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BIOLOGY 145
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to the Human Body
• Anatomy is the study of structure and the relationships among the structures
• Physiology deals with functions of body parts
• See Table 1.1
CLINICAL APPLICATION
PALPATATION
AUSCULATATION
PERCUSSION
Levels of Structural Organization
• Organism
• Organ systems
• Organs
• Tissues
• Cells
• Organelles
• Molecules
• Atoms
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIVING HUMAN ORGANISM
BASIC LIFE PROCESSES
HOMEOSTASIS
BODY FLUIDS
Basic Life Processes
• 1. METABOLISM• anabolism
• catabolism
• 2. RESPONSIVENESS• 3. MOVEMENT• 4. GROWTH• 5. DIFFERENTIATION• 6. REPRODUCTION
CLINICAL APPLICATION
AUTOPSY
Homeostasis: MaintainingPhysiological Limits
• Homeostasis - is a condition in which the body’s internal environment remains within certain physiological limits.
• Internal environment is the interstitial fluid.
Body Fluids
• I. EXTRACELLULAR FLUID• A. Intercellular fluid
• B. Plasma and lymph
• II. INTRACELLULAR FLUID
CONTROL OF HOMEOSTASIS
FEEDBACK SYSTEMS
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
Regulation of Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems acting together or separately.
• The nervous system detects body changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract the stress.
• The endocrine system regulates homeostasis by secreting hormones.
Feedback Systems [Loops]
• A feedback system consists of a control center, receptors, and effectors.
• A control center that determines the point at which a controlled condition should be maintained.
• Receptors that monitor changes in the controlled condition and send the information to the control center.
• Effectors produce a response.
Feedback Systems
• Negative feedback• Response reverses the
original stimulus• 95% of systems of the
body are negative.• Example: blood
pressure
• Positive feedback• Response intensifies
the original stimulus• 5% of systems of the
body are positive• Some are destructive• Ex. Repro. Sys.
Stress and Homeostasis
• Stress is any external or internal stimulus that creates an imbalance in the internal environment.
• If a stress acts on the body, homeostatic mechanisms attempt to counteract the effects of the stress and bring the condition back to normal.
• All body systems attempt to maintain homeostasis.
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
• Disease• Local disease• Systemic disease• Symptoms• Signs
• Disorder
• Diagnosis of Disease• Medical history• Physical examination• Epidemiology• Pharmacology
CLINICAL APPLICATION
DIAGNOSIS
MEDICAL HISTORY
PHYSICAL EXAM
Basic Anatomical Terminology
• ANATOMICAL POSITIONS - prone and supine• DIRECTIONAL TERMS See Ex. 1.1• PLANES See Fig. 1.6
– Sagittal plane– Midsagittal plane– Frontal or coronal plane– Transverse plane or horizontal plane– Oblique plane
Body Cavities
• DORSAL– Cranial cavity
– Vertebral [spinal] cavity
• TABLE 1.3
• VENTRAL– Thoracic cavity
• pleural cavities– pleura
– mediastinum
• pericardial cavity
– Abdominopelvic cavity• abdominal cavity
• pelvic cavity– peritoneum
Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes
• SEROUS MEMBRANE– PARIETAL– VISCERAL– PLEURA ( LUNGS)– PERICARDIUM– PERITONEUM
Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS
QUADRANTS
FIGURES 1.11 & 1.12
MEDICAL IMAGING
TABLE 1.4