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Biological control for weeds in Ireland with reference to JK & HB
Dick Shaw & Rob Tanner- CABI
Format
Brief introduction to CABI and invasives
Biocontrol – types, history and examples
Azolla weevil
Japanese knotweed: and the psyllid
Himalayan Balsam
Floating Pennywort
What/who is CABI?
Formerly the Commonwealth Agriculture Bureaux International, Origins back to 1910.
UN-Treaty level, not-for profit intergovernmental organisation owned by its 45 member countries
CABI includes the former International Institute of Biological Control (IIBC) and 3 other institutes
CABI centre
CABI member country
Our member countries and centres
Our mission
CABI improves people’s lives worldwide by providing information and applying scientific expertise to solve problems in agriculture and the environment
KNOWLEDGE FOR LIFE
CABI Publishing
Abstracts – environment, agriculture, tourism
7 million abstracts (10,000 free text added/yr)
Books - 60 new titles/year
Invasive Species Compendium >1,000 species included so far (hopefully open access if final funding can be found)
£20 million turnover
Only 5% of our income is from member contributions (“core funding”)
IAS CBD Commitments
PREVENT, ERADICATE or
CONTROL
•What about the really big problems we already have?
Plants are often the worst invaders
What is Biological Control?
Broom in New Zealand
3 Categories of Biological Control
Conservation - Protection and maintenance of existing Natural Enemies (NEs)
Classical - Using Co-evolved (highly specific) NEs from the area of origin of the plant to provide self-sustaining control after a single release.
Inundative - a.k.a the “Mycoherbicide Approach” using native pathogens for repeated application
Rhododendron ponticum
Buddleia pathogens
What is Classsical Biological Control?
NOT The Cane Toad
Prickly pear in Australia
50 million hectares of it in New South Wales
Before
After
Rubber vine weed
Is It Safe?
Over 1,000 releases of biocontrol agents around the world
>350 agents against 133 target weeds
A century of research
Any non-target effects are predictable by the vigorous safety testing
An International code of conduct
8 examples of “non-target” effects (7 of which predicted or predictable with current approaches)
EU Activity
Country Recipient Source
Austria 0 48
Finland 0 5
France 0 111
Germany 0 46
Greece 0 29
Italy 0 71
Portugal 0 18
Spain 0 9
Sweden 0 3
UK 0 41
Total 0 381
Stenopelmus rufinasus
No stranger to biocontrol
Before
After
Bracken P. aquilinum
C. cinsigna tested against 71 spp.•P. angularis tested against 54 spp.
Symptoms of the Fungal Pathogen Phloeospora heraclei
Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum)
Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)
“The site is a challenge. We have identified unexploded wartime bombs and Japanese knotweed………..
the bombs we can deal with”Head of London Development Agency on the subject of the 2012 Olympic site
Japanese knotweed(s)
Fallopia japonica var. japonica Bailey
syn. Reynoutria japonica Houttuyn
syn. Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc.
F. sachalinensis (Giant knotweed)
F. x bohemica (hybrid)
Courtesy of Japanese kntoweed manual Child & Wade
Phase 2 sponsors
AAFC
BC
Very wide range of “Japanese knotweeds” in Japan.
Often hard to tell apart.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Nu
mb
er o
f sp
ecie
s
Dip
tera
Col
eopt
era
Hem
ipte
ra
Hym
enop
tera
Lepi
dopt
era
Ort
hopt
era
Pat
hoge
nsTaxon
UK
Japan
Leaf feeders (123)
Sap suckers (39)
Stem borers (12)
Leaf rollers (7)
Other (5)
186 species of phytophagous arthropod recorded from Japanese knotweed in Japan. Remarkably only one generalist root feeder of note
Many insects feeding on most parts
Photo – Prof K. Yano
Field observations
The Japanese team in their temperate glasshouse with stock plants
Pathogens
Leafspot fungus- so common that it is included in the Flora of Japan
Mycosphaerella polygoni-cuspidati
Life cycle
•Microcyclic or reduced life cycle - only functional spores are spermatia and ascospores
•Primary source of infection is ascospores, no anamorph or macroconidial stage found
•No ascomata produced in vivo or in vitro despite varied humidity regimes+agar media trials
•Mycelial infection found to be comparable in lab
40 ㎛
Macro/microscopic analysis
P. maritimumF. Conollyana
F.japonica
F x bohemica
•60 plant spp tested (mainly mycelium)
•no symptoms on F. sachalinensis & F. compacta
•21 N. American species tested to some degree – still promising
Insects
DISMISSEDEndoclyta excrescens
Allantus luctiferDISMISSED
DISMISSEDMachiatella itadori
Lixus impressiventris
Ex P. hydropiper host
Ex F. japonica host
Can rear through on P. hydropiper but produced very small offspring – too few to establish a culture.
Only ever seen on Japanese knotweed in Japan even when populations were very high indeed
DISMISSED
Aphalara itadori
Egg 1st
instar2nd
instar3rd
instar4th
instar5th
instarComplete life cycle
Mean 1SE
9.2 0.1
4.8 0.2
3.3 0.2
3.9 0.3
4.5 0.1
7.1 0.3
32.9 0.8
Range 9 - 10 4 - 6 2 - 5 3 - 8 4 - 6 5 - 11 28 - 42
Detailed life cycle studies complete
Aphalara information
• Each female produces a mean of 637 eggs ± 121.96 (±1SE, n = 11). •The mean period of production is 37.5 days ± 5.85 days (±1SE, n = 11). •Adults live up to 67 days
Family
Genus
Species
Subtribe
Tribe
Centrifugal phylogenetic method:More closely related species morelikely to be attacked than more distantly related ones
Test Plant List
• 90 species and varieties • representatives from 19 families. • All naïve Polygonaceae• 37 plants natives• 23 species introduced to the UK, • 3 species native to Europe, • 13 ornamental • 10 economically important UK species
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Mea
n eg
gs/p
lant
Bar chart showing mean egg count on those plants that did receive eggs in multiple
choice oviposition tests. (+/- 1SE). Development only successful to the left of red line
The 78 spp. that did not receive eggs are excluded
Aphalara adult survival
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Day
No
. Aliv
e
F. japonica
F. bladshuanica
F. dumetorum
F. convolvulus
F. esculentum
Plastic plant
Extent of nymph development on NT hosts which have received eggs
•Request for more information from CSL as part of review of PRA•Hand transferred nymphs•Higher humidity than before•6 reps x 10 N1 nymphs = 60 individuals•Increased survival on knotweed•Risk of artificially increased survival on NTs
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
3 7 14 28
Fallopia japonica
Rheum Glaskin's
Fallopia dumetorum
Fagopyrum esculentum
Fallopia convolvulus
Oxyria digyna
Polygonum arenastium
Rumex hydrolapatholum
Reum palmatum
Fallopia baldschuanica
Fagopyrum dibotrys
Persicaria polystachya
Fallopia conolliana
M. complexa
Nymph % survival over time
Muehlenbeckia complexa“wire plant”
“Garden thug” (Clement & Forster, 1994)
Weed in Australia
US team have found same result for northern Ai strain with another congeneric
Aphalara summary
Still happy in culture in the UK
87 species / varieties used so far, 3 rare spp. to go
145,172 eggs followed, 928 (0.64%) laid on non-targets but no development
Nymph transfer development studies and target-absent oviposition studies largely support findings
Adult no-choice starvation studies show very restricted range
Control Low Maximum
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Nymph load
Pro
po
rtio
nal I
ncr
eas
e in
he
igh
t
Control Low Maximum
51
01
52
02
53
03
5
Nymph load
Incr
eas
e in
lea
ves
Impact studies
Leaf countIncrease in height
Change in leaf number two weeks after spraying with sub-lethal dose of systemic herbicide following
exposure to four levels of psyllid feeding
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
Control Low Medium High
Treatment
Cha
nge
in le
af n
umbe
r
Interaction with herbicide = Significant increase in leaf loss
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
Control Low Medium High
Treatment
Cha
nge
in le
af a
rea
(cm
2 )
Interaction with herbicideReduction in leaf area
Japan 2007
•Primarily Giant knotweed in Hokkaido and N. Honshu•Collections of northern species for NA screening
R2= 0.9328 Dev Rate per day = 0.01921+0.002162 Temp
DD 462.5 from egg to adult
Overwintering studies on Aphalara
Lab showed survival on Bark, at 5 degrees after 8 weeks
So can survive with no food at all.
Field work – needle in a haystack
What next?
•Wildlife & Countryside application complete for England (Devolved Authorities version in prep.)•Pest Risk Analysis complete•Contingency and monitoring plan proposed•External peer reviewers begun
•Public consultation Web (3 months)•Stakeholder awareness raising (during above)•Ministerial decision (last quarter 09?)•Release if authorised (April 2010)
Impatiens spp.
2007
Floating pennywortHydrocotyle ranunculoides
Background
Hydrocotyle ranunculoides is a serious invader of water bodies in the UK
It is banned in Holland and a recent addition to the EPPO alert list
50km stretch was identified in Leicestershire canal
Control is extremely difficult and the plant is still spreading
Listronotus elongatus
Multi choice 50 adults
Heavy damage and egg laying on target, only trace feeding on native
EU opportunitiesSheppard, Shaw & Sforza - Weed Research 2006
Species Form Origin EU distribution Genus native? Conflict BC history
Buddleja davidii Ph China Temperate Nob O Yes
Fallopia japonica Ge Japan Temperate Yes No Yes
Acacia dealbata Ph Australia Mediterranean Nob O Yesd
Azolla filiculoides Hy N America Temp/Med Nob No Yesd
Ailanthus altissima Ph China Temp/Med Nob No Yes
Impatiens glandulifera He India Temperate Yes O No
Rhododendron ponticum Ph S Europe Temp/Med Yes O Yes
Robinia pseudoacacia Ph N America Temperate No F No
Senecio inaequidens He S Africa Temp/Med Yes No Yes
Ambrosia artemisiifolia Th C America Temp/Med Yes No Yesd
Carpobrotus edulis Ch S Africa Temp/Med Nob No No
Heracleum mantegazzianum He W Asia Temperate Yes No Yes
Solanum elaeagnifolium He S America Tem/Med Yes No Yesd
Baccharis halimifolia Ph N America Mediterranean No No Yesd
Hydrocotyle ranunculoides Hy N America Temp/Med Yes No Yes
Ludwigia peploides He S America Temp/Med Yes No Yes
Crassula helmsii Hy Australasia Temperate Yes No No
Elodea canadensis Hy N America Temperate No No No
Myriophyllum aquaticum Hy S America Temp/Med Yes No Yes
Solidago canadensis Ge N America Temperate Yes No No
Thank you
Shaw, R.H., Bryner, S. & Tanner, R. (2009). The life history and host range of the Japanese
knotweed psyllid, Aphalara itadori Shinji: potentially the first classical biological weed
control agent for Europe. Biological Control 49: 105-113
Kurose, D., Evans, H.C., Djeddour, D.H., Canon, P.F., Furuya, N. & Tsuchiya, K. (2009)
Mycosphaerella species as potential biological control agents of the invasive weed Fallopia
japonica. Mycoscience (in press)
Sheppard, A.W., Shaw, R.H. & Sforza, R. (2006) Classical biological control of European exotic
environmental weeds: The top 20 potential targets and the constraints. Weed Research
46 pp93-118
Himalayan knotweed
Rapidly spreading in UK and N. America and very hard to control. Recent surveys in Pakistan revealed very promising agents……
Unidentified weevil and rust on Himalayan knotweed in Pakistan