Biogas Digester for Palm Oil Mill Wastes

7/30/2019 Biogas Digester for Palm Oil Mill Wastes

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M1RCENJournal, 1988, 4, 119-126

19 Biogas dige ster for pa lm oil m ill w astesand 1 .8 Mw genera t ing sys tem inG unu ng M e l iau , w ith linkage toPont ianak system

Ign Gde PemayunDirectorate General of Electric Power and New Energy, Department of Mines and Energy, Jakarta,Indonesia

I n t r o d u c t i o nT h e I n d o n e s i a n G o v e r n m e n t h a s o u t l i n e d s e v e n p o l i c i e s r e g a r d i n g t h e n a t i o n ' se n e r g y . T h e s e a r e :- - d o m e s t i c e n e r g y p r o d u c t i o n- - e n e r g y p r o d u c t i o n f o r e x p o r t- - e c o n o m y in th e u s e o f p e t r o l e u m o il- - d e v e l o p m e n t o f a l t e rn a t i v e e n e r g y- - c o n s e r v a t io n o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t- - i n c r e a s i n g n a t i o n a l r e s i l i e n c e .R u r a l e n e r g y p r o g r a m m e s s h o u l d th e r e f o r e b e d i r e c t ed t o w a r d s t h e s e g o a ls .M o r e o v e r , i n c h o o s i n g a n a p p r o p r i a t e t e c h n o l o g y f o r a p p l ic a t i o n i n r u r a l a r e a s , t h er u r a l c o m m u n i t y ' s a b il i ty a n d w i l li n g ne s s to u s e t h a t t e c h n o l o g y m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e dv e r y c a r e f u l l y . T h e r e g i o n s o f I n d o n e s i a w h i c h n o w h a v e f a m i l y - s i z e d b i o g a s p i l o tp r o j e c t s a r e S u m a t r a , J a v a - B a l i , N o r t h S u l a w e s i a n d A m b o n . A n i m a l ( c a t tl e a n d p ig s )d u n g i s u s e d a s r a w m a t e r i a l f o r b i o g a s p r o d u c t i o n . T h e a m o u n t o f g a s p r o d u c e dc o v e r s t h e c o o k i n g a n d l i g h t i n g o f o n e t o t w o f a m i l i e s . ( O n e f a m i l y c o n s i s ts o f fi v ep e r s o n s ) . A l l t h e s e d i g e s t e r s w e r e b u i l t b y a l o c a l u n i v e r s i t y t e a m , a r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t e ,o r a n i n d i v i d u a l e x p e r t . I n t h e f u t u r e , w e w i l l t r y to u s e p a l m o i l m i ll w a s t e s f o r b i o g a sp r o d u c t i o n t o g e n e r a t e e l e c t r ic i t y i n K a l i m a n t a n . A s a n e x a m p l e , a p i l o t p r o j e c t w i llb e b u il t i n G u n u n g M e l i a u a r e a - - W e s t K a l i m a n t a n .

D e v e l o p m e n t a c t i vi ti es p l a n n e d f o r r u r a l a n d r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s i n t h e fo u r t hF i v e Y e a r D e v e l o p m e n t P l a n ( 1 9 8 4 / 1 9 8 9 )I n d o n e s i a ' s f o u r t h F i v e Y e a r D e v e l o p m e n t P l a n c o v e r s t w o k i n d s o f a c t i v i t y :e v a l u a t i o n a n d s e t t i n g u p o f d e m o n s t r a t i o n p i l o t p r o j e c t s . T h e s c h e d u l e f o r t h i s9 Oxford University Press 1988


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120 Ign Gde PemayunTable 1 A c t i v it i es p l a n n e d f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f n e w a n d r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y r e s o u r ce s

Y e a rSo urce s of en er gy 1984/85 1985/86 1986/87 1987/88 1988/89Biom ass x x xx xx xxBiogas xx xx xx xx xxPea t x x x xx xxSo la r ene rgy xx xx xx xx xxW ind ene rgy x x xx xx xxO c e a n e n e r g y x x x x x xTrad i t ion a l ene rgy x x xx = exploration and/or evaluation.

xx = demonstration (pilot projects).e v a l u a t i o n i s s h o w n i n T a b l e 1. B o t h e x p l o r a t i o n a n d e v a l u a t i o n s h o u l d b e c a r r i e d o u tu s i n g e x i s t i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s . T h e s e a c t i v i t i e s a r e n e c e s s a r y t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r o r n o ti t i s f e a s i b l e t o u t i li z e n e w a n d r e n e w a b l e s o u r c e s o f e n e r g y i n a p a r t i c u l a r r e g i o n .T h e s e a c ti v it ie s a r e a l s o t im e - c o n s u m i n g s i n c e s e v e r a l y e a r s a r e n e e d e d t o i d e nt i fy a n de v a l u a t e t h e a n n u a l e f f e c ts . I n v i e w o f I n d o n e s i a ' s e x i s t in g c a p a b i l i t y , it w a s d e c i d e dt o c a r r y o u t t h e s e a c t i v it i e s i n s ta g e s , a s s h o w n i n T a b l e 1 . T h e n e x t s t e p w i ll b er e s e a r c h , d e v e l o p m e n t a n d p r a c t ic a l d e m o n s t r a t i o n o f t h o s e ru r a l a nd r e n e w a b l ee n e r g y r e s o u r c e s w h i c h a r e n o t y e t e c o n o m i c a l l y fe a s i bl e , s u c h a s b i o m a s s ( f o r e s tr ya n d a g r i c u l t u r a l w a s t e s ) , s o l a r , w i n d a n d o c e a n e n e r g y .A l t h o u g h t h e a c t i v it ie s o f t h e D e v e l o p m e n t P l a n h a v e y e t p r o g r e s s e d o n l y a s f a r ast h e s t a g e o f d e m o n s t r a t i o n p i l o t p r o j e c t s , i t is h o p e d t h a t t h e s e a c t i v i ti e s w i ll l e a d t ot h e p r o d u c t i o n o f u t il i za b l e e n e r g y . T h e d e m o n s t r a t i o n s t a g e is i m p o r t a n t a s a te s t o ff e a si b il it y b e f o r e g o i n g a h e a d w i t h l a r g e - sc a l e c o m m e r c i a l i z a t i o n .

B iom ass p oten t ia l in In d on es iaT h e r o l e o f b i o m a s s i n t h e f o r m o f f u el w o o d a n d a g r i c u lt u r a l /f o r e s tr y w a s t e s a s as o u r c e o f e n e r g y i s v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t i n t h e r u r a l a r e a s w h e r e i t i s u s e d f o r d o m e s t i cp u r p o s e s . A t p r e s e n t i t h a s b e e n c a l c u l a t e d t h a t 4 0 % o f t h e t o ta l c o n s u m p t i o n o fe n e r g y in I n d o n e s i a c o m e s f r o m f u e l w o o d , c h a r c o a l a n d w a s t e s . T h e a v e r a g e f ue lw o o d c o n s u m p t i o n i s e s t i m a t e d a t 0 .8 5 m 3 / c a p i ta p e r y e a r f o r h o u s e h o l d r e q u i r e m e n t s ,5 0 0 m 3 / u n it p e r y e a r f o r s m a l l in d u s t r i e s i n r u r a l a r e a s a n d m o r e t h a n 5 0 0 m 3 u n i t p e ry e a r f o r b i g i n d u s t ri e s a n d g e n e r a t o r s . B i o m a s s p o t e n t i a l c o n s i st s o f f o r e s t b i o m a s sa n d a g r i c u l t u r a l w a s t e s . A g r i c u l t u r a l w a s t e s i n c l u d e m a i z e c o b s , r i c e s t r a w , c h a f f ,b r a n c h e s , l e a v e s , c o c o n u t h u s k s , c o c o n u t l e a v e s , s h e a t h s , s a w d u s t a n d w o o d s h a v i n g s.P l e n t y o f s u c h w a s t e s i s a v a i l a b le i n I n d o n e s i a a n d c o u l d b e u s e d f o r e n e r g yp r o d u c t i o n . F r o m t h e 2 3 m i ll io n t o n s o f ri c e e s t i m a t e d t o h a v e b e e n h a r v e s t e d i n 19 83 ,a n e s t i m a t e d 4 . 7 m i l li o n t o n s o f c h a f f c o u l d h a v e b e e n c o l l e c t e d . L i k e w i s e , a l a r g ea m o u n t o f w a s t e is p r o d u c e d b y t h e t im b e r i n d u s t r y , w h i c h u ti li ze s o n ly a b o u t 3 0 % o ft h e p r o d u c t o f fe l li n g ( e xc l u d i n g r o o t s ) . A r e c e n t a s s e s s m e n t o f b i o m a s s p o t e n t i a l i ss h o w n i n T a b l e 2 .

B i o g a s is p r o d u c e d e s p e c ia l l y f r o m a n i m a l d u n g . I n I n d o n e s i a , l i v e s t o c k n u m b e r s


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Biogas d igester fo r pa lm o i l m il l wastes 121Table 2 Annual biomass potential (in million tones)Source Forest Agricultural Total(island/province) biomass wastesJava 12.6 15.8 28.4Sumatra 44.4 7.6 52.0East Kalimantan 53.2 0.07 53.27Central Kalimantan 22.6 0.12 22.72West Kalimantan 13.5 0.9 14.4South Kalimantan 4.7 0.68 5.8Sulawesi 16.6 2.2 18.8Irian Jaya 38.6 0.02 38.62Other Island 10.8 2.11 12.91Total Indonesia 217.0 29.5 246.5

are great (buffaloes, cows and chickens). The available supply of dung from thislivestock can be calculated by multiplying the number of animals by the amount ofdung produced per animal and per day. The annual dung production from theIndonesian livestock amounts to over 114 million tons. The animals producing thelargest amount of dung are cows, followed by buffaloes, free-range/kampongchickens, and then pigs. The Government of Indonesia has built more than 100digesters as pilot projects between 1980 and 1984.

P a l m o i l p o t e n t i a lKalimantan is a major focus of palm oil development in Indonesia. According toplantation expansion plans and forecasts, this region is expected to contribute about23% of the total Indonesian palm-oil production by the year 1989 compared to acontribut ion of only a few percent in 1984 (Table 3). Although most of this oil will beexported, fetching valuable foreign currencies on international markets, the largequantities of waste produced will remain in Kalimantan and lead to severe levels oflocal pollution which can be avoided with potential economic gains throughappropriate conversion into utilizable energy.Depending on local conditions, oil palms start producing three to five years afterplanting. The first crop usually amounts to about 50 kg of fruit per tree, but thisusually increases to 90 and 110 kg/tree in the second and third crops and to 120 kg/treein the four th crop. Productivity increases to a maximum of 175 kg/tree after about 10years of cropping. The fruit of the oil palm consists of bunches of numerous smallberries some 3 to 5 cm long surrounded by fibres and comprising a soft oute r mesocarp5 to 10 mm thick containing most of the oil (45 to 50% by weight) and an inner kernel ,also containing oil (50% by weight). This inner kernel is enclosed in a very hardcapsule or shell endocarp, a few mm thick (Figure 1).

In a typical large-scale industrial plant processing in the order of 400 tons/day offresh fruit bunches, crude palm oil yields average 35 to 40% of the original fruit, whilepalm kernel oil, obtained after the crushing of the inner shell, contributes another 4 to5%. The high overall oil yield, in the range of 40 to 45%, compared to most other


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Biogas d iges ter fo r pa lm o i l m i l l was tes 123Kernel~ Epidermis

Mesocarp~ ~ Endocarp

Fig . 1 F ru i t o f the pa lm o i l .c ro p s , is a m a j o r f a c t o r u n d e r l y i n g t h e g ro w i n g e c o n o m i c i m p o r t a n c e o f p a l m o il . T h em a t e r i a l b a l a n c e o f t h e p ro d u c t s a n d r e s i d u e s o b t a i n e d d u r i n g t h e p a l m -o i l p ro c e s s in ga re i l l u s tr a t e d i n F i g u re 2 . T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t w a s t e p ro d u c e d , o n a w e i g h t b a si s, i ss p e n t f r u i t b u n c h e s fo l l o w e d b y f ib r e s a n d s l u d g e w a t e r s (T a b l e 4 ) . W a t e r c o n t e n t o ft h e r e s i d u e s v a r i e s w i d e l y , h o w e v e r , a n d i n e n e rg y t e rm s t h e fo u r p r i n c i p a l w a s t e sp ro d u c e d a r e ro u g h l y e q u i v a l e n t , e a c h c o n t r i b u t i n g 4 0 0 t o 5 0 0 k c a l / k g o f f r e s h f ru i ti n p u t . I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e k e rn e l sh e l l w h i c h r e p re s e n t s o n l y 1 4 % o f t h e r e s i d u e s w e i g h tc o n t r i b u te s o v e r 2 5 % o f t h e e n e r g y c o n t e n t .

R e s i d u e s f ro m t h e p ro d u c t i o n p ro c e s s b r i n g a b o u t a s e r i o u s d i s p o s a l p ro b l e m . Inm a n y p l an t s , s h e ll s, f ib r e s a n d , t o s o m e e x t e n t , e m p t y b u n c h e s a r e b u rn e d t o p ro d u c es t e a m a n d e v e n p o w e r , b u t q u a n t i t i e s l e f t b e h i n d a r e s till v e ry l a rg e a n d n e e d t o b eb u rn e d i n t h e o p e n . R a re l y a r e t h e y d u g b a c k i n t o t h e f ie ld s as s o il c o n d i t i o n e r s . T h ee f f l u e n t s l u d g e k n o w n a s p a l m -o il m i l l e f fl u e n t (P O M E ) is a ls o h i g h l y p o l l u ti n g b u tp ro v i d e s a v e ry i n t e r e s ti n g i n p u t f u e l f o r a n a e ro b i c d i g e s t i o n p ro c e s s e s (T a b l e 5 ) . T h e

II Emptybunches22.4IIncineratorash0.4

Fresh ruitbunchesIO0I ,Evaporatedwater10.0IPresscake

Materialtodigester67.6

30.2I ISludgewater15.7

ICrudeoil37.4

Purifiedoil21.7

F i g . 2 M a t e r i a l b a l an ce o f t h e p a l m o i l p ro d u c t i o n p ro ces s (p e r c en t b y w e i g h t ).


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124 Ign Gde PemayunTable 4 Selected characteristics of palm-oil residuesaResidue Composition Moistureby weight (%) content (%) Heat content(kcal/kg of

fresh fruitbunches)Empty bunches 34.9 64.3 507Fibres 26.7 41.5 386Shell 13.9 2.1 514Sludge waters 24.5 65.4 503Total 100.0 49.8 1910a All data refer to flesh material.experience of the Gunung Meliau palm-oil factory indicates that State industries takefull advantage of moder n technology in saving oil through the use of their wastes whenthis is cost effective. Owing to the low interest rates available for the State industries,these have openly stilted that high front-end costs are not a problem and it seemsalmost certain that the new palm-oil mills to be implemented in Kalimantan in thefuture will be driven by steam turbine power from palm-oil wastes. As alreadyindicated in the previous section, however, projects limited to on-plant heat powerproduction exploit only a small fraction of the total waste potential, while fullutilization, involving utility supply expansion, would have to be managed asPontianak lined network (PLN) projects, despite the novelty of the technology forPLN. The very high initial investment costs would also require specific financingarrangements to make the projects attractive for PLN implementation. Anotherpotential problem with this type of project is the management of fertilizer productionand transfer which may complicate PLN's existence. This can be minimized, however,through suitable negotiations between PLN and the State industries.

Biogas f rom pa lm -o i l was tes : a projec t in G unung M el iauThis project centres on the existing oil mill at Gunung Meliau and makes use ofresidues (empty bunches, sludge waters, fibres and shells) which are presently burned,thrown into the river, used as landfill or otherwise disposed of. The portion of theTable 5 Composition of palm-oil mill effluent (per cent dry matter)Component PercentageCrude protein 9.6 -16.0Crude fibre 11.1 -25.8Ash 15.1 -25.3Calcium 0.57 - 3.8Phosphorus 0.002- 0.18Magnesium 0.09 - 0.49Ether extract 11.8 -25.9Nitrogen-free extract 7.0 -52.4


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Biogas digester fo r palm oil mill w astes 125w a s t e p r e s e n t l y b u r n e d i n a b o i l e r p r o d u c e s p r o c e s s h e a t a n d s t e a m t o r u n g e n e r a t o r sfo r t he o i l mi l l . Assuming fu l l capac i t y o f abou t 400 t ons /day o f f r e sh f ru i t bunches ,t o t al r e m a i n i n g s o l id w a s t e s a m o u n t t o a b o u t 6 6 . 5 t o n s / d a y o f w h ic h v o l a t il e s o li d sm a y b e e s t i m a t e d t o c o n t r i b u t e 8 0 % o r 5 3 .2 t o n s /d a y . A l l t hi s w a s t e is a s s u m e d t o b ed iges t ed i n a 4 4000 m 3 b ioga s p l an t an d t he gas i s sub seq uen t ly passed i n to a dua l -fue l o r O t to cyc l e sys t em to p roduce e l ec t r i c i t y . Th i s e l ec t r i c i t y i n t u rn i s f ed i n to t heP o n t i a n a k s y s t e m t h r o u g h a n e w t r a n s m i s si o n l in e fo l l o w i n g t h e e x is ti n g r o a d n e t w o r ka n d l i n k i n g P u s a t D a m a i , S o s o k , J e l i m p o , N g a b a n g a n d o t h e r i n t e r v e n i n g t o w n s .A s s u m i n g t h a t 2 5 % o f th e t o t a l e n e r g y p r o d u c e d i s r e q u i r e d t o m e e t t h e n e e d s o f th eb i o g a s p l a n t , t o t a l a v a i l a b le b i o g a s m a y b e e s t i m a t e d a s 1 7 9 0 0 m 3 d a y ( h e a t c o n t e n t5 5 0 0 kc a l /m 3 ) a n d e l e c tr i ci t y g e n e r a t e d c a n b e e s t i m a t e d t o b e a b o u t 3 6 .6 M W h / d a yw i t h t h e d u a l - f u e l sy s t e m ( i n c lu d i n g a b o u t 9 % d i e s el c o n t r i b u t i o n ) a n d 3 2 . 1 M W h / d a ywi th the O t to cycle engine . In e i ther cases the m ost sui table generat ing uni ts are 2 x 900kW uni t s which i s m or e t han suf f i c ien t to m ee t a ll loca l r equ i r em ent s and f i lls i n to t heP o n t i a n a k b a s e l o a d d u r i n g o f f - p e a k h o u r s . O w i n g t o t h e lo n g t im e r e q u i r e d t o r e a c ho p t i m u m p r o c e s s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , b i o g a s s y s t e m s c a n n o t b e t u r n e d d o w n w i t h o u td a m a g i n g t h e o v e r a l l e c o n o m i c s s o t h a t a s t a n d b y g e n e r a t i n g u n i t is i n c l u d e d t o a l lo wf u ll o p e r a t i o n o f t h e s y s t e m d u r i n g r e p a i r s a n d m a i n t e n a n c e . F e r t il iz e r p r o d u c t i o n ise s t i m a t e d a s 4 0 t o n s / d a y a n d v a l u e d a t 9 0 R p / k g ( U S $ 1 = 1 1 0 0 R p ) . T h e s e l a s t d a t aa re i nc luded i n t he f i nanc i a l ana lys i s a s we l l a s i n t he economic ana lys i s because t hefe r t i l i ze r w i l l ce r t a in ly be u t i l i zed i n t he pa lm-o i l p l an t a t i ons and i t s va lue i s t hus ani n h e r e n t p a r t o f t h e p r o j e c t b e n e f i t st r e a m s .T h e G u n u n g M e l i a u b i o g a s p l a n t c o n s is t s o f fi ve p r in c i p al s e c t i o n s: s i r o p u l p e rt r e a t m e n t , f e e d c o n d i ti o n i n g , a n a e r o b i c d i g e s t io n , l i q u i d - s o l i d s e p a r a t i o n a n d b i o g a su t i l i za t i on . S i ropu lpe r t r ea tment c rushes , cu t s up and exp lodes ce l l u lose and l i gn inc o m p o n e n t s t o p r o d u c e d i g e s t i b l e m a t e r i a l . T h e f e e d - c o n d i t i o n i n g s e c t i o n c o n s i s t s o fr e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e o r s t e e l t a n k s , w i t h a sy s t e m o f m e c h a n i c a l h o m o g e n i z e r s f o rc r u s h in g a n d s iz e r e d u c t i o n o f th e l a rg e r p a r t ic l e s. T h i s s e c t io n h a s a n a r e a e q u i p p e df o r m o v e m e n t a n d l o a d i n g o f a d d i ti v e s. T h e t a n k s a r e d e s i g n e d f o r a r e t e n t i o n t i m e o f2 4 h o u r s . T h e s l u r r y p r o d u c e d i s p u m p e d c o n t i n u o u s l y t o t h e a n a e r o b i c d i g e s t i o ns e c t i o n m a d e o f r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e o r s t e e l . T h e g a s p r o d u c e d i s m e a s u r e d w i t hv o l u m e t r i c g a s - m e t e r s w h i c h a l l o w c o n t ro l o f th e a n a e r o b i c d i g e s ti o n p r o c e s s . T h es t r e a m c o m i n g o u t o f t h e d i g e s t e r e n t e r s t h e l i q u i d - s o l i d s e p a r a t i o n s e c t i o n w h e r ec e n t r if u g e s s e p a r a t e t h e s o l i d fr a c t io n a n d t r a n s f e r i t t o a b e l t c o n v e y e r w h i c h t a k e s i tt o a s t o r a g e a r e a . T h e w a t e r i s d i s c h a r g e d w i t h p u m p s . I n t h e b i o g a s u t i l i s a t i o ns e c t io n , a s m a l l p a r t o f b i o g a s is b u r n e d i n a b o i l e r to m e e t t h e t h e r m a l r e q u i r e m e n t so f th e p l a n t. T h e r e s t o f t h e b i o g a s is u s e d t o d r i v e t h e g e n e r a t o r .

C o n c l u s i o nI n d o n e s i a ' s r u r a l a n d r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s a r e a g r e a t p o t e n t i a l b u t w i ll p l a y a ni m p o r t a n t r o l e o n l y w h e n t h e y a r e u t il iz e d e f f ic i e n tl y a n d e c o n o m i c a l ly . P r o g r e s s i nthis f ie ld i s s t i l l a t the smal l -scale pi lot -project s tage .

A b i o g a s d i g e s t e r fo r p a l m - o i l m il l w a s t e s a n d 1 .8 M W g e n e r a t i n g s y s t e m in G u n u n gM e l i a u w i t h l in k a g e t o t h e P o n t i a n a k s y s t e m c o u l d c o m p e t e w i t h a d ie s e l a l t er n a t iv e .W i t h a p a y - b a c k p e r i o d o f 1 09 m o n t h s , t h e u n i t c o s t o f t h e p r o j e c t is 1 0 1. 5 R p / k W hw i t h t r a n s m i s s i o n c o n n e c t i o n t o t h e P o n t i a n a k g r i d a n d 7 1 . 3 R p / k W h w i t h o u t t h e


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1 2 6 Ign Gde Pemayunt r a n s m i s s i o n c o n n e c t i o n . T h e u n i t c o s t o f t h e d i e s e l a l t e r n a t i v e is 1 0 3 .8 R p / k W h w i t ht r a n s m i s s i o n c o n n e c t i o n a n d 7 3 .0 R p / k W h w i t h o u t t r a n s m i s s i o n c o n n e c t i o n .

S umm a r yI n a c o m m o n p a l m - o i l i n d u s t r y 40 0 t o n s o f fr e s h f r u it b u n c h e s a r e p r o c e s s e d e a c h d a y . T h ew a s t e s r e s u l t in g f r o m t h i s p r o c e s s i n g ( 6 4 % i n w e i g h t o f t h e f r e s h f r u it ) a r e b u r n e d t o p r o d u c et h e s t e a m n e e d e d i n t h e p r o c e s s i n g w h i l e t h e s l u d g e w a t e r s a r e d i s c h a r g e d i n r i v e r s . A b i o g a sp l a n t o f 4 x 4 0 0 0 m j w o u l d p r o d u c e 2 4 0 0 0 m 3 b i o g a s p e r d a y . I f t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f f e r t il i z e r ( 4 0t o n s / d a y ) i s i n c l u d e d i n t h e r e n t a b i l i t y s t u d y , t h e p a y - b a c k ti m e i s 9 y e a r s a n d t h e u n i t c o s t $ U S0 . 0 6 p e r k W h .

R6 s um6Un digesteur m~thanique pour les rdsidus de moulin ~ huile de palme et un g~n~rateurde 1.8 MW a Gunung Meliau, avec une liaison au system PontianakD a n s u n e i n d u s t r ie d e p r o d u c t i o n d ' h u i l e d e p a l m e , 4 0 0 to n n e s d e n o i x d e p a l m e s o n tt r a n s fo r m 6 e s c h a q u e j o u r . L e s d 6 e h e t s r 6 s u lt a n t d e c e t te t r a n s f o r m a t i o n ( 6 4 % e n p o i d s d u f r u i tf r a i s) s o n t b r fi l6 s p o u r p r o d u i r e d e l a v a p e u r n 6 c e s s a i r e a u c o u r s d u p r o c e s s u s , t a n d i s q u e l e sb o u e s r 6 s i d u a i r e s s o n t d 6 c h a r g 6 e s d a n s l e s c o u r s d ' e a u . U n e i n s t a l l a t i o n d e b i o m 6 t h a n i s a t i o n d e4 x 4 0 0 0 m 3 t r a i t a n t l ' e n s e m b l e d e c e s d 6 c h e t s p o u r r a i t p r o d u i r e 2 4 0 0 0 m 3 d e b i o g a z p a r j o u r .S i o n p r e n d e n c o m p t e d a n s l ' 6 tu d e d e r e n t a b il i t6 la p r o d u c t i o n d ' u n e f fl u en t ~ v a l e u rf e r t i l is a n t e ~ r a i s o n d e 4 0 t o n n e s p a r j o u r , l e t e m p s d e r e c o u v r e m e n t d e l ' in v e s t i s s e m e n t s e r a i td e 9 a r ts e t l e p r i x u n i t a i r e d u k W h d e 0 . 0 6 d o l l a r s U S .

R e s um e nDigesti6n de los residuos de la obtenci6n de aceite de palma y sistema generador de1.8MV en Gunung y su uni6n al sistema PontianakE n u n a i n d u s t r ia t i p o d e o b t e n c i 6 n d e a c e i te d e p a l m a s e p r o c e s s a n m ~ s d e 4 00 t o n e l a d a s d i a r ia sd e f r u t o s f r e sc o s . L o s r e s i d u o s d e e s t e p r o c e s o ( 6 4 % d e l p e s o f r e s c o d e l o s f r u t o s ) s e q u e m a np a r a p r o d u c i r e l v a p o r q u e s e n e c e s i t a e n e l p r o c e s o m i e n t r a s l a s a g u a s r e s i d u a l e s se v i e r t e n e nr io s . U n a p l a n t a d e b i o g a s d e 4 4 0 0 0 m 3 p r o d u c i r f a 2 4 0 0 0 m 3 d e b i o g a s d i a r i o s . S i l ap r o d u c c i 6 n d e f e r t i l i z a n t e s e in c l u y e e n e l e s t u d i o d e r e n t a b i l i d a d , el t i e m p o d e a m o r t i z a c i 6 n e sd e 9 a f io s y e l c o s t e d e l a u n i d a d d e 0 . 0 6 $ U S A p o r K w h .

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Biogas Digester for Palm Oil Mill Wastes