BIOLOGY 1300CHAPTERS 8, 9 & 10

DNA, RNA, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

MITOSIS, MEIOSIS, AND GENETICS

DNA and RNA DNA

NUCLEOTIDES ADENINE THYMINE GUANINE CYTOSINE

RNA NUCLEOTIDES

ADENINE URACIL GUANINE CYTOSINE

A NUCEOTIDE CONTAINS: SUGAR—PENTOSE

DNA—DEOXYRIBOSE RNA—RIBOSE

PHOSPHATE NITROGENOUS BASE

PURINESADENINE, GUANINE

PYRIMIDINESTHYMINE, URACIL, CYTOSINE

THE CENTRAL DOGMA DNA-REPLICATES BY

SEMICONSERVATIVE REPLICATION

DNA-FORMS RNA BY TRANSCRIPTION

RNA MAKES PROTEINS BY TRANSLATION

[SEE PAGES 152-153]

DNA HELD IN PLACE: PROKARYOTIC CELLS

HU PROTEINS

EUKARYOTIC CELLS HISTONES WHICH WIND AROUND THE

DNA TO FORM NUCLEOSOMES

DNA POLYMERASE

ATTACHES THE NUCLEOTIDES TOGETHER DURING SEMICONSERVATIVE REPLICATION TO FORM THE NEW DNA STRANDS

CHROMOSOME TWISTED DNA

HELD TOGETHER BY HISTONES

TELOMERES ARE THE ENDS OF THE CHROMOSOME—AS THESE ARE LOST THE CELL AGES

DNA CODES INITIATOR OR

START CODE—TAC ON DNA

TERMINATOR OR STOP CODE ON DNA —ATT, ATC, OR ACT

WHAT ARE THESE ON MRNA ? [CODONS]

GENES SECTIONS OF DNA WHICH CODE FOR

CERTAIN PROTEINS, ETC. OF THE CELL USUALLY IN A CERTAIN POSITION ON

THE CHROMOSOME TRANSPOSONS ARE ‘JUMPING GENES’

WHICH MOVE AROUND ON THE SAME CHROMOSOME OR TO OTHER CHROMOSOMES

MUTATIONS ARE CHANGES IN GENES SEE PAGES 158-160 FOR THE DIFFERENT TYPES]

STAGES OF MITOSIS—Somatic cell division [One division--final cells have the 2n or diploid number of chromosomes

INTERPHASE PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE

MEIOSIS—REDUCTION DIVISION [Two divisions-- the final cells have the n or haploid number of chromosomes]

OOGENESIS UNEQUAL DIVISION OF CYTOPLASM RESULTS IN 4 CELLS—1LARGE EGG AND

3 SMALL POLAR BODIES [Only the egg is capable of being fertilized]

SPERMATOGENESIS HAS EQUAL DIVISION OF THE

CYTOPLASM RESULTING IN 4 CELLS OF EQUAL SIZE