BacteriaTuesday, November 24, 20159:59 AM Prokaryotes - two domainsBacteria and archaeaProkaryotes - uniceullular - some may form coloniesSome segregation of labor within colonySomething acting like multicellualr organismDealing with unicellular independent organismLack nucleus and organellesMost have cell wallOther organisms - like plantsBut made out of different materials than cell walls we find in prokaryotes

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:01 AM Hair like things coming out at one end - flagella - used to propel bacterium through environmentDirect it towards something in particularPlasma membrane surrounding cellOutside of membrane = cell wallRibosomesNo nucleus

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:02 AM Blue green algae Consists of philamentsEach segment in philament - cellColony of cellsLake - have greenish bluish cast to itAlgal bloomAlgal - cynobacteriaAlgal bloom - due to warm temperatures and abundance of nutrientsTurns lake into distinctive color Bacterial cells - most part - including archaeProkaryotes - include both prokaryotes and bacteriaBacteria include in broad senseBacteria have cell walls made from different materials than plant or fungalCircular chromosome rather than x shapedCapable of moving using flagellum or flagellaAlso have dormant stage - endosphore - Stay in dormant stage for centuries or more - long timeAvoiding inhospitible environmentsWhen environment turns bad turns into endospore Get rid of germ materials - endospore stage - difficult to kill bacteriaIn laboratories or hospitals - things that can be contaminated into high temperature

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:05 AM Helical shape - sprial - spirochetes - belong to this groupRod shape bacterial - baccilli - disease that has baccilus in it - rod shapedBacterial sells spherical shape called cocciHumans think we are dominant species on earthBut who is dominant organism on planetProkaryotesFound everywhereSnowbanks on tops of mountains to deep down into earthJust took all living biomass on earth 90% of living mass would be prokaryotesMany time where no other organisms can liveMember of archaea group - in extremely hot salty or cold environmentsBeen around since life beganVery diverse in metabolismSome bacteria - obligate aerobes - need oxygen to liveMost plants and animals - obligate aerobesFacultative anaerobes - can do without oxygen if necessaryHumans only for short period of time but within a few minutes need oxygenSome bacteria - obligate anerobes - can live without oxygenDecomposers - swamps - produce methaneGut bacteria in ruminants and termites - produce methaneAnimals - eat vegetationHelp break down vegetative materialAnerobic environment in thereCows have to burp out methaneModes of nutrition - very diverseGenerally refered to as autotrophs - make own foodBacteria autotrophs - use c02 - carbon sourseUse light as energy source - take carbon dioxide to carbon based compoundsPhotoautorophs - cyanobacteriaGreen plant - photoautorophsDo photosynthesis to get energy Some autotrophs use inorganic chemicals as energy source rather than light

ChemoautotrophsUse hydrogen sulfideIn swamps - sulfery smell Also many bacteria heterotrops - organic compounds as compound sourcesMost animals are heterotrophsCarbon source - comes from animals or other organisms they eatBacteria can do - using light as energy sourse to make organic compoundsPhotoheterotrophA lot of bacteria - chemoheterotrophOrganic compounds as energy sourceDecomposers, parasitesAnimals are hemoheterotrophsUse organic compounds as carbon sourceSugars and things we consume as foodAlso use organic compounds as energy sourceCome with carbohydrates we consume - get energy from thoseMost bacteria hemoheterotrophsMany baceria - decomposers or parasites Bacteria reproduction - quite variableOne mode is called binary fission - axesualSingle bacteria cell - duplicates genetic material and splits in halfCommon way bacterial colonies grow from individual cellPossible from form of sexual reproductionBacteria - different from plants and animals sexual reproductionConjugation2 bacteria cells - one as male and one femaleCytoplasmic bridge formed between two cellsGenetic material transferred from male to female cellNot involve a complete transfer of genetic materialMight be portion from male or female cellDifferent from plants and animalsBacteria cells obtain genetic material from other bacterial cellsCan change to adapt to environmentsOther than mutationCouple of other ways bacteria cell obtain genetic information from other cellsProcess called ransformationBacteria cell picks up dna from other bacteria cell from envronmentIn addition to cicrular primary chromosomeOther circiular chromosomes plasmidsSmallerTransductionViruses move from bacterial cell to bacterial cell - carry along a portion of bacterial genomeBacterial cell get piece of other genome

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:15 AM Male cell - lower rightFemale near topMale - hair like structuresSex pille - extends out to contact female cellGenetic exchange is made

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:16 AM Prokaryotes two major groups called domainsBacteria and archaeGeneral thinking is that from universal ancesstorBacteria arose firstAnd at some later point in time archaea evolved and later still eukaryotesArchae - later derivitaive and closer to eukaryotes than bacteria are

Number of features distinguish archae from bacteriaCell wall of archae not like bacteria nad more like of eukaryotesReasons why archae don't respond well to antibioticsAntibiotics target cell wall making Not as effectedArchae found in extreme environmentsThree major groups - Methanogens - lives in swamps, anaerobic - produce methane - exist in absence of oxygen - methane bubbles up out of swamps - swamp gasHalophiles - salt tolerant - Thermophiles - ehat tolerant - hot springs and thermal vents in ocean

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:19 AM Due to precence of bacteria

Screen clipping taken: 11/24/2015 10:19 AMBacterial diseases - Strep, straph, pheunomia, typhus, tb, tooth decayStds - syphallis, gonorrhea, chlamydia Bacteria can cause harm not because of the bacteria themselves but because of toxins they produceBotulism - produced toxin - heat up enough to break down toxinNot consuming live bacteria, but toxins live bacteria producedAntibiotics - many kinds of bacterial diseases - drugs that can kill bacteria in bodiesCaused by viruses - no drugs that can find virus in cells and get rid of itBacterial infections - penicillin that can attack bacteria themselvesWay they work is preventing bacteria from reproducingWay bacteria reproduces build new cell wall - produced by binary fissionPenicilin interfere with cell wall productionCell can't reproduceEukaryotic cells - cells in our bodies - eukarotic cells - don't have cell wallsTargets cell walls and don't affect our cellDiseases becoming resistantPrimary concernsIndiscrimant use of antibioticsCold - viral infections - doctors - give antibiotic Next upshot of this - exposing bacteria to biotics and creating resistant formsSexually transmitted diseases and tb Tb went into remissionNow coming back as epademic because of antibiotic resistanceLivestock productionPigs, chickens, cattleGiven antibiotics to prevent infections that arriseWhats being created - antibiotic resistant bacteria - possibly problem for humans as wellNot all bacteria are badReally couldn't exist without bacteriaDecomposers - organisms that break down organic material

Nutrients that can be recycledCapable of taking atmospheric Produce nitrogen as gas and put it into atmosphereChange nitrogen typesBacteria involved in mutalistic relationshipCow has various bacteria - capable of breaking down celluloseWithout bacteria - cow won't get nutragen valueWe wouldn't get nutrients out of grassCow break down grassBacteria for own nutritional purposesAlso make nutrients available to cowDo some of breakdown of materials in our own gutAlso a mutualistic relationship - pea familyRoots of these plants - nodules - nitrogen fixing bacteriaThese bacteria - help provide nutrition to plantUse bacteria in variety of thingsWater treatment plants - use bacteria to clense waterBacteria capable of consuming patrolim products such as oilFood products - yogurt and cheeseEmploying bacteria to make human gene products - insulin and human growth hormone - difficult to obtain from animals via genetic engineering