 - 22 - 55 - 1010 - 2525 - 65

Other unimproved neutral grassland/fen sites*(area in hectares)



43

DISTRIBUTION OF CALCAREOUS GRASSLAND IN HAMPSHIRE

Calcareous grassland SSSIsHampshire Downs

Mid Hampshire Downs


Cranborne Chase





New Forest Coast




0 - 22 - 55 - 1010 - 2525 - 87

Other calcareous grassland sites* (area in hectares)





44

DISTRIBUTION OF LOWLAND HEATH / BOG / ACID GRASSLAND INHAMPSHIRE

Lowland heath/bog/acid grassland SSSIsHampshire Downs

Mid Hampshire Downs


Cranborne Chase





New Forest Coast




0 - 22 - 55 - 1010 - 2525 - 42

Other lowland heath/bog/acid grassland sites*(area in hectares)



chapter 7chapter 4The audit of biodiversity described in theprevious section has enabled the selectionof habitats and species of priority concern.For each of the 21 key habitats identified, adetailed action plan is being prepared.

Action for most of the 444 priority specieswill be covered by relevant habitat actionplans. In some cases national species planswill guide action for priority species inHampshire. Where species cannot be easilyaccommodated by these plans, a specificspecies action plan will be prepared. Briefstatements will be prepared for each of the444 priority species, making the link withthe relevant action plan.

Volume 2 of the Biodiversity Action Planwill include all of the habitat action plans. Itwill also identify the relevant action planthat has been, or will be, prepared for eachpriority species, and include some speciesaction plans. More will be added as theybecome available.

Purpose and Scope of the Plans

The overall aim of each action plan is toenable successful conservation orrestoration of priority habitats and species.Each plan will provide an up-to-date andcomprehensive review of the current statusof these habitats and species, enablingeffective and well-directed action.

Each plan will have several goals:

• to provide information

• to establish comprehensive targets foraction

• to direct conservation action

• to raise awareness

• to provide a monitoring framework

Action plans will set the conservationdirection, outline priorities, and presentchallenges to the many organisations andsectors involved. Each will help individualorganisations to identify their role: forexample, site management, provision ofgrant-aid, site protection, or perhapsinfluencing national policy. Plans will give aclear picture of the extent and type ofaction required and the funds needed forimplementation.

The focus of each plan will be the actionrequired at a variety of levels, from the localneighbourhood to national policies andprogrammes. A complementary goal will beto ensure that action in Hampshire contributeseffectively to national objectives and targets.

Each plan should be seen as a workingdocument. The plans will provide areference point to monitor progress atregular intervals and will be updated overtime. Additional species may have plansprepared if the UK Action Plan recommendsthem or if dictated by local circumstances.

HABITAT AND SPECIES

ACTION PLANS

Action plans for priority habitats and species in Hampshire will greatly assist conservation aims.Plans will set out detailed objectives and measurable targets. Implementation of each plan will be closely monitored.

52. Biodiversity at the field edge45


46

Content

Each habitat or species action plan will havethree main elements:

• Assessment - a summary of status,threats and action to date

• Objectives and Targets - detailedobjectives with measurable targets

• Action Points - actions required to meetobjectives and targets

Action plans will integrate all relevantprevious work, and provide acomprehensive assessment of conservationneeds. They will set out detailed objectives,and specific, measurable targets such as areaof habitat to be re-created or restored.Targets will be based on funding that mightbe reasonably available, and indeed actionplans may stimulate new resources. Actionwill be focused to reach targets at realisticyet ambitious timescales. Lack ofcomprehensive data will not be a barrier to setting targets, and indeed a target maybe the improvement of data quality.Targets will be audited and reviewed asfurther information and resources become available.

Each plan will follow a standard format,ensuring a consistent approach and level of detail. Action plans for Hampshire willalso be compatible with plans written forthe same habitats and species nationally,and liaison will be undertaken with anyneighbouring county preparing an action plan.

In striving to assimilate all pertinentinformation, action plans will integraterelevant proposals and approaches adoptedin other plans and strategies: examples areforestry strategies, Local EnvironmentAgency Plans, coastal management plans,local plans, regional planning guidance,landscape strategies, and projects such asthe Hampshire Heathland Project andWessex Coppice Group. In turn, the actionplans will help to refine, develop andimplement these other initiatives.chapter 4

53. Grazing heathland

54. Using hazel coppice 55. Pond restoration

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FORMAT FOR HABITAT ACTION PLANS

1 Introduction

Reasons for including the habitat in the Biodiversity Action Plan for Hampshire - internationalconservation concern; key habitat within the National Biodiversity Action Plan; habitat ofparticular Hampshire concern

2 Current Status

2.1 Description of habitat - including its variation and associated species

2.2 Distribution and extent - regional, national and international context; distribution and extentin Hampshire

2.3 Legislation and site designation

2.4 Summary of important sites

3 Current Factors Affecting the Habitat

Summary of the current factors causing loss, damage or reduction in quality of the habitat

4 Current Action

4.1 Site and species protection - legislation and site designation

4.2 Habitat management and programmes of action - incentive schemes, habitat managementprojects, plans, strategies and policies

4.3 Survey, research and monitoring - audits, research into impacts, research into techniques for management/restoration etc.

4.4 Action for species - current action on priority species

5 Objectives and Targets

Objectives and targets (timescales and areas) for habitat safeguard, management, restorationand expansion; objectives and targets for species conservation; taking into account nationalobjectives and targets

6 Proposed Action with Lead Agencies

How the objectives and targets will be delivered, and by whom

6.1 Habitat protection and management - site designation; policy changes; programmes for management, restoration and re-creation; special projects and the involvement of existing projects and initiatives

6.2 Incentive schemes and other resources - targeting and strengthening of incentive schemes;identifying and increasing other resources

6.3 Species action - action required for priority species

6.4 Advice - liaison with landowners and land managers; provision of support and information to relevant organisations

6.5 Survey, research and monitoring - to support local and national action plan objectives

6.6 Communication and publicity - raising awareness and providing information to all relevant sectors

7 Sources of Information

Lists of projects, schemes, publications and contacts

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FORMAT FOR SPECIES ACTION PLANS

1 Introduction

Reasons for including the species in the Biodiversity Action Plan for Hampshire - species ofinternational conservation concern; priority species within the National Biodiversity Action Plan;species of particular Hampshire concern

2 Current Status

2.1 Ecology and habitat requirements

2.2 Population and distribution - international, national and Hampshire

2.3 Legislation and site designation

2.4 Summary of important sites

3 Current Factors Affecting the Species

Summary of the current factors causing decline in populations and distribution

4 Current Action

4.1 Protection - legislation and site designation

4.2 Site management and programmes of action - habitat management, special projects e.g.recovery programmes; incentive schemes

4.3 Survey, research and monitoring - audits; research into impacts; research into habitat requirements and habitat restoration techniques etc.

5 Objectives and Targets

Objectives and targets for maintaining and increasing species populations and distribution, takinginto account national objectives and targets

6 Proposed Action with Lead Agencies

How the objectives and targets will be delivered, and by whom

6.1 Species protection and management - site designation; policy changes; habitat management, restoration and re-creation; special projects

6.2 Incentive schemes and other resources - targeting and strengthening of incentive schemes;identifying other resources

6.3 Advice - liaison with landowners and land managers; provision of support and information torelevant organisations

6.4 Survey, research and monitoring - to support local and national action plan objectives

6.5 Communication and publicity - raising awareness and providing information to all relevant sectors

7 Sources of Information

Lists of projects, schemes, publications and contacts


49

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HABITAT AND SPECIES ACTION PLANS

Selection of Habitats &Species of Priority

ConcernUK Audit & Hampshire Audit

Action Plan GroupsTo Prepare Each Action Plan

Action PlansLead Agency

(for each Plan)

- To co-ordinate plan preparation

- To take main responsibility for steering & reviewing action

Monitoring & Review

Actionby Individual Partners

or the Partnership


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Preparation of Action Plans

Each habitat or species action plan will beprepared by a working group or leadpartner. The opportunity is open to allpartners to be involved in the preparationof any plan. All plans will undergo wideconsultation to ensure that plans arecomprehensive, accurate, forward thinkingand widely supported.

Each group or lead partner preparing a planwill involve those with specialist knowledgeand those with a particular remit or abilityto influence implementation. Preparationwill also be guided by relevant nationalaction plans and the South-east RegionalAudit.

Implementation

Implementation of each action plan will beachieved through the HampshireBiodiversity Partnership acting collectively,individual partners taking action, or throughthe actions of others not yet involved. Theissues and types of action required will varywidely between plans. On the whole,success will be best achieved through eachpartner identifying the way in which theycan contribute. For example, the Ministryof Agriculture Fisheries and Food may wishto review the targeting of the CountrysideStewardship Scheme; a district council orAONB management committee may wishto identify land-use and management issueswithin a specific geographical area; orlandowners may wish to reviewmanagement objectives for theirlandholdings.

Nevertheless, encouragement or supportwill be needed to help some partners takeaction, or to focus efforts. Groups fromwithin the Partnership will be established tooversee and monitor plans. A lead agencywill be encouraged to overseeimplementation of each plan. This keyagency may be the organisation with themost direct influence on the particularhabitat or species, but not necessarily so.

Some issues and action may be commonacross plans. Awareness of commonobjectives and action will be needed toensure that action for one habitat or speciesis also targeted at other relevant habitats orspecies. For example, several differenthabitats would benefit from initiatives whichencourage grazing. Also, there may be caseswhere action for one habitat or speciesworks to the detriment of another habitator species. Such cases will need carefulreview.

Monitoring progress will be essential. Planswill be continually monitored, with a fullreview every five years. Plans will also needto be reviewed as circumstances and issueschange over time.

HABITAT AND SPECIES ACTIONPLANS: ACTION

• prepare action plans for 21 habitats

• prepare detailed action plans for individualpriority species where these are notcatered for by a national species actionplan or Hampshire habitat action plan

• establish working groups or lead partnersto prepare and promote theimplementation of the plans

• identify a lead agency to adopt eachhabitat and species action plan and takethe lead in monitoring, co-ordinating andencouraging action

• involve existing fora and projects indelivering action, for example the Farmingand Wildlife Advisory Group, HampshireWoodland Forum and HampshireHeathland Project

• establish partnership projects andinitiatives to help implement action

• encourage individual partners to identifyobjectives and action relevant to their ownactivities and integrate these, with specifictargeting and action, into their own workprogrammes

56. Clearing scrub on heathland

57. Coastal vegetation

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The collection of data on habitats andspecies is fundamental to the developmentand implementation of a local biodiversityaction plan. No single organisation has astatutory duty to collect biologicalinformation, yet the need to record andmonitor this is vital.

A large amount of data on the biodiversityof Hampshire is already available and muchof this is held on the Hampshire BiologicalRecord, housed at Hampshire CountyCouncil. However, there is still muchinformation to be obtained. There is also aneed to co-ordinate the various sets of dataheld by different organisations, to ensurethat the information is used most effectivelyto support the biodiversity programme.

The UK Biodiversity Steering Group Reportstresses the fundamental importance ofgood data and a co-ordinated approach toboth national data provision and local datamanagement. The Report recommends atwofold approach:

• development of a national biodiversitydatabase and information system

• development of a network of localrecord centres funded by localconsortiums, to service data needs atthe local level and support and exchangeinformation with the national system

LOCAL RECORD CENTRES:A CHALLENGESET BY THE UK STEERING GROUP

The UK Biodiversity Steering Group Reportsuggests that local data management is bestcarried out by local biological record centres.Local centres are needed to both serve localneeds and contribute information at thenational level. The Report recommends thateach centre should be developed andmanaged by a consortium of localorganisations, and have the following functions:

• to act as a focus for biological recordmanagement in the area

• to manage the collection, validation andmaintenance of key data sets on behalf ofpartners

• to act as a contact point for access to databy local and national users

• to provide support and guidance torecorders, local societies and recordingschemes

• to provide support for the local planningprocess

• to promote and steer future survey

• to provide data and an information serviceto a range of organisations and individuals

The consortium-led approach has manybenefits: managing partners will have a senseof ownership of the centre; costs of the dataservice are shared between a number oforganisations; there is less duplication ofrecords; and it is easier to standardise andquality control the collection, validation andmanagement of the data.

INFORMATION AND DATA

Data underpins the entire biodiversity programme. A large amount of data is already available on

the Hampshire Biological Record, but this could be improved. The development of a Hampshire

Biological Record Centre is a priority concern.

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A group of national organisations isdeveloping a ‘National Biodiversity Network’, aproject which includes both establishing thenational data system and network of localcentres. Centres are likely to operate at thecounty scale and will be developed wherethere is a local partnership committed to theirdevelopment.

The Hampshire Biological Record

Hampshire County Council has, for manyyears, acted as a central repository for muchhabitat and species data, and has a computerdatabase and staff dedicated to the collection,maintenance and supply of biological data.

There are almost 5,000 detailed site recordsand 300,000 species records on the BiologicalRecord database. This covers about 34,000 haor 9% of Hampshire and currently excludesthe 8% of the county contained within theNew Forest. Best estimates are that detailedhabitat records of another 3 to 8% ofHampshire are required to cover most siteslikely to prove of particular natureconservation significance. Although largeamounts of data on habitats is standardisedand accessible on the Biological Record, muchof the information on species other thanplants is not. The collection of additionalinformation on both habitat and species is ahigh priority for refining the audit for theBiodiversity Action Plan.

Although the Biological Record is incomplete,lack of data should not delay the Action Planprocess. The best available data will be used,and at the same time, improving theinformation base will be given high priority.Upgrading the collection, organisation and co-ordination of all biological information willenable the establishment of a solid baselinefor all Hampshire’s habitats and species ofconservation concern. Regular and systematicrecording will also be needed to detectchange and measure progress in achievingbiodiversity targets.

Data collection through ground survey islargely undertaken by the HampshireHabitat Survey Project. Approximately 250sites, or an area of about 3,500 ha, arecovered each year. The two person surveyteam is based with the Hampshire WildlifeTrust and is funded by the County Council,English Nature, the Environment Agencyand several district councils.

Habitat Map for Hampshire

Hampshire County Council recentlycommissioned a new set of aerialphotographs of the county. From this, amap which shows the distribution ofhabitats and land-use has been produced indigital form for display on computer. Themapping is very comprehensive. Every landparcel has been assigned one of 81habitat/land-use classes, and all hedgerowslonger than 100m are also mapped. Thismapping will be invaluable for identifying thedistribution and extent of habitats.

The full nature conservation quality of someland cannot be determined byinterpretation of aerial photographs. Forexample it is difficult to differentiatebetween grassland that is herb-rich and thatwhich has been agriculturally improved. Inthese cases, the mapping will assist thefocusing of ground survey which, in turn,will be used to refine the mapping.Thiscomprehensive mapping provides for thefirst time the opportunity to accuratelymonitor land-use and habitat change.

Towards a Record Centre

The existing Hampshire Biological Record,the Hampshire Biodiversity Partnership, andthe Habitat Survey Project, together withpotential assistance from the NationalBiodiversity Network project, provide theingredients for the development of a countyrecord centre. This would become part ofthe National Biodiversity Network. Arecord centre would capitalise on the dataand information systems already availableand ensure the full complement of servicesrequired to support the Partnership andthe biodiversity programme.

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INFORMATION AND DATA: ACTION

• continue to undertake detailed habitatsurvey of Hampshire in support ofbiodiversity conservation, using theHampshire Habitat Survey Project

• encourage, support and co-ordinate avoluntary network of recorders to assist inproviding data on biodiversity

• encourage the centralisation of data onhabitats and species into the HampshireBiological Record and use this database formonitoring progress in biodiversity action

• progress the development of a HampshireBiological Record Centre to service theinformation needs of the HampshireBiodiversity Partnership and individualpartners and contribute to the NationalBiodiversity Network

• establish a programme to monitor land-useand habitat change using the digitisedhabitat and land-use mapping of thecounty as a baseline

Habitats and Land Use in Hampshire

BroadleavedWoodland 13%

Conifer Woodland 5%

Arable 37%

Urban 19%Other 1%

Calcareous Grassland 1%

Unimproved NeutralGrassland 1%

Coastal Habitats 2%

Improved Grassland 17%

Heathland/AcidGrassland 4%

59. Bittern

chapter 6

GENERAL ISSUES AFFECTING

BIODIVERSITYMany land-uses and land management activities have a considerable effect on biodiversity.Agriculture and development have a particularly strong influence, but others are also significant inHampshire. Strategies and courses of action are required to address the major issues affecting biodiversity.

54

The conservation of biodiversity is not onlydependent on direct action for habitats andspecies. There are many wider issues thathave a great influence on the welfare ofwild plants and animals. Two of the keyissues in Hampshire are agriculture anddevelopment. Many other human activities,such as various uses of the land, patterns ofresource consumption, energy use andtransport, also have very considerableimpact. Each of these issues is brieflyreviewed. It is not intended to includedetailed proposals for action here, butrather to make the connection betweenbiodiversity conservation and otheractivities.

The principal organisations and agenciesthat have a particular remit for land-use andland management activities are involved inthe Hampshire Biodiversity Partnership.Each organisation should develop their ownawareness and understanding of how thevarious issues affect biodiversity, and chart acourse of appropriate action.

There are many different levels of actionrequired and many different vehicles forpursuing action, for example the integrationof biodiversity objectives into plans andstrategies such as Local EnvironmentAgency Plans, or capitalising on existingstudies or programmes such as TheHampshire Farming Study7. The HampshireBiodiversity Partnership will encourage andsupport organisations in the formulation oftheir action for biodiversity. Whereconsidered appropriate, the Partnership willestablish topic groups to consider individualissues. These will develop proposals andagree the action needed to achievebiodiversity goals.

AGRICULTURE

Approximately 60% of Hampshire is usedfor agriculture. Farming plays a pivotal rolein determining the biodiversity of thecountryside and traditional unintensivefarming practices are particularly importantin maintaining wildlife habitats.

Many different types of habitat occur onfarmland, including wildflower meadows,ponds, and hedges. Stubble, field marginsand fallow are also valuable for wintering,feeding and breeding birds. Less directlyassociated with the agricultural enterpriseare the many woodlands within the farmedlandscape.

60. Arable farming

61. Species -rich field margin


Habitat Loss and Change

Many habitats have suffered enormouslosses, particularly over the last 50 years.Changes in farming practices since theSecond World War - towards greaterintensification and specialisation away frommixed farming systems - have resulted inmajor losses and fragmentation of habitat.

These changes have resulted from a nationaland European policy framework initiallydeveloped to meet the urgent need toproduce more home-grown food. Thepolicies have encouraged food productionwithout commensurate support for theconservation of biodiversity and protectionof the landscape. They were drawn upwhen Europe faced the serious risk of foodshortage. Although not wrong at the time,the policies have remained unchecked fortoo long and have only recently begun tobe reformed. Food production remainsvery important, but needs to be balancedwith environmental objectives.

Many of the habitats which remain havesuffered degradation through drainage,nutrient enrichment, heavy grazing, re-seeding,the application of pesticides or herbicidesand the lack of traditional management.Many farmers are aware of the effects ofthese practices on biodiversity. Some areturning to alternative approaches such asintegrated crop management.

Incentives for Land Management

In recent years, the balance betweenagricultural production and conservation ofbiodiversity has been encouraged by theintroduction of environmental landmanagement schemes. These use financialincentives to encourage farming practicesmore sympathetic to wildlife and includethe Countryside Stewardship andEnvironmentally Sensitive Area schemesadministered by MAFF, and the WildlifeEnhancement scheme administered byEnglish Nature.

Some aspects of environmental or otherland management schemes such as set-aside, have been too inflexible. Currentpolicy directives tend to allow greaterdiscretion in the implementation of theseschemes, maximising the benefits to wildlife.All of these schemes are vital to supportthe Biodiversity Action Plan.

Funding is of course limited, and much goodenvironmental management is reliant on thewillingness and financial resources of landmanagers.

Green consumerism could prove anincentive for environmental landmanagement. Encouraging local markets tobuy produce from environmentally-managedland-holdings could bring benefits to bothfarmers and biodiversity.

Advice on Land Management

Advice to landowners on land managementfor biodiversity is very important. While theCountry Landowners Association (CLA) andNational Farmers Union (NFU) are active inpromoting environmentally sensitive farming,the availability of on-the-ground advice fromadvisors with a strong agricultural andenvironmental background is essential.

English Nature have an advisory role onSSSIs, and advice is also available from thoseadministering MAFF incentive schemes.However, advice should be more widelyavailable. The recent appointment of aFarming and Wildlife Advisory Group officerfor Hampshire will greatly assist. Organisationsin Hampshire are also exploring ways toimprove support and advice for the ownersof the locally designated Sites of Importancefor Nature Conservation.

Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)

Incentive schemes and advice, and thegoodwill and sense of stewardship towardsthe environment by landowners, are allimportant. However, the primarydeterminant of the future of biodiversitywithin agriculture is the Common AgriculturalPolicy (CAP). Related aspects are consumerdemand, social trends and employmentwithin the countryside, policies promotingdiversification of enterprise within thecountryside, and development in technology.

The original aims of the CAP were toincrease agricultural productivity, ensure afair standard of living for the agriculturalcommunity, stabilise agricultural markets,guarantee regular supplies of food andensure reasonable prices to consumers.The Policy has been very successful in theseaims but is now due for review. The CAPsupports farming which is insensitive tobiodiversity, and this is at odds with thenational rise in awareness, demand andpolicy for conservation.

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The CAP and national policy on biodiversitygive conflicting messages, and this is a sourceof frustration for many landowners.

In 1997 the European Commission publishedAgenda 2000, a blueprint for the developmentof certain European Union policies includingthe CAP. The Commission suggest that CAPreform should be accompanied by measures todiversify rural economies, maintain socialstability and conserve and enhance theenvironment. Reform of the CAP may result inremoval of support for farm product pricesover time. The issues involved are complex,but one goal will be to integrateenvironmental objectives into the CAP.Hopefully reform will result in a re-invigoratedagri-environmental policy, with new andextended agri-environment instruments.

The Hampshire Farming Study has helpedinitiate strong representation to national andEuropean government on the subject of CAPreform and integrated rural development.Much of the future for agriculture and theenvironment lies with reform of the CAP, andin Hampshire it is important to make the bestof any opportunities arising from this.

A Range of Activity

Conserving biodiversity within the agriculturalsector is a particular challenge and one thatinvolves a wide partnership, from delivery ofnational and local incentive schemes andadvice, to forecasting change and influencingpolicy. Particularly influential in the latter willbe the NFU and CLA.

The aim of the Biodiversity Action Plan forHampshire will be to influence this range ofactivity. Action stemming from the Plan willhave to be clearly relevant to the landownerswho manage a large proportion of ourcountryside.

DEVELOPMENT

Development has caused extensive loss ofwildlife habitat, particularly within the last 50years. Housing, industrial and businessdevelopment, roads, coastal development,waste disposal and mineral extraction havebeen especially significant. This has resultednot only in direct loss of habitats, but also awhole variety of indirect impacts on natureconservation such as pollution, modificationof water quality and flow, disturbance tosites in proximity to development, andisolation and fragmentation of habitat. Thedemand for new development continuesand this should be accommodated whilemaintaining the quality of the environment.

Sustainable Development

The Government published both SustainableDevelopment: The UK Strategy8 andBiodiversity: The UK Action Plan in 1994.These strategies for development andbiodiversity are intimately linked.

Sustainable development ‘seeks to improvethe quality of human life without underminingthe quality of the environment’. In carryingout sustainable development, habitats andfeatures that are effectively irreplaceableshould not be destroyed, since once lostthey are lost forever. The concept ofsustainable development embodies theprinciples of not only preventing destructionor damage, but also taking the opportunityto enhance biodiversity. Also important isthe adoption of the precautionary principle:if in doubt about the environmental effectsof the development, avoid the development.

The European Directive on EnvironmentalAssessment (85/337) has greatly influencedEnvironmental Impact Assessment in the UK.However, some aspects of the Directive havenot yet been translated into UK legislation.Changes in legislation and procedures withinthe UK will be required to fully achieve theaim of sustainable development.

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Land-use Planning

For development to be sustainable in termsof biodiversity, it should be well-planned andcontrolled. Several pieces of national andEuropean legislation and nationalgovernment guidance support biodiversityobjectives, including the Wildlife andCountryside Act 1981 and amendments1985, the Habitat Regulations 1994, andPlanning Policy Guidance Note 9: NatureConservation 1995 (PPG9).

To maintain and enhance biodiversity at thelocal level, the Hampshire County StructurePlan and local plans should be based ondetailed audits of the nature conservationresource, and the capacity of the areaconcerned to accommodate development.Policies within these plans need to addressthe protection of designated sites of natureconservation importance, conservation ofbiodiversity in the wider countryside, andthe enhancement of biodiversity withindevelopment. Planning Policy GuidanceNote 12: Development Plans and RegionalPolicy Guidance 1992 (PPG 12) requiresplanning authorities to conductenvironmental appraisals of theirdevelopment plans to make clear theimplications of various strategy and policyalternatives. These approaches need to fullyinclude implications for biodiversity.

Levels of development expected byGovernment to be accommodated inHampshire are set out in Regional PlanningGuidance. Regional Guidance needs to besensitive to the biodiversity resource ofHampshire and the other counties in thesouth-east.

A disciplined approach is required to assessthe effects of development proposals.Decision makers should be sufficiently welladvised as to what makes a goodenvironmental assessment and what theopportunities are for conserving orenhancing biodiversity. Factors to considerinclude avoiding damage, mitigation ofimpacts, compensatory measures,enhancement, restoration, landscaping andmanagement. Conditions and agreementsattached to planning permissions will helpto secure these measures.

FORESTRY

Forestry is a major land use which has agreat effect on biodiversity. Broadleavedwoodlands throughout England havesuffered from lack of management fordecades due to changing markets and thereduced economic viability of woodlandproducts. Replacement of nativebroadleaved woodland with conifers, andthe cessation of traditional forms ofmanagement such as coppicing andpollarding, have all led to a reduction inbiodiversity.

Circumstances are changing, particularlywith the provision of grant-aid, thoughsustainable management of ancient semi-natural woodland is still an issue.

The Government has set out its approachto sustainable forestry in the UK ForestryStandard 1998. This provides a frameworkfor protecting and managing woodland inthe future and gives specific attention tobiodiversity issues.

In 1996 the Forestry Authority introducedWoodland Improvement Grants, under itsWoodland Grant Scheme, specificallytargeting biodiversity conservation. Grantsare available for undermanaged woods,including funding for the restoration ofcoppice and for woodland biodiversity, andalso under a special project ‘Coppice forButterflies’. This new targeted approach togrants by the Forestry Authority will greatlyassist biodiversity conservation.

For many years Hampshire County Councilhas been providing grant-aid for therestoration of derelict hazel coppice, giving anew lease of life to many ancient semi-natural woodlands. A healthy coppiceindustry is dependent upon the availabilityof workable coppice, the demand forcoppice products, and a skilled coppiceworkforce. Grant-aid has beencomplemented by the establishment of theWessex Coppice Group - an innovativeproject which is encouraging economicgrowth in the hazel coppice industry, mainlythrough marketing of coppice products andthe training of coppice craftsmen.

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COASTAL ISSUES

The coastline of Hampshire supports a richassemblage of plants and animals. Intertidalmudflats and marshes are particularlyvaluable: they provide feeding grounds forlarge numbers of birds and many areas areof international importance. Other habitatsinclude grazing marsh, lagoons, shingle spitand beaches. Nevertheless, the coast issuffering from pressures that threaten thiswildlife interest, including port and leisuredevelopment and channel dredging.

Sea level rise due to global warming alsoputs pressure on the coast.Within theSolent, a significant loss of intertidal habitatsis predicted as they are ‘squeezed’ betweenrising sea levels and coastal defences. A sealevel rise of 6mm per year along the coastof Hampshire is predicted, giving a 32cmincrease by 2050. The amenity value of thecoast introduces further pressures fromrecreation and tourism. Pollution is also aproblem, and includes organic enrichmentfrom sewage and agricultural run-off.

Estuary and shoreline managementstrategies should fully embrace biodiversityobjectives. Many of the issues and actionrequired are set out in Strategic Guidance forthe Solent9, and these will be included incoastal habitat action plans.

RECREATION AND TOURISM

Countryside recreation is an increasinglyimportant trend. Most visits to thecountryside are less than a five mile round-trip from home, so access to recreationnear to where people live is particularlysignificant. Appropriate access to naturereserves and other wildlife areas isconsistent with conservation of biodiversity.Access helps to increase publicunderstanding of nature, thus making acontribution to biodiversity protection.

Nevertheless visitor pressures can bedetrimental, especially at heavily used sites.Sensitive species and habitats may bedamaged, and noisy, disruptive and damagingactivities should be prevented or verycarefully controlled. Ancient woodlands,fens, heathlands and coastal habitats areparticularly vulnerable. Appropriatemeasures will be included in habitat actionplans.

Visiting the countryside is one of Britain’smost popular leisure activities. Concern forbiodiversity could be promoted as a centraltheme in all countryside recreation andtourism initiatives. If people are moreaware of the needs of the plants andanimals that they enjoy seeing in thecountryside, this will help to achievebiodiversity objectives.

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65. Countryside recreation


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WATER MANAGEMENT

The use of water affects biodiversity in anumber of ways. Problems of climatechange, inappropriate site management andabstraction can all lead to rivers, lakes andwetlands being severely depleted. Wetlandhabitats and the wildlife which dependsupon them can be seriously affected by lackof water and the reduction in quality ofremaining supplies. Inappropriate watercourse management and surface drainagecan reduce the naturalness, variety andextent of wildlife habitat along watercourses.

The other main concern for wetlandbiodiversity is pollution. Effluent fromsewage treatment works and industrialprocesses and run-off from farmland, maygo directly into water courses or seep intogroundwater. High nitrate and pesticideconcentrations and low dissolved oxygenlevels are some of the resulting problems.Many animals and plants which depend onclean water cannot tolerate theseconditions.

Continual provision of new water resourcesis unsustainable and the demand for waterneeds to be managed. The requirement tobuild many more homes in Hampshire by2011 will have major water resourceimplications.

ENERGY

The production, transmission and use ofenergy have wide-ranging effects onbiodiversity. The generation of energyrequires large installations such as powerstations, transmission lines, or pipelineswhich affect biodiversity directly throughland-take. It is important that theseinstallations are sited sensitively, away fromvulnerable wildlife habitats.

The burning of fossil fuels results in bothacid deposition and the release of pollutantssuch as carbon dioxide into theatmosphere. Acid rain affects a variety ofhabitats, particularly forests and lakes.However the release of carbon dioxide ishaving a more widespread effect. Emissionsof greenhouse gases by burning fossil fuelshas now been positively linked with globalwarming.

This will result in very significant implicationsfor biodiversity. A sustainable energy policy,which reduces energy demand andincreases the use of renewable resourcessuch as solar power and biomass fuels,should be promoted.

TRANSPORT

Transport has both a direct and indirectimpact on biodiversity. The growth of roadtransport is particularly significant: roadconstruction can damage, fragment or resultin the complete loss of habitats, and alsocreate barriers to species movement.Extraction from gravel pits and quarries foraggregates and development adjacent toroads also affects wildlife.

Car travel has increased dramatically inrecent decades and is forecast to continuegrowing at an alarming rate. Upgrading ofthe road network will significantly affectwildlife and it is important to ensure thateach project does not affect importanthabitats. Public transport needs to becomea more attractive alternative to private caruse, alongside walking and cycling for shortdistance travel. The maintenance andimprovement of the existing transportinfrastructure should take priority over thedevelopment of new routes.

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66. Road construction - Twyford Down


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AIR QUALITY

Transport and energy production releasepollutants into the air, and many industriesalso contribute to low air quality. Airpollution has well documented effects onpeople’s health, but less well known are theimplications for biodiversity.

Air pollution has both local and widespreadeffects. Acid deposition can result inacidification of soils and water bodies, andrelease of chemicals such as sulphurs andnitrates can also affect organisms.Biodiversity particularly at risk from poor airquality includes sensitive species such aslichens, habitats naturally low in nutrients,and habitats on acid soils or in acid waters.

CLIMATE CHANGE

Emissions of greenhouse gases worldwideare contributing significantly to globalwarming. Small changes in the earth’stemperature will have great effects onbiodiversity. Some of the predicted changesinclude a rise in sea levels and a generalwarming of temperate regions. Thesechanges will result in shifts in thecomposition of aquatic and terrestrialcommunities, and changes in wildlifebehaviour and habitats.

Local strategies for biodiversity need to takeserious account of this issue. Sea level riseis a considerable threat in Hampshire. Theproblems and opportunities that this posesneed to be anticipated and planned for.Coastal habitats will be lost and species onthe edge of their range may disappear.Climate change illustrates that a long-termperspective for biodiversity needs to betaken in the preparation of action plans.

GENERAL ISSUES: ACTION

• encourage organisations and individualswith a particular responsibility for land-useand land management activities such asagriculture, development, forestry andwater resources, to establish their ownobjectives and action for biodiversity,taking particular account of targets andaction outlined in habitat and speciesaction plans

• establish groups where appropriate toreview issues influencing biodiversity andprepare plans of action

• develop action for biodiversity throughappropriate land-use fora and initiativessuch as SERPLAN and the Solent Forum

• take full account of biodiversity objectiveswithin land-use plans and strategies suchas the Hampshire County Structure Plan,local plans and Local Environment Agency Plans

• influence local and regional policy andnational guidance, policy and legislation to support biodiversity objectives in Hampshire

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67. Fawley power station

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Biodiversity conservation cannot just be leftto people involved in land management andnature conservation. It involves manysectors of society and people in all walks oflife. Although many people are aware ofthe need to conserve biodiversity, they donot always appreciate that it concerns themdirectly: their actions can make a difference.

An action plan will be prepared tospecifically address awareness andinvolvement issues. A working group willassess current initiatives and theireffectiveness, identify gaps, and agreeobjectives, targets and appropriate action.The group will fully consider methods ofspreading the biodiversity message. Someinitial ideas are sketched out here.

Key Sectors

One of the central aims of the BiodiversityAction Plan is to increase understanding andsupport for biodiversity throughout thecounty. This will involve key sectors ofsociety: farmers and land managers, alllevels of government, business and industry,media and education, youth and communitygroups and the professions. Successfulimplementation of the action plan willdepend on widespread understanding.

Biodiversity messages and initiatives can begeared to the particular interests of eachsector. For instance, the success of thebiodiversity programme is very dependentupon action by farmers. Farm managersand industry will be keen to know how topromote biodiversity without losing long-term profitability. Youth leaders may wish toknow how to interest young people in thenatural world, and in education, schoolsneed to be aware of all the opportunitiesfor integrating biodiversity into thecurriculum.

Getting the biodiversity message across willinvolve guidance from the HampshireBiodiversity Partnership and the support ofpeople in each sector who cancommunicate in terms that are bothrelevant and understandable to the sectorconcerned. Leaders in each sector shouldbe invited to take an active role.

The Public’s Role

Messages on biodiversity should reacheveryone as individuals too. Here, messagesshould focus on the benefit of biodiversityconservation to us all: the enjoyment ofcontact with nature; the need to protectwildlife for our children; and our moral dutyto protect wild species. Action forbiodiversity will improve the quality ofeveryone’s life in their own neighbourhoodsand communities.

Building awareness can be done in manyways. Information can be distributedthrough a variety of media and materialssuch as publications, illustrated talks, displaysin shopping centres and libraries, guidednature walks, adverts or programmes onradio and television, the internet andmarketing of biodiversity alongside popularproducts. Messages need to be simple,relevant and easily accessible.

People can also be given opportunities toplay a more active part: improving theirown gardens for wildlife; helping to clear thevillage pond of debris; setting up a wildlifecorner in their local park; and celebratinglocal plants and animals in festivals andother events. These types of initiatives givepeople a greater understanding and a stakein the well-being of their local biodiversity.Direct experience builds appreciation ofbiodiversity conservation.

AWARENESS AND INVOLVEMENT

People in all sectors of society should play their part in conserving biodiversity. Ultimately,

successful implementation of the Biodiversity Action Plan will depend on this widespread

understanding.The Hampshire Biodiversity Partnership will develop a programme to increase

awareness and involvement in biodiversity conservation.


62

Education and Training

Integrating biodiversity conservation intoformal education is one of the mostimportant vehicles for raising awareness.Young people form their attitudes to theenvironment at a very early age, and ifchildren understand and respect nature theyare more likely to grow intoenvironmentally-aware adults. Education ofschool children can also have an importantknock-on effect to parents and the widercommunity.

Several national initiatives are examininghow biodiversity can be better integratedinto the National Curriculum and teachertraining. On a practical level, biodiversityeducation can be promoted throughensuring that all schools have access tonature areas, preferably within their ownschool grounds. Hampshire CountyCouncil’s Schools Landscape Project and thenational organisation Learning ThroughLandscapes are two of the many groupsthat advise on ways to enrich schoolgrounds.

Other initiatives could help to spreadawareness. Visitor centres provide a focusfor practical activities and field studies, offerequipment and teaching materials, houseexhibitions and libraries of information.Nature reserves in the community givepeople access to wildlife at first hand.Projects which promote a rich biodiversityin the neighbourhood are vitally importantin every community, rural or urban.

Co-ordinated Programme

Widespread understanding is crucial forsuccessful implementation of theBiodiversity Action Plan. Action must beunderpinned by greater public awarenessand support, and a heightened awarenesswithin those sectors that can have aninfluence on biodiversity conservation.Many excellent initiatives already exist: forexample, the Hampshire Wildlife Trust’sParish Tree Wardens Scheme, LocalEnvironment Initiative and WATCH projectfor children; district council initiatives such asEastleigh Borough Council’s Pond RescueCampaign and Southampton City Council’sHawthorn Urban Wildlife Centre; andHampshire County Council’s Community

Action Fund and Country Parks. Howevera strategy is needed to co-ordinate efforts,identify gaps, and greatly increase popularsupport.

A marketing strategy should aim to get thekey messages of biodiversity conservationacross to both the general public and to keysectors. Leaders in society will be neededto champion the cause, and more examplesof good practice will be needed to illustratewhat can be accomplished. Biodiversityshould become a household word and anissue that transcends all levels of society.

AWARENESS AND INVOLVEMENT:ACTION

• establish a working group to prepare anaction plan to address awareness andinvolvement in biodiversity conservation

• ensure that information on biodiversity andhow to get involved in conservingbiodiversity is readily available to thepublic. Local authorities and voluntaryconservation organisations in particularcan promote awareness and provideopportunities for involvement throughmechanisms such as grant-aid forcommunity projects and the managementof nature reserves

• promote the Biodiversity Action Plan forHampshire and publicise the mainobjectives and programme of action

• develop a strategy for marketingbiodiversity which targets key sectors suchas business and industry, all levels ofgovernment, the public, land managers and education

• encourage and support organisations indeveloping their corporate awareness andcommitment to biodiversity, for examplewithin all departments of local government

• ensure that biodiversity is a centralcomponent of Local Agenda 21programmes and that Agenda 21 initiativeshelp to generate awareness andinvolvement in biodiversity

• support the integration of biodiversityconservation into formal education

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69. Environmental education

70. School grounds

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The Hampshire Biodiversity Partnership iscommitted to working together to progressbiodiversity conservation. The Partnershipwould like to integrate all interested partiesto progress the action set out in this Plan.

The Partnership has a long-term vision forthe biodiversity programme. Progressingaction will involve a great variety of projects,initiatives, courses of action and levels ofactivity. Some can be progressedimmediately, others will evolve over time.The process needs to be adaptable tochanging circumstances. The Partnership iscommitted to a long-term association, onethat will monitor and review progress wellinto the next Millennium. This will requireconsiderable co-ordination to ensure thatwe remain focused and stay on course todeliver action and meet the targets whichwe set for ourselves.

WAY FORWARD: ACTION

• develop and maintain a long-termPartnership to progress the conservationand enhancement of biodiversity inHampshire through developing initiatives,exchanging information, encouragingaction, and monitoring and reviewingprogress. This work will be assisted by theSteering Group of the HampshireBiodiversity Partnership.

• encourage individual partners to reviewtheir own action, to help meet theobjectives and targets set out in theBiodiversity Action Plan and associatedhabitat and species action plans

• monitor the development of the UKBiodiversity Programme and other policiesand initiatives at the national andinternational level, for integration into theBiodiversity Action Plan for Hampshire

• review and update the Biodiversity ActionPlan, including the habitat and speciesaction plans, every five years

THE WAY FORWARD

The Biodiversity Action Plan marks the beginning of a co-ordinated programme of action. Each

individual and organisation concerned with the conservation of Hampshire’s biodiversity has a

fundamental role to ensure the success of the objectives of the Plan.


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ANNEX 1 - IDENTIFICATION OF PRIORITY SPECIES IN HAMPSHIRE

The following criteria have been used for selecting priority species from the list of 776 speciesof concern in Hampshire:

• national priority species occurring in Hampshire

• other species if:

• the UK distribution is restricted to Hampshire, or Hampshire has the national stronghold, or Hampshire has a regionally important population, or

• they are suffering a rapid decline, or

• all of the following 4 criteria can be met: isolated, decline, rare, high degree of threat

Definition of terms:

Significance

Restricted to Hampshire Hampshire holds 100% of the UK population

National stronghold Hampshire holds over 10% of the UK population, or one of 3 counties or fewer with the species

Regionally important SE England a stronghold for the species; Hampshire has a strong population in the region

Widespread Species has widespread distribution in UK and in Hampshire

Isolated Local population is isolated from other populations; likely to contribute to genetic diversity of species

Decline *

Rapid decline 50-100% decline over last 25 years

Decline 6-49% decline over last 25 years

Stable no more than 5% decline over last 25 years

Increasing generally considered to be increasing

* Decline figures reflect the local situation if known, but often the national figures are taken.It is thus assumed that national declines are also occurring in Hampshire.

Local Rarity

Rare currently occurs in 1% or fewer tetrads **

Scarce currently occurs in 5% or fewer tetrads

Uncommon currently occurs in 6-20% of tetrads

Common currently occurs in more than 20% of tetrads

** a tetrad consists of 4 square kilometres - i.e. 2 km x 2 km

Local Threat

high high degree of threat

medium medium degree of threat

low low degree of threat

Annex 2

65

ANNEX 2 - PRIORITY SPECIES IN HAMPSHIRE

Key to table on page 66-78

National/local status

P National priority species

C Other species of national conservation concern

BC Biodiversity Challenge species

L Additional species of local concern

Significance of population in region/UK - see Annex1

Decline - see Annex1

Local rarity - see Annex1

Threat - see Annex1

Habitats

1 Ancient semi-natural woodland

2 Lowland pasture woodland/parkland

3 Ancient hedgerows

4 Arable field margins

5 Unimproved neutral grassland/fen

6 Calcareous grassland

7 Floodplain grazing marsh

8 Lowland heath/bog/acid grassland

9 Fen/carr/marsh/swamp/reedbed

10 Standing open water

11 Chalk rivers

12 Canals

13 Maritime cliffs

14 Shingle

15 Saltmarsh

16 Coastal grazing marsh

17 Sand dunes

18 Mudflats and eelgrass beds

19 Saline lagoons

20 Road verges

21 Urban

22 Marine

23 General/all habitats


66

Scie

ntifi

c na

me

Com

mon

nam

eG

roup

Nat

iona

l/Si

gnifi

canc

e of

Dec

line

Loca

lTh

reat

Hab

itat(

s)

Loca

l Sta

tus

popu

latio

n in

reg

ion/

UK

Rarit

y

Char

a ba

ltica

Balti

c st

onew

ort

Alga

eP

--

--

19La

mpr

otha

mniu

m p

apulo

sum

foxt

ail s

tone

wor

tA

lgae

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leRa

reH

igh19

Nite

llops

is ob

tusa

star

ry s

tone

wor

tA

lgae

P-

--

-19

Bufo

cal

amita

natte

rjack

toad

Am

phib

ians

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

St

able

Rare

Low

8,10

Tritu

rus

crist

atus

grea

t cre

sted

new

tA

mph

ibian

sP

Wid

espr

ead

Dec

line

Unc

omm

onLo

w10

Alkm

aria

rom

ijni

tent

acle

d lag

oon-

wor

mA

nnel

ids

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

le

Rare

High

19Ar

man

dia

cirrh

osa

lagoo

n sa

ndw

orm

Ann

elid

sP

Rest

ricte

d to

Han

tsRa

pid

Dec

line

Rare

High

19H

irudo

med

icina

lism

edici

nal l

eech

Ann

elid

sP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Rare

Low

8,10

Aner

gate

s at

ratu

lusda

rk g

uest

ant

Ant

sP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ld-

--

8,14

Form

ica c

andi

daa

blac

k bo

g an

tA

nts

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leRa

reLo

w8

Form

ica e

xsec

tana

rrow

-hea

ded

ant

Ant

sP

Isolat

edRa

pid

Dec

line

Rare

High

8Fo

rmica

rufa

sout

hern

woo

d an

tA

nts

PW

ides

prea

dSt

able

Unc

omm

onLo

w8

Andr

ena

fero

xa

min

ing

bee

Bees

PIso

lated

--

High

1,5

Anth

opho

ra re

tusa

potte

r flo

wer

bee

Bees

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh13

Bom

bus

rude

ratu

slar

ge g

arde

n bu

mbl

e be

eBe

esP

Wid

espr

ead

Dec

line

Scar

ceH

igh5,

6Bo

mbu

s sy

lvaru

msh

rill c

arde

r be

eBe

esP

Wid

espr

ead

Dec

line

Scar

ceH

igh5,

6La

sioglo

ssum

ang

ustic

eps

a m

inin

g be

eBe

esP

Isolat

edD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh13

Mele

cta

lucto

saa

solit

ary

bee

Bees

BCN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh8,

13N

omad

a ar

mat

aa

cuck

oo b

eeBe

esP

--

--

6,20

Nom

ada

xant

hosti

cta

a cu

ckoo

bee

Bees

P-

Rapi

d D

eclin

e-

-1

Osm

ia x

anth

omela

naa

mas

on b

eeBe

esP

Isolat

edD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh13

Psith

yrus

rupe

stris

hill

cuck

oo b

eeBe

esC

Isolat

edRa

pid

Dec

line

Rare

High

5,14

,17

Agab

us b

runn

eus

a w

ater

bee

tleBe

etle

sP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Rare

Med

ium

8Am

ara

fam

elica

a gr

ound

bee

tleBe

etle

sP

-D

eclin

e-

-8

Ampe

dus

quer

cicola

a cli

ck b

eetle

Beet

les

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Scar

ceLo

w1,

2An

isoda

ctylu

s ne

mor

ivagu

sa

grou

nd b

eetle

Beet

les

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Scar

ceLo

w8

Aniso

dact

ylus

poec

iloid

esa

grou

nd b

eetle

Beet

les

P-

Dec

line

--

15,1

6Ap

hodi

us n

iger

a sc

arab

bee

tleBe

etle

sP

Rest

ricte

d to

Han

tsSt

able

Rare

Low

8Bi

dess

us u

nistri

atus

a w

ater

bee

tleBe

etle

sP

-D

eclin

e-

-7,

10,1

6Ci

cinde

la g

erm

anica

a tig

er b

eetle

Beet

les

P-

Dec

line

--

13Ci

cinde

la s

ylvat

icaw

ood

tiger

bee

tleBe

etle

sP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ld-

--

8Cr

ypto

ceph

alus

nitid

ulus

a le

af b

eetle

Beet

les

P-

--

-1

Cryp

toce

phal

us s

expu

ncta

tus

a le

af b

eetle

Beet

les

P-

--

-1

Don

acia

aqu

atica

a re

ed b

eetle

Beet

les

P-

--

-9,

10D

onac

ia b

icolor

aa

reed

bee

tleBe

etle

sP

--

--

9,10

Dro

mius

qua

drisi

gnat

usa

grou

nd b

eetle

Beet

les

P-

Dec

line

--

1,2

PRIO

RITY

SPE

CIES

IN H

AMPS

HIR

E

Das

h (-

) in

dica

tes

info

rmat

ion

unkn

own

or u

nava

ilabl

e

Annex 2

67

Scie

ntifi

c na

me

Com

mon

nam

eG

roup

Nat

iona

l/Si

gnifi

canc

e of

Dec

line

Loca

lTh

reat

Hab

itat(

s)

Loca

l Sta

tus

popu

latio

n in

reg

ion/

UK

Rarit

y

Dys

chiri

us a

ngus

tatu

sa

grou

nd b

eetle

Beet

les

P-

Dec

line

--

17Gn

orim

us n

obilis

a ch

afer

Beet

les

P-

--

-1,

2Gr

apho

deru

s zo

natu

sw

ater

bee

tleBe

etle

sP

Rest

ricte

d to

Han

tsSt

able

Rare

High

8H

eloph

orus

latic

ollis

a w

ater

bee

tle

Beet

les

PRe

stric

ted

to H

ants

Dec

line

Rare

High

8H

ydro

poru

s ru

fifro

nsa

wat

er b

eetle

Beet

les

P-

Dec

line

--

9,10

Hyli

s ole

xai

a cli

ck b

eetle

Beet

les

LRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Dec

line

Rare

-1

Liony

chus

qua

drillu

ma

grou

nd b

eetle

Beet

les

P-

Dec

line

--

14,1

5Lu

canu

s ce

rvus

stag

bee

tleBe

etle

sP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldRa

pid

Dec

line

Scar

ce-

1,2

Mal

achiu

s ae

neus

scar

let m

alach

ite b

eetle

Beet

les

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

--

-3,

5M

eotic

a an

glica

a ro

ve b

eetle

Be

etle

sP

Isolat

edD

eclin

eSc

arce

11Pa

chyt

ychiu

s ha

emat

ocep

halus

a w

eevil

Beet

les

PRe

stric

ted

to H

ants

-Ra

reH

igh5,

16Pa

edur

us c

aliga

tus

a ro

ve b

eetle

Beet

les

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

D

eclin

eRa

re-

1Pa

racy

mus

aen

eus

wat

er b

eetle

Beet

les

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Rare

High

15Pr

ionus

cor

iariu

sa

saw

yer

beet

leBe

etle

sL

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tSt

able

Rare

-1

Pter

ostic

hus

ater

rimus

a gr

ound

bee

tleBe

etle

sP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldD

eclin

eRa

re-

8Pt

eros

tichu

s ku

gela

nni

a gr

ound

bee

tleBe

etle

sP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldD

eclin

eRa

re-

8Rh

ynch

aenu

s te

stace

usa

jum

ping

wee

vilBe

etle

sP

--

--

9Sp

hingin

us lo

batu

sa

false

sol

dier

bee

tleBe

etle

sL

Rest

ricte

d to

Han

ts-

Scar

ce-

1Ta

chys

edm

onds

ia

grou

nd b

eetle

Beet

les

PRe

stric

ted

to H

ants

-Ra

re-

8Ta

chys

micr

osa

grou

nd b

eetle

Beet

les

PRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Dec

line

Scar

ce-

13To

mox

ia b

ucep

hala

a tu

mbl

ing

flow

er b

eetle

Beet

les

LRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Stab

leSc

arce

-1

Acro

ceph

alus

pal

udico

laaq

uatic

war

bler

Bird

sP

Isolat

edD

eclin

eRa

reLo

w9,

16Ac

roce

phal

us p

alus

tris

mar

sh w

arbl

erBi

rds

P-

--

-9

Acro

ceph

alus

scir

pace

usre

ed w

arbl

erBi

rds

CRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Stab

le-

Low

9Al

auda

arv

ensis

skyla

rkBi

rds

PW

ides

prea

dD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh4,

5,6,

7,8,

16An

as s

trepe

raga

dwall

Bird

sC

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tIn

crea

sing

Unc

omm

onLo

w7,

10,1

1An

ser a

lbifr

ons

whi

te-fr

onte

d go

ose

Bird

sC

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tRa

pid

Dec

line

Rare

High

7,10

,16

Aren

area

inte

rpre

stu

rnst

one

Bird

sC

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tSt

able

Scar

ceM

ediu

m15

,18

Ayth

ya fe

rina

poch

ard

Bird

sC

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldD

eclin

eSc

arce

Low

10,1

1Bo

taur

us s

tella

risbi

ttern

Bird

sP

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tSt

able

Rare

High

9Br

anta

ber

nicla

ber

nicla

dark

-bel

lied

bren

t goo

seBi

rds

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leU

ncom

mon

Med

ium

15,1

6,18

Burh

inus

oedi

cnem

usst

one

curle

wBi

rds

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Rapi

d D

eclin

eSc

arce

High

4,6,

8Ca

lidris

alb

asa

nder

ling

Bird

sC

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tSt

able

Scar

ceM

ediu

m15

,18

Calid

ris a

lpina

dunl

inBi

rds

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leU

ncom

mon

Med

ium

15,1

8,19

Calid

ris c

anut

uskn

otBi

rds

CRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Stab

leSc

arce

Med

ium

15,1

8


68

Scie

ntifi

c na

me

Com

mon

nam

eG

roup

Nat

iona

l/Si

gnifi

canc

e of

Dec

line

Loca

lTh

reat

Hab

itat(

s)

Loca

l Sta

tus

popu

latio

n in

reg

ion/

UK

Rarit

y

Capr

imulg

us e

urop

aeus

nigh

tjar

Bird

sP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Unc

omm

onH

igh1,

8Ca

rdue

lis c

anna

bina

linne

tBi

rds

PW

ides

prea

dD

eclin

e-

High

4,6,

8,23

Cetti

a ce

ttiC

etti'

s w

arbl

erBi

rds

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Incr

easin

gU

ncom

mon

Low

9Ci

rcus

cya

neus

hen

harr

ier

Bird

sC

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tD

eclin

eSc

arce

Med

ium

8Ci

rcus

pyg

argu

sM

onta

gu's

harr

ier

Bird

sC

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Rare

High

4,8,

16Co

ccot

hrau

stes

cocc

othr

auste

sha

wfin

chBi

rds

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leU

ncom

mon

Low

1,2

Cotu

rnix

cotu

rnix

quail

Bird

sC

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tSt

able

Scar

ceLo

w4,

6,16

Crex

cre

xco

rncr

ake

Bird

sP

--

--

5,7

Cygn

us c

olum

bian

usBe

wick

's sw

anBi

rds

CRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Dec

line

Rare

High

7,10

Den

droc

ops

mino

rle

sser

spo

tted

woo

dpec

ker

Bird

sC

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

-Lo

w1,

2Eg

retta

gar

zetta

little

egr

etBi

rds

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Incr

easin

gSc

arce

Low

9,15

,16,

18,1

9Em

beriz

a cir

luscir

l bun

ting

Bird

sP

--

--

3,4

Embe

riza

scho

enicl

usre

ed b

untin

gBi

rds

PW

ides

prea

dD

eclin

e-

High

4,8,

9Fa

lco c

olum

bariu

sm

erlin

Bird

sC

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tSt

able

Scar

ceM

ediu

m8,

16Fa

lco s

ubbu

teo

hobb

yBi

rds

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Incr

easin

gU

ncom

mon

Low

2,8

Gallin

ago

gallin

ago

snip

eBi

rds

CRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Rapi

d D

eclin

eU

ncom

mon

High

7,8,

9,15

,16

Jynx

torq

uila

wry

neck

Bird

sP

--

--

2La

nius

collu

riore

d-ba

cked

shr

ikeBi

rds

P-

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh5,

6,8

Laru

s m

elano

ceph

alus

Med

iterr

anea

n gu

llBi

rds

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Incr

easin

g Ra

reM

ediu

m15

Limos

a la

ppon

icaba

r-tail

ed g

odw

itBi

rds

CRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Dec

line

Scar

ceM

ediu

m15

,18

Limos

a lim

osa

blac

k-ta

iled

godw

itBi

rds

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

St

able

Scar

ceM

ediu

m7,

15,1

8,19

Locu

stella

nae

viagr

assh

oppe

r w

arbl

erBi

rds

C-

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reLo

w8,

9Lu

llula

arb

orea

woo

dlar

kBi

rds

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Incr

easin

gU

ncom

mon

High

8Lu

scini

a m

egar

hync

hos

nigh

tinga

leBi

rds

CRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Dec

line

Unc

omm

onM

ediu

m1,

2,8,

9M

elanit

ta n

igra

com

mon

sco

ter

Bird

sP

--

--

22M

ergu

s m

erga

nser

goos

ande

rBi

rds

CRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Incr

easin

gSc

arce

Low

10,1

1M

ergu

s se

rrato

rre

d-br

east

ed m

erga

nser

Bird

sC

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tSt

able

Scar

ceM

ediu

m22

Mila

ria c

alan

dra

corn

bun

ting

Bird

sP

Wid

espr

ead

Rapi

d D

eclin

eU

ncom

mon

H

igh4,

6,7,

16M

ilvus

milv

usre

d kit

eBi

rds

CRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Incr

easin

g Ra

re-

1,5,

23M

otac

illa fl

ava

yello

w w

agta

ilBi

rds

C-

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh7,

16M

uscic

apa

stria

tasp

otte

d fly

catc

her

Bird

sP

Wid

espr

ead

Rapi

d D

eclin

e-

High

1,2,

21,2

3Pa

nuru

s bi

arm

icus

bear

ded

titBi

rds

CRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Stab

leSc

arce

Low

9Pa

sser

mon

tanu

stre

e sp

arro

wBi

rds

P-

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh3,

4Pe

rdix

perd

ixgr

ey p

artr

idge

Bird

sP

Wid

espr

ead

Rapi

d D

eclin

e-

High

3,4

Pern

is ap

ivoru

sho

ney

buzz

ard

Bird

sC

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh8,

12Pl

uvia

lis a

prica

riago

lden

plo

ver

Bird

sC

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

t St

able

Unc

omm

onM

ediu

m7,

15,1

6,18

Annex 2

69

Scie

ntifi

c na

me

Com

mon

nam

eG

roup

Nat

iona

l/Si

gnifi

canc

e of

Dec

line

Loca

lTh

reat

Hab

itat(

s)

Loca

l Sta

tus

popu

latio

n in

reg

ion/

UK

Rarit

y

Pluv

ialis

squ

atar

olagr

ey p

love

rBi

rds

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leU

ncom

mon

Med

ium

15,1

8Po

dice

ps a

uritu

sSl

avon

ian g

rebe

Bird

sC

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tIn

crea

sing

Scar

ceM

ediu

m22

Podi

ceps

nigr

icollis

blac

k-ne

cked

gre

beBi

rds

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Rare

Med

ium

10,2

2Py

rrhula

pyr

rhula

bullfi

nch

Bird

sP

Wid

espr

ead

Dec

line

-H

igh1,

2,3,

21,2

3Re

gulus

ignic

apillu

sfir

ecre

stBi

rds

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leSc

arce

Low

1,2

Saxic

ola ru

betra

whi

ncha

tBi

rds

C-

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh8

Ster

na a

lbifr

ons

little

tern

Bird

sC

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldD

eclin

eRa

reM

ediu

m14

,15

Ster

na d

ouga

lliiro

seat

e te

rnBi

rds

P-

--

-14

,15,

22St

rept

opeli

a tu

rtur

turt

le d

ove

Bird

sP

Wid

espr

ead

Rapi

d D

eclin

eU

ncom

mon

High

1,2,

3,4

Sylvi

a un

data

Dar

tford

war

bler

Bird

sC

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Unc

omm

onM

ediu

m8

Tetra

o te

trix

blac

k gr

ouse

Bird

sP

--

--

8Tu

rdus

phil

omelo

sso

ng th

rush

Bird

sP

Wid

espr

ead

Dec

line

-H

igh1,

2,4,

21,2

3Ap

atur

a iri

spu

rple

em

pero

rBu

tterfl

ies

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Scar

ceLo

w1

Argy

nnis

adip

pehi

gh b

row

n fri

tillar

yBu

tterfl

ies

P-

Rapi

d D

eclin

e-

-1

Argy

nnis

paph

iasil

ver-w

ashe

d fri

tillar

yBu

tterfl

ies

CRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Stab

le-

-1,

2Bo

loria

eup

hros

yne

pear

l-bor

dere

d fri

tillar

yBu

tterfl

ies

PRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh1,

8Bo

loria

sele

nesm

all p

earl-

bord

ered

friti

llary

Butte

rflie

sC

Isolat

edRa

pid

Dec

line

Rare

High

1,5,

8Cu

pido

mini

mus

small

blu

eBu

tterfl

ies

CIso

lated

Rapi

d D

eclin

eSc

arce

High

6Eu

rodr

yas

aurin

iam

arsh

friti

llary

Butte

rflie

sP

Isolat

edRa

pid

Dec

line

Rare

High

6,8,

9H

amea

ris lu

cina

Duk

e of

Bur

gund

yBu

tterfl

ies

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Scar

ceH

igh1,

6H

espe

ria c

omm

asil

ver-s

potte

d sk

ippe

rBu

tterfl

ies

PRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Stab

leRa

reLo

w6

Lysa

ndra

bell

argu

sad

onis

blue

Butte

rflie

sP

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tD

eclin

eSc

arce

Low

6Ly

sand

ra c

orid

onch

alkhi

ll bl

ueBu

tterfl

ies

CRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Dec

line

Unc

omm

on-

6Pl

ebeju

s ar

gus

silve

r-stu

dded

blu

eBu

tterfl

ies

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Unc

omm

onLo

w8

Stry

mon

idia

w-a

lbum

whi

te-le

tter

hairs

treak

Butte

rflie

sL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Scar

ceLo

w1,

2,3

Thec

la b

etula

ebr

own

hairs

treak

Butte

rflie

sC

Isolat

edD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh3

Austr

opot

amob

ius p

allip

esw

hite

-claw

ed c

rayfi

shC

rust

acea

nsP

Isolat

edRa

pid

Dec

line

Scar

ceH

igh10

,11

Chiro

ceph

alus

dia

phan

usfa

iry s

hrim

pC

rust

acea

nsC

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Rare

-8,

10Ga

mm

arus

inse

nsib

ilislag

oon

sand

shr

imp

Cru

stac

eans

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

D

eclin

eSc

arce

High

16,1

9Tr

iops

canc

rifor

mis

tadp

ole

shrim

pC

rust

acea

nsP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ld

--

-8,

10Ce

riagr

ion te

nellu

msm

all r

ed d

amse

lflyD

rago

nflie

sL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Scar

ceLo

w8

Coen

agrio

n m

ercu

riale

sout

hern

dam

selfly

Dra

gonf

lies

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leRa

reH

igh8,

11Co

rduli

a ae

nea

Dow

ny e

mer

aldD

rago

nflie

sL

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tSt

able

Scar

ceLo

w8,

10,1

2Isc

hnur

a pu

milio

scar

ce b

lue-

taile

d da

mse

lflyD

rago

nflie

sL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Scar

ceH

igh11

Orth

etru

m c

oeru

lscen

ske

eled

skim

mer

Dra

gonf

lies

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leSc

arce

Low

8Pl

atyc

nem

is pe

nnip

esw

hite

-legg

ed d

amse

lflyD

rago

nflie

sL

Isolat

edD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh11


70

Scie

ntifi

c na

me

Com

mon

nam

eG

roup

Nat

iona

l/Si

gnifi

canc

e of

Dec

line

Loca

lTh

reat

Hab

itat(

s)

Loca

l Sta

tus

popu

latio

n in

reg

ion/

UK

Rarit

y

Som

atoc

hlora

met

aliic

abr

illian

t em

erald

Dra

gonf

lies

LRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Stab

leRa

reH

igh8,

12D

ryop

teris

aem

ulaha

y-sc

ente

d bu

ckle

r-fer

nFe

rns

CIso

lated

Dec

line

Rare

High

1Eq

uiset

um h

yem

ale

Roug

h ho

rset

ailFe

rns

LIso

lated

Dec

line

Rare

High

1Ly

copo

diell

a inu

ndat

am

arsh

clu

bmos

sFe

rns

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leSc

arce

High

8Ly

copo

dium

cla

vatu

mst

ags-

horn

clu

bmos

sFe

rns

LIso

lated

Dec

line

Rare

High

8Pi

lular

ia g

lobuli

fera

pillw

ort

Fern

sP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh8,

10Al

osa

also

aall

is sh

adFis

hes

P-

--

-11

,22

Alos

a fa

llax

Twait

e sh

adFis

hes

P-

--

-11

,22

Cottu

s go

bio

bullh

ead

Fishe

sC

Regio

nally

impo

rtan

t-

-Lo

w11

Galeo

rhinu

s ga

leus

tope

Fishe

sBC

Regio

nally

impo

rtan

tD

eclin

eSc

arce

-22

Lam

petra

pla

neri

broo

k lam

prey

Fishe

sC

Regio

nally

impo

rtan

t-

Scar

ce-

11Pe

trom

yzon

mar

inus

sea

lampr

eyFis

hes

CRe

giona

lly im

port

ant

-Sc

arce

-11

,22

Salm

o sa

lar

Atla

ntic

salm

onFis

hes

CRe

giona

lly im

port

ant

Rapi

d de

cline

Scar

ceH

igh11

,22

Thym

allus

thym

allus

gray

ling

Fishe

sC

Regio

nally

impo

rtan

tIn

crea

sing

Com

mon

Low

11,2

2As

ilus

crab

ronif

orm

isho

rnet

rob

berfl

yFli

esP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ld

Dec

line

Rare

Low

6,8

Atylo

tus

latis

triat

usa

hors

efly

Flies

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

D

eclin

e Ra

reH

igh15

Bom

byliu

s di

scolo

ra

beef

lyFli

esP

Isolat

edD

eclin

e Ra

re-

1Bo

mby

lius

mino

ra

beef

lyFli

esP

Isolat

edD

eclin

e Ra

re-

6,8,

17Br

achy

opa

bico

lora

hove

rfly

Flies

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

D

eclin

e Ra

reLo

w1

Calip

robo

la s

pecio

saa

hove

rfly

Flies

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

D

eclin

e Ra

reLo

w2

Cheil

osia

nigr

ipes

a ho

verfl

yFli

esL

Isolat

edD

eclin

e Ra

reH

igh6

Cheil

osia

sem

ifasc

iata

a ho

verfl

yFli

esL

Isolat

edRa

pid

Dec

line

Rare

High

1Ch

ryso

ps s

epulc

hral

isa

hors

efly

Flies

CIso

lated

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh8,

10Ch

ryso

toxu

m o

ctom

acula

tum

a ho

verfl

yFli

esP

Isolat

edRa

pid

Dec

line

Rare

High

8Ch

ryso

toxu

m v

erna

lea

hove

rfly

Flies

LIso

lated

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh8

Cten

opho

ra fl

aveo

lata

a cr

anef

lyFli

esC

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ld

Dec

line

Rare

Low

1,2

Dioc

tria

coth

urna

taa

robb

er fl

yFli

esL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ld

Dec

line

Rare

High

1,3,

8D

oros

con

opse

usa

hove

rfly

Flies

PIso

lated

Dec

line

Rare

High

6D

oryc

era

gram

inum

a lar

ge o

titid

Flies

P-

--

-5

Erist

alis

cryp

taru

ma

hove

rfly

Flies

PIso

lated

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh9

Hae

mat

opot

a gr

andi

sa

hors

efly

Flies

LRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Dec

line

Rare

High

15H

ybom

itra

expo

llicat

aa

hors

e fly

Flies

LIso

lated

Dec

line

Rare

High

15,1

6Lip

soth

rix n

ervo

saa

cran

efly

Flies

P-

--

-9

Mac

himus

rusti

cus

a ro

bber

fly

Flies

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

St

able

Rare

Low

6M

icrod

on d

evius

a ho

verfl

yFli

esC

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tD

eclin

eRa

reLo

w6

Odo

ntom

yia a

rgen

tata

a so

ldie

r fly

Flies

CIso

lated

Dec

line

Rare

High

9O

xyce

ra a

nalis

a so

ldie

r fly

Flies

CIso

lated

Dec

line

Rare

High

9,10

,11

Para

gus

albi

frons

a ho

verfl

yFli

esL

Isolat

edD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh16

Annex 2

71

Scie

ntifi

c na

me

Com

mon

nam

eG

roup

Nat

iona

l/Si

gnifi

canc

e of

Dec

line

Loca

lTh

reat

Hab

itat(

s)

Loca

l Sta

tus

popu

latio

n in

reg

ion/

UK

Rarit

y

Pelec

ocer

a tri

cinct

aa

hove

rfly

Flies

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Scar

ceLo

w8

Phys

ocep

hala

nigr

aa

cono

pid

flyFli

esL

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tD

eclin

eRa

re-

8Po

cota

per

sona

taa

hove

rfly

Flies

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leSc

arce

Low

1,2

Psilo

ta a

nthr

acina

a ho

verfl

yFli

esL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Scar

ceLo

w1,

2St

ratio

mys

long

icorn

isa

sold

ier

flyFli

esL

Isolat

edD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh15

,16

Taba

nus

glauc

opis

a ho

rse

flyFli

esL

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh6

Thyr

idan

thra

x fe

nestr

atus

a be

e fly

Flies

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leSc

arce

Low

8X

ylom

yia m

acula

taa

flyFli

esC

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ld-

--

1,2

Zodi

on n

otat

uma

cono

pid

flyFli

esL

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh6,

8Ac

eras

ant

hrop

opho

rum

man

orc

hid

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LIso

lated

Dec

line

Rare

High

6Ad

onis

annu

aph

easa

nt's

eye

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Rare

High

4Aj

uga

cham

aepi

tys

grou

nd p

ine

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Rare

High

4Al

opec

urus

bulb

osus

bulb

ous

foxt

ailFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ld-

Scar

ceH

igh16

Alth

aea

hirsu

taro

ugh

mar

sh m

allow

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

CIso

lated

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh4

Alth

aea

offic

inalis

mar

sh-m

allow

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leRa

reH

igh15

Arab

is gla

bra

tow

er m

usta

rdFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsP

Wid

espr

ead

Dec

line

Rare

High

8,20

Arum

ital

icum

spp

.negle

ctum

Italia

n Lo

rds

and

Ladi

esFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Scar

ceLo

w1,

20Br

iza m

inor

less

er q

uakin

g gr

ass

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Rare

High

4Br

omus

inte

rrupt

usin

terr

upte

d br

ome

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

P-

--

-5

Bupl

euru

m te

nuiss

imum

slend

er h

are'

s ea

rFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldD

eclin

eSc

arce

High

16Ca

rex

divis

adi

vided

sed

geFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Scar

ceH

igh16

Care

x hu

milis

dwar

f sed

geFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsC

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Rare

Low

6Ca

rex

mon

tana

soft-

leav

ed s

edge

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leSc

arce

Low

1,2,

8Ca

rex

punc

tata

dotte

d se

dge

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Rare

High

8,14

,15,

16Ca

rum

ver

ticilla

tum

who

rled

cara

way

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

CIso

lated

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh5

Cent

aure

a cy

anus

corn

flow

erFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsP

Isolat

edRa

pid

Dec

line

Rare

High

4Ce

phal

anth

era

longif

olia

swor

d-le

aved

hel

lebo

rine

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Rare

Low

1Ce

phal

anth

era

rubr

are

d he

llebo

rine

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leRa

reLo

w1

Cera

stium

pum

ilum

dwar

f mou

se-e

arFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Isolat

edD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh6,

20Ch

amae

melu

m n

obile

cham

omile

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Unc

omm

onLo

w5,

8Ci

cend

ia fi

liform

isye

llow

cen

taur

yFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Scar

ceLo

w8,

10Cr

assu

la ti

llaea

mos

sy s

tone

crop

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Scar

ceLo

w8,

14Cy

peru

s fu

scus

brow

n ga

linga

leFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsC

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Rare

Low

8,10

Dac

tylor

hiza

traun

steine

rina

rrow

-leav

ed m

arsh

-orc

hid

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Rare

High

9D

amas

onium

alis

ma

star

fruit

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

P-

--

-10

Des

cham

psia

set

acea

bog

hair

gras

sFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsC

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Scar

ceLo

w8

Dia

nthu

s ar

mer

iaD

eptfo

rd p

ink

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

PIso

lated

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh8,

23


72

Scie

ntifi

c na

me

Com

mon

nam

eG

roup

Nat

iona

l/Si

gnifi

canc

e of

Dec

line

Loca

lTh

reat

Hab

itat(

s)

Loca

l Sta

tus

popu

latio

n in

reg

ion/

UK

Rarit

y

Elat

ine h

exan

dra

six-s

tam

ened

wat

erw

ort

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leSc

arce

High

10El

eoch

aris

parv

uladw

arf s

pike

-rus

hFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsC

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Rare

High

18Ep

ipac

tis le

ptoc

hila

narr

ow-li

pped

hel

lebo

rine

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LIso

lated

Dec

line

Rare

High

1Ep

ipac

tis p

hylla

nthe

sgr

een

flow

ered

hel

lebo

rine

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LIso

lated

Dec

line

Rare

High

1,20

Eriop

horu

m g

racil

esle

nder

cot

tong

rass

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Rare

High

8Eu

phor

bia

plat

yphy

llos

broa

d-le

aved

spu

rge

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Rapi

d D

eclin

eSc

arce

High

4Eu

phor

bia

portl

andi

capo

rtlan

d sp

urge

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LIso

lated

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh14

Euph

rasia

pse

udok

erne

ich

alk e

yebr

ight

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Scar

ceLo

w6,

20Fe

stuca

are

naria

rush

-leav

ed fe

scue

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LIso

lated

Dec

line

Rare

High

16Fil

ago

lutes

cens

red-

tippe

d cu

dwee

dFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Rare

High

4,8,

20Fil

ago

pyra

mid

ata

broa

d-le

aved

cud

wee

dFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsP

--

--

6Ga

leops

is an

gusti

folia

red

hem

p-ne

ttle

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Scar

ceH

igh4,

20Ga

lium

con

strict

umsle

nder

mar

sh b

edst

raw

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LRe

stric

ted

to H

ants

Stab

leSc

arce

Low

9,10

Galiu

m p

arisi

ense

wall

bed

stra

wFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh6,

20Ga

lium

pum

ilum

slend

er b

edst

raw

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Rare

High

6Ga

lium

trico

rnut

umco

rn c

leav

ers

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

P-

--

-6

Gent

iana

pne

umon

anth

em

arsh

gen

tian

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leSc

arce

Low

8Ge

ntia

nella

ang

lica

early

gen

tian

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

PIso

lated

Dec

line

Rare

High

6Ge

ntia

nella

ger

man

icach

ilter

n ge

ntian

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Dec

line

Rare

High

6,20

Gera

nium

pur

pure

um s

pp.fo

rste

rilit

tle r

obin

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leRa

reH

igh14

Glad

iolus

illyr

icus

wild

glad

iolu

sFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsC

Rest

ricte

d to

Han

tsD

eclin

eSc

arce

High

8Gn

apha

lium

sylv

aticu

mhe

ath

cudw

eed

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Rare

High

8H

amm

arby

a pa

ludos

abo

g or

chid

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leRa

reLo

w8

Hell

ebor

us fo

etid

usst

inkin

g he

llebo

reFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tD

eclin

eSc

arce

Low

1H

erm

inium

mon

orch

ism

usk

orch

idFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldD

eclin

eRa

reLo

w6

Hor

delym

us e

urop

aeus

woo

d ba

rley

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LIso

lated

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh1

Hor

deum

mar

inum

sea

barle

yFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh16

Hyp

ocha

eris

glabr

asm

ooth

cat

's-ea

rFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsC

Isolat

edD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh4,

8,17

,20

Iber

is am

ara

wild

can

dytu

ftFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Isolat

edD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh6

Illece

brum

ver

ticilla

tum

cora

l nec

klace

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leRa

reLo

w8,

10,2

0In

ula c

rithm

oides

gold

en s

amph

ireFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Scar

ceH

igh14

,15

Junip

erus

com

mun

isju

nipe

rFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsP

-D

eclin

eU

ncom

mon

-6,

8La

thry

rus

apha

caye

llow

vet

chlin

gFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Isolat

edD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh4,

6,16

Lath

yrus

japo

nicus

sea

pea

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

BCIso

lated

Dec

line

Rare

High

14Le

ersia

ory

zoid

escu

t-gra

ssFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsP

Isolat

edD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh9

Leuc

ojum

aes

tivum

sum

mer

sno

wfla

keFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldD

eclin

eRa

reLo

w9,

11

Annex 2

73

Scie

ntifi

c na

me

Com

mon

nam

eG

roup

Nat

iona

l/Si

gnifi

canc

e of

Dec

line

Loca

lTh

reat

Hab

itat(

s)

Loca

l Sta

tus

popu

latio

n in

reg

ion/

UK

Rarit

y

Litho

sper

mum

arv

ense

corn

gro

mw

ell

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh4

Lobe

lia u

rens

heat

h lo

belia

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leRa

reH

igh5,

8Lo

tus

angu

stiss

imus

slend

er b

ird's-

foot

tref

oil

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leSc

arce

Low

5Lu

dwigi

a pa

lustri

sH

amps

hire

pur

slane

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

CRe

stric

ted

to H

ants

Stab

leRa

reLo

w5,

10M

elitti

s m

eliss

ophy

llum

bast

ard

balm

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Rare

High

1M

enth

a pu

legium

penn

yroy

alFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Rare

Low

20M

inuar

tia h

ybrid

afin

e-le

aved

san

dwor

tFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Isolat

edD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh4,

20,2

1O

enan

the

fluvia

tilis

river

wat

er-d

ropw

ort

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

CIso

lated

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh11

Orc

his m

orio

gree

n-w

inge

d or

chid

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

BCW

ides

prea

dRa

pid

Dec

line

Unc

omm

onH

igh5,

6O

roba

nche

pur

pure

raya

rrow

bro

omra

peFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Isolat

edD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh5

Oro

banc

he ra

pum

-gen

istae

grea

ter

broo

mra

peFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsC

Isolat

edD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh5,

8Pa

roph

olis

incur

vacu

rved

har

d gr

ass

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Dec

line

Scar

ceH

igh13

,14

Pers

icaria

mitis

tast

eles

s w

ater

-pep

per

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Rare

High

9,10

Petro

ragh

ia n

ante

ulii

Chi

ldin

g pi

nkFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsC

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldRa

reH

igh14

Poa

bulb

osa

bulb

ous

mea

dow

gra

ssFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh5,

13,1

4,17

Polyg

onat

um o

dora

tum

angu

lar s

olom

on's

seal

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LIso

lated

Dec

line

Rare

High

8Po

lypog

on m

onsp

elien

sisan

nual

bear

d gr

ass

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leRa

reH

igh16

Pota

mog

eton

trich

oides

hair-

like

pond

wee

dFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Isolat

edD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh10

Pucc

inellia

fasc

icula

tabo

rrer

's sa

ltmar

sh g

rass

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Dec

line

Rare

High

15Pu

ccine

llia ru

pestr

isst

iff s

altm

arsh

gra

ssFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh15

Pulic

aria

vulg

aris

small

flea

bane

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leSc

arce

Low

5Pu

lmon

aria

long

ifolia

narr

ow le

aved

lung

wor

tFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldD

eclin

eSc

arce

Low

1,8,

20Ra

nunc

ulus

arve

nsis

corn

but

terc

upFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsC

Isolat

edRa

pid

Dec

line

Rare

High

4Ra

nunc

ulus

penic

illatu

sst

ream

wat

er-c

row

foot

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leU

ncom

mon

Low

11,1

2Ra

nunc

ulus

tripa

rtitu

sth

ree-

lobe

d cr

owfo

otFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsP

--

Rare

High

10Rh

inant

hus

sero

tinus

grea

ter

yello

w-r

attle

Flo

wer

ing

Plan

tsC

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Rare

High

14Rh

ynch

ospo

ra fu

sca

brow

n-be

ak s

edge

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leSc

arce

Low

8Ru

ppia

cirr

hosa

spira

l tas

selw

eed

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Dec

line

Rare

High

19Sa

licor

nia p

usilla

one-

flow

ered

glas

swor

tFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tSt

able

Scar

ceLo

w15

Scan

dix

pect

en-v

ener

issh

ephe

rd's-

need

leFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldRa

pid

Dec

line

Rare

High

4Sil

ene

gallic

asm

all-fl

ower

ed c

atch

flyFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldRa

pid

Dec

line

Rare

High

4,16

Silen

e nu

tans

Not

tingh

am c

atch

flyFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsBC

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldD

eclin

eSc

arce

High

14,1

7Siu

m la

tifoli

umgr

eate

r w

ater

-par

snip

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

P-

--

-9,

10So

nchu

s pa

lustri

sm

arsh

sow

thist

leFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh15

Spar

ganiu

m a

ngus

tifoli

umflo

atin

g bu

r-ree

dFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh10

Teuc

rium

bot

rys

cut-l

eave

d ge

rman

der

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Rare

High

6Th

esium

hum

ifusu

mba

star

d to

adfla

xFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tD

eclin

eSc

arce

High

6


74

Scie

ntifi

c na

me

Com

mon

nam

eG

roup

Nat

iona

l/Si

gnifi

canc

e of

Dec

line

Loca

lTh

reat

Hab

itat(

s)

Loca

l Sta

tus

popu

latio

n in

reg

ion/

UK

Rarit

y

Toril

is ar

vens

issp

read

ing

hedg

e-pa

rsle

yFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh4

Trifo

lium

squ

amos

umse

a clo

ver

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Rare

High

16Tr

ifoliu

m s

uffo

catu

msu

ffoca

ted

clove

rFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tD

eclin

eSc

arce

High

14Ul

mus

mino

r ssp

.ang

ustif

olia

Goo

dyer

's el

mFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldRa

pid

Dec

line

Scar

ceH

igh3

Utric

ularia

inte

rmed

iain

term

ediat

e bl

adde

rwor

tFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Isolat

edD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh8

Valer

iane

lla ri

mos

abr

oad-

fruite

d co

rn s

alad

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

PIso

lated

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh4

Viola

lact

eapa

le d

og v

iole

tFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldD

eclin

eSc

arce

Low

5,8

Vulp

ia c

iliata

spp

.am

bigu

abe

arde

d fe

scue

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leSc

arce

Low

8,17

Vulp

ia fa

scicu

lata

dune

fesc

ueFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Isolat

edD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh14

,17

Vulp

ia u

nilat

eral

ism

at-g

rass

fesc

ueFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Rare

High

6Zo

stera

ang

ustif

olia

narr

ow le

aved

eel

gras

sFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsBC

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tD

eclin

eSc

arce

High

18Zo

stera

mar

inaee

lgras

sFlo

wer

ing

Plan

tsC

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tD

eclin

eSc

arce

High

18Zo

stera

nolt

iidw

arf e

elgr

ass

Flow

erin

g Pl

ants

BCRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Dec

line

Scar

ceH

igh18

Bolet

us re

gius

roya

l bol

ete

Fung

iP

-D

eclin

eRa

re-

2Bo

letus

sat

anas

Dev

il's b

olet

eFu

ngi

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Rare

-1,

2,6

Her

icium

cor

alloi

des

cora

l fun

gus

Fung

iL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh1

Her

icium

erin

aceu

she

dgeh

og fu

ngus

Fung

iP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh1

Hyd

nellu

m c

oncr

esce

nsa

fung

usFu

ngi

P-

--

-1,

2H

ydne

llum

ferru

gineu

ma

fung

usFu

ngi

P-

--

-1,

2,8

Hyd

nellu

m s

crob

icula

tum

a fu

ngus

Fung

iP

--

--

1,2,

8H

ydne

llum

spo

ngios

ipes

a fu

ngus

Fung

iP

--

--

1,2

Hyg

rocy

be c

alyp

traef

orm

isa

fung

usFu

ngi

P-

--

-2,

5,6,

7M

icrog

lossu

m o

livac

eum

an e

arth

tong

ueFu

ngi

P-

Dec

line

Rare

High

6Ph

ellod

on c

onflu

ens

a fu

ngus

Fung

iP

--

--

1,2

Phell

odon

tom

ento

sus

a fu

ngus

Fung

iP

--

--

1,2,

8Po

ronia

pun

ctat

ana

il fu

ngus

Fung

iP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Scar

ceLo

w2,

8Sa

rcod

on im

brica

tus

a fu

ngus

Fung

iP

--

--

1,2,

8Ch

orth

ippu

s va

gans

heat

h gr

assh

oppe

rG

rass

hopp

ers

& C

ricke

tsC

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ld-

Rare

High

8D

ectic

us v

erru

civor

usw

art-b

iter

Gra

ssho

pper

s &

Cric

kets

P-

--

-6,

8Go

mph

ocer

ripus

rufu

sa

gras

shop

per

Gra

ssho

pper

s &

Cric

kets

CRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Stab

leSc

arce

Low

6Gr

yllot

alpa

gry

llota

lpa

mol

e cr

icket

Gra

ssho

pper

s &

Cric

kets

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh7,

8Gr

yllus

cam

pestr

isfie

ld c

ricke

tG

rass

hopp

ers

& C

ricke

tsP

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

t-

--

6,8

Annex 2

75

Scie

ntifi

c na

me

Com

mon

nam

eG

roup

Nat

iona

l/Si

gnifi

canc

e of

Dec

line

Loca

lTh

reat

Hab

itat(

s)

Loca

l Sta

tus

popu

latio

n in

reg

ion/

UK

Rarit

y

Stet

hoph

yma

gros

sum

large

mar

sh g

rass

hopp

erG

rass

hopp

ers

& C

ricke

tsP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Scar

ceLo

w1,

8Ag

onim

ia a

lloba

taa

liche

nLi

chen

sL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldD

eclin

eRa

re-

2Ag

onim

ia o

ctos

pora

a lic

hen

Lich

ens

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leSc

arce

-2

Bacid

ia in

com

pta

a lic

hen

Lich

ens

P-

Dec

line

Rare

-1

Bact

rosp

ora

corti

cola

a lic

hen

Lich

ens

LIso

lated

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh2

Calop

laca

lute

oalb

aor

ange

-frui

ted

elm

-lich

enLi

chen

sP

--

--

1,3

Catill

aria

laur

eri

Laur

er's

catil

laria

Lich

ens

CRe

stric

ted

to H

ants

Stab

leRa

reLo

w2

Ente

rogr

apha

ela

bora

taN

ew F

ores

t bee

ch li

chen

Lich

ens

PRe

stric

ted

to H

ants

Stab

leRa

reH

igh2

Ente

rogr

apha

sor

edia

taa

liche

nLi

chen

sP

--

Scar

ce-

1Lo

baria

vire

nsa

liche

nLi

chen

sC

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ld-

Scar

ce-

2O

pegr

apha

fum

osa

a lic

hen

Lich

ens

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

-Sc

arce

-2

Parm

elia

mina

rum

New

For

est p

arm

elia

Lich

ens

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leSc

arce

Low

2Ph

yllop

sora

rose

ia

liche

nLi

chen

sL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ld-

Scar

ce-

2Ri

nodi

na is

idioi

des

a lic

hen

Lich

ens

LRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

-Sc

arce

-2

Strig

ula s

tigm

atell

aa

liche

nLi

chen

sBC

Rest

ricte

d to

Han

ts-

Rare

-2

Zam

enho

fia ro

sei

Fran

cis' b

lue-

gree

n lic

hen

Lich

ens

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leSc

arce

Low

2Ph

ocen

a ph

ocoe

naha

rbou

r po

rpoi

seM

amm

als,m

arin

eP

--

--

22Ap

odem

us fl

avico

llisye

llow

-nec

ked

mou

seM

amm

als,t

erre

stria

lL

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tD

eclin

eSc

arce

Low

1Ar

vicola

terre

stris

wat

er v

ole

Mam

mals

,ter

rest

rial

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Rapi

d D

eclin

eU

ncom

mon

High

9,10

,11

Barb

aste

llus

barb

aste

llus

barb

aste

lle b

at

Mam

mals

,ter

rest

rial

PIso

lated

-Ra

reH

igh1,

5,10

,11

Epte

sicus

ser

otinu

sSe

rotin

e ba

tM

amm

als,t

erre

stria

lC

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tSt

able

Scar

ceLo

w1,

2,21

Lepu

s eu

ropa

eus

brow

n ha

reM

amm

als,t

erre

stria

lP

Wid

espr

ead

Dec

line

Unc

omm

onH

igh4,

5,6,

7Lu

tra lu

traot

ter

Mam

mals

,ter

rest

rial

PIso

lated

Incr

easin

gSc

arce

High

10,1

1M

icrom

ys m

inutu

sha

rves

t mou

seM

amm

als,t

erre

stria

lL

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tD

eclin

eSc

arce

High

3M

usca

rdinu

s av

ellan

arius

dorm

ouse

Mam

mals

,ter

rest

rial

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Scar

ceH

igh1,

3M

yotis

bec

hste

inii

Bech

stei

n's

bat

Mam

mals

,ter

rest

rial

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

-Ra

reH

igh1

Neo

mys

fodi

ens

wat

er s

hrew

Mam

mals

,ter

rest

rial

CRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Dec

line

Unc

omm

onH

igh10

,11

Pipi

strell

us p

ipist

rellu

spi

pist

relle

bat

Mam

mals

,ter

rest

rial

PW

ides

prea

dRa

pid

Dec

line

Scar

ceH

igh23

Plec

otus

aus

triac

usgr

ey lo

ng-e

ared

bat

Mam

mals

,ter

rest

rial

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

-Ra

reH

igh1,

21Rh

inolop

hus

ferru

meq

uinum

grea

ter

hors

esho

e ba

tM

amm

als,t

erre

stria

lP

Isolat

edD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh8,

21H

ydro

bia

vent

rosa

a sn

ailM

ollu

scs,

mar

ine

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Scar

ceH

igh16

,19

Ostr

ea e

dulis

Euro

pean

oys

ter

Mol

lusc

s,m

arin

eP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Unc

omm

onH

igh22

Palud

inella

litto

rina

a lag

oon

snail

M

ollu

scs,

mar

ine

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leSc

arce

High

15,1

9,22

Trun

cate

lla s

ubcy

lindr

icalo

opin

g sn

ailM

ollu

scs,

mar

ine

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Rare

High

15,1

9,22

Ena

mon

tana

mou

ntain

bul

in s

nail

Mol

lusc

s,te

rres

trial

CRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Stab

leRa

reLo

w1


76

Scie

ntifi

c na

me

Com

mon

nam

eG

roup

Nat

iona

l/Si

gnifi

canc

e of

Dec

line

Loca

lTh

reat

Hab

itat(

s)

Loca

l Sta

tus

popu

latio

n in

reg

ion/

UK

Rarit

y

Heli

cella

ital

ahe

ath

snail

Mol

lusc

s,te

rres

trial

BCIso

lated

Dec

line

Rare

High

6,17

Heli

codo

nta

obvo

luta

chee

se s

nail

Mol

lusc

s,te

rres

trial

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leRa

reLo

w1

Limax

tene

llus

slend

er s

lug

Mol

lusc

s,te

rres

trial

C-

Dec

line

Rare

High

1Ly

mna

ea g

labr

aglu

tinou

s sn

ailM

ollu

scs,

terr

estr

ialC

-D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh10

Mon

acha

car

thus

iana

cart

husia

n sn

ailM

ollu

scs,

terr

estr

ialC

Isolat

edD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh6,

17Pi

sidium

tenu

ilinea

tum

a fre

shw

ater

biva

lve m

ollu

scM

ollu

scs,

terr

estr

ialP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh10

,11

Pseu

dano

dont

a co

mpl

anat

ade

pres

sed

river

mus

sel

Mol

lusc

s,te

rres

trial

P-

Dec

line

Rare

High

11Se

gmen

tina

nitid

ash

inin

g ra

m's-

horn

sna

ilM

ollu

scs,

terr

estr

ialP

-Ra

pid

Dec

line

Rare

High

7,9,

10Va

lvata

mac

rosto

ma

a fre

shw

ater

sna

ilM

ollu

scs,

terr

estr

ialC

-D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh7,

10Ve

rtigo

mou

linsia

naD

esm

oulin

's w

horl

snail

M

ollu

scs,

terr

estr

ialP

Isolat

edD

eclin

eSc

arce

Low

9Ca

mpy

loste

lium

sax

icola

a m

oss

Mos

ses

& Li

verw

orts

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leSc

arce

-1

Cten

idium

moll

uscu

mw

oodl

and

taxo

nM

osse

s &

Live

rwor

tsL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Unc

omm

onLo

w1

Ephe

mer

um s

tella

tum

a m

oss

Mos

ses

& Li

verw

orts

PIso

lated

Dec

line

Rare

-4

Ham

atoc

aulis

ver

nicos

ussle

nder

gre

en fe

athe

r-mos

sM

osse

s &

Live

rwor

tsP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Rare

Low

8,9

Lejeu

nea

lam

acer

inaa

liver

wor

tM

osse

s &

Live

rwor

tsC

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Scar

ce-

1Le

ptod

ontiu

m g

emm

asce

nsth

atch

mos

sM

osse

s &

Live

rwor

tsP

--

--

7,9

Loph

ozia

her

zogia

naa

liver

wor

tM

osse

s &

Live

rwor

tsL

Isolat

edRa

pid

Dec

line

Rare

High

8O

rthot

richu

m s

pruc

eia

mos

sM

osse

s &

Live

rwor

tsP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Rare

-11

Palla

vicini

a lye

lliive

ilwor

tM

osse

s &

Live

rwor

tsP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Rare

-8

Selig

era

pauc

ifolia

a m

oss

Mos

ses

& Li

verw

orts

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leRa

re-

1,6

STar

giona

hyp

ophy

llaa

liver

wor

tM

osse

s &

Live

rwor

tsL

Isolat

edD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh23

Weis

sia s

teril

isa

mos

sM

osse

s &

Live

rwor

tsP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldD

eclin

eRa

re-

6W

eissia

torti

lisa

mos

sM

osse

s &

Live

rwor

tsL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldD

eclin

eRa

re-

6Zy

godo

n fo

rste

rikn

otho

le m

oss

Mos

ses

& Li

verw

orts

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leSc

arce

Low

2Ac

osm

etia

cal

igino

sare

ddish

buf

fM

oths

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leRa

reH

igh1,

8Ad

scita

ger

yon

cistu

s fo

rest

erM

oths

LW

ides

prea

dRa

pid

Dec

line

Rare

High

6Ad

scita

sta

tices

fore

ster

mot

hM

oths

CW

ides

prea

dRa

pid

Dec

line

Rare

High

1,5,

6,8,

17Ap

oda

limac

odes

fest

oon

Mot

hsC

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldD

eclin

eRa

reLo

w1

Arch

anar

a al

gae

rush

wain

scot

Mot

hsC

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ld-

Rare

High

9At

hetis

pal

ustri

sm

arsh

mot

hM

oths

P-

--

-9

Calop

hasia

lunu

lato

adfla

x br

ocad

e m

oth

Mot

hsP

-In

crea

sing

Rare

Low

14,2

0Ca

toca

la p

rom

isalig

ht c

rimso

n un

derw

ing

Mot

hsP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Rare

Low

1Ca

toca

la s

pons

ada

rk c

rimso

n un

derw

ing

Mot

hsP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Rare

Low

1Ch

loriss

a vir

idia

tasm

all g

rass

em

erald

Mot

hsL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldD

eclin

eRa

reLo

w8

Cleo

ra c

incta

riarin

ged

carp

etM

oths

LN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reLo

w8

Cosc

inia

crib

aria

spec

kled

foot

man

mot

hM

oths

P-

Dec

line

Rare

High

8

Annex 2

77

Scie

ntifi

c na

me

Com

mon

nam

eG

roup

Nat

iona

l/Si

gnifi

canc

e of

Dec

line

Loca

lTh

reat

Hab

itat(

s)

Loca

l Sta

tus

popu

latio

n in

reg

ion/

UK

Rarit

y

Cosm

ia d

iffini

sw

hite

spo

tted

pini

onM

oths

PW

ides

prea

dRa

pid

Dec

line

Rare

High

1,3

Coss

us c

ossu

sgo

at m

oth

Mot

hsC

Wid

espr

ead

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh1

Cucu

lia a

steris

star

wor

tM

oths

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Rare

Low

1,15

Cucu

llia ly

chnit

isst

riped

lych

nis

Mot

hsP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Scar

ceLo

w6,

20Cy

cloph

ora

pend

ularia

ding

y m

ocha

Mot

hsP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldRa

pid

Dec

line

Rare

High

8D

icycla

oo

hear

t mot

hM

oths

PRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Dec

line

Rare

Low

1D

yscia

faga

riaG

rey

scall

oped

bar

Mot

hsC

Wid

espr

ead

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reLo

w8

Eriog

aste

r lan

estri

ssm

all e

ggar

mot

hM

oths

BCW

ides

prea

dRa

pid

Dec

line

Rare

High

3H

aden

a al

bim

acula

whi

te s

pot m

oth

Mot

hsP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldD

eclin

eRa

reLo

w13

,14

Heli

opho

bus

retic

ulata

bord

ered

got

hic

Mot

hsP

-Ra

pid

Dec

line

Rare

High

13H

eliot

his m

aritim

a wa

rnec

kei

shou

der-s

trip

ed c

love

rM

oths

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Rare

Low

8H

emar

is tit

yus

narr

ow-b

orde

red

bee

haw

kmot

hM

oths

PW

ides

prea

dRa

pid

Dec

line

Rare

Low

1,9

Het

erog

enea

ase

llatr

iangle

mot

hM

oths

CN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Stab

leRa

reLo

w1

Hyd

relia

sylv

ata

wav

ed c

arpe

tM

oths

PW

ides

prea

dSt

able

Rare

Low

1H

ypen

a ro

stral

isbu

ttone

d sn

out

Mot

hsP

Wid

espr

ead

Dec

line

Scar

ceLo

w3,

21Jo

dia

croc

eago

oran

ge u

pper

win

g m

oth

Mot

hsP

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tD

eclin

eRa

reH

igh1

Lasio

cam

pa tr

ifolii

gras

s eg

gar

Mot

hsL

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tSt

able

Scar

ceLo

w17

,23

Mec

yna

flava

lisa

pyra

lid m

oth

Mot

hsL

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tSt

able

Rare

Low

6M

egan

ola s

trigu

lasm

all b

lack

arch

esM

oths

CRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Dec

line

Rare

-1

Micr

othr

ix sim

ilella

a py

ralid

mot

hM

oths

LRe

giona

lly Im

port

ant

Stab

leSc

arce

Low

1M

inoa

mur

inata

drab

loop

erM

oths

PW

ides

prea

dD

eclin

eRa

reLo

w1

Mom

a al

pium

scar

ce m

erve

ille d

u jo

urM

oths

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Dec

line

Scar

ceLo

w1

Mye

lois

cirrig

eral

laa

pyra

lid m

oth

Mot

hsL

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ld-

--

6M

ythim

na fa

vicolo

rM

atth

ew's

wain

scot

Mot

hsC

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tD

eclin

eRa

reLo

w15

Myt

himna

turc

ado

uble

line

Mot

hsP

-Ra

pid

Dec

line

--

1N

octu

a or

bona

luna

r ye

llow

und

erw

ing

Mot

hsP

Nat

iona

l Stro

ngho

ldSt

able

Rare

Low

6,23

Onc

ocer

a ge

niste

llaa

pyra

lid m

oth

Mot

hsL

Regio

nally

Impo

rtan

tSt

able

Rare

Low

14O

ria m

uscu

losa

Brigh

ton

wain

scot

mot

hM

oths

P-

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh4

Para

cola

x de

rival

iscla

y fa

n fo

otM

oths

PIso

lated

-Ra

reLo

w1

Pare

ulype

ber

bera

taba

rber

ry c

arpe

tM

oths

PN

atio

nal S

trong

hold

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh3,

6Pe

chip

ogo

strigi

lata

com

mon

fan

foot

Mot

hsP

Wid

espr

ead

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh1

Polia

bom

bycin

apa

le s

hini

ng b

row

nM

oths

P-

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh1

Rheu

map

tera

has

tata

arge

nt a

nd s

able

Mot

hsP

Wid

espr

ead

Dec

line

Rare

High

1,2

Schr

ankia

taen

ialis

whi

te-li

ne s

nout

Mot

hsP

Wid

espr

ead

Rapi

d D

eclin

eRa

reH

igh1

Scot

opte

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References1 Biodiversity: The UK Action Plan, HMSO, 1994

2 Biodiversity: The UK Steering Group Report, Volume 1 and 2, HMSO, 1995

3 Guidance for Local Biodiversity Action Plans, Local Government Management Board and UK Biodiversity Group, 1997

1 An Introduction

2 Developing Partnerships

3 How Local Biodiversity Action Plans Relate to Other Plans

4 Evaluating Priorities and Setting Targets

5 Incentives and Advice for Biodiversity

4 Biodiversity Challenge, 2nd ed., RSPB, the Wildlife Trusts,WWF, Friends of the Earth,Plantlife, Butterfly Conservation Society, 1995

5 The Hampshire Landscape: a strategy for the future, Hampshire County Council, 1993

6 The Character of England: landscape, wildlife and natural features, Countryside Commission and English Nature, 1996

7 The Hampshire Farming Study, Hampshire County Council, 1997

8 Sustainable Development: The UK Strategy, HMSO, 1994

9 Strategic Guidance for the Solent, Solent Forum, Hampshire County Council, 1997

Sources of data used in the preparation of this planInformation held on Hampshire County Council’s Hampshire Biological Record,and the following publications:

Agricultural Census, Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, 1995

Ancient Woodland Inventory, English Nature, 1995

Biodiversity: the UK Steering Group Report, Volume 1 and 2, HMSO, 1995

Biodiversity Challenge, 2nd ed., RSPB, the Wildlife Trusts,WWF, Friends of the Earth,Plantlife, Butterfly Conservation Society, 1995

Biodiversity of the South-West, RSPB, County Wildlife Trusts,SW Regional Planning Conference, 1996

Birds of Hampshire, Hampshire Ornithological Society, 1993

Flora of Hampshire, Anne Bewis, Paul Bowman, Francis Rose, 1996

Forestry Commission Woodland Census, Forestry Commission, 1982

Grassland Inventory, English Nature, 1995

Hampshire’s Countryside Heritage - Rivers and Wetlands No.3, 1983; Chalk Grassland No. 6, 1983;The Coast No. 7, 1984, Hampshire County Council

A Review of the Nature Conservation Features of the Solent and Isle of Wight Sensitive MarineArea, Nature Conservation Bureau, 1995

Saltmarsh Survey of Great Britain, Nature Conservancy Council, 1989

UK Biodiversity Group Tranche 2 Action Plans - Volume 1: vertebrates and vascular plants,English Nature, 1998


80

ISBN 1 85975 226 8

Copyright © Hampshire County Council, 1998

Designed by Louise Read for The Corporate Graphics Unit, Hampshire County Council

Printed by Hampshire Printing Services on Evolve Silk

Photocredits:

A.N.T. Natural History 3Photographic Agency

Tony Blunden 2, 7, 8, 38, 39, 48, 55

Dennis Bright 6, 22, 34, 35, 40, 44, 45, 59

Manfred Danegger, Natural History 72Photographic Agency

Paul Edgar 42, 47, 53, 56

Chris Gomersall, RSPB Images 36, 46

Hampshire County Council 1, 4, 9-21, 24-29, 31, 32, 37, 41,49, 50, 51, 57, 61-66, 70, 71

Jonathan Howe 54

Susan Humphries 68

Jacklyn Johnston 33

Learning Through Landscapes 58

Phil Mclean 43

Graham Roberts 5

Mark Simmons, FRCA 30, 52, 60, 67, 69

Tim Sykes, Environment Agency 23

Front cover Tony Blunden

Other images Tony Blunden and Hampshire County Council

Hampshire is one of the richest areas for wildlife in England. TheBiodiversity Action Plan for Hampshire is an exciting new approach tomaintaining and enhancing the county’s natural assets.

The Hampshire Biodiversity Partnership embraces a wide range oforganisations all working together for nature conservation. ThePartnership has written the Biodiversity Action Plan to review thestatus of all habitats and species in Hampshire and set out a frameworkfor action. For the first time, detailed targets will be set andconservation action will be co-ordinated and monitored.

The Biodiversity Action Plan for Hampshire:

• describes Hampshire’s biodiversity

• identifies habitats and species of priority concern

• explains how detailed action plans will be prepared

• reviews important issues that affect biodiversity in Hampshire

• promotes a strategy for managing information and data

• sets out action for raising awareness of biodiversity

It is essential reading for anyone concerned about nature in thecountryside or urban areas, and all those involved in planning andmanaging the future of Hampshire’s biodiversity.

Price £5

H A M P S H I R E B I O D I V E R S I T Y PA RT N E R S H I P

Documents

Biodiversity pages 1-44 · Biodiversity Action Plan for Hampshire 4 Foreword When 150 heads of government signed the Convention on Biological Diversity at Rio de Janeiro in June 1992,