Biologické pokusy

BIOLOGYL A B O R ATO RY E X P E R I M E N TS

About Phywe

Founded in Göttingen, Germany in 1913 by Dr. Gotthelf Leimbach, Phywe Systeme GmbH & Co. KG quickly advanced

to one of the leading manufacturers of scientific equipment.

Over this period of more than 90 years Phywe has been putting quality and innovation into its products as a

fundamental requirement.

As a well known international supplier in the fields of science and engineering we have made a significant impact on

the market through high quality equipment.

Phywe products are made in Germany and in use throughout the world in the fields of education and research, from

primary schools right through to university level.

Up-to-date educational systems, planning and commissioning of scientific and engineering laboratories to meet

specific requirements are our daily business.

As a supplier of complete, fully developed and established systems, Phywe provides teaching and learning systems

for students as well as teacher demonstration experiments. The system ranges from simple, easy to operate

equipment intended for student use up to coverage of highly sophisticated and specialised university equipment

demands.

Phywe Systeme GmbH & Co. KG has achieved a very high standard based on research and technology and through

exchange of experiences with universities and high schools as well as with professors and teachers.

As experienced and competent manufacturer, we would gladly assist you in the

selection of the "right" experiments for your particular curricula.

1

Contents

Page

LEB 01 Nervous System

LEB 01.01 Derivation of nerve and muscle potentials by mechanicalsimuIation at the rear end of an earthworm 8

LEB 01.02 Derivation of nerve and muscIe potentials by mechanicaI stimulation at the front end of an earthworm 9

LEB 01.03 Derivation of nerve potentials after eIectrical stimulation of an anaesthetized earthworm 10

LEB 01.04 Model experiment illustrating the deveIopment of resting potential 11

LEB 01.05 Neurosimulator: Membrane time constant and low-pass filtering 12

LEB 01.06 Neurosimulator: How an exciting synapse functions 13

LEB 02 Heart and Circulatory System

LEB 02.01 Human electrocardiography (ECG) 16LEB 02.02 Phonocardiography:

Cardiac and vascular sonic measurement (PCG) 17LEB 02.03 Blood pressure measurement 18LEB 02.04 Changes in the blood flow during smoking 19

LEB 03 Musculature

LEB 03.01 EIectromyography (EMG) on the upper arm 22LEB 03.02 Muscle stretch reflex and determination

of conducting veIocity 23

LEB 04 Auditory Sense

LEB 04.01 Human merging frequency and upper hearing threshold 26LEB 04.02 Hearing threshold and frequency differentiating

threshold in humans 27LEB 04.03 Acoustic orientation in space 28

LEB 05 Gravitational Sense

LEB 05.01 Phototropism and geotropism 30LEB 05.02 The effect of gravity and centrifugal force on plants 31

LEB 06 Temperature Sense

LEB 06.01 Effect of soil temperature on the germination and growth of higher plants 34

LEB 06.02 Preferential temperature in insects 35LEB 06.03 Regulation of human body temperature 36

LEB 07 Visual Sense

LEB 07.01 Optomotor response in insects 38LEB 07.02 Determination of the human visual field 39LEB 07.03 Time resolving capability of the human eye 40LEB 07.04 Test of human reaction capacity 41LEB 07.05 Human electrooculography (EOG) 42LEB 07.06 Additive and subtractive colour mixing and colour maskings 43

LEB 08 Behaviour

LEB 08.01 Wall contact searching in mice 46LEB 08.02 Learning and marking behaviour of mice 47LEB 08.03 Learning performance of humans 48

Contents

Page

LEB 09 Respiration

LEB 09.01 Volumetric measurement of breathing in small animals 50LEB 09.02 Measurement of the human respiratory rate 51

LEB 10 Ecology and environment

LEB 10.01 Comparison of the heat capacities of water and land 54LEB 10.02 The Bergmann rule: Heat loss in dependence

on body surface area and volume 55LEB 10.03 The insulating effect of body coverage 56LEB 10.04 The daily course of luminosity 57LEB 10.05 The conductivity of various water samples 58LEB 10.06 The pH of various water samples 59LEB 10.07 The origin of acid rain 60LEB 10.08 The twenty-four hour rhythm of an aquatic plant 61

LEB 11 Plant physiology

LEB 11.01 Photosynthesis (bubble counting method) 64LEB 11.02 Photosynthesis (measurement of O2 pressure) 65LEB 11.03 Transpiration of leaves 66LEB 11.04 Glycolysis (measurement of pressure) 67LEB 11.05 Glycolysis (measurement of temperature) 68

LEB 12 Biochemistry

LEB 12.01 Determination of the isoelectric point of an amino acid (glycine) 70

LEB 12.02 The ionic permeability of the cell membrane 71LEB 12.03 Determination of the Michaelis constant 72LEB 12.04 Substrate inhibition of enzymes 73LEB 12.05 Enzyme inhibition (poisoning of enzymes) 74LEB 12.06 The enzymatic activity of catalase 75

Phywe in the University City of Göttingen –

2

Natural sciences have a longstanding

tradition in Göttingen. More than 40 Nobel

prize winners coming from all sorts of

scientific disciplines and numerous university

institutes successfully conduct research in

practically all areas of science.

The following research institutions and

university institutes are located in Göttingen:

Academy of Science, several Max-Planck

institutes, the German Primate Centre, the

Centre of Molecular Physiology of the Brain,

the Centre of Molecular Life Science –

to name just a few.

We are in contact with these institutions and

exchange our views with them to ensure that

the latest trends and scientific innovations

are always reflected in the product range of

Phywe Systeme GmbH & Co. KG.

A Center of Natural Sciences in Germany

3

GÖTTINGEN is a city of teaching and research. Scientific equipment, teaching

equipment and laboratory installations developed and produced in this city are famous

throughout the world.

Göttingen would not be what it is without its university.

“Georgia Augusta” was founded in 1734 and by 1777 it was Germany‘s largest

university, with 700 students. It still is one of the leading universities in Germany, with

14 faculties, significant scientific facilities and more than 30,000 students.

The gracious Goose Girl (“Gänseliesel”) on the market place fountain is the most kissed

girl in Germany. Why? Because every newly graduated doctor must kiss the cold beauty

on her bronze mouth. That is Göttingen tradition.

Doctor’s kiss for the Goose Girl

4 PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D-37070 GöttingenLaboratory Experiments, Biology

Laboratory Experiments Biology LEB

Picture andEquipment List guarantee time-savingand easy conducting of the experiment.

Results and evaluation states full theoryinvolved and shows graphical and numericalexperimental results including error calcules.

Example for measurementparameters for easy andsafe experimentation.

All experiments are uniformly built-upand contain references such asRelated topics and Principle and taskto introduce the subject.

— The green solution absorbs the greatest part of the red

and blue-violet light required for photosynthesis. The

result is accordingly less O2 production and therefore

only a slight rise in the pressure curve— No photosynthesis takes place in the dark, so that

there is then no rise at all in the pressure curve

— The water-filled beaker serves to absorb the warmth

radiated out by the lampNoteThis experiment can also be carried out using the hand-

held measuring instrument pressure 07136.00, pressure

sensor 07136.01, software pressure 14416.61, data cable

07157.01 and boss head 02043.00 (Fig. 6). In this case,

the entries in the equipment list which are marked with an

asterisk are not required.

Phywe Series of publication • Laboratory Experiments Biology • © PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH • D-37070 Göttingen

13956 115

LEB11.2

Photosynthesis (measurement of O2 pressure)

Fig. 5: Result in the darkFig. 6: Experimental set-up using the hand-held measuring instrument pressure

— Fasten the support clamp for a small case to the backof the Cobra3 Basic Unit

— Connect the basic unit to the computer with the datacable

— Draw the support base about 30 cm apart and hold itso with the support rod

— Insert the lamp in a hole in one half of the base— Fix both the Cobra3 Basic Unit with plugged-in pres-

sure module and the test tube on the other half— Connect the glass tube in the rubber stopper to the

pressure module with the shortest possible length ofrubber tubing

— Fill the beaker with water and place it between thelamp and the test tube to act as a heat filter

Procedure (using the Basic-Unit)— Call up the COBRA3 MEASURE programme in Windows— Enter PRESSURE as measuring instrument— Set the measurement parameters (see Fig. 2) and go

to measurement with CONTINUE

— Cut off a stem from the water-weed and place it in thetest tube with the cut end upwards

— Prepare 300 ml of 3% NaHCO3 solution (9 g to 300 gdistilled water) and fill the test tube up with it to justunder the rim

— Briefly remove the tubing from the pressure modulenipple, close the test tube with the rubber stopper sofirmly that it does not leak, then re-connect the tubingto the pressure module. Caution! Do not allow any liq-uid to enter the pressure module!

— Switch on the lamp and start measurement— For the second experiment, use the dyes to prepare a

green solution (one spatula tip each of the yellow andthe blue dye made up to 1000 ml with water) and fill thebeaker with it. Prior to measurement, remove the stop-per to allow the gas which has formed to escape

— For the third experiment, wrap the test tube with alu-minium foil so that no light at all is incident on the plant.Prior to measurement, remove the stopper to allow thegas which has formed to escape

Results and evaluation— A distinct rise in the pressure curve is shown in the first

experiment (Fig. 3) with white light— The pressure curve rises less steeply in the second

experiment (Fig. 4) with green light— No rise in the pressure curve is to be seen in the third

experiment (Fig. 5) in the dark— Photosynthesis results in the production of O2, which

causes a rise in the pressure curve. NaHCO3 is usedhere as CO2 provider

Phywe Series of publication • Laboratory Experiments Biology • © PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH • D-37070 Göttingen13956114

LEB11.2


Fig. 2: Measurement parameters (using the Basic-Unit)

Fig. 3: Result with white light Fig. 4: Result with green light

Related topics

Photosynthesis, intensity and colour of the light, pressure

measurement

Principle and task

To compare the increase in oxygen pressure during pho-

tosynthesis in white light, green light and in the dark. To

discuss the reasons for the differences of the pressure

curve rise

Equipment (for the experimental procedure using the

Basic-Unit)

Cobra3 Basic Unit12150.00* 1

Power supply, 12 V12151.99* 1

Software Cobra3 - Pressure 14510.61* 1

RS232 data cable14602.00* 1

Measuring module, pressure 12103.00* 1

Support clamp for small case 02043.10* 1

Support base, variable02001.00 1

Support rod, l = 500 mm, stainless steel 02032.00 2

Bosshead02043.00 1

Universal clamp37715.00 1

Lab-lifting apparatus, 160 x 130 mm 02074.00 1

Filament lamp, 220 V/120 W, w refl. 06759.93 1

Lamp socket E 27, mains connection 06751.00 1

Glass beaker, 1000 ml, tall form, DURAN 36008.00 1

Rubber stopper, d = 32/26 mm, 1 hole 39258.01 1

Rubber tubing, d = 6 mm, 1 m 39282.00 1

Test tube, d = 30 mm, l = 200 mm, PN29 36294.00 1

Glass tubes, straight,

80 mm, d = 7 mm, 10 pcs 36701.65 1

Glass rod, l = 200 mm, d = 3 mm 40485.01 1

Balance SAS 51, 200 g/0.01 g, RS232 45990.93 1

Microspoon, special steel 33393.00 1

Glycerol in a dropping bottle, 25 ml 48159.04 1

Sodium hydrogen carbonate, 250 g 30151.25 1

Tartrazine (E 102), 25 g48498.04 1

Patent blue V (E 131), 25 g 48376.04 1

Aluminium foil

Water-weed

PC, Windows®

Set-up (using the Basic-Unit)

— Set up the equipment as shown in Fig. 1.

Phywe Series of publication • Laboratory Experiments Biology • © PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH • D-37070 Göttingen13956 113

LEB11.2


Fig. 1: Experimental set-up using the Basic-Unit

The experiments in the PHYWE Publication Series “Laboratory Experiments Biology” are intended for the heads

of biology laboratory courses at universities, colleges and similar institutions and also for advanced courses in

high schools.

Experimental literature

Laboratory Experiments Biology

Long Version No. 16506.02

CD No. 16502.42

5PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D-37070 Göttingen Laboratory Experiments, Biology

LEB Laboratory Experiments Biology

Quantity

Order No.

Please specify thisOrder No. if you would liketo order the completeexperiment.

The present volume which has been developed by PHYWE, complements the previously existing collection of

about 50 experiments in twelve chapters as the following comprehensive Table of Contents shows. In this

brochure we present the experiments in short form. The experiments can be ordered or offered completely or

partially, if desired, in accordance with the Comprehensive Equipment Lists. On request, we will gladly send

you detailed experimental descriptions.

You can order the experiments as follows:

� Didactically adap-ted descriptions ofexperiments – easy,direct preparationby the students ispossible

� Comprehensive experiments – cover the entire range of classicaland modern biology

� Developed and proven bypracticians – unproblematical andreliable performance

� Complete equipment offeringmodular experimental set-up –multiple use of individual devices,cost effective and flexible

� Excellent measurement accuracy – results agree with theory

� Computer-assisted experiments –simple, rapid assessment of theresults

Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT, USB 12150.50 1

Power supply, 12 V 12151.99 1

Cobra3 Universal Recorder software 14504.61 1

Bio-amplifier 65961.93 1

Stimuli generator 65962.93 1

Earthworm experiment chamber 65981.20 1

Connecting cord, 32 A, l = 25 cm, red 07360.01 1

Connecting cord, 32 A, l = 25 cm, blue 07360.04 1

Connecting cord, 32 A, l = 25 cm, black 07360.05 2

Connecting cord, 32 A, l = 50 cm, red 07361.01 1

Connecting cord, 32 A, l = 50 cm, blue 07361.04 1

Crocodile clip, insulated, black 07276.05 1

Petri dish, d = 100 mm 64705.00 1

Spoon with spatula end, l = 150 mm, steel, wide 33398.00 1

Balance SAS 51, 200 g/0.01 g, RS232 45990.93 1

Graduated cylinder, 100 ml 36629.00 1

Aluminium foil

Earthworms

Chloretone as anaesthetic (pharmacy or dentist: 1,1,1-trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol)

PC, Windows® 95 or higher

What you need:

Derivation of nerve potentials after electrical stimulation of an anaesthetized earthworm P4010311

PHYSICS – CHEMISTRY – BIOLOGY

The comprehensive catalogue for physics,

chemistry and biology. Additionally you can

find a large number of laboratory materials

and an insight in our particularly successful

teaching systems TESS, Cobra3 and

Natural Sciences on the board.

Available in German, English and Spanish.

Laboratory Experiments

The experiments in the Phywe publication series “Laboratory Experiments”

are intended for the heads of laboratories,

colleges of advanced technology, technical

colleges and similar institutions and also

for advanced courses in high schools.

Laboratory Experiments is also available

on CD-ROM (Order No. 16502.42).

Available in English.

For the student system “Advanced Optics

and Laser Physics” a special brochure

is available in English.

Special brochures

Additionally there are special brochu-

res for our particularly successful

teaching systems TESS (available in

German, English, French and Spanish),

Cobra3 (available in German and

English) and Natural Sciences on the

board (available in German and English).

– catalogues, brochures

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6

LEB_1_2008 15.04.2008 13:58 Uhr Seite 6

Nervous SystemContents

LEB 01.01 Derivation of nerve and muscle potentials by mechanicalsimuIation at the rear end of an earthworm

LEB 01.02 Derivation of nerve and muscIe potentials by mechanicaI stimulation at the front end of an earthworm

LEB 01.03 Derivation of nerve potentials after eIectrical stimulation of an anaesthetized earthworm

LEB 01.04 Model experiment illustrating the deveIopment of resting potential

LEB 01.05 Neurosimulator: Membrane time constant and low-pass filtering

LEB 01.06 Neurosimulator: How an exciting synapse functions1


Nervous System LEB 01

Principle and tasks:To work on the following themes bymeasuring nerve and muscle poten-tials:

● The course of a biphasic actionpotential over time

● Estimation of the conductionvelocity

● Coding of the stimulant intensityas frequency modulation

Result with weak stimulation

What you can learn about

� Nerve and muscle potentials� Mechanical stimulation� Biphasic action potential� Frequency modulation� Median and lateral giant

nerve fibres� Conduction velocity



Software Cobra3 Universal Recorder 14504.61 1



Stimulus bristle, triggering 65981.21 1

Connecting cord, 32 A, l = 250 mm, red 07360.01 2

Connecting cord, 32 A, l = 250 mm, blue 07360.04 2

Connecting cord, 32 A, l = 250 mm, black 07360.05 2

Crocodile clip, insulated, black, 10 pieces 07276.15 1

Adapter BNC plug/4 mm sockets 07542.26 1

Aluminium foil

Earthworms


What you need:

Derivation of nerve and muscle potentials by mechanical stimulation at the rear end of an earthworm P4010111

01.01 Derivation of nerve and muscle potentials by mechanical stimulation at the rear end of an earthworm

Result with moderate stimulation


Derivation of nerve and muscle potentials by mechanical stimulation at the front end of an earthworm 01.02


● The difference in sensitivity of thefront and rear ends

● The facilitation effect

● Conduction velocity and fibrediameter

● Synaptic depression

Result with weak stimulation







Stimulus bristle, triggering 65981.21 1





Adapter BNC plug/4 mm sockets 07542.26 1

Aluminium foil

Earthworms


What you need:

Derivation of nerve and muscle potentials by mechanicalstimulation at the front end of an earthworm P4010211


� Nerve and muscle potentials� Positive feedback� Synaptic depression� Synaptic facilitation� Conduction velocity in median

and lateral giant nerve fibres

Result with infrequent strong stimulation



01.03 Derivation of nerve potentials after electrical stimulation of an anaesthetized earthworm


● The action of an anaesthetic

● The different conduction velocitiesof median and lateral giant fibres

● Refractory period of the mediangiant fibre

Result with a weak stimulus


� Nerve and muscle potentials� Electrical stimulation� Anaesthetization of muscles� Electrical resistance of nerve

fibres� Double pulse stimulation� Refractory period





Stimuli generator 65962.93 1








Petri dish, d = 100 mm 64705.00 1


Balance SAS 51, 200 g/0.01 g, RS232 45990.93 1


Aluminium foil

Earthworms

Chloretone as anaesthetic (pharmacy or dentist: 1,1,1-trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol)


What you need:

Derivation of nerve potentials after electrical stimulation of an anaesthetized earthworm P4010311

Result with a double pulse 6 ms


Model experiment illustrating the development of resting potential 01.04

Principle and tasks:The potential difference betweentwo electrolyte solutions of differentconcentrations separated by a mem-brane (cellophane or cation per-meable) is detected by two silverchloride electrodes and measuredwith a mV meter. The measured andcalculated values are compared.


Ussing chamber 65977.00 1

Reference electrode, silver chloride 18475.00 2

mV/pH meter, hand held 07139.00 1

Adapter BNC plug / 4 mm sockets 07542.26 1

Temperature probe Pt 1000, glass 13702.01 1

Volumetric flask, 500 ml, IGJ 19/26 36551.00 1

Volumetric flask, 1000 ml, IGJ 24/29 36552.00 1


Cylinder, 200 x 40 mm, 180 ml 34213.00 1

Bottle, narrow neck, plastic, 500 ml 33906.00 4

Bottle, narrow neck, plastic, 1000 ml 33907.00 6

Spoon with spatula end, 150 mm, steel 33398.00 1

Cellophane, 200 x 200 mm, 10 sheets 32987.00 1

Membrane, permeable for cations, 5 pieces 31504.02 1

Potassium chloride, 250 g 30098.25 1

Sodium chloride, 250 g 30155.25 1

Hydrochloric acid, 1 l, 0.1 mol/l 48452.70 1

Distilled water, 5 I 31246.81 2

Balance SAS 51, 200 g / 0.01 g, RS 232 45990.93 1

What you need:

Model experiment illustrating the development of resting potential P4010450


� Selective ion permeability of membranes

� Resting potential� Diffusion potential� Asymmetry potential� Silver chloride electrodes� Ion pump



01.05 Neurosimulator: Membrane time constant and low-pass filtering

Principle and tasks:To use a nerve function model towork on the following themes:

● The time constant of the nervemembrane and intracellular po-tential

● The low-pass characteristic of thenerve membrane

Result of a single stimulation


� Time constant of nerve mem-brane

� Intracellular potential� Low-pass characteristic




Neurosimulator 65963.00 1

Neurosimulator, power supply 65963.93 1

Connecting cord, 32 A, l = 500 mm, yellow 07361.02 1


What you need:

Neurosimulator: Membrane time constant and low-pass filtering P4010511



Neurosimulator: How an exciting synapse functions 01.06

Principle and tasks:To use a nerve function model towork on the following themes:

● The origin of action potentials

● The transformation of stimulationintensity to action potential fre-quency

Result of a strong stimulation




Neurosimulator 65963.00 1

Neurosimulator, power supply 65963.93 1

Connecting cord, 32 A, l = 500 mm, yellow 07361.02 1


What you need:

Neurosimulator: How an exciting synapse functions P4010611


� Action potentials� Intracellular potential� Excitatory postsynaptic

potential (EPSP)� Nodes of Ranvier� Minimum stimulus intensity� Frequency modulation

Result of a weak stimulation

14

Heart and CirculatorySystemContents

LEB 02.01 Human electrocardiography (ECG)

LEB 02.02 Phonocardiography: Cardiac and vascular sonic measurement (PCG)

LEB 02.03 Blood pressure measurement

LEB 02.04 Changes in the blood flow during smoking2


Heart and Circulatory System LEB 02

02.01 Human electrocardiography (ECG)

Principle and tasks:To record an electrocardiogram (ECG)between the left leg and the rightand left arm (lead II according toEinthoven). To relate the ECG seg-ments to the course of heart con-traction (P wave, P-Q segment, QRScomplex, T wave)

Circuit diagram


� Electrophysiology � Electrocardiogram according

to Einthoven II� Heart rate� Quiet and strained heart� ECG segments� Atria� Ventricles� AV nodes





Electrode collecting cable 65981.03 1

ECG electrodes, 3 pieces 65981.01 1

Potassium chloride, 250 g 30098.25 1

Connection cord, 32 A, l = 250 mm, red 07360.01 1

Connection cord, 32 A, l = 250 mm, blue 07360.04 1


Balance SAS 51, 200 g/0.01 g, RS232 45990.93 1



Tempo/Kleenex Tissues

What you need:

Human electrocardiography (ECG)P4020111

Typical measuring results



Phonocardiography: Cardiac and vascular sonic measurement (PCG) 02.02

Principle and tasks:Cardiac and vascular sonic measure-ment at different locations of thecirculatory system. Measurement ofthe pulse rate at different levels ofathletic loading.

Typical vascular phonometric measurement




Acustic measuring probe 03544.00 1


What you need:

Phonocardiography: Cardiac and vascular sonicmeasurement (PCG) P4020211


� Pulse� Throat and chest sonic

measurement� Quiet and strained heart� Contraction tune� Systole� Flapping sound� Diastole


02.03 Blood pressure measurement

Heart and Circulatory System LEB 02

Principle and tasks:To prepare a plot of blood pressuremeasurement and to read the valuesof systolic and diastolic bloodpressure.

Typical result


� Systolic blood pressure� Diastolic blood pressure� Measuring cuff� Blood pulse waves



Software Cobra3 - Pressure 14510.61 1

Measuring module, pressure 12103.00 1

Blood pressure measurement set 64234.00 1

Y piece 47518.01 1


What you need:

Blood pressure measurementP4020311



Changes in the blood flow during smoking 02.04

Principle and tasks:To prepare a curve showing thechange in skin temperature duringsmoking. To discuss different curvesdepending on the smoking habits ofthe test person.

Typical result

Equipment (for the experimental procedure using the BASIC-UNIT)

Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT, USB 12150.50 * 1


Software Cobra3 - Temperature 14503.61 * 1

Semiconductor temperature sensor -20...110°C 12120.00 * 1

Precision thermometer, –10...+100°C 47040.00 1

Cigarettes


Changes in the equipment required for use of the CHEM-UNIT: (Instead of * above-mentioned)

Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT 12153.00 1

Data cable, plug/socket, 9 pole 14602.00 1

Software Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT 14520.61 1

Immersion probe NiCr-Ni 13615.03 1

What you need:

Changes in the blood flow during smokingwith Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT P4020440


� Skin temperature� Heavy and moderate smokers� Occasional smokers� Non-smokers

Experimental set-up using the CHEM-UNIT (P4020440)

Changes in the blood flow during smokingwith Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT P4020411

20

Contents

LEB 03.01 EIectromyography (EMG) on the upper arm

LEB 03.02 Muscle stretch reflex and determination of conducting veIocity

Musculature3


Musculature LEB 03

03.01 Electromyography (EMG) on the upper arm

Principle and tasks:To prepare an electromyogram (EMG)from a contracting or relaxing upperarm muscle (biceps) using surfaceelectrodes. Measurement of thefrequency and the amplitude of theEMG at maximum contraction.

Attaching the electrodes


� Electrophysiology � Electromyogram� Muscle contractions� Biceps� Muscle potentials� Compound action potentials





EMG electrodes 65981.02 1


Electrode cream, tube 65981.05 1



Roll of adhesive tape (e.g. Elastoplast)


What you need:

Electromyography (EMG) on the upper armP4030111

Typical result


LEB 03 Musculature

Muscle stretch reflex and determination of conducting velocity 03.02

Principle and tasks:To trigger a stretch reflex in thelower leg musculature by tappingthe Achilles tendon (Achilles tendonreflex). To record the compoundaction potential and determine thereflex latency and the conductionvelocity.









Reflex hammer, triggering 65981.10 1





What you need:

Muscle stretch reflex and determination of conducting velocity P4030211


� Electrophysiology � Electromyogram� Muscle stretch reflex� Achilles tendon� Reflex latency� Conduction velocity� Jendrassik effect� Facilitation

Typical result

24

Auditory SenseContents

LEB 04.01 Human merging frequency and upper hearing threshold

LEB 04.02 Hearing threshold and frequency differentiating threshold in humans

LEB 04.03 Acoustic orientation in space4


Auditory Sense LEB 04

04.01 Human merging frequency and upper hearing threshold

Principle and tasks:Determination of the merging fre-quency and upper acoustic thresholdof test subjects of various ages.


� Acoustic hearing thresholds� Merging frequency� Hearing range� Sine wave generator

Headphones, stereo 65974.00 1

Sine wave generator 65960.93 1

What you need:

Human merging frequency and upper hearing threshold P4040100


LEB 04 Auditory Sense

Hearing threshold and frequency differentiating threshold in humans 04.02

Principle and tasks:1. Determine the hearing threshold

for a number of frequencies in thehearing range of humans and plota hearing threshold curve.

2. Determine the frequency differ-ence between two sounds of thesame intensity which can just stillbe perceived as two differentsounds (frequency differentiatingthreshold). Plot a curve of the fre-quency differentiating threshold.

Hearing threshold curve


Headphone, stereo 65974.00 1




Shielded BNC cable, l = 30 cm 07542.10 1

Adapter BNC socket/4 mm plug pair 07542.27 2


What you need:

Hearing threshold and frequency differentiating thresholdin humans P4040211


� Hearing threshold curve� Frequency differentiation

thresholds� Hearing range

Frequency differentiating threshold curve


04.03 Acoustic orientation in space

Auditory Sense LEB 04

Principle and tasks:To localize a source of sound usingan artificial head. To measure thetime difference and the difference inintensity of the sound waves inci-dent on each ear of the artificialhead.

Result for 0 degrees


� Spatial orientation� Artificial head� Acoustic probes� Threshold angle� Travelling time difference




Artificial head 65975.01 1

Measuring microphone with amplifier 03543.00 2

Support base, variable 02001.00 1

Stand tube 02060.00 1

Protractor scale with pointer 08218.00 1

Tuning fork, 440 Hz, on resonance box 03427.00 1


What you need:

Acoustic orientation in spaceP4040311

Result for 20 degrees

GravitationalSense5 Contents

LEB 05.01 Phototropism and geotropism

LEB 05.02 The effect of gravity and centrifugal force on plants


05.01 Phototropism and geotropism

Principle and tasks:To test the reaction of shoots, leavesand roots of higher plants to lightstimuli (photoperiodism) and tostimuli caused by the earth’s field ofgravity (geotropism).

To measure the alignment of shoot,leaf and root of bean seedlingswhich sprout in a vessel standing onthe ground or Iying on its side.

To eliminate the effect of light orgravity by rotation in a clinostataligned in the vertical or horizontalposition.

Examination of phototropism

Clinostat with electromotor 230 V 65964.93 1

Plastic beaker, 400 ml 36014.01 2

Petri dish, d = 100 mm 64705.00 1


Right angle clamp (bosshead) 02043.00 1

Support rod, l = 250 mm, stainless 02031.00 1

Bean seedlings

Potting mould

Goniometer

What you need:

Phototropism and geotropismP4050100

Gravitational Sense LEB 05


� Photoperiodism� Phototaxis� Clinostat� Negative and positive

phototropic response� Geotropism� Geotaxis� Statoliths


The effect of gravity and centrifugal force on plants 05.02

LEB 05 Gravitational Sense

Principle and tasks:To measure the alignment of shootsand roots under the effect of cen-trifugal forces which are less than,equal to or greater than gravity.

To raise sunflower seedlings in smallbeakers in a rotating drum. To setdifferent centrifugal forces bychanging the speed of rotation ofthe drum motor.

Root orientation


� Positive geotropism of roots� Negative geotropism of

shoots� Centrifugal force� Rotational speed� Statoliths

Strobe drum 65976.00 1

Insertion piece for strobe drum 65976.10 1

Motor with disc holder 11614.00 1

Power supply 0...12 V / 2 A 13505.93 1




Right-angle clamp (bosshead) 02043.00 1

Support rod, l = 500 mm, stainless steeI 02032.00 2


Glass beakers, tall, 50 ml 36001.00 10

Sunflowers seeds

Potting mould

Goniometer

What you need:

The effect of gravity and centrifugal force on plants P4050200

32

Contents

LEB 06.01 Effect of soil temperature on the germination and growth of higher plants

LEB 06.02 Prefential temperature in insects

LEB 06.03 Regulation of human body temperature

TemperatureSense6


06.01 Effect of soil temperature on the germination and growth of higher plants

Principle and tasks:To investigate the effect of soiltemperature on the germination ofgarden cress (Lepidium sativum).

To determine the most favourablevalue for the germination andgrowth of cress using a temperatureorgan.

Optimum range for germination and growth of cress (to be completed)

Temperature organ 65983.93 1

Immersion thermostat C10 08492.93 1

Accessory set for thermostat 08492.01 1

Bath for thermostat 08487.02 1

Rubber tubing, di = 8 mm 39283.00 2

Lab. thermometer, -10°C...+50°C 38055.00 6

Petri dish, d = 100 mm 64705.00 5

Garden soil

Cress seed (Lepidium sativum)

What you need:

Effect of soil temperature on the germination and growth of higher plants P4060100

Temperature Sense LEB 06


� Plant germination� Temperature optimum/

maximum/minimum� Soil temperature� Temperature preferendum


Preferential temperature in insects 06.02

LEB 06 Temperature Sense

Principle and tasks:To test the temperature demands ofpoikilothermic animals. Using theirthermoreceptors the animals recog-nize the temperature which suitsthem, gather in an area at the corre-sponding temperature (thermotaxis)and thus show their preferred tem-perature.

To produce a temperature gradientbetween approximately 45°C and10°C using a ring shaped tempera-ture organ. To record the positions ofthe individual animals.


� Temperature optimum� Poikilothermic animals� Thermotaxis� Phototaxis� Thigmotaxis� Torpor� Environmental requirements� Geographical separation

Temperature organ 65983.93 1

Immersion thermostat C10 08492.93 1

Accessory set for thermostat 08492.01 1

Bath for thermostat 08487.02 1

Lab. thermometer, -10°C...+50°C 38055.00 6


Sea sand, purified, 1 kg 30220.67 1

10-20 insects of different species

Marking colour (e.g. nail varnish)

What you need:

Preferential temperature in insectsP4060200


06.03 Regulation of human body temperature

Principle and tasks:To prepare curves demonstrating theregulation of body temperature. Todiscuss different curves dependingon the conditions at the hand of thetest person.

Typical result for experiment 2




Semiconductor temperature sensor, –20...110°C 12120.00 * 2


Rubber bands 03920.00 1

Rubber gloves 46359.00 1

Adhesive tape

Ventilator


Changes in the equipment required for use of the CHEM-UNIT:(Instead of * above-mentioned)





What you need:

Regulation of human body temperaturewith Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT P4060340

Temperature Sense LEB 06


� Body temperature regulation� Radiation� Evaporation� Skin temperature� Heating/cooling effects


Regulation of human body temperaturewith Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT P4060311

Contents

LEB 07.01 Optomotor response in insects

LEB 07.02 Determination of the human visual field

LEB 07.03 Time resolving capability of the human eye

LEB 07.04 Test of human reaction capacity

LEB 07.05 Human electrooculography (EOG)

LEB 07.06 Additive and subtractive colour mixing and colour maskings

Visual Sense7


Visual Sense LEB 07

07.01 Optomotor response in insects

Principle and tasks:Behavioural physiological measure-ment of the time resolving capacityof the compound eye of flies (with-out electrophysiological leads).

To determine the ratio of right andleft turns made by a fly attached tothe centre of a strobe drum. Themovements (optomotor response)indicate whether or not the fly canresolve the strobe pattern with thedrum set at a constant speed.

Fastening the fly in place


� Optomotor response� Time resolving capability� Compound eye� Strobe drum� Pattern frequency� Left- and righthand

movements of flies




Support rod, stainless steel, l = 500 mm 02032.00 2

Support rod, stainless steel, l = 250 mm 02031.00 1

Universal clamp 37715.00 1

Motor with disk holder, 12 V 11614.00 1

Power supply, 0...12 V, 2 A 13505.93 1

Snap-cap vials, 60 ml 33623.03 1

Glass tube, straight, l = 80 mm 36701.65 1


Compressed gas, CO2, 12 I 41772.06 1

Fine control valve 33499.00 1

Iron wires, 140 mm 45286.00 1


Scissors, straight, pointed, l = 110 mm 64623.00 1



Acetone, chem. pure, 250 ml 30004.25 1

Caterpillar breeding box 64564.00 1

Flies

Sugar cubes

10-second glue

Typing or flimsy paper

What you need:

Optomotor response in insectsP4070100


LEB 07 Visual Sense

Determination of the human visual field 07.02

Principle and tasks:Determination of the visual field ofthe right and left eye for white, blue,red and green. Detection of anyvisual field deficiency (scotoma).Location of the blind spot (site ofoptic nerve emergence).

The extent of the visual fields of botheyes and the position of the blindspot are determined with the aid of aperimeter.

Visual field of a right eye

Perimeter 65984.00 1


Bench clamp, “PASS” 02010.00 1

Right-angle clamp 02043.00 1

Protractor scale with pointer 08218.00 1



Table top on rod 08060.00 1

What you need:

Determination of the human visual fieldP4070200


� Perimeter� Visual field (for white, blue,

red, green)� Field of view� Blind spot� Scotoma� Rods and cones


07.03 Time resolving capability of the human eye

Visual Sense LEB 07

Principle and tasks:To determine the flashing frequencyof an LED at which the impression ofa continuous light just occurs. Tochange the direction of incidence ofthe light using a perimeter.

To determine the flicker fusionthreshold of the left and right eye inrelation to the direction of incidenceof light stimulus and the state ofadaptation of the eyes.


� Perimeter� Time-related resolving power� Flicker fusion frequency� Light/dark adapted eye


Stimulant light source 65985.00 1

Perimeter 65984.00 1

Right-angle clamp 02043.00 1

Table top on rod 08060.00 1

Bench clamp, “PASS” 02010.00 1




What you need:

Time resolving capability of the human eyeP4070300

Flicker fusion frequency curve


LEB 07 Visual Sense

Test of human reaction capacity 07.04

Principle and tasks:Measurement of dead time in a reac-tion test. Analysis of the transientresponse. Determination of thresholdfrequency for stimuli. Study of theeffects of noise and alcohol on reac-tion capacity.

The test subject should follow a rect-angular curve on a slowly rotatingdrum, using a felt-tip pen insertedinto a slit.

Reaction curve


Reaction test sheets 65976.02 1

Motor with disk holder, 12 V 11614.00 1

Power supply, 0...12 V, 2 A 13505.93 1




Plate holder 02062.00 1




Felt-tip pen

Adhesive tape (transparent)

What you need:

Test of human reaction capacityP4070400


� Reaction capacity� Strobe drum� Control loop� Feedback reaction� Dead time� Follow-through time� Threshold frequency


07.05 Human electrooculography (EOG)

Visual Sense LEB 07

Principle and tasks:To record the changes in the electri-cal field induced by eye movements,using electrodes stuck to the skinnear the eyes. To measure an electro-oculogram (EOG) with a practisedreader, a less practised (six year old)schoolchild and, if possible, a testperson who practises a rapid readingtechnique. To evaluate the rapid hor-izontal eye movements (sacchades)and the fixation periods.



� Electrophysiology � Electrical field measurement� Eye movements� Dipole� Sacchades� Fixation period� Practised reader versus

schoolchild� Rapid reading techniques












What you need:

Human electrooculography (EOG)P4070511

Typical result


LEB 07 Visual Sense

Additive and subtractive colour mixing and colour maskings 07.06

Principle and tasks:Production of mixed colours andwhite light by superimposed projec-tion (additive mixing) of red, blueand green light.

Brightening of a colour spot (whitemasking) or its surroundings (blackmasking) by means of white light.

Three colour lamp 13760.00 1

Set of colour filters 13760.01 1

Brightness adjuster 13760.93 1

Negative hole diaphragm, d = 20 mm 17556.00 1

Circular diaphragm, with hole, d = 20 mm 09816.01 1

Screen, metal, 300 x 300 mm 08062.00 1


Barrel base ”PASS” 02006.55 1

What you need:

Additive and subtractive colour mixing and colour maskings P4070600


� Additive colour mixing� Subtractive colour mixing� Complementary colour� Colour saturation� White masking� Black masking

44

Contents

LEB 08.01 Wall contact searching in mice

LEB 08.02 Learning and marking behaviour of mice

LEB 08.03 Learning performance of humans

Behaviour8


Behaviour LEB 08

Principle and tasks:To record the amount of time spentby mice on a platform with andwithout walls divided into 49squares numbered in sequence.

To compare the recorded distributionof staying places with the calculatedrandom distribution. To calculate thepercentage deviation.


� Behaviour of mice� Search for wall contact� Distribution of staying places� Random distribution� Percentage deviation

Platform for behaviour observation 65991.00 1

White mice

What you need:

Wall contact searching in miceP4080100

08.01 Wall contact searching in mice


LEB 08 Behaviour

Learning and marking behaviour of mice 08.02

Principle and tasks:To test the learning process in a sim-ple Y-Iabyrinth (train to the left andright) and on a complicated highlabyrinth.

To measure the time taken to crossthe maze and the number of errors inrelation to previous experience andscent marking. To draw learningcurves for different labyrinths andanimals.

High labyrinth

High labyrinth 65992.00 1

Y-Labyrinth 65993.00 1

White mice

Food

What you need:

Learning and marking behaviour of miceP4080200


� Y-Labyrinth� High labyrinth� Operative conditioning� Learning � Curve� Marking behaviour


08.03 Learning performance of humans

Behaviour LEB 08

Principle and tasks:The blindfolded test subject has tofind the way to the finish with a felt-tip pen in the slits of a fingerlabyrinth. Success and error arechecked by placing a sheet of paperunderneath. The learning curves fortwo different test objectives aredrawn: to cross the maze with theleast number of errors and as quick-ly as possible.


� Finger labyrinth� Learning behaviour� Learning curve� Short term memory� Medium term memory

Finger labyrinth 65990.00 1

Stop watch, interruption type 03076.01 1

Blindfold or opaque glasses

Selection of coloured felt-tip pens

What you need:

Learning performance of humansP4080300

Contents

LEB 09.01 Volumetric measurement of breathing in small animals

LEB 09.02 Measurement of the human respiratory rate

Respiration9


09.01 Volumetric measurement of breathing in small animals

Principle and tasks:Measure the oxygen consumption ofinsects in relation to ambient tem-perature and body weight.

Volumetric measurement of the oxy-gen consumption of an animal en-closed in a temperature-controlledspirometer. Absorption of the ex-haled carbon dioxide using concen-trated potassium hydroxide solution.

Respirometer

Respirometer, compact model 65998.00 1

Immersion thermostat TC10 08492.93 1

Bath for thermostat, 6 l, 08487.02 1




Balance SAS 51, 200 g / 0.01 g, RS232 45990.93 1

Volumetric pipette, 10 ml 36578.00 1

Pipettor 36592.00 1

Tweezers, straight, pointed, 120 mm 64607.00 1

Glass beads, d = 6 mm, 850 pieces 36756.25 1

Silicone High Vacuum Grease, 100 g 31863.10 1

Potassium hydroxide sol., 30%, 500 ml 48209.50 1

Mealworms and meal beetles

Ink solution

What you need:

Volumetric measurement of breathing in small animals P4090100

Respiration LEB 09


� Oxygen consumption� Volumetric measurement� Respirometer� Carbon dioxide consumption� Compensation vessel� Q10 value


Measurement of the human respiratory rate 09.02

LEB 09 Respiration

Principle and tasks:The number of inhalations per unittime is dependent on many factors,such as the capacity of the lungs,health condition and activity. Therespiratory frequencies before andafter bodily exertion are to be meas-ured and compared.

Result (at rest)


� Respiratory frequency� Chest pressure measurement� Breathing in resting position� In slight and strong exertion� Eupnea� Diaphragmatic and thoracic

respiration





Blood pressure measurement set 64234.00 1

Y piece 47518.01 1

Additionally required:

Kidney protective belt (motor cycle accessory)


What you need:

Measurement of the human respiratory ratewith Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT P4090211

Result (during slight exertion)

52

10Contents

LEB 10.01 Comparison of the heat capacities of water and land

LEB 10.02 The Bergmann rule: Heat loss in dependence on body surface area and volume

LEB 10.03 The insulating effect of body coverage

LEB 10.04 The daily course of luminosity

LEB 10.05 The conductivity of various water samples

LEB 10.06 The pH of various water samples

LEB 10.07 The origin of acid rain

LEB 10.08 The twenty-four hour rhythm of an aquatic plant

Ecology andenvironment


10.01 Comparison of the heat capacities of water and land

Principle and tasks:To prepare comparison curves show-ing the different heat capacities ofwater and land. To interpret data onclimate and to explain how onshoreand offshore winds originate.

Typical result





Semiconductor temperature sensor, -20...110°C 12120.00 * 2


Bosshead 02043.00 1


Filament lamp, 220 V/120 W, with reflector 06759.93 1

Lamp socket E 27, with reflector 06751.01 1

Plastic dish, 230 x 150 mm 47490.04 2


Sea sand, purified 30220.67 1

Polystyrene foam







What you need:

Comparison of the heat capacities of water and landwith Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT P4100140

Ecology and environment LEB 10


� Heat capacity� Heat radiation� Origin of climatic fluc-

tuations� Generation of onshore and

offshore winds


Comparison of the heat capacities of water and landwith Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT P4100111


The Bergmann rule: Heat loss in dependence on body surface area and volume 10.02


Principle and tasks:To prepare a graph which demon-strates the different heat losses withdifferent volumes and body surfaceareas. To interpret data on the set-tling of warm and cold regions bylarger or smaller animals.

Typical result


� Bergman rule, heat loss� Larger versus smaller animals� Colder versus warmer regions

of the world








Bosshead 02043.00 2


Flask, round-bottom, 100 ml, IGJ 19/26 35841.01 1

Long-neck round-bottom flask, 500 ml, PN 29 36348.00 1










What you need:

The Bergmann rule: Heat loss in dependence on body surfacearea and volume with Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT P4100240


The Bergmann rule: Heat loss in dependence on body surfacearea and volume with Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT P4100211


10.03 The insulating effect of body coverage

Principle and tasks:To prepare curves showing the insu-lating effect of various body cover-age’s. To discuss the reasons ofdifferent isolating characteristics.

Typical result






Snap-cap vials, 45 ml, pack of 10 33622.03 1


Leatherwool (fur), wool, feathers etc.

Polystyrene foam







What you need:

The insulating effect of body coveragewith Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT P4100340



� Insulating effect� Body coverage� Coat of animals� Fur� Wool� Feathers


The insulating effect of body coveragewith Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT P4100311


The daily course of luminosity 10.04


Principle and tasks:In a 24-hour long-term measure-ment the course of luminosity isrecorded in the immediate vicinity ofa window. The dependence on theseason, the geographical locationand the current degree of cloudiness,fog etc. has to be discussed.

Typical measuring result


� Long-term measurement� Course of luminosity� Seasonal influences� Geographical location� Cloudiness� Fog




Software Cobra3 Universal Recorder 14504.61 * 1

Photodiode in plug-in box 39119.01 1

Support for two electrodes 45284.01 1









What you need:

The daily course of luminositywith Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT P4100440


The daily course of luminositywith Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT P4100411


10.05 The conductivity of various water samples

Principle and tasks:To determine the conductivity of var-ious water samples. To discuss thereasons for the differences in con-ductivity.

Display of the measured conductivity values

Equipment (for the experimental procedure using the CHEM-UNIT)

Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT 12153.00 * 1



Software Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT 14520.61 * 1

Conductivity-temperature electrode 13701.01 * 1

Wash bottle, 500 ml 33931.00 1

Beaker, DURAN, tall form, 50 ml 36001.00 1

Beaker, DURAN, tall form, 150 ml 36003.00 7



Right angle clamp (bosshead) 02043.00 1


Calibration solution, 1413 mS/cm, (25°C) 47070.02 1

Distilled water, 5 l 31246.81 1

Water samples: Rainwater, drinking water, aquarium water, river water, mineral water (2 different sorts)


Changes in the materials required for use of the BASIC-UNIT:(Instead of * above-mentioned)


Software Cobra3 conductivity 14508.61 1

Measuring module conductivity 12108.00 1

Conductivity probe, glass shaft, l = 12 cm 18151.02 1

Temperature sensor, semiconductor type 12120.00 1

What you need:

The conductivity of various water sampleswith Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT P4100511



� Conductivity of watersamples

� Rainwater� Drinking water� Aquarium water� River water� Mineral water� Electrolytes� Waste water� Eluvation� Contamination by inorganic

salts� Horizontal/vertical zones

Experimental set-up using the BASIC-UNIT (P4100511)

The conductivity of various water sampleswith Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT P4100540


The pH of various water samples 10.06


Principle and tasks:To determine the pH-values of vari-ous water samples. To discuss thereasons for the differences in pH-value.

Display of the measured pH values


� pH of water samples� Demineralised water� Aquarium water� Rainwater� Lake water� River water� Drinking water� Mineral water� Seasonal and daily

fluctuations� Buffering effect� Poisoning effect for animals


Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT 12153.00 * 1Power supply, 12 V 12151.99 1Data cable, plug/socket, 9 pole 14602.00 1

Software Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT 14520.61 * 1pH electrode, gel-filled, BNC 46265.15 * 1Immersion probe NiCr-Ni, Teflon 13615.05 * 1Wash bottle, 500 ml 33931.00 1Beaker, DURAN, tall form, 50 ml 36001.00 2Beaker, DURAN, tall form, 150 ml 36003.00 7Support base, variable 02001.00 1Support rod, l = 500 mm, stainless steel 02032.00 1Right angle clamp (bosshead) 02043.00 1Double electrode holder 45284.10 1Buffer solution pH 4.01, 460 ml 46270.11 1Buffer solution pH 10.01, 1000 ml 46272.12 1Distilled water, 5 l 31246.81 1Water samples: Aquarium water, rainwater, lake water,river water, drinking water, mineral waterPC, Windows® 95 or higher


Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT, USB 12150.50 1Software Cobra3 pH/potential 14509.61 1Measuring module pH/potential 12101.00 1pH Electrode, plastic, gel-filled 18450.00 1Temperature sensor, semiconductor type 12120.00 1

What you need:

The pH of various water sampleswith Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT P4100611


The pH of various water sampleswith Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT P4100640


10.07 The origin of acid rain

Principle and tasks:In this experiment, acid rain is to beartificially prepared by passing gasessuch as SO2, NO2 and CO2 throughwater, and the drop in pH resultingfrom the formation of acid thenrecorded.

Curve of pH against time for SO2

Equipment (for the experimental procedure using the CHEM-UNIT)Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT 12153.00 * 1Power supply, 12 V 12151.99 1Data cable, plug/socket, 9 pole 14602.00 1Software Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT 14520.61 * 1pH electrode, gel-filled, BNC 46265.15 * 1Support base, variable 02001.00 1Support rod, l = 500 mm, stainless steel 02032.00 1Right angle clamp (bosshead) 02043.00 2Universal clamp 37715.00 2Test tube, DURAN, GL 25/12, 20 x 110 mm 37651.15 1Graduated pipette, AR-glass, class B, 5 ml 36599.00 1Wash bottle, 500 ml 33931.00 1Beaker, DURAN, tall form, 50 ml 36001.00 2Pasteur pipettes, PE, 1 ml, pack of 500 36615.00 1Test tube rack for 12 tubes, wood 37686.10 1Test tube, DURAN, with hose connection, PN 19 36330.00 3Rubber stopper, d = 22/17 mm, without hole 39255.00 2Rubber stopper, d = 22/17 mm, 1 hole 39255.01 1Dropping funnel with stopcock, 50 ml, AR-glass 36869.00 1Spoon with spatula end, l = 150 mm, steel, wide 33398.00 1Buffer solution pH 4.01, 460 ml 46270.11 1Buffer solution pH 10.01, 1000 ml 46272.12 1Sodium carbonate, 250 g 30154.25 1Sodium pyrosulphite, 250 g 30152.25 1Sodium nitrite, 250 g 30161.25 1Hydrochloric acid standard solution, 1 mol/l, 1000 ml 48454.70 1Dropping bottle, plastic, 50 ml 33920.00 1Glycerol 99%, 100 ml 30084.10 1Distilled water, 5 l 31246.81 1Fume cupboard or fume hoodPC, Windows® 95 or higher


Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT, USB 12150.50 1Software Cobra3 pH/potential 14509.61 1Measuring module pH/potential 12101.00 1pH Electrode, plastic, gel-filled 18450.00 1

What you need:

The origin of acid rain with Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT P4100740



� Acid rain� Anthropogenic air pollution� Damage to forests� Acidification of soil and

water� Gaseous and aerosol

emissions


The origin of acid rain with Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT P4100711


The twenty-four hour rhythm of an aquatic plant 10.08


Principle and tasks:Plants produce oxygen by photosyn-thesis under the influence of light(during the day). Carbon dioxide ishereby consumed. In the dark (atnight), however, they consume oxy-gen and produce carbon dioxide. Thisday and night rhythm in an aquaticplant has to be followed over alonger period by pH measurements.

Curve of pH against time for the reaction of waterweed in daylight


� Photosynthesis� Daylight reaction� Dark reaction� Diurnal rhythm� Nocturnal rhythm� pH measurement� Carbon dioxide consumption

and production


Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT 12153.00 1Power supply, 12 V 12151.99 1Data cable, plug/socket, 9 pole 14602.00 1Software Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT 14520.61 1pH electrode, gel-filled, BNC 46265.15 1Filament lamp with reflector, 230 V/120 W 06759.93 1Lamp socket E27, with reflector 06751.01 1Support base variable 02001.00 1Wash bottle, 500 ml 33931.00 1Beaker, DURAN, tall form, 50 ml 36001.00 3Beaker, DURAN, tall form, 600 ml 36006.00 1Beaker, DURAN, tall form, 2000 ml 36010.00 1Erlenmeyer flask, DURAN, 500 ml, PN 29 36421.00 1Rubber stopper, d = 32/30 mm, 1 hole, 14 mm 39258.20 1Supporting block, 57 mm 02073.00 1Aquarium, 400 x 250 x 250 mm 64559.00 1Compressed gas in pressure bottle, oxygen 41772.05 1Fine control valve for pressure bottles 33499.00 1Diffuser 64567.00 1Rubber tubing, di = 4 mm 39280.00 1Balance SAS 51, 200 g / 0.01 g, RS232 45990.93 1Spoon with spatula end, l = 150 mm, steel, wide 33398.00 1Glass rod, d = 7 mm, l = 300 mm 40485.05 2Buffer solution pH 4.01, 460 ml 46270.11 1Buffer solution pH 10.01, 1000 ml 46272.12 1Hydrochloric acid standard solution, 0.1 mol/l, 1000 ml 48452.70 1Sodium carbonate, 250 g 30154.25 1Distilled water, 5 l 31246.81 1Waterweed (Elodea), approx. 4 medium size plantsPC, Windows® 95 or higher

The twenty-four hour rhythm of an aquaticplant with Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT P4100840

Curve of pH against time for the reaction of waterweed in the dark

What you need:

62

1

Contents

LEB 11.01 Photosynthesis (bubble counting method)

LEB 11.02 Photosynthesis (measurement of O2 pressure)

LEB 11.03 Transpiration of leaves

LEB 11.04 Glycolysis (measurement of pressure)

LEB 11.05 Glycolysis (measurement of temperature)11Plant physiology


11.01 Photosynthesis (bubble counting method)

Principle and tasks:To measure the dependence of pho-tosynthesis on light by counting theoxygen bubbles given off by anaquatic plant. To investigate the in-fluence of the carbon dioxide con-tent of the water on the rate ofphotosynthesis.

Result



Software Cobra3 - Lux 14507.61 1

Photodiode in plug-in box 39119.01 1

Support for two electrodes 45284.01 1

Connecting cord, 500 mm, red 07361.01 1

Connecting cord, 500 mm, blue 07361.04 1







Rubber tubing, di = 6 mm, 1 m 39282.00 1

Sparkling mineral water

Water-weed


What you need:

Photosynthesis (bubble counting method)with Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT P4110111

Plant physiology LEB 11


� Dependence of photo-synthesis on light and carbondioxide content

� Oxygen bubble counting� Lux measurement


Photosynthesis (measurement of O2 pressure) 11.02


Principle and tasks:To compare the increase in oxygenpressure during photosynthesis inwhite light, green light and in thedark.

Result with white light


� Photosynthesis� Intensity and colour of the

light� Pressure measurement






Support clamp for small case 02043.10 1



Bosshead 02043.00 1








Test tube, d = 30 mm, l = 200 mm, PN29 36294.00 1

Glass tubes, straight, 80 mm, d = 7 mm 36701.65 1

Glass rod, l = 200 mm, d = 3 mm 40485.01 1

Balance SAS 51, 200 g/0.01 g, RS232 45990.93 1

Microspoon, special steel 33393.00 1

Glycerol, 99%, 100 ml 30084.10 1

Dropping bottle, plastic, 50 ml 33920.00 1

Sodium hydrogen carbonate, 250 g 30151.25 1

Tartrazine (E 102), 25 g 48498.04 1

Patent blue V (E 131), 25 g 48376.04 1

Aluminium foil

Water-weed


What you need:

Photosynthesis (measurement of O2 pressure)with Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT P4110211

Result in the dark


11.03 Transpiration of leaves

Principle and tasks:To prepare diagrams to illustrate thetranspiration of plants. To discussthe reasons of the pressure decrease.

Result in still air


Support clamp for small case 02043.10 1






Bosshead 02043.00 1


Test tube, 200 x 30 mm, side arm, PN 29 36331.00 1



Glass beaker, 1000 ml, short form, DURAN 36017.00 1

Tripod, ring dia 100 mm, h = 180 mm 33299.00 1

Wire gauze, 120 x 120 mm 33287.03 1

Bunsen burner, natural gas 32165.05 1

Safety gas tubing, 1 m 39281.10 1

Tubing clip, d = 8...12 mm 40996.01 2

Rubber bands, 50 off 03920.00 1

Hot/cold air blower, 1700 W 04030.93 1


Plastic bag

Knife

Flesh-leaved plant

What you need:

Transpiration of leaves with Cobra3 BASIC-UNITP4110311



� Transpiration� Water and nutrients

transport� Influence of wind� Temperature� Humidity and type of leaves


Glycolysis (measurement of pressure) 11.04


Principle and tasks:To identify glycolysis by measuringthe production of CO2 and plottinggraphs. To investigate the influenceof temperature and pH on metabolicactivity.

Result at room temperature


� Glycolysis, yeast fermentationof sugar

� CO2 pressure measurement� Influence of temperature

and pH

Equipment (for the experimental procedure using the BASIC-UNIT)Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT, USB 12150.50 1Power supply, 12 V 12151.99 1Software Cobra3 - Pressure 14510.61 1Measuring module, pressure 12103.00 1Support clamp for small case 02043.10 1Magnetic stirrer, mini 47334.93 1Magnetic stirrer bar, l = 50 mm 46299.03 1Glass beaker, 1000 ml, short form, DURAN 36017.00 1Glass beaker, 250 ml, tall form, DURAN 36004.00 2Graduated pipette, 10 ml 36600.00 1Erlenmeyer flask, narrow neck, PN 29 36424.00 1Rubber stopper, d = 32/26 mm, 1 hole 39258.01 1Glass tubes, straight, 80 mm, d = 7 mm 36701.65 1Rubber tubing, di = 6 mm, 1 m 39282.00 1Bunsen burner, natural gas 32165.05 1Safety gas tubing, 1 m 39281.10 1Tubing clip, d = 8...12 mm 40996.01 2Tripod, ring dia 100 mm, h = 180 mm 33299.00 1Wire gauze, 120 x 120 mm 33287.03 1Glass rod, l = 200 mm, d = 3 mm 40485.01 1Support base, variable 02001.00 1Support rod, l = 500 mm, stainless steel 02032.00 1Bosshead 02043.00 1Universal clamp 37715.00 1Balance SAS 51, 200 g/0.01 g, RS232 45990.93 1Precision thermometer, –10...+100°C 47040.00 1Buffer solution, pH 10.01, 1000 ml 46272.12 1Buffer solution, pH 4.01, 460 ml 46270.11 1Glycerol, 99%, 100 ml 30084.10 1Dropping bottle, plastic, 50 ml 33920.00 1Grape juiceFresh baker’s yeastIce cubesPC, Windows® 95 or higher

What you need:

Glycolysis (measurement of pressure)with Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT P4110411

Result in iced water


11.05 Glycolysis (measurement of temperature)

Principle and tasks:To depict the increase in tempera-ture, which results, when yeast cellsferment sugar. To compare the tem-perature curves of the solutions withand without yeast.

Typical result







Balance, SAS 51, 200 g/0.01 g, RS232 45990.93 1

Thermos flask, 0.5 l 64841.00 2

Rubber stopper, d = 41/34 mm, 2 holes 39261.02 2

Glass beaker, 1000 ml, short form, DURAN 36017.00 1

Fresh baker’s yeast

Refined sugar, crystalline







What you need:

Glycolysis (measurement of temperature)with Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT P4110540



� Glycolysis� Yeast fermentation of sugar� Temperature measurement� Respiration energy


Glycolysis (measurement of temperature)with Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT P4110511

12BiochemistryContents

LEB 12.01 Determination of the isoelectric point of an amino acid (glycine)

LEB 12.02 The ionic permeability of the cell membrane

LEB 12.03 Determination of the Michaelis constant

LEB 12.04 Substrate inhibition of enzymes

LEB 12.05 Enzyme inhibition (poisoning of enzymes)

LEB 12.06 The enzymatic activity of catalase


Biochemistry LEB 12

12.01 Determination of the isoelectric point of an amino acid (glycine)

Principle and tasks:Amino acid molecules carry both acidand amino groups. They can there-fore form both acidic anions andbasic cations. The pH at which thesetwo types of ions are both present inthe same concentration is called theisoelectric point. This point is to bedetermined by recording the titrationcurve for the amino acid glycine.

Titration curve for hydrochloric acid glycine solution against 1 mol/l NaOH


� Isoelectric point� Acidic anions� Basic cations� Zwitterions� Equivalence (inflection)

points� pKs value� Titration� Motor piston burette

Equipment (for the experimental procedure using the CHEM-UNIT)Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT 12153.00 * 1Power supply, 12 V 12151.99 1Data cable, plug/socket, 9 pole 14602.00 1Software Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT 14520.61 * 1pH electrode, gel-filled, BNC 46265.15 * 1Immersion probe NiCr-Ni, Teflon 13615.05 * 1Cable, CHEM-UNIT / motor piston burette 36501.01 * 1Motor piston burette, universal type, 50 ml 36499.93 1Magnetic stirrer mini, plastic (ABS) 47334.93 1Magnetic stirring rod, cylindrical, l = 30 mm 46299.02 1Volumetric pipette, 50 ml 36581.00 1Rubber stopper, 14/18, 1 hole, d = 7 mm 39254.01 1Safety pipettor Flip 36592.00 1Wash bottle, 500 ml 33931.00 1Beaker, DURAN, tall form, 250 ml 36004.00 1Beaker, DURAN, tall form, 50 ml 36001.00 3Volumetric flask, 500 ml 36551.00 1Funnel, glass, d = 55 mm 34457.00 1Spoon with spatula end, l = 150 mm, steel, wide 33398.00 1Balance SAS 51, 200 g / 0.01 g, RS232 45990.93 1Buffer solution pH 4.01, 460 ml 46270.11 1Buffer solution pH 10.01, 1000 ml 46272.12 1Sodium hydroxide standard solution, 1 mol/l, 1 l 48329.70 1Hydrochloric acid standard solution, 1 mol/l, 1 l 48454.70 1Glycine, 100 g 31341.10 1Distilled water, 5 l 31246.81 1PC, Windows® 95 or higher

Changes in the equipment required for use of the BASIC-UNIT:(Instead of * above-mentioned)

Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT, USB 12150.50 1Software Cobra3 pH/potential 14509.61 1Measuring module pH/potential 12101.00 1pH Electrode, plastic, gel-filled 18450.00 1Temperature sensor, semiconductor type 12120.00 1Cable, BASIC-UNIT / motor piston burette 36501.03 1

What you need:

Determination of the isoelectric point of an amino acid(glycine) with Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT P4120140


Determination of the isoelectric point of an amino acid(glycine) with Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT P4120111


LEB 12 Biochemistry

The ionic permeability of the cell membrane 12.02

Principle and tasks:The cell membrane controls thetransport of nutrients and water intothe cell, and of waste products andwater out of the cell. This can takeplace passively, e.g. on the basis ofosmotic processes (differences inconcentration), as well as actively. Inthis experiment, the selective perme-ability of an artificial cell membrane(dialysis tube) for H+ and OH- ions isto be examined.

pH curve for the emergence of H+ ions


Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT 12153.00 * 1Power supply, 12 V 12151.99 1Data cable, plug/socket, 9 pole 14602.00 1Software Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT 14520.61 * 1pH electrode, gel-filled, BNC 46265.15 * 1Magnetic stirrer mini, plastic (ABS) 47334.93 1Magnetic stirring rod, cylindrical, l = 30 mm 46299.02 1Support rod, l = 500 mm, stainless steel 02032.00 1Support base, variable 02001.00 1Right angle clamp (bosshead) 02043.00 2Universal clamp 37715.00 2Cylinder, Boro 3, glass base, 25 ml 36627.00 1Funnel, glass, d = 55 mm 34457.00 1Wash bottle, 500 ml 33931.00 1Beaker, DURAN, tall form, 250 ml 36004.00 2Beaker, DURAN, tall form, 50 ml 36001.00 2Dialysis tubing, d = 24 mm, 1 m 64208.00 1Dialysis clips, pack of 2 64209.00 2Disposable gloves, medium, Latex, pack of 100 46359.00 1Buffer solution pH 4.01, 460 ml 46270.11 1Buffer solution pH 10.01, 1000 ml 46272.12 1Hydrochloric acid standard solution, 1 mol/l, 1000 ml 48454.70 1Sodium hydroxide standard solution, 1 mol/l, 1000 ml 48329.70 1Distilled water, 5 l 31246.81 1PC, Windows® 95 or higher


Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT, USB 12150.50 1Software Cobra3 pH/potential 14509.61 1Measuring module pH/potential 12101.00 1pH Electrode, plastic, gel-filled 18450.00 1

What you need:

The ionic permeability of the cell membranewith Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT P4120240


� Ionic permeability� Artificial cell membrane� Dialysis tube� H+ ions� OH- ions� Osmotic processes

pH curve for the emergence of OH- ions

The ionic permeability of the cell membranewith Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT P4120211


12.03 Determination of the Michaelis constant

Biochemistry LEB 12

Principle and tasks:The enzymatic hydrolysis of urea inaqueous solution liberates carbondioxide and ammonia. The ions ofthese compounds increase the con-ductivity of the solution. Conductivi-ty measurements can be used todetermine the rate of hydrolysis ofurea by the enzyme urease at varioussubstrate concentrations. TheMichaelis constant can then be cal-culated from these values.

The rate of enzymolysis in dependence on the substrate concentration


� Michaelis constant� Enzymatic hydrolysis of urea� Conductivity measurement� Bodenstein principle� Enzyme-substrate complex� Lineweaver-Burk plot


Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT 12153.00 * 1Power supply, 12 V 12151.99 1Data cable, plug/socket, 9 pole 14602.00 1Software Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT 14520.61 * 1Conductivity-temperature electrode 13701.01 * 1Magnetic stirrer mini, plastic (ABS) 47334.93 1Magnetic stirring rod, cylindrical, l = 30 mm 46299.02 1Magnetic bar separator made of PTFE 35680.03 1Balance SAS 51, 200 g / 0.01 g, RS232 45990.93 1Support rod, l = 500 mm, stainless steel 02032.00 1Support base, variable 02001.00 1Right angle clamp (bosshead) 02043.00 2Universal clamp 37715.00 1Beaker, DURAN, tall form, 100 ml 36002.00 6Erlenmeyer flask, Duran, 100 ml, PN 19 36418.00 6Rubber stopper, d = 22/17, without hole 39255.00 6Volumetric pipette, 20 ml 36579.00 1Safety pipettor Flip 36592.00 1Microliter syringe, 100 ml 02606.00 1Pasteur pipettes, l = 145 mm 36590.00 1Rubber caps 39275.03 1Spoon with spatula end, l = 150 mm, steel, micro 33393.00 1Wash bottle, 500 ml 33931.00 1Urea, 250 g 30086.25 1Urease solution in 50% glycerine, 1000 U/ml, 10 ml 31924.03 1Distilled water, 5 l 31246.81 1Paper tissuesPC, Windows® 95 or higher


Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT, USB 12150.50 1Software Cobra3 conductivity 14508.61 1Measuring module conductivity 12108.00 1Conductivity probe, glass shaft, l = 12 cm 18151.02 1Temperature sensor, semiconductor type 12120.00 1

What you need:

Determination of the Michaelis constantwith Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT P4120340

Lineweaver-Burk plot

Determination of the Michaelis constantwith Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT P4120311


LEB 12 Biochemistry

Substrate inhibition of enzymes 12.04

Principle and tasks:The enzymatic hydrolysis of urea inaqueous solution liberates carbondioxide and ammonia. The ions ofthese compounds increase the con-ductivity of the solution. Conductivi-ty measurements enable the rate ofhydrolysis of urea by the enzymeurease to be determined at varioussubstrate concentrations. Inhibitionof the enzyme by the substrate oc-curs at excessive substrate concen-trations.

Conductivity-time plot for the hydrolysis of urea with urease

Equipment (for the experimental procedure using the CHEM-UNIT)Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT 12153.00 * 1Power supply, 12 V 12151.99 1Data cable, plug/socket, 9 pole 14602.00 1Software Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT 14520.61 * 1Conductivity-temperature electrode 13701.01 * 1Magnetic stirrer mini, plastic (ABS) 47334.93 1Magnetic stirring rod, cylindrical, l = 30 mm 46299.02 1Magnetic bar separator made of PTFE 35680.03 1Balance SAS 51, 200 g / 0.01 g, RS232 45990.93 1Support rod, l = 500 mm, stainless steel 02032.00 1Support base, variable 02001.00 1Right angle clamp (bosshead) 02043.00 2Universal clamp 37715.00 1Beaker, DURAN, tall form, 100 ml 36002.00 8Beaker, low form, 250 ml, plastic 36013.01 1Erlenmeyer flask, Duran, 100 ml, PN 19 36418.00 7Rubber stopper, d = 22/17, without hole 39255.00 7Volumetric pipette, 20 ml 36579.00 1Safety pipettor Flip 36592.00 1Microliter syringe, 100 ml 02606.00 1Pasteur pipettes, l = 145 mm 36590.00 1Rubber caps 39275.03 1Spoon with spatula end, l = 150 mm, steel, micro 33393.00 1Wash bottle, 500 ml 33931.00 1Urea, 250 g 30086.25 1Urease solution in 50% glycerine, 1000 U/ml, 10 ml 31924.03 1Distilled water, 5 l 31246.81 1Paper tissuesPC, Windows® 95 or higher



What you need:

Substrate inhibition of enzymeswith Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT P4120411


� Substrate inhibition� Enzymolysis of urea� Conductivity-time plot� Reaction velocity

of enzymatic hydrolysis

The velocity of enzymolysis in dependence on the concentration

Substrate inhibition of enzymeswith Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT P4120440


12.05 Enzyme inhibition (poisoning of enzymes)

Biochemistry LEB 12

Principle and tasks:The enzymatic hydrolysis of urea inaqueous solution liberates carbondioxide and ammonia. The ions ofthese compounds increase the con-ductivity of the solution. Conductivi-ty measurements enable the rate ofhydrolysis of urea by the enzymeurease to be determined. The addi-tion of an appropriate inhibitor poi-sons the enzyme, so that it no longerconverts substrate.

Conductivity-time plot for the hydrolysis of urea with urease before and afterpoisoning


� Poisoning of enzymes� Enzymatic hydrolysis of urea� Silver nitrate inhibition of

urease� Conductivity measurement

Equipment (for the experimental procedure using the CHEM-UNIT)Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT 12153.00 * 1Power supply, 12 V 12151.99 1Data cable, plug/socket, 9 pole 14602.00 1Software Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT 14520.61 * 1Conductivity-temperature electrode 13701.01 * 1Magnetic stirrer mini, plastic (ABS) 47334.93 1Magnetic stirring rod, cylindrical, l = 30 mm 46299.02 1Magnetic bar separator made of PTFE 35680.03 1Balance SAS 51, 200 g / 0.01 g, RS232 45990.93 1Support rod, l = 500 mm, stainless steel 02032.00 1Support base, variable 02001.00 1Right angle clamp (bosshead) 02043.00 1Universal clamp 37715.00 1Beaker, DURAN, tall form, 100 ml 36002.00 8Beaker, low form, 250 ml, plastic 36013.01 1Volumetric pipette, 1 ml 36575.00 1Volumetric pipette, 20 ml 36579.00 1Safety pipettor Flip 36592.00 1Microliter syringe, 100 ml 02606.00 1Pasteur pipettes, l = 145 mm 36590.00 1Rubber caps 39275.03 1Spoon with spatula end, l = 150 mm, steel, micro 33393.00 1Wash bottle, 500 ml 33931.00 1Urea, 250 g 30086.25 1Urease solution in 50% glycerine, 1000 U/ml, 10 ml 31924.03 1Silver nitrate, 15 g 30222.00 1Distilled water, 5 l 31246.81 1PC, Windows® 95 or higher



What you need:

Enzyme inhibition (poisoning of enzymes)with Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT P4120511


Enzyme inhibition (poisoning of enzymes)with Cobra3 CHEM-UNIT P4120540


LEB 12 Biochemistry

The enzymatic activity of catalase 12.06

Principle and tasks:To examine the enzymatic decompo-sition of hydrogen peroxide, a cellrespiratory poison, in the liver. To in-vestigate the influence of tempera-ture and pH on the metabolic activi-ty.

Normal result

Equipment (for the experimental procedure using the BASIC-UNIT)Cobra3 BASIC-UNIT, USB 12150.50 1Power supply, 12 V 12151.99 1Software Cobra3 - Pressure 14510.61 1Measuring module, pressure 12103.00 1Support clamp for small case 02043.10 1Support base, variable 02001.00 1Support rod, l = 500 mm, stainless steel 02032.00 1Bosshead 02043.00 1Universal clamp 37715.00 1Magnetic stirrer, mini 47334.93 1Magnetic stirrer bar, l = 50 mm 46299.03 1Erlenmeyer flask, narrow neck, PN 29 36424.00 1Rubber stopper, d = 32/26 mm, 1 hole 39258.01 1Glass tubes, straight, 80 mm, d = 7 mm, 10 pieces 36701.65 1Rubber tubing, di = 6 mm, 1 m 39282.00 1Graduated cylinder, 100 ml 36629.00 1Mortar with pestle, 150 ml, porcelain 32604.00 1Strainer, fine mesh, d = 60 mm 40968.00 1Graduated pipette, 1 ml 36595.00 1Graduated pipette, 10 ml 36600.00 2Glass beaker, 250 ml, tall form, DURAN 36004.00 2Tripod, ring d = 100 mm, h = 180 mm 33299.00 1Wire gauze, 120 x 120 ml 33287.03 1Bunsen burner, natural gas 32165.05 1Safety gas tubing, 1 m 39281.10 1Tubing clip, d = 8...12 mm 40996.01 2Test tube, 100 mm, d = 12 mm, FIOLAX, 100 pieces 36307.10 1Glycerol, 99%, 100 ml 30084.10 1Dropping bottle, plastic, 50 ml 33920.00 1Hydrogen peroxide, 30%, 250 ml 31710.25 1Hydrochloric acid, 1 molar, 500 ml 48454.50 1Sodium hydroxide, 1 molar, 500 ml 48329.50 1Ice cubes, Chicken liver or pig liverDistilled waterPC, Windows® 95 or higher

What you need:

The enzymatic activity of catalase P4120611


� Enzyme catalase� Decomposition of H2O2

� Poisonous by-product of cellrespiration

� Influence of temperature and pH

Result when acidic


Handbooks

84 described Experiments

Please ask for a completeequipment list Ref. No.25422

1. Mechanics1.1 (13301)Frequency of a spring pendulum1.2 (13302)Frequency of a thread pendulum1.3 (13369)Free fall with a screen1.4 (13370)The path-time law for free fallwith the falling sphere apparatus1.5 (13371)Uniform, linear, unacceleratedmotion1.6 (13372)Force-free, linear motion1.7 (13373)Uniformly accelerated, linear mo-tion, Newton`s 2nd law1.8 (13374)The elastic collision1.9 (13375)The inelastic collision1.10 (13376)Frequency of a thread pendulum1.11 (13377)Pendulum oscillations-variable g pendulum1.12 (13378)The harmonic oscillation of heli-cal springs-parallel and seriesconnection of spring1.13 (13379)Dependence of the oscillation pe-riod of a leaf spring on the pen-dulum length & pendulum mass1.14 (13380)Moment of inertia of differentbodies:disc,solid and hollowcylinder - Steiner`s law1.15 (13381)Uniform rotary motion1.16 (13382)Uniform, accelerated rotationalmotion, moment of inertia

2. Acoustics2.1 (13360)Measurement of frequency oftuning forks, detuning of tuningforks2.2 (13361)Investigation of the naturaloscillation of columns of air2.3 (13362)Measurement of the speed ofsound in air2.4 (13363)Measurement of the speed ofsound in diffent gases2.5 (13364)Measurement of the speed inmetal rods2.6 (13365)Acoustical Doppler effect2.7 (13615)Investigation of beats2.8 (13619)Influence of damping on thespectrum of the characteristicoscillations of air columns2.9 (13620)Characteristic oscillations in cavityresonators - Hemholtz's resonators2.10 (13621)Tone analysis

2.11 (13622)Oscillations in metal plates2.12 (13623)Speech analysis2.13 (13628)Signal filtration - elimination ofbackground noises2.14 (13629)Determination of the speed ofsound in air - travel time measure-ment between two microphones2.15 (13630)Acoustic spacial orientation

3. Thermodynamics3.1 (13491)Specific heat capacity of water3.2 (13492)Specific evaporation heat ofwater3.3 (13493)Specific heat capacity of liquids3.4 (13494)Specific heat capacity of solidbodies3.5 (13495)Specific condensation heat ofwater3.6 (13496)Specific melting heat of ice3.7 (13497)Specific dissolution heat of salts3.8 (13498)Specific heat value of fuels3.9 (13499)Volume expansion of gases3.10 (13500)Gay-Lussas Law3.11 (13501)Amontons Law3.12 (13502)Boyle's and Mariotte's Law3.13 (13641)Gay-Lussac's law3.14 (13642)Charles' (Amontons') law - variant A3.15 (13643)Charles' (Amontons') law - variant B3.16 (13644)Boyle and Mariotte's law

4 Electricity4.1 (13303)Ohm's Law4.2 (13304)Temperature dependence of theresistance of pure metals4.3 (13305)Characteristics of semi-conductordiodes4.4 (13306)Collector current-collector voltagecharacteristic of an NPN-transistor4.5 (13307)Second order conductors4.6 (13308)Switch-on current of aincandescent bulb4.7 (13309)Measurement of the work andpower of an incandescent bulb4.8 (13310)Switch-on behaviour of acapacitance4.9 (13311)Switch-on behaviour of aninductivity4.10 (13312)Induction impulse

61 described Experiments

Please ask for a complete equipmentlist Ref. No. 25423

1. Food Chemistry1.1 (13705)The manual titration of citric acid1.2 (13706)The automatic titration of ordinary vinegar1.3 (13707)Determination of the phosporic acid contentof a soft drink1.4 (13708)The pH and degree of acidity of coffee1.5 (13709)Determination of the content of fruit acidin juices and wine1.6 (13710)Titration curves of fresh milk and sour milk1.7 (13711)Changes in pH during the aging of milk(souring)1.8 (13712)The buffering properties of foods1.9 (13713)Determination of the calcium carbonatecontent of egg shell1.10 (13714)Determination of the common salt contentof meat broth1.11 (13715)Chloride in mineral water

2 Ecology and Environment2.1 (13701)The conductivity of various water samples2.2 (13702)The pH of various water samples2.3 (13703)The origin of acid rain2.4 (13704)The twenty-four hour rhythm of an aquaticplant2.5 (13509)Comparison of the heat capacities of waterand land2.6 (13510)The Bergman rule: heat loss in dependenceon body surface area and volume2.7 (13511)The isolating effect of body coverage2.8 (13325)Daily course of luminosity2.9 (13325)Daily course of luminosity

3. Biochemistry3.1 (13696)Determination of the isoelectric point of anamino acid (glycine)3.2 (13697)The ionic permeability of the cell membrane3.3 (13698)Determination of the Michaelis constant3.4 (13699)Substrate inhibition of enzymes3.5 (13700)Enzyme inhibition (poisoning of enzymes)

4. Neurophysiology4.1 (13600)Neuro-simulator (membrane time constantand low-pass filtering)4.2 (13601)Neuro-simulator (how an exciting synapsefunctions)4.3 (13602)Mechanical stimulation of the rear end ofan earthworm4.4 (13603)Mechanical stimulation of the front end ofan earthworm4.5 (13604)Electrical stimulation of an anaesthesizedearthworm

5. Human Physiology5.1 (13326)Cardiac and vasular sonic measurement(Phonocardiography)5.2 (13327)Electrocardiography5.3 (13327)Electrocardiography5.4 (13503)Electromyography5.5 (13605)Muscle stretch reflex and determination ofconducting velocity5.6 (13504)Electro-oculography5.7 (13326)Cardiac and vascular sonic measurement(Phonocardiography)5.8 (13606)Acoustic orientation in space5.9 (13607)The enzymatic activity of catalase5.10 (13505)Blood pressure measurement5.11 (13506)Measurement of the respiratory rate5.12 (13507)Changes in the blood flow during smoking5.13 (13508)Regulation of body temperature

6. Plant Physiology6.1 (13608)Photosynthesis (bubble-counting method)6.2 (13513)Photosynthesis (measurement of oxygenpressure)6.3 (13512)Transpiration of leaves6.4 (13609)Glycolysis (measurement of pressure)6.5 (13514)Glycolysis (measurement of temperature6.6 (13515)Calorimetry of foods

7. Electrochemistry7.1 (13318)Electrolysis of copper sulphate solutions7.2 (13319)The electrochemical series of metals7.3 (13320)Electric potential of a concentrationelement

8. Chemical equilibrium8.1 (13321)Chromatographic separation processes: gas chromatography

9. Gas laws9.1 (13499)Volume expansion of gases (with Software Pressure)9.2 (13500)Gay-Lussas Law (with Software Pressure)9.3 (13501)Amontons Law (with Software Pressure)9.4 (13502)Boyle's and Mariotte's Law (with Software Pressure)9.5 (13641)Gay-Lussac's law (with Software Gas Laws)9.6 (13642)Charles' (Amontons') law - variant A (with Software Gas Laws)9.7 (13643)Charles' (Amontons') law - variant B (with Software Gas Laws)9.8 (13644)Boyle and Mariotte's law (with Software Gas Laws)

Computer assisted Experiments with Cobra3 Physics, Chemistry /Biology

Cobra3 Physics • No. 01310.02

Cobra3 Chemistry/Biology • No. 01320.02

4.11 (13313)Generation of an alternating cur-rent, rectification and filtration4.12 (13314)Efficiency of motor and generator4.13 (13366)Measurement of the reboundtime of a switch4.14 (13367)Current-voltage characteristic ofa solar cell4.15 (13611)Single-valued and multiple-valued Fourier spectra4.16 (13612)Analysis of simple and compositesinusoidal signals4.17 (13613)Spectral analysis of differentsignal forms - sinusoidal, rectan-gular, triangular signals4.18 (13614)Spectral analysis of periodic spikepulses4.19 (13616)Determination of the non-lineardistortion factor from the Fourierspectrum of distorted sinusoidaloscillations4.20 (13617)The Fourier spectrum of rectified,non-smoothed alternating currents4.21 (13618)Investigation of the characteristicoscillations of air columns4.22 (13624)Coupled electrical resonant cir-cuits4.23 (13625)Forced oscillations of a non-linearelectrical series resonance circuit- chaotic oscillation4.24 (13626)Analysis of Fourier series4.25 (13627)High-pass, low-pass, bandpassfilters4.26 (13631)Switch rebound4.27 (13632)Phase relationships in a seriesresonant circuit4.28 (13633)Free damped oscillation

5. Optics5.1 (13315)Dependence of the luminousintensity on the distance

6. Physical Structure of Matter6.1 (13368)Franck-Hertz Experiment6.2 (13634)Range of alpha particles in the air6.3 (13635)Mean range of beta radiation in air6.4 (13636)Absorption of electrons (orpositrons) in thin layers of matter6.5 (13637)The quantal flux of gammaradiation in air6.6 (13638)Absorption of gamma quanta (or electrons) as a function ofmaterial density6.7 (13639)Law of radioactive decay6.8 (13640)Radioactive equilibrium


Index

AAchilles tendon reflex 23

Acidic anions 70

Acid rain 60

Acoustic hearing thresholds 26

Acoustic orientation 28

Action potential 8, 9, 10, 13

Additive colour mixing 43

Air pollution 60

Aquarium water 58, 59

Artificial cell membrane 71

Atria 16

AV nodes 16

BBasic cations 70

Behaviour of mice 46

Bergman rule 55

Bio-amplifier 8, 9, 1016, 22, 23, 42

Black masking 43

Blind spot 39

Blood flow 19

Blood pressure measurement 18

Blood pulse waves 18

Bodenstein principle 72

Body temperature 36

Breathing 50

Bubble counting method 64

Buffering effect 59

CCapacities 54

Catalase 75

Cell membrane 71

Centrifugal force 31

Clinostat 30

CO2 pressure measurement 67

Colour masking 43

Colour mixing 43

Colour saturation 43

Complementary colour 43

Conducting veIocity 23

Conductivity 58

Conductivity of water samples 58

DDaily course of luminosity 57

Dark reaction 61

Daylight reaction 61

Dead time 41

Dialysis tube 71

Diaphragmatic respiration 51

Diastole 17, 18

Diffusion potential 11

Diurnal rhythm 61

Drinking water 58, 59

EEarthworm experiment 8chamber 9, 10

ECG 16

ECG segments 16

Electrical stimulation 10

Electrocardiogram 16

Electrophysiology 16, 22, 23, 42

Electrolytes 58

Electromyogram 22, 23

EIectromyography 22

Electrooculography 42

EMG 22

Enzyme 73

Enzyme inhibition 74

Enzyme reaction 72, 7374, 75

EOG 42

Eupnea 51

Evaporation 36

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) 13

Exciting synapse 13

Eye movements 42

FFacilitation 23

Feedback reaction 41

Field of view 39

Finger labyrinth 48

Fixation period 42

Flapping sound 17

Flicker fusion frequency 40

Frequency differentiation 27

Frequency modulation 8

GGeographical separation 35

Geotaxis 30

Geotropism 30, 31

Germination 34

Glycolysis 67, 68

Gravity 31

Growth 34

HH+ ions 71

Hearing range 26, 27

Hearing threshold 26, 27

Heart rate 16

Heat capacity 54

Heat loss 55

Heat radiation 54

High labyrinth 47

Human body temperature 36

Human electrocardiography (ECG) 16

Human electrooculography (EOG) 42

Human eye 40

Human merging frequency 26

Human reaction capacity 41

Human respiratory rate 51

Human visual field 39

Humidity 66

IInsulating effect 56

Intracellular potential 12, 13

Ionic permeability 71

Isoelectric point 70

JJendrassik effect 23

LLabyrinth 47, 48

Lake water 59

Learning 47, 48

Learning behaviour 48

Learning curve 48

Learning performance 48

Low pass filtering 12

Luminosity 57

Lux measurement 64

MMarking behaviour 47

Membrane 11, 71

Membrane time constant 12

Merging frequency 26

Michaelis constant 72

Mineral water 58, 59

Motor piston burette 70

Muscle 8

Muscle contractions 22

Muscle potential 8, 9, 10, 22

Muscle stretch reflex 23

NNerve 8

Neurosimulator 12, 13, 16

Nocturnal rhythm 61


Index

OO2 pressure 65

OH- ions 71

Operative conditioning 47

Optomotor response 38

Orientation 28

Osmotic processes 71

Oxygen bubble counting 64

PPCG 17

Perimeter 39, 40

Permeability 71

pH 59, 61

pH measurement 61

pH of water samples 59

Phonocardiography (PCG) 17

Photoperiodism 30

Photosynthesis 61, 64, 65

Phototaxis 30, 35

Phototropism 30

pKs value 70

Plant germination 34

Platform for behaviour observation 46

Preferential temperature 35

Pressure 67

Pressure measurement 65

Pulse 17

QQ10 value 50

RRainwater 58, 59

Rapid reading techniques 42

Reaction capacity 41

Reflex 23

Reflex latency 23

Refractory period 10

Respiration energy 68

Respiratory frequency 51

Respiratory rate 50, 51

Respirometer 50

Resting potential 11

Rhythm 61

River water 58, 59

SSacchades 42

Scotoma 39

Selective permeability 11, 71

Sine wave generator 26, 27, 40

Skin temperature 19, 36

Smoking 19

Soil temperature 34

Spatial orientation 28

Statoliths 30, 31

Stimuli generator 10

Strobe drum 31, 38, 41

Substrate inhibition 73

Subtractive colour mixing 43

Synaptic depression 9

Synaptic facilitation 9

Systole 17, 18

TTemperature 68

Temperature organ 34, 35

Temperature preferendum 34, 35

Temperature regulation 36

Thermotaxis 35

Thigmotaxis 35

Thoracic respiration 51

Threshold 26, 27

Threshold frequency 41

Time resolving capability 38, 40

Titration 70

Torpor 35

Transpiration 66

Transpiration of leaves 66

Twenty-four hour rhythm 61

UUrease 72, 73, 74

Ussing chamber 11

VVentricles 16

Visual field 39

WWall contact searching 46

Waste water 58

Water 58, 59

White masking 43

YY-Labyrinth 47

ZZwitterions 70

79

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PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG

D-37070 GöttingenGermany

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LEB 01.01 LEB 01.02 LEB 01.03 LEB 01.04 LEB 01.05 LEB 01.06 LEB 02.01 LEB 02.02 LEB 02.03





LEB 12.02 LEB 12.03 LEB 12.04 LEB 12.05 LEB 12.06

80

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PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG


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PHYSICS – CHEMISTRY – BIOLOGY

The comprehensive catalogue for physics,

chemistry and biology. Additionally you can

find a large number of laboratory materials

and an insight in our particularly successful

teaching systems TESS, Cobra3 and

Natural Sciences on the board.

Available in German, English and Spanish.

Laboratory Experiments

The experiments in the Phywe publication series “Laboratory Experiments”

are intended for the heads of laboratories,

colleges of advanced technology, technical

colleges and similar institutions and also

for advanced courses in high schools.

Laboratory Experiments is also available

on CD-ROM (Order No. 16502.42).

Available in English.

For the student system “Advanced Optics

and Laser Physics” a special brochure

is available in English.

Special brochures

Additionally there are special brochu-

res for our particularly successful

teaching systems TESS (available in

German, English, French and Spanish),

Cobra3 (available in German and

English) and Natural Sciences on the

board (available in German and English).

– catalogues, brochures

and more…

05.08.05 Order No. 16507.02 2nd edition

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KGRobert-Bosch-Breite 10


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