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international.fnr.de
Bioenergy in germany:Facts and FiguresJanuary 2014
Solid fuelSBiofuelSBiogaS
by decision of theGerman Bundestag
With support from
by decision of theGerman Bundestag
With support from
32
growth of renewable energies in relation to final energy consumption
Source: BMU, AGEE-Stat, BAFA (March 2013) © FNR 2013
GROWTH OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN RELATION TO FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION(Strom, Wärme und Kra�sto�e)
Heat supplyElectricity generation Fuel consumption
20112004 2005 2006 2007 2008
4
2
0
2009
16
18
14
20
22
12
10
8
6
2010 2012
20.5
17.1
10.410.3
5.5
22.9
10.4
5.75.8
16.4
8.9
5.4
15.1
7.6
6.0
14.3
7.4
10.1
6.0
3.7
11.6
6.2
in %
9.2
5.5
1.8
6.37.4
energy supply from renewables 2012Bioenergy share approx. 66 %, equivalent to 8.2 % of final energy consumption
Source: BMU, AGEE-Stat (March 2013) © FNR 2013
ENERGY SUPPLY FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES 2012
Total313.9 TWh
approx. 66 % from bioenergy
Biofuels 10.7 %
Biomass 13.0 %(electricity)
Biomass 41.8 %(heat)
2.2 % Geothermal
8.9 % Photovoltaic
1.9 % Solar thermal
14.7 % Wind energy
6.8 % Hydropower
Electricity and heat from biomass include sewage gas, landll gas and biogenic fraction of waste
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renewaBle energies (Bioenergy)
Structure of primary energy consumption 2012
Source: AGEB (March 2013) © FNR 2013
STRUCTURE OF PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2012
Total 13,645 PJ
Renewables 11.6 %
Natural gas 21.6 %
Nuclear energy 8.0 %
Coal 12.2 %
12.1 % Lignite
33.1 % Petroleum
1.4 % Other, incl. electricityforeign trade balance
renewables share of final energy consumption 2012
Source: BMU, AGEE-Stat (February 2013) © FNR 2013
RENEWABLES SHARE OF FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2012
Renewables 12.6 %
1.8 %
8.2 %
1.6 %
0.8 %
Fossil fuels 87.4 %and nuclear energy
Total2,496 TWh
Hydropower
Other
Biomass
Di�erences in sum by rounding
Wind energy
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Heat supply from renewablesBioenergy share 91 %, equivalent to approx. 10.4 % of total heat supply
Source: BMU, AGEE-Stat (February 2013)
CHP: Combined heat and power
© FNR 2013
HEAT SUPPLY FROM RENEWABLESIN GERMANY 2012
Total144.3 TWh
Biogenic solid fuels 18.4 %(industry)
Biogenic solid fuels 51.2 %(private households)
5.8 % Biogenicfraction of waste
4.2 % Solar thermal
0.9 % Sewage andland�ll gas
4.9 % Geothermal
1.9 % Biogenicliquid fuels
7.8 % Biogenicgaseous fuels
4.9 % Biogenic solid fuels (CHP- and heating plants)
Incl. vegetable oil
growth in heat supply from renewablesIncrease to 144.3 TWh in 2012, of which 91 % or 131.2 TWh from biomass
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012
Source: AGEE-Stat (February 2013) © FNR 2013
Solar thermal GeothermalBiogenic fraction of waste
Biogenic solid fuelsBiogenic gaseous fuels
Biogenic liquid fuels
20042003
Sewage and land�ll gas
2011
GROWTH IN HEAT SUPPLY FROM RENEWABLES
Biomass share91 %
0
30,000
60,000
90,000
120,000
in GWh
gross electricity generation 2012Gross electricity generation 2012: 628.7 TWh – Renewables: 22.6 %Gross electricity consumption 2012: 605.6 TWh – Renewables: 23.5 %(Difference: 23.1 TWh net electricity exports 2012)
Source: FNR, according to AGEB (August 2013) © FNR 2013
GROSS ELECTRICITY GENERATION 2012
Renewables 22.6 %142.4 TWh
3.5 %
7.0 %
8.1 %
4.2 %
Nuclear energy 15.8 %
Natural gas 12.0 %
Lignite 25.7 %
Coal 18.5 %
5.4 % Heating oil, pumped-storage and other
Total 628.7 TWh
Photovoltaic
Wind energy
Biomass(incl. biogenic waste)
Hydropower
Di�erences in sum by rounding
electricity generation from renewables 2012Bioenergy share 30 %, equivalent to 6.8 % of total electricity consumption
Source: BMU, AGEE-Stat (February 2013)
Electricity generation from geothermal energy not shown due to minor quantities generated.
© FNR 2013
ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLES 2012
Total 136 TWh
Wind energy 33.8 %
Hydropower 15.6 %
30.0 % Bioenerg y
20.6 % Photovoltaic
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gHg avoidance from use of renewables 2012GHG avoidance total: 146m t; from bioenergy 70.8m t or approx. 49 %
Source: BMU, AGEE-Stat (February 2013) © FNR 2013
GHG AVOIDANCE FROM USE OF RENEWABLES 2012
0 2010 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Hydro BiomassWind Photovoltaic Geothermal Solar thermal
Heat 40.0
Fuel 4.7
Electricity 100.8
70.8m t or 49 % from biomass
Total: 146m t GHG reduction (m t CO2 equiv.)
GHG: Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) in CO2 equivalent include CO2, CH4 and N2O
gHg avoidance from bioenergy 2012
GHG avoidance in 1,000 t CO2equiv.
Electricity Heat Fuel Total
Solid biofuels* 13,883 35,074 n/a 48,957
Liquid biofuels 677 747 4,667 6,091
Biogas** 13,463 2,303 n/a 15,766
Total 28,023 38,124 4,667 70,814
Source: FNR, according to AGEE-Stat (February 2013) * Incl. biogenic fraction of waste; ** Incl. sewage gas and landfill gas
Total sales of renewable energy operations 2012
Source: BMU, AGEE-Stat (February 2013) © FNR 2013
TOTAL SALES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY OPERATIONS 2012
Total14.4bn €
Biomass 47.1 %(electricity and heat)6,770m €
Biomass 24.5 %(fuel)3,530m €
2.7 % Hydropower 380m €
8.5 % Photovoltaic 1,220m €
1.8 % Solar thermal 250m €
10.0 % Wind energy 1,430m €
5.4 % Geothermal780m €
economic factor bioenergy
Total 378,000
Of which bioenergy 129,000
Source: FNR, after BMU study, “Short and long-term impacts of the expansion of renewable energy on the German labour market” (March 2013)
Economic impact of bioenergy
Jobs in renewable energies sector (gross employment effect)
Wood
Biogas
Energy crops
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Biomass installations for electricity production 2012In accordance with Renewable Energy Sources Act
Source: DBFZ “Stromerzeugung aus Biomasse” (June 2013) * Of these about 300 wood gasification plants; ** Incl. vegetable oil CHP units
Source: FNR, according to BEE Prognosis, BMU (February 2013) © FNR 2013
ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM RENEWABLES TO 2020
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
in TWh
2014* 2016* 2018* 2020*
Geothermal Hydropower (renewable) BioenergyPhotovoltaic
0
50
100
150
200
250
Wind energy
2012:136 TWh
2020:278 TWh
2000:39 TWh
* Industry forecast
313
139
54
52
electricity generation from renewables up to 2020
InstallationsInstalled capacity [MWel]
Electricity generation
[TWh]
Biomass heating plants* 540 1,560 8.4
Biogas plants 7,500 3,200 23.1
Biomethane plants 120 200 1.4
Vegetable oil CHP plants** 1,000 200 0.2
Total 9,160 5,160 33.1
domestic bioenergy: potential 2050
Cultivation of renewable resources in germany
Source: FNR © FNR 2011
-
Rounded figures
Biomass will make a vital contribution to Germany's future energy supply. Biomass will be able to meet up to 23 % of German demand for heat, elec-tricity and fuel in 2050. Wood, energy crops, straw and organic residues offer the potential for a major share of energy in Germany to be sustain-able generated.
Source: FNR © FNR 2013
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growth in number of installed pellet boilers
Number
150,000
120,000
90,000
210,000
180,000
60,000
30,000
0
Source: DEPI (Deutsches Pelletinstitut/Pellet Fuel Institut of Germany), according to ZIV, HKI (January 2013) © FNR 2013
TOTAL INSTALLED CAPACITY OF PELLET BOILERS IN GERMANY
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013*
125,000
44,000
70,000
155,000
223,000
* Outlook
193,000
83,000
105,000
140,000
27,000
Wood pellets: production and consumption
in 1,000 t
1,000
2,500
3,000
2,000
1,500
500
0
Source: DEPI (Deutsches Pelletinstitut/Pellet Fuel Institut of Germany), FNR (2013) © FNR 2013
WOOD PELLETS – PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION IN GERMANY
2008 2010 2011 2012 2013*2007
* Outlook
1,10
02,
000
600
2009
ProductionProduction capacity Consumption
2,40
01,
480
900
2,50
01,
600
1,10
0
2,60
01,
750
2,70
0
1,20
0
1,88
01,
400
3,10
02,
200
1,70
0
3,30
02,
300
2,00
0
energy generation from wood 2010Total 68.4m solid m3, equivalent to 50.5 % of wood production
Source: Mantau/“Holzrohsto�bilanz Deutschland 2012”
CHP: Combined heat and power
© FNR 2012
ENERGY GENERATION FROM WOOD 2010
Total68.4m
solid m3
4.7m solid m3
Other
33.9m solid m3
Private households
7.2m solid m3
CHP- andheating plants < 1 MW
22.6m solid m3
CHP- and heating plants > 1 MW
Biomass combined heat and power plants: number of plants and installed electrical capacity
Source: FNR, according to DBFZ “Stromerzeugung aus Biomasse” (June2013) © FNR 2013
BIOMASS COMBINED HEAT AND POWER PLANTS: NUMBER OF PLANTS AND INSTALLED ELECTRICAL CAPACITY
Installed electrical capacity (MWel )Number of plants
2010 2011 2012 2013*2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
100
300
400
600
0
Installations 0.5 ≥ 5 MWel Installations 0.15 ≥ 0.5 MWelInstallations > 5 MWel
Installations ≤ 0.15 MWel Installed electrical capacity (MWel)
900
600
300
1,200
1,500
1,800
0
* Prognosis; without CHP units < 10 kWel and biomass co�reing in power plants
200
500
solid Fuels
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energy consumed for fuel production
Source: DEPI, H. Schellinger, J. Bergmair (TU Graz) © FNR 2011
Energy consumption relative to energy value
9 % 12 % 15 %0 % 3 % 6 %
Drying of sawdust pellets
TMP of chip pellets
Pellets from forest waste timber
Pellets from raw timber
Natural gas
Liqui�ed petroleum gas (LPG)
Heating oil
2.7 %
4 %
5.5 %
5.5 %
10 %
14.5 %
12 %
ENERGY CONSUMED FOR FUEL PRODUCTION
TMP: Thermo-mechanical pulping
Standards for solid biofuelsFor non-industrial use: Fuel specifications and classes
Fuel Standard
General requirements DIN EN 14961-1
Wood pellets DIN EN 14961-2
Wood briquettes DIN EN 14961-3
Wood chips DIN EN 14961-4
Firewood for non-industrial use DIN EN 14961-5
Non-woody pellets* DIN EN 14961-6
Source: Beuth Verlag * Stalk-type biomass; fruit biomass; biomass blends and mixtures
Heating oil€/Liter
Wood pellets w < 10 %
€/t
Beech logsw = 15 %
€/stacked m3
Spruce chips w = 30 %
€/loose m3
0.5 250 95 37
0.6 300 114 45
0.7 350 133 52
0.8 400 152 60
0.9 450 172 76
1.0 500 191 75
1.1 550 210 82
1.2 600 229 89
1.3 650 248 97
1.4 700 267 104
1.5 750 286 112
Wood fuel equivalent prices by energy value
Changes in energy pricesCHANGES IN ENERGY PRICES
20
40
30
10
60
80
70
50
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012
(Euro cents/l Hel ) Hel : heating oil equivalent, incl. VAT
Source: FNR, according to TFZ (January 2013) © FNR 2013
Wood logsHeating oil GrainWood pellets
2004
90
€ 0.88/l
€ 89/stacked m3
€ 260/t
€ 94/t
JAN 2013
Wood chips
2011
€ 231/t
2013
Source: FNR (2012) Fuel prices are compared in regards to lower calorific value.
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Calculation of water content and wood moisture content
Calculation of heating value of moist total mass
Heating value of wood relative to water content
water content w [%] =
wood moisture u [%] =
weight of water [kg]weight of moist wood [kg]
weight of water [kg]weight of dry wood [kg]
• 100
• 100
Hi (w) =Hi (anhyd) • (100 – w) – 2.44 • w
100
Hi (w): Energy value (MJ/kg) of wood at water content wHi (anhyd): Energy value (MJ/kg) of wood dry mass in anhydrous state2.44: Heat of vaporisation (MJ/kg) of water at 25 °Cw: Water content (%)
0 10
Heating value Hi (kWh/kg)
Softwood Hardwood
5
4
3
2
1
0
20 30 40 50 60
Water content (%)
Source: Bayerisches Landesinstitut für Forstwirtschaft (Merkblatt 12) © FNR 2013
HEATING VALUE OF WOOD RELATIVE TO WATER CONTENT
Water content w [%] 10 15 20 25 30 40 50
Wood moisture u [%] 11 18 25 33 43 67 100
NoteUnlabelled edge length: 1 m
Abbreviationsabs dry: Absolutely dry (0 % water content)Solid m3: Common measure in the forestry and timber industry
for one cubic metre of solid wood.Stacked m3: Common measure in the forestry and timber industry for
one cubic metre of stacked wood including air spaces.Loose m3: Common measure in the forestry and timber industry
for one cubic metre of loose pieces of wood (e. g. wood chips, bulk material).
Source: “Handbuch Bioenergie Kleinanlagen”, FNR (2007) and own calculations
general conversion factors for wood quantities (rules of thumb)
tabs dry Solid m3 Stacked m3 Loose m3
1 tabs dry 1.0 1.3–2.5 2.9 4.9
1 solid m3 0.4–0.7 1.0 1.4 2.5
1 stacked m3 0.3 0.7 1.0 1.8
1 loose m3 0.2 0.4 0.5 1.0
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Fuel DensityEnergy content Oil equivalent
kWh/kg kWh/l l/loe kg/kgoe
Heating oil 0.85 kg/l 11.83 10.06 1.00 0.98
Rapeseed oil 0.92 kg/l 10.44 9.61 1.04 1.14
Coal (w = 5.1 %) 860 kg/m3 8.25 7.10 1.40 1.21
Ethanol 0.79 kg/l 7.41 5.85 1.70 1.35
Wood pellets (w = 10 %) 664 kg/m3 5.00 3.32 3.00 1.99
Straw pellets (w = 10 %) 603 kg/m3 4.90 2.95 3.37 2.03
Beech logs 33 cm (w = 15 %)
445 kg/stacked m3 4.15 1.85 5.40 2.40
Spruce logs 33 cm (w = 15 %)
304 kg/stacked m3 4.33 1.32 7.56 2.30
Pine chips (w = 15 %) 203 kg/m3 4.33 0.88 11.33 2.30
Spruce sawdust(w = 15 %) 160 kg/m3 4.33 0.69 14.37 2.30
Whole grain plants(w = 15 %) 150 kg/m3 3.92 0.59 16.96 2.54
Grain straw, large bale(w = 15 %)
140 kg/m3 3.96 0.55 17.98 2.52
Miscanthus chips(w = 15 %) 130 kg/m3 4.07 0.53 18.85 2.45
Biofuels in comparison with heating oilEnergy values and density of selected fuels in comparison
Source: FNR w: water content; l: litre; oe: oil equivalent
Source: “Leitfaden Bioenergie”, FNR (2007) and own calculations
Typical mass and energy yields in agriculture and forestry
Mass yield(w = 15 %)t/(ha • a)
Average heating value Hi
(w = 15 %)MJ/kg
Gross annual fuel yield
MWh/(ha • a)
Heating oil equivalent
l/(ha • a)
Residues
Residual forest wood 1.0 15.6 4 434
Grain straw 6.0 14.3 24 2,390
Rapeseed straw 4.5 14.2 18 1,771
Hay from landscape conservation
4.5 14.4 18 1,803
Energy crops
Short-rotation plantations (e. g. poplar, willow)
12.0 15.4 51 5,120
Whole grain plants 13.0 14.1 51 5,086
Grain 7.0 14.0 27 2,772
Fodder grasses (e. g. tall fescue) 8.0 13.6 30 3,016
Miscanthus (3 years after cultivation)
15.0 14.6 61 6,081
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Source: FNR (2007 – modified and supplemented after “Leitfaden Bioenergie 2005”, Table 3.1.12)
Combustion data for solid, liquid and gaseous biofuels
Water content[%]
Mass[kg]
Heating value[MJ/kg]
Energy content Heating oil equivalent[l][MJ] [kWh]
Wood logs (per stacked m3)
• Hardwood (beech)
- air dried 18 476 14.7 6,997 1,944 194
- naturally dried 35 600 11.1 6,660 1,850 185
• Softwood (spruce)
- air dried 18 309 15.0 4,635 1,288 129
- naturally dried 35 389 11.4 4,435 1,232 123
Wood Chips (per m3)
• Hardwood (beech)
- air dried 18 280 14.7 4,116 1,143 114
- fresh cut 50 460 8.0 3,680 1,022 102
• Softwood (spruce)
- air dried 18 182 15.0 2,730 758 76
- fresh cut 50 298 8.2 2,444 679 68
General weight data (per t)
• Hardwood (beech)
- air dried 18 1,000 14.7 14,700 4,083 408
- naturally dried 35 1,000 11.1 11,100 3,083 308
• Softwood (spruce)
- air dried 18 1,000 15.0 15,000 4,167 417
- naturally dried 35 1,000 11.4 11,400 3,167 317
• Stalk material (straw, grain stems, etc.) 15 1,000 14.5 14,500 4,028 403
Biofuels (per m3)
• Rapeseed oil < 0.1 920 37.6 34,590 9,609 961
• Biodiesel (rapeseed methyl ester) < 0.03 880 37.1 32,650 9,093 909
Biogas (per m3) < 1 1.2 18.2 21.6 6 0.6
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fuel consumption up to 2025
Biofuels in comparisonDistance attained by a passenger car on fuel from 1 ha of cultivated land.
Source: BAFA, MWV, FNR © FNR 2011
ENTWICKLUNG KRAFTSTOFFVERBRAUCH DEUTSCHLAND BIS 2025
in m t
2005 2007 2009 2015*2011 2013* 2025*
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Petrol * OutlookDiesel
Passenger car fuel consumption: petrol 7.4 l/100 km; diesel 5.1 l/100 km
Source: FNR © FNR 2011
BioFuels
Approximately 53 million tonnes of fuel were consumed in Germany in 2012. Alongside diesel with 59.4 % and petrol with a little more than 33 %, biofuels accounted for 5.7 % or 3.8 million tonnes.
fuel consumption in transport sector 2012 Biofuel share: 5.7 % (by energy)
development of biofuels
Source: BAFA, BMF, FNR (August 2013) © FNR 2013
CONSUMPTION OF BIOFUELS IN GERMANY
* Outlook; ** As percentage of total fuel consumption, by energy
2004 2005 2006 2007
Vegetable oil Biodiesel Hydrogenated vegetable oil Ethanol Biomethane
in 1,000 t
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012*
Biofuel share**
1,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
01.8 %
3.7 %
6.3 %
7.4 %
6.0 %5.6 %
5.8 %5.6 % 5.7 %
1.1m t
2.2m t
4.0m t
4.6m t
3.4m t3.8m t3.7m t3.8m t3.7m t
© FNR 2013
FUEL CONSUMPTION IN GERMANY 2012
Biodiesel 3.4 %2,057,000 t
Vegetable oil < 0.1 %25,000 t
Biofuel 5.7 %
Source: BAFA, erdgas mobil, DVFG, BMF, FNR (2013)
Bioethanol 1.5 %1,249,000 t
Hydrogenated vegetableoil (HVO) 0.8 %420,000 t
Biomethane < 0.1%25,000 t
33.3 % Petrol 17,255,000 t
Diesel 59.4 %31,330,000 t
Total53m t
Natural gas 0.5 %216,000 t
1.0 % Lique�ed petroleum gas (LPG)514,000 t
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Bioethanol (raw materials used in production)
Raw material Biomass yield (FM) [t/ha]
Bioethanol yield [l/ha]
Biomass required per litre of fuel [kg/l]
Grain maize 9.0 3,740 2.4Wheat 7.2 2,760 2.6Rye 4.9 2,030 2.4Triticale 5.6 2,230 2.5Sugar beet 70.0 7,540 9.3Sugar cane 73.0 6,380 11.4Straw 7.0 2,310 3.0
Bioethanol sales by volume
Sales (1,000 tonnes) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Ethanol in petrol (E 85*) 5 (6) 7 (8) 7 (9) 15 (18) 16 (19) 17 (21)Ethanol admixture 88 251 687 1,028 1,054 1,090ETBE** 366 367 198 122 162 142Total sales 460 625 892 1,165 1,233 1,249
Source: BAFA, FNR * E 85: Bioethanol share 70–90 %; ** Admixture 47 % ethanol and 53 % isobutene
Bioethanol trends
Source: BAFA, BDBe (2013) © FNR 2013
BIOETHANOL TRENDS IN GERMANY
20112006 2007 2008
200
0
2009
800
1,000
in 1,000 t
1,200
600
400
2010 2012
1,2331,165
577
1,249
613583
892
591625
460460
310
512
340
Production capacity 2013: 1m t
Production Sales by volume
Source: Meo, FNR FM: Fresh matter
Biodiesel (raw materials used in production)
Raw material Biomass yield (FM) [t/ha]
Biodiesel yield [l/ha]
Biomass required per litre of fuel [kg/l]
Rapeseed oil 3.5 1,590 2.2
Palm oil 20.0 4,440 4.5
Soya oil 2.9 640 4.6
Jatropha 2.5 610 4.1
Source: Meo, FNR FM: Fresh matter
Biodiesel sales by volume
Sales (1,000 tonnes) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Admixture 1,423 1,613 2,191 2,236 2,129 1,928
Pure fuel 1,895 1,082 241 293 97 131
Total sales 3,318 2,695 2,431 2,529 2,226 2,059
Biodiesel trends
Source: BAFA, FNR
Source: Ufop, VDB, BAFA, BMF, FNR (August 2013) © FNR 2013
BIODIESEL TRENDS IN GERMANY
Production capacitySales by volumeProduction
20112004 2005 2006 2007 2008
1,000
500
0
2009
4,000
4,500
3,500
5,000
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
2010
2
,890
3
,264
4
,390
2,4
00
2,5
00
3
,550
1,4
50
1,5
00
1,
980
980
1
,000
1,2
40
2,82
0
2,6
95
5
,010
2
,500
2
,517
4
,910
2012
2,80
0
2,
582
4
,960
2,80
0
2
,226
4,96
0
2,
600
2
,059
4,3
50
in 1,000 t
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development of decentralised oil millsDecentralised oil mill capacity utilisation: 45 % in 2012
Source: TFZ surveys a March 2004; b Aug. 2007; c Aug. 2009; d Of which 44 installations exclusively for edible oil
2004a 2006 2007b 2008 2009c 2010 2012
Number of oil mills 219 550 585 601 434 290 245d
Rapeseed processed (1,000 t) 380 889 983 593 n/a 348 266
use of vegetable oil from decentralised oil mills (%)
Source: TFZ surveys * Mobile and stationary
Rapeseed oil fuel* Biodiesel Feed oil Edible oil Technical oils
2007 58 38 3.4 0.3 0.7
2010 35 30 22 7 6
2012 19 17 20 30 14
Vegetable oils (fuel characteristics)
Vegetable oilDensity(15 °C)[kg/l ]
Heating value[MJ/kg ]
Kinetic viscosity(40 °C)[mm2/s]
Pour point (°C) Flash point (°C) Iodine value
DIN 51605 requirements 0.910– 0.925 min 36 max 36 – min 101 max 125
Rapeseed oil 0.92 37.6 35 –2 to –10 > 220 94 to 113
Sunflower oil 0.92 37.1 32 –16 to –18 > 220 118 to 144
Soya oil 0.92 37.1 32 –8 to –18 > 220 114 to 138
Olive oil 0.92 37.8 38 –5 to –9 > 220 76 to 90
Jatropha oil 0.92 36.8 34 2 to –3 > 220 102
Coconut oil 0.92 35.3 28 14 to 25 > 220 7 to 10
Palm oil 0.92 37.0 42 27 to 43 > 220 34 to 61
Camelina sativa oil 0.92 37.0 31 –11 to –18 > 220 149 to 155
Palm kernel oil 0.93 35.5 24 20 to 24 > 220 14 to 22
Comparison of centralised and decentralised vegetable oil production
Oil extraction from 1 t rapeseed* Decentralised Centralised
Proportion of oil extracted [%] 80 99
Oil yield [kg/t oilseed] 336 416
Rapeseed cake yield [kg/t oilseed] 660 –
Extraction meal yield [kg/t oilseed] – 580
Oil yield [l/t oilseed] 365 452
Oil yield [l/ha] 1,387 1,718
Source: TFZ, ASG, FNR (modified 2011)
Source: TFZ, FNR * Oil content of seed 42 %
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Btl fuels
BtL (biomass to liquid) fuels, like GtL (gas to liquid) and CtL (coal to liquid) fuels, are synthetic fuels whose ingredients are precisely tailored to the needs of modern engines.
raw materials for production of Btl fuels
Raw materials Yield (FM)[t/ha]
Fuel yield[l/ha]
Required biomass per litre fuel [kg/l ]
Energy crops 15–20 4,030 3.7
Straw 7 1,320 5.3
Source: Meo, FNR (2009 – Biokraftstoffe – eine vergleichende Analyse) FM: Fresh matter
Fuel Density[kg/l ]
Heating value
[MJ/kg ]
Heating value[MJ/l ]
Viscosity at 20 °C[mm2/s]
Cetane number
Octane number [RON]
Flash point [°C ]
Fuel equivalenceh
[ l ]
Diesel 0.83 43.1 35.87 5.0 50 – 80 1
Rapeseed oil 0.92 37.6 34.59 74.0 40 – 317 0.96
Biodiesel 0.88 37.1 32.65 7.5 56 – 120 0.91
Hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO)f 0.78 44.1 34.30 > 3.5 g > 70 – 60 –
Biomass to liquid (BtL)a 0.76 43.9 33.45 4.0 > 70 – 88 0.97
Petrol 0.74 43.9 32.48 0.6 – 92 < 21 1
Bioethanol 0.79 26.7 21.06 1.5 8 > 100 < 21 0.65
Ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) 0.74 36.4 26.93 1.5 – 102 < 22 0.83
Biomethanol 0.79 19.7 15.56 – 3 > 110 – 0.48
Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) 0.74 35.0 25.90 0.7 – 102 –28 0.80
Dimethyl ether (DME) 0.67 b 28.4 19.03 – 60 – – 0.59
Biomethane 0.72 e 50.0 36.00 c – – 130 – 1.5 d
Biohydrogen (GH2) 0.09 e 120.0 10.80 c – – < 88 – 3.6 d
aFigures based on FT fuels; bat 20 °C; c[MJ/m3]; d[kg]; e[kg/m3]; f Source: VTT; gat 40 °C; hIllustrative example: 1 l biodiesel corresponds to 0.9 l diesel; 1 kg biohydrogen to 3.6 l petrol (used in fuel cell: 7 l)
Biomethane
Biogas has to be upgraded to natural gas quality (biomethane) before it can be used as a fuel. There are over 90,000 natural gas powered vehicles on the road in Germany. Biomethane is available at approx. 900 natural gas filling stations.
yields of raw material for production of biomethane
Raw material yield (FM)[t/ha]
Biogas yield
[Nm3/t]
Methane content
[%]
Methane yield
[Nm3/ha] [kg/ha]
approx. 50* approx. 200* 53 4,664 3,358
Source: FNR, according to KTBL (2012) * Based on silage maize; 12 % storage loss; Density of biomethane: 0.72 kg/m3
fuel Comparison: properties of Biofuels
Source: FNR
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STANDARD-THG EMISSIONEN FÜR BIOKRAFTSTOFFE
Source: FNR, according to UFOP (2011 – EU Directive 2009/28/EC) © FNR 2011
100 %
Fossil fuel
Biomethane from slurry
BtL (FT diesel) from farmed wood³
Ethanol from wheat straw³
Ethanol from sugar cane
Ethanol from sugar beet
Ethanol from wheat2
Ethanol from wheat
Biodiesel from palm oil1
Biodiesel from palm oil
Biodiesel from soya
Biodiesel from waste
Biodiesel from sunflowers
Biodiesel from rapeseed oil
Hydrated rapeseed oil
Rapeseed oil
90 % 70 %80 % 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 %
0 10 3020 40 50 60 70 805 15 3525 45 65 75
EU requirements/GHG savings (%)
GHG emission in g CO2equiv./MJ
0
Cultivation Transport Processing, in g CO2equiv./MJ ≤ 54.5 g from 2010/13≤ 41.9 g from 2017≤ 33.5 g from 2018
1 With methane capture; 2 Natural gas CHP; 3 Future biofuel options – basis: estimated standard �gures from 2009/28/EC
30 1
1
13
5
5
9
2
2
5
13
22
1 22
26
49
45
18
19
26
7
11
1
30
29
18
1
19
14
14
23
23
12
14
3
4
5
1
13
2
2
2
83.8
55
≥ 50 % from 2017 ≥ 35 % from 2011/13≥ 60 % from 2018
22
eu 2020 target:
germany’s 2020 target:
All member states face a binding target of ensuring that renewable en-ergy sources account for at least 10 % of final energy consumption in the transport sector in 2020.
7 % cut in GHG emissions by biofuels placed on the market in 2020, based on reference figures for petrol and diesel; a 7 % cut in emissions corresponds to a biofuel share of about 10–12 % in total fuel consump-tion (Federal Immission Control Act section 37a [3a]).a Directive 2009/28/EC of 28 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources; GHG: Greenhouse gas
framework for Biofuels
The Europrean directive on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (Directive 2009/28/EC)a defines binding targets for biofuels and regulates their sustainability.
Standard gHg emissions for biofuels
Sustainability of Biofuels
Requirements on the sustainability of biofuels and electricity from liquid biomass apply since January 2011. The criteria are laid down in the Sus-tainability Ordinance for Biofuels and Biomasselectricity (Biokraftstoff- und Biostrom-Nachhaltigkeitsverordnung). Since 2011 biofuels must save at least 35 % in greenhouse gas emissions besides other sustainability criteria.
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Source: FNR (2011)
The use of biofuels in agriculture is tax-free. Biomethane used pure as a fuel is tax-free till 2015.
Biofuels selected for special support• Ethanol with an ethanol content of at least 70 % (V/V), e. g. E 85
(lower tax rate on ethanol content)• BtL fuel and ethanol from cellulose (tax-free to 2015)
fuel standardisation
Fuel composition and quality labelling are laid down in the 10th Ordi-nance implementing the Federal Immission Control Act (10. BImSchV).
Fuel Standard Notes
Diesel (B 7)
DIN EN 590
Diesel fuel with up to 7 % V/V biodiesel (as of 05/2010)
Biodiesel (B 100)
DIN EN 14214
Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) for diesel engines (as of 04/2010)
Rapeseed oil DIN 51605
Fuels for vegetable oil compatible combus-tion engines – Fuel from rapeseed oil (as of 09/2010)
Petrol (E 5)
DIN EN 228
Unleaded petrol with up to 5 % (V/V) ethanol or 15 % (V/V) ETBE (as of 09/2009)
Ethanol DIN 15376
Ethanol as blend component in petrol (as of 04/2009)
Petrol E 10
DIN 51626-1
Petrol E 10 with up to 10 % (V/V) ethanol (as of 04/2009)
Ethanol E 85
DIN 51625
– ≥ 75% and ≤ 86 % (V/V) ethanol – class A (summer)
– ≥ 70% and ≤ 80 % (V/V) ethanol – class B (winter) (as of 08/2008)
Natural gas and biomethane
DIN 51624
Biomethane must meet the standard for compressed natural gas (CNG) as a fuel; biomethane and natural gas can be admixed in any proportion (as of 04/2009)
V/V: Percentage by volume
federal immission Control act (BimSchg)
Year Diesel quota Petrol quota Total quota
2007
4.4 %
1.2 % –
2008 2.0 % –
2009
2.8 %
5.25 %
2010
6.25 %2011
2012
2013
2014
2015 Decarbonisation 3.0 %
2017 Decarbonisation 4.5 %
2020 Decarbonisation 7.0 %
Tax rates on pure biofuels under the energy Tax act (energieStg)
Year Biodiesel [euro cents/l] Vegetable oil [euro cents/l]
2006 (August) 9.00 0.00
2007 9.00 2.15
2008 14.88 9.85
2009 14.29 18.15
2010–2012 18.60 18.46
2013–2014 45.03 45.03
Source: FNR, according to BImSchG
Source: FNR, according to EnergieStG
The tax relief is not granted for admixed biofuels or for biofuels al-located to the quota; it is only granted for biofuels selected for special support.• Energy tax on diesel: 47.04 euro cents/l• Energy tax on petrol: 65.45 euro cents/l
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average composition of biogas
Component Percentage
Methane (CH4) 50–75 %
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 25–45 %
Water vapour (H2O) 2–7 %
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) 20–20,000 ppm
Oxygen (O2) < 2 %
Nitrogen (N2) < 2 %
Ammonia (NH3) < 1 %
Hydrogen (H2) < 1 %
Trace gases < 2 %
Biogas
development of biogas plants
Number of plants
5,000
4,000
3,000
7,000
6,000
2,000
1,000
Source: FNR, according to FvB (2013) © FNR 2013
DEVELOPMENT OF BIOGAS PLANTS IN GERMANY
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013*
Installed electrical capacity (MW)
1st Amendment of EGG(Aug. 2004)
2,050
3,500
7,175
0 0
3,000
2,500
3,500
4,000
5,000
2,000
1,500
1,000
5001,10
0
1,27
1
1,37
7
1,89
3
190 39
0
650
2,29
1
3,09
7
1,750
3,711
5,905
Number of plants Prognosis number of plants Installed electrical capacity
8,000
9,000
7,515 7,772
3,35
2
3,53
0
* Outlook
3,891
4,984
2,680
2nd Amendment of EGG(Jan. 2009)
3rd Amendment of EGG(Jan. 2012)
EEG = Renewable Energy Sources Act
biogas.fnr.de
Technical primary energy potential for biogas
Source: IE, DBFZ (2009) © FNR 2011
TECHNICAL PRIMARY ENERGY POTENTIAL FOR BIOGAS
Technical primary energy potential (PJ/a)
Year
2007
2020
0 100 200 300 400 500
102
252
86
86
114
1051347
108
Max. harvest of energy crops (1.15m ha 2007 and 1.6m ha 2020/growth in yield: 2 %/a)
Min. harvest of energy crops(0.55m ha 2007)
Harvest residues and livestock excrementsMunicipal biowaste
Proportion of potential used
Industrial bioresidues
greenhouse gas emissions of biogas plants compared to the overall german electricity mix
Source: KTBL (2011) © FNR 2012
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS OF BIOGAS PLANTS COMPARED TO THE OVERALL GERMAN ELECTRICITY MIX
500 kW 1 MW
in kg CO2 equiv./kWhel
150 kW75 kW
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
–0.1
–0.2
–0.3
–0.4
71.071.0 0.16
–0.04
Electricity mix 2011 (renewable energies' share 20.0 %)
Balance: total net emissions
Credit granted – substitution of fossil-based heating Credit granted – use of slurry
Biomass conversionBiomass production and transportPlant construction
For further information visit “Grafiken Biogas” at http://mediathek.fnr.de
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Schematic diagram of the anaerobic digestion process
Biogas
i. a. methane (CH4 ), carbon dioxide (CO2 )
short-chain organic acids (e. g. propionic acid), alcohols
Substrates
Fats, proteins, carbohydrates (long-chain polymers)
1st phase: liquefaction (Hydrolysis)
2nd phase: acidification
3rd phase: acetic acid formation
4th phase: methane formation
i. a. acetic acid (CH3COOH), carbon dioxide (CO2 ), hydrogen (H2)
Fatty acids, amino acids, sugar (short-chain monomers and dimers)
Key process factors in biogas production
required digester volume [m3]= daily substrate input [m3/d] • average hydraulic retention time [d]
Hydraulic retention time [d]digester volume [m3]
daily substrate input [m3/d ]Hrt =
organic loading rate [kg odm/m3 • d]
substrate input concentration of organic matter per time unit [kg/d] (volatile solids) [% odm]
digester volume [m3] • 100olr =
•
dry matter [kg ]dm = Fresh matter [kg ] – water amount [kg ]
organic dry matter [kg ]odm = dry matter [kg ] – raw ash [kg ]
Biogas yield [m3]= Fresh matter substrat [t ] • dm [%] • odm [%] • yield [m3/t odm]
What is the energy content of biogas?
The energy value correlates with the methane content of biogas. This can range from 50–75 % depending on input substrate and process characteristic. One cubic metre of methane has an energy value of about 10 kilowatt-hours (9.97 kWh), so biogas with a content of 55 % methane has an energy content of about 5.5 kWh per cubic metre.
Heating value: 5–7.5 kwh/m3 (depending on methane content) average: 6 kwh/m3 or 21.6 mJ/m3
Heating oil equivalent: 1 m3 of biogas is equivalent to about 0.6 l of heating oil
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Biogas yields of selected substratesSubstrate
Source: KTBL (2010) © FNR 2013
BIOGAS YIELDS
Biogas yields (in Nm³/t FM)
Maize silage
Grain silage (whole plant)
Grass silage
Sugar beet silageSorghum silage (whole plant)
Clover/alfalfa grass
Forage rye silage (whole plant)
Biowaste*
Sunflower silage
Landscape conservationmaterial*
Food leftovers
Cattle manure
Fodder beet silage
Grain vinasse
Cattle slurry
Pig slurryPotatoe pulp
Methane content %
0 50 100 200150
60 %
54 %
55 %
55 %
52 %
55 %
60 %
50 %
57 %
60 %
53 %
55 %
52 %
52 %
55 %
53 %
53 %
52 %
Poultry manure*
* Varies, depending on dry matter content and composition
Cultivation of various energy crops and their theoretical electricity potential [per-hectare figures]
Energy cropHarvest
yield [t FM ]
Methane yield [Nm3 ]
Electricity yield
[kWh ]
Supply for number of
homes
Maize silage 50 4,664 17,257 4.8
Sugar beet 55 3,960 14,652 4.1
Whole plant grain silage 40 3,696 13,675 3.8
Sudan grass 55 3,388 12,536 3.5
Grass silage 36 3,105 11,487 3.2
Source: FNR, according to KTBL (2012) Assumptions: 12 % storage loss (except sugar beet); CHP plant efficiency 37 %; electricity consumption 3,600 kWh/a per home
Substrate input in biogas plants 2012 (mass related)
Substrate input of energy crops in biogas plants 2012 (mass related)
41 % Livestock excrements
1 % Industrial and harvest residues
Source: DBFZ (2013) © FNR 2013
SUBSTRATE INPUT IN BIOGAS PLANTS 2012 (mass referred)
Energy crops 54 % 4 % Biowaste
Source: DBFZ operators survey (2013) © FNR 2013
SUBSTRATE INPUTOF ENERGY CROPS IN BIOGAS PLANTS 2012 (mass referred)
Maize silage 73 %
7 % Whole plantgrain silage
11 % Grass silage
3 % Sugar beet1 % Catch crops
1 % Other3 % Landscape conservation
material
1 % Cereal grain
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development of cultivation area for maizein 1,000 ha
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
Source: Stat. Bundesamt, DMK, ZMP, AFC, FNR
GROWTH OF CULTIVATION AREA FOR MAIZE IN GERMANY
Grain maize** Maize silage (biogas)Maize silage (feed)
* Outlook;** approx. 85 % feed, 6 % industry (starch), 5 % energy (ethanol), 3 % losses, 1 % seed
© FNR 2013
20072006 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013*
legal framework
Approval of an agricultural biogas plant
Rated thermal input of the CHP unit > 1 MW (4. BImSchV*, Nr. 1.4)
Production capacity ≥ 1.2 m Nm³ raw gas per year (4. BImSchV*, Nr. 1.15 a)Processing capacity ≥ 1.2 m Nm³ raw gas per year (4. BImSchV*, Nr. 1.15 b)
Construction of the biogas plant in connection to a livestock operation with an approval requirement, e. g. facilities for ≥ 2,000 pig or ≥ 600 cattle places (4. BImSchV*, Nr. 7.1)
Facilities for the biological treatment of the following (4. BImSchV*, Nr. 8.6)– hazardous waste material according to the Waste Management and
Product Recycling Act (KrWG) with a throughput capacity ≥ 1 t/day– non-hazardous waste products (excluding slurry) according
to the KrWG with a throughput capacity ≥ 10 t/day– slurry (solely for biogas production) with a throughput capacity
≤ 100 t/day as far as production capacity ≥ 1.2 m Nm³ of raw gas per year
Temporary storage of the following (4. BImSchV*, Nr. 8.12)– hazardous waste material according to the KrWG > 30 t/day– non-hazardous waste material according to the KrWG > 100 t/day– slurry or digestate storage capacity ≥ 6,500 m³ (4. BImSchV*, Nr. 8.13)
Planning approvalApproval procedure according to the Federal Immission Control Act (BImSchG)
Source: FNR 2013 Without any claim to completeness; * 4th Amendment to the Federal Immission Control Act
Storage capacity for slurry/digestate ≥ 6,500 m³ (4. BImSchV*, Nr. 9.36.)
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
requirements for the handling of digestate
Digestate from Distribution on the farm's own land
Distribution on other farm's lands
Farm fertiliser DüV, KrWG, where applicable BioAbfV
DüV, KrWG, where applicable BioAbfV, WDüngV
Renewable resources DüV DüV, DüMV
Plant-based waste from the operators enterprise DüV DüV, DüMV
Organic waste as defined by BioAbfV and DüMV BioAbfV, DüV BioAbfV, DüV, DüMV
Food waste and other sub-stances as defined by Regula-tion (EC) No 1069/2009
BioAbfV, TierNebG, DüV, Regulation (EU) 142/2011
DüV, DüMV, TierNebG, Regulation (EU) 142/2011
Sewage sludge and farm fertiliser or municipal organic waste according to the Ordinance on Biowastes (BioAbfV), Annex 1
AbfKlärV, DüV AbfKlärV, DüV, DüMV
Source: aid infodienst e. V. Without any claim to completeness
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upgrading to natural gas quality(Odorising, conditioning, pressure adjustment)
Biogas upgrading process steps
organic material
raw biogas
gas cleaning and upgrading(Desulphurisation, drying, carbon dioxide separation,
oxygen removal, removal of further trace gases)
Biomethane
Pure biogas
Biogas production
Characteristic figures of various biogas upgrading technologies
Pressure swing adsorption
PSA
Pressurised water scrubbing
PWS
Physical absorp-tion with organic
solvents
Chemical absorp-tion with organic
solvents
Membrane processes
Cryogenic separation
Electricity requirement (kWh/Nm3 BG) 0.20–0.25 0.20–0.30 0.23–0.33 0.06–0.15 0.18–0.25 0.18–0.33
Heat requirement (kWh/Nm3 BG) 0 0 ~ 0.3 0.5–0.8 0 0
Temperature process heat (°C) – – 55–80 110–160 – –
Process pressure (bar) 4–7 5–10 4–7 0.1–4 5–10
Methane loss (%) 1–5 0.5–2 1–4 0.1 2–8
After-treatment of exhaust gas necessary? (legislation: EEG & GasNZV) Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Fine desulphurisation of the raw gas necessary? Yes No No Yes Recom-
mended Yes
Water requirement No Yes No Yes No No
Chemicals requirement No No Yes Yes No No
Source: Fraunhofer-IWES, according to DWA (2011) BG: biogas
Biogas plants for biomethane production
Source: FNR, according to dena (2013) © FNR 2013
BIOGAS PLANTS FOR BIOMETHANE PRODUCTION IN GERMANY
0
15,000
30,000
45,000
60,000
75,000
90,000
105,000
120,000
135,000
0
20
40
60
80
100
140
120
180
160
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Number of plants Upgrading capacity Biomethane (Nm3/h)
2012 2013/14*
Upgrading capacity Number of plants * OutlookForecast number of plants
2006
117
85
50
178
109,
810
73,1
70
54,0
55
35,1
45
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BGP 1 MWel approx. 3,500 €/kWel
Biogas upgrading plant 500 Nm3/h approx. 7,500 €/(Nm3/h)
ORC installation 75 kWel approx. 4,000 €/kWhel
Micro gas turbine 65 kWel approx. 2,000 €/kWhel
Costs biomethane production 500 Nm3/h 7.8–8.4 ct/kWh
Costs biomethane production 2,000 Nm3/h 6.4–7.0 ct/kWh
Biogas yields in agriculture
Dairy cow: 20 m3 slurry/a 500 Nm3 biogas
Pig: 1.5–6 m3 slurry/a 42–168 Nm3 biogas
Cattle: 3–11 t solid manure/a 240–880 Nm3 biogas
Horse: 8 t solid manure/a 504 Nm3 biogas
100 chicken: 1.8 m3 dry excrement/a 252 Nm3 biogas
Maize silage: 40–60 t FM/ha* 7,040–10,560 Nm3 biogas
Sugar beet: 40–70 t FM/ha 5,200–9,100 Nm3 biogas
Grain whole plant silage: 30–50 t FM/ha* 5,016–8,360 Nm3 biogas
Grass: 26–43 t FM/ha* 4,118–6,811 Nm3 biogas
Example – annual substrate requirement biogas plant 350 kWel
5,500 t maize silage (125 ha)
3,000 t cattle slurry (150 dairy cows)
1,000 t grain whole plant silage (28.5 ha)
Source: FNR, according to KTBL, Guide to Biogas, Fraunhofer-IWES, DBFZ * 12 % silo losses taken into account
useful figures
1 m3 Biogas 5.0–7.5 kWhtotal
1 m3 Biogas 50–75 % methane content
1 m3 Biogas 1.9–3.2 kWhel
1 m3 Biogas approx. 0.6 l heating oil equivalent
1 m3 Methane 9.97 kWhtotal
1 m3 Methane 3.3–4.3 kWhel
1 m3 Methane 1 l heating oil equivalent
CHP unit: efficiencyel 33–45 %
CHP unit: efficiencyth 35–56 %
CHP unit: efficiencytotal circa 85 %
CHP unit: operating time 7,900–8,200 operating hours/year
Micro gas turbine – efficiencyel 26–33 %
Fuel cell – efficiencyel 40–55 %
Electricity requirement biogas plant 5–20 %
Heat requirement biogas plant 5–25 %
Work requirement biogas plant 4–10 Akh/kWel • a
Optimum VOA/TAC area < 0.8
Foil permeability 1–1.5 parts per thousand of biogas/day
Interruptions of operation per year (BGP) 1.2 for each 10 kWel
Specific investment costs
BGP 75 kWel approx. 9,000 €/kWel
BGP 150 kWel approx. 6,500 €/kWel
BGP 250 kWel approx. 6,000 €/kWel
BGP up to 500 kWel approx. 4,500 €/kWel
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1 Including obligation to make use of the generated heat, i. e. at least 60 % of the electricity generated in the installation must be generated by com-bined heat and power process and the heat must be used accordingly to the requirements of Annex 2 of the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) – Exceptions: Installations using ≥ 60 % slurry (by mass) or participation in direct marketing
2 Small slurry plants, using ≥ 80 % (by mass) slurry/manure (without poultry manure/dried poultry manure)
3 Basic tariff and input substrate tariff only if ≤ 60 % (by mass) maize and cereal grain are used
4 Bark and forest waste wood5 For slurry/manure 6 euro cents/kWh for installations > 500 kW to 5 MW6 700 Nm3/h (approx. 2.8 MWel ), 1,000 Nm3/h (approx. 4.0 MWel ),
1,400 Nm3/h (approx. 5.5 MWel )7 ≥ 90% biowaste (by mass) as defined in the Biowaste Ordinance (BioAbfV)8 From 2014 for new installations > 750: remuneration only by direct market-
ing (market premium model)9 Annual degression of 2 % on basic tariff and bonuses (not on input sub-
strate tariffs)
Bioenergy http://mediathek.fnr.de
Biodiesel www.ufop.de
Oilseeds and vegetable oils www.oilworld.biz
Chips and pellets www.carmen-ev.de
Wood logs www.tfz.bayern.de
Wood pellets www.depi.de
Agriculture www.ami-informiert.de
German Federal Statistical Office www.destatis.de
Heating oil/crude oil www.tecson.de/oelweltmarkt.html
Market reports and prices for fuels and biomass
remuneration rates for biomass/biogas plants according to renewable energy Sources act (eeg) 2012
Remuneration ct/kWh
20139 20149
Basic tariff 1, 3
up to 150 kWel 14.01 13.73
> 150 kWel to 500 kWel 12.05 11.81
> 500 kWel to 5 MWel8 10.78 10.56
> 750 kWel to 5 MWel 10.78 10.568
> 5 MWel to 20 MWel8 5.88 5.768
Special tariff2
up to 75 kWel 24.50 24.01
Input substrate tariff 3
Input substrate category class I
up to 500 kWel 6/64 6/64
> 500 kWel to 750 kWel 5/2.54 5/2.54
> 750 kWel to 5 MWel 4/2.54 4/2.54
Input substrate category class II
up to 500 kWel 8 8
> 500 kWel to 5 MWel 8/65 8/65
Gas upgrading bonus6
up to 700 Nm3/h 2.94 2.88
up to 1,000 Nm3/h 1.96 1.92
up to 1,400 Nm3/h 0.98 0.96
Biowaste fermentation bonus7
up to 500 kWel 15.68 15.37
> 500 kWel to 20 MWel 13.72 13.45
Source: EEG 2012 Information given is not of legally-binding nature
aPPendiX
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MJ kWh m3 natural gas
1 MJ 1 0.278 0.032
1 kWh 3.6 1 0.113
1 kg hard coal unit 29.31 8.14 0.924
1 kg crude oil equiv. 41.87 11.63 1.319
1 m3 natural gas 31.74 8.82 1
energy unit conversion factors
m3 l barrel gallon
1 m3 1 1,000 6.3 264
1 l 0.001 1 0.0063 0.26
1 barrel 0.159 159 1 42
1 gallon 0.0038 3.79 0.0238 1
prefixes for energy units
Prefix Abbreviation Factor Quantity
Deca da 10 Ten
Hecto h 102 Hundred
Kilo k 103 Thousand
Mega M 106 Million
Giga G 109 Billion
Tera T 1012 Trillion
Peta P 1015 Quadrillion
Exa E 1018 Quintillion
Bioenergy http://bioenergie.fnr.de
fnr-internationalhttp://international.fnr.de
facts and figures on bioenergyhttp://mediathek.fnr.de/grafiken.html
Bioenergy villageswww.wege-zum-bioenergiedorf.de
Bioenergy regionswww.bioenergie-regionen.de
further information
imPrint
Published byFachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. (FNR)Agency for Renewable Resourceswww.fnr.de
With support from the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture, based on a decision of the Parliament of the Federal Republic of Germany
PicturesDr. H. Hansen, FNR
Design/Implementationwww.tangram.de, Rostock
Printed bywww.druckerei-weidner.de, Rostock
Printed on 100 % recycling paper using vegetable oil-based colours
Order no. 484FNR 2014
bioenergie.fnr.de
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fachagentur nachwachsende rohstoffe e. V. (fnr)agency for renewable resources oT gülzow, Hofplatz 1 18276 gülzow-prüzen, germanyTel: +49 3843/6930-0 fax: +49 3843/[email protected]
printed on 100 % recycling paper using vegetable oil-based colours
order no. 484fnr 2014