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10/17/2013 1 EVOLUTION Biology 145 Lecture 11 – Classification Goals of Classification 1) Organization of complex data sets 2) Elucidation of underlying evolutionary history

Biology 145 EVOLUTION - Claremont Collegesfaculty.jsd.claremont.edu/dmcfarlane/bio145mcfarlane/PPT_PDF's/... · 10/17/2013 2 Taxonomy Carl Nilsson Linnæus Kingdom: Animalia Phylum

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Page 1: Biology 145 EVOLUTION - Claremont Collegesfaculty.jsd.claremont.edu/dmcfarlane/bio145mcfarlane/PPT_PDF's/... · 10/17/2013 2 Taxonomy Carl Nilsson Linnæus Kingdom: Animalia Phylum

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EVOLUTIONBiology 145

Lecture 11 –Classification

Goals of Classification

1) Organization of complex data sets

2) Elucidation of underlying evolutionary history

Page 2: Biology 145 EVOLUTION - Claremont Collegesfaculty.jsd.claremont.edu/dmcfarlane/bio145mcfarlane/PPT_PDF's/... · 10/17/2013 2 Taxonomy Carl Nilsson Linnæus Kingdom: Animalia Phylum

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Taxonomy

Carl Nilsson Linnæus

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum (35) Chordata

Class (15) Mammalia

Order (29) Carnivora

Family (16) Canidae

Genus (10) Canis

Species ( 5) Canis lupus

Homo sapiens sapiens (Linneaus, 1758).

Page 3: Biology 145 EVOLUTION - Claremont Collegesfaculty.jsd.claremont.edu/dmcfarlane/bio145mcfarlane/PPT_PDF's/... · 10/17/2013 2 Taxonomy Carl Nilsson Linnæus Kingdom: Animalia Phylum

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C. lupus C. simensis C. latrans C. aureusLycaonpictus

GENUS: Canis GENUS: Lycaon GENUS: Hyaena

Hyaena hyaena

FAMILY: HyaenidaeFAMILY: Canidae

ORDER: Carnivora

CLASS: Mammalia

C. lupus lupus

C. lupus lycaon

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Phenetic methods of phylogenetic reconstruction

Based on the degree of similarity between taxa, ‐molecular, phenotypic, or anatomical. A tree‐like network expressing phenetic relationships is called a phenogram

Phenetics can be subjective

CLADISTICS

Groups taxa according to COMMON ANCESTRY.

A speciation event creates two SISTER species

Branching diagram is called a CLADOGRAM

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Cladistics uses SHARED, DERIVED CHARACTERS (homologies)

A correct cladogram is MONOPHYLETIC ( includes all descendants of the common ancestor)

Ambiguous characters

HOMOLOGIES versus    HOMOPLASIES(shared, derived                  (not in common functions may vary) ancestor)

Ulna (etc.) is a homologous structure

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Taxonomic level is important:

Wings of birds and bats at HOMOLOGIES at level of CLASS (pentadactyl limbs  in the common ancestor of bats and birds)

Wings of birds and bats at HOMOPLASIES at level of PHYLUM (no wings in common ancestor to all Chordates)

HOMOPLASIES are often the result of CONVERGENT EVOLUTION,

HOMOLOGIES are the result of SHARED ANCESTRY

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Characters may have POLARITY

Mexican blind cave fish, Astyanax mexicanus

Distant chordate ancestor – NO EYES

A. fasciatusancestor –EYES

Mexican cave fish– NO EYES

What is the ancestral number of chaetae?  Have chaetae been lost or gained? What is the POLARITY?

Solution is to use an OUTGROUP

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Lancelet (Cephalochordate) 

Molecular characters

Probabilities of HOMOPLASIES and REVERSALS quite high

ACC                    AGC                    ACC 

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Protein sequences show fewer homoplasies than DNA sequences because we have 20 amino acids versus only 4 nucleotide bases. 

Cytochrome C enzyme has 104 amino acids

Molecular systematics is STATISTICAL and requires large data sets

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TIME

The TIME axis can be scaled using:

1)  The Fossil Record

2) The rate of molecular (DNA, rNA, or protein) change

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The Tree of Life