Biologial Science A

8/2/2019 Biologial Science A

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Biological Science

Introduction


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Divisions of Biology

Cytology the studyof cells, its parts,function, and

composition. Histology the study

of group of cellsperforming a specific

or specializedfunction/s.


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Anatomy the physicalstructure, especially theinternal structure, of anorganism, or of any of itsparts

Physiologystudy of thefunctions and processesof living things includingsuch functions asmetabolism, respiration,

and reproduction. Morphology - the study of

the form and structure oforganisms


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Genetics heredityand variation in thegenetic material of an

org Embryology the

study of the growthand development of

an org.


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Paleontology studyof life in prehistorictimes by using fossil

evidence Evolution study of

origin anddiversification of org

from simple tocomplex structure.


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Ecology : the study ofthe relationships andinteractions betweenliving organisms and their

natural or developedenvironment

Taxonomy the scienceof classifying and namingof org

Biogeography - study ofdistribution of plants andanimals


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Sub Sciences Related to Zoology

Carcinology - studyof crustaceans

Conchology - shells

Entomology insects
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.hondurasbutterfly.com/insects%20hond%209.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.hondurasbutterfly.com/insect_boxes.htm&h=287&w=421&sz=53&tbnid=LIImzpKn7asJ:&tbnh=83&tbnw=122&hl=en&start=2&prev=/images?q=insects&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&rls=SNYC,SNYC:2004-18,SNYC:en&sa=G


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Helminthologyworms

Herpetology reptilesand amphibians

Ichthyology - Fish


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Mammalogy warm-blooded animals

Malacology

mollusks


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Parasitology org.that depends on ahost for survival.

Protozoology

Unicellular org Ornithology - birds
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/Photos/CostaRicaBirds.jpeg&imgrefurl=http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/tropics/costaricaimagecollection.html&h=962&w=754&sz=80&tbnid=YSI3_gjmTGwJ:&tbnh=148&tbnw=116&hl=en&start=2&prev=/images?q=birds&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&rls=SNYC,SNYC:2004-18,SNYC:en&sa=G


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Sub Sciences of Botany

Mycology Fungi

Phycology algae

Bacteriology -

microorganism
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cnpab.embrapa.br/servicos/baby/bacteria.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.cnpab.embrapa.br/servicos/baby/baby.html&h=301&w=430&sz=32&tbnid=SEBKj6NwtYoJ:&tbnh=86&tbnw=123&hl=en&start=4&prev=/images?q=bacteria&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&rls=SNYC,SNYC:2004-18,SNYC:en&sa=Ghttp://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Fungi/fungal.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sidwell.edu/us/science/vlb5/Labs/Classification_Lab/Eukarya/Fungi/&h=794&w=1104&sz=458&tbnid=a3MNkGpIt-gJ:&tbnh=107&tbnw=150&hl=en&start=2&prev=/images?q=fungi&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&rls=SNYC,SNYC:2004-18,SNYC:en&sa=G


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Origin of Life Man has always been

curious to find answers tothe mysteries posed by thereality he lives in. One of

the deepest and mostprofound is the one that initself searches for theanswer to how he came to

be, to how his worldoriginated, to how andwhen he and all livingbeings emerged from the

nature they live in.


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Theories About the Origin of Life

1. DivineCreationTheory Thefirst form oflife wascreated by aSUPER

NATURALBEING calledGOD.


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Theories About the Origin of Life2. Spontaneous

GenerationTheoryheld that livingorganisms are

generated by decayingorganic substances,

e.g. that micespontaneously appear

in stored grain ormaggotsspontaneously appearin meat.

That plant lice arisefrom the dew whichfalls on plants,

that fleas aredeveloped from putridmatter,

that mice come fromdirty hay, and so forth


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The theory was refuted by thefollowing scientist:

1. Francesco Redi,

2. Lazzaro Spallanzani,

3. Louis Pasteur


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Pasteur


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3. Marine LifeTheory the

first form of lifeoriginated fromthe sea.


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Theories About the Origin of Life4. Cosmozoic =

Interplanetary =known also asPanspermia is a

hypothesis that theseeds of life areprevalent throughoutthe Universe, and

furthermore that life onearth began by suchseeds landing on Earthand propagating.

Panspermia can besaid to be eitherinterstellar orinterplanetary. There isas yet no compelling

evidence to support orcontradict it, althoughthe consensus viewholds that panspermia -

especially in itsinterstellar form - isunlikely given thechallenges of survival

and transport in space.


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Hoyle became astaunch critic ofhypotheses of

ChemicalEvolution toexplain thenaturalistic origin

of life.

Panspermia, per se, isnot actually in conflictwith the idea of

abiogenesis, thoughHoyle's interpretation ofpanspermia doesconflict.

Generally, Panspermiasimply moves the originof life elsewhere in theuniverse.


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5. Physico-Chemical Theory= OparinsTheory life came from a series ofchemical reaction.

Aleksander Oparin and JBS Haldane who inthe 1920s postulated that life formed as a

result of "chemical evolution," wherenatural reactions between the chemicalspresent on the early earth eventually

formed life.


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Oparins Theory

Formation of the GalaxyFormation of theSolar System

Formation ofthe Earth

Formation ofatmosphere &

Prebiotic Synthesis

Polymerization

Chemical Origins of Life

(Pre-RNA World)

RNA World DNA / Protein World

Bacteria, Invertebrates, Fish, Amphibians,Reptiles, Birds, Mammals, Primates, Human

Big Bang


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H

0 H

H

C

N

0

C+

+

+

+

CH4

H2O

CO4

NH3

C6H12O6Amino Acid


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Differentiate Living from Non Living Things

1. Metabolism The vital life processes which

includes all the changes that the materials taken asfood undergoes.

The two Phases

A. Anabolism constructive phase, building upphase

Ex. Assimilation of food, photosynthesis

CO2 + H2O + Sunlight --- C6H12O6 + energy

B. Catabolism Destructive phase, breaking downphase

Ex. Digestion, respiration

C6H12O6 - CO2 + H2O


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2. Reproduction the ability of organismto create another organism of the samekind

Kinds of Reproduction1. Sexual2. Asexual



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3. Growth anyincrease in size

Accretion externalgrowth

Intussusceptions

internal growth

4. Form and Size

Shape and structure

LT - definite

NLT vary


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5. Organization arrangement of materials

Cell Tissues Organs System

Atoms Molecules/Compounds Mixture/ComplexMolecules


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6. Chemical Composition what matter ismade of

LT organic compounds

- oil, fats, sugar. Carbohydrates, Nucleic acids,protein

NLT inorganic compounds- Acid, base, salt, metals, water


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7. Irritability ability of organisms

to react to changes

in the environment.Stimuli

anything that will

cause an organismto react/respond

Tropism plants

Taxis

animals Kinds of Irritability

1.Phototropism

2.Thermotropism

3.Thigmotropism

4.Geotropism


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Phototropism


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Thermotaxis


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8. Life Span

period of existence

LT- Definite

NLT -


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End of presentation.

Exam next meeting!


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http://www-acs.ucsd.edu/~idea/origlife.htm


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Cosmic evolution the origin of time, space and matter (essentiallyreferring to the Big Bang).

Stellar and planetary evolution Origin of stars and planets. Chemical evolution the origin of higher elements from hydrogen. Organic evolution Origin of life from inanimate matter. Macroevolution Origin of major 'kinds' (for a creationist treatment see

Created kinds). Microevolution Variations within 'kinds'. The first four of the above definitions are taken from disparate fields of

science, including cosmology, astronomy, geology, and chemistry, andhave little to do with the more restrictive definition of biological evolutionas per the modern synthesis. Biologists who have responded tocreationist criticism dispute that there is any meaningful differencebetween the last two types, noting that microevolution over a longer spanof time is macroevolution. Many creationists currently accept the sixthaspect as being fact (microevolution is defined by them as the creation ofnew breeds of dog or the divergence of the human races) but tend toreject some or all of the rest.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Banghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroevolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Created_kindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microevolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microevolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Created_kindhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroevolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

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Biologial Science A