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Biology 2120 Reading Day Review Session
Lauren AccorUCAE Peer Tutor
CHAPTER 1: Biology and the Tree of Life
5 characteristics all organisms share:
Cells
Replication
Evolution
Information
Energy
Important Scientists
● Jean Baptiste Lamark● Antonie van Leeuwenhoek● Robert Hooke● Schwann and Schleiden● Rudolph Virchow● Louis Pasteur● Darwin and Wallace● Watson and Crick
Where do cells come from: Pasteur Cell theory: All organisms are made of cells, and all cells come from preexisting cells
● Hypothesis #1: Spontaneous generation○ Ex: bacteria on spoiled foods
● Hypothesis #2: All cells from cells
Important Vocab
● Evolution● Population● Natural
Selection● Heritable● Speciation● Fitness● Adaptation
● Chromosome● DNA and RNA● The Central
Dogma● ATP
Phylogenetic Tree
Scientific Method
CHAPTER 2: Water and Carbon: Chemical Basis of Life
Basic Atomic Structure
Important Vocab● Valence electrons● Chemical Bonds (ionic and covalent)
○ Polar and nonpolar
● Isotopes● Ion
○ Anion and cation
● Electronegativity● Molecule/Compound
Water● Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic● Polarity● Hydrogen bond● Cohesion● Adhesion● Surface Tension● Specific Heat
Thermodynamics = Energy
CHAPTER 3: Protein Structure and Function
Structure of Protein Monomer
Important Vocab● Polymerization● Hydrolysis● Peptide Bond!!!
○ R-group orientation○ Directionality○ Flexibilty
Protein Structures1. Hydrogen Bonds2. Hydrophobic Interactions3. Van der Waals Interactions4. Covalent Bonding5. Ionic Bonding
More Important Vocab● Enzymes
○ Active site
● Denaturation● Molecular Chaperones
CHAPTER 4: Nucleic Acids and the RNA World
DNA and RNA
ATP
Important Vocab● Double helix● Anti-parallel● Complementary Base Pairing
○ Purines: adenine and guanine○ Pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine, and uracil
● Replication● Template Strand● Daughter Strand
Structures of DNA and RNA
CHAPTER 5: An Introduction to Carbohydrates
Carbohydrate = Sugar● Monosaccharides, disaccharide, polysaccharide
○ Glucose, lactose, cellulose
● Pentose, triose, and hexose● Glycosidic linkage
Important Polysaccharides● Starch: potatoes● Glycogen: liver and muscles● Cellulose: plant cell walls● Chitin: external skeleton● Peptidoglycan: bacterial cell walls
Important Vocab● Glycolipid● Glycoprotein● Photosynthesis
CHAPTER 6: Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells
Important Vocab● Cell membrane/plasma membrane
○ phospholipid
● Lipid○ Waxes○ Steroids○ Fats
● Fatty Acid● Hydrocarbons
○ Saturated○ Unsaturated
DiffusionDefinition: Spontaneous movement of molecules and ions
1. Passive Transport: When substances diffuse across in the absence of energy2. Active Transport: When substances require energy to diffuse across
Osmosis
LOW SOLUTE HIGH SOLUTE
Relation to Lipids● Fluid Mosaic Model: Membranes are a dynamic fluid mosaic of phospholipids
and different types of proteins● Gated Channels
○ aquaporins
● ATP-powered Pumps○ Na⁺/K⁺○ H⁺/Cl⁻
● Carriers
CHAPTER 7: Inside the CellKNOW YOUR ORGANELLES!
Eukaryotic Cell: Animal
Eukaryotic Cell: Plant
Prokaryotic Cell
CHAPTER 8: Energy and Enzymes: An Introduction to Metabolism
Reduction-Oxidation Reactions● Chemical reactions that involve the loss or gain of one or more electrons
OIL RIG = Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain
LEO GER = Loss Electrons Oxidation, Gain Electrons Reduction
Gibbs Free EnergyExergonic or Endergonic
Important Vocab● Phosphorylation● Energetic coupling● Catalysts/Enzymes
○ Competitive Inhibition○ Allosteric regulation○ Feedback Inhibition
● Catabolic Pathways● Anabolic Pathways
CHAPTER 10: Photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Photosystems
● In○ Photons
● Out○ electrons
Light Dependent Reactions: Thylakoid Membrane
● In○ Photons○ Water○ NADP⁺
● Out○ NADPH○ ATP○ O₂
Calvin Cycle: Stroma
● In○ 3 CO₂
○ 9 ATP○ 6 NADPH
● Out○ G3P
C₄ and CAM Plants● Instead of 3 carbon molecules
(3-phosphoglycerate), they make 4 carbon molecules
● CAM still makes 4 carbon molecules, but performs the Calvin Cycle during the day!
CHAPTER 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Mitochondria
Glycolysis: Cytosol
● In○ Glucose (start)○ 2 ATP (steps 1 and 3)○ 2 NAD⁺ (step 6)
● Out○ 2 NADH + H⁺ (step 6)○ 4 ATP (steps 7 and 10)○ 2 Pyruvate molecules (end)
Pyruvate Processing: Mitochondrial Matrix
● In○ Pyruvate○ NAD⁺
○ Coenzyme A
● Out○ CO₂
○ NADH○ Acetyl CoA
Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb’s Cycle): Mitochondrial Matrix● In
○ Acetyl CoA (start)○ 3 NAD⁺ (steps 3, 4, & 8)○ 1 FAD (step 6)○ 1 ADP (step 5)
● Out○ 3 NADH (steps 3, 4, & 8)○ 2 CO₂ (steps 3 & 4)○ 1 FADH₂ (step 6)○ 1 ATP (step 5)
● 2 TURNS PER GLUCOSE
Electron Transport Chain: Inner Membrane
● In○ NADH○ FADH₂
○ O₂
● Out○ Water○ 32 ATP
Fermentation
CHAPTER 11: Cell-Cell Interactions
Important Vocab● Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
○ Collagen and proteoglycans
● Tissues● Integrin● Laminins● Microfibrils● Turgor pressure● Expansins
Organization of cell communication
Signalling
Signalling Pathways
CHAPTER 12: The Cell Cycle
The Cell Cycle
Mitosis
Cyclin-CDK complex
The start of the cell cycle
Cell Cycle Checkpoints
CHAPTER 13: Meiosis
Meiosis
Important Vocab● Gametes● Gene● Allele● Karyotype● Haploid● Diploid● Ploidy● Sister chromatids● Recombination (crossing over)● Nondisjunctions (trisomy)
CHAPTER 14: Mendel and the Gene
Mendel’s Experiment System1. Blending of Inheritance
a. Offspring have intermediate traits of parents
2. Inheritance of acquired charactersa. Traits are modified in parents
and then passed down
Punnett squares and Pedigrees
Important Vocab● Genotype/Phenotype● Homozygous/Heterozygous● Dominant/Recessive Alleles● Sex-Linked● Principle of Independent Assortment/Dependent Assortment (RrYy)● Linkage● Recombinant● Codominance● Incomplete Dominance
CHAPTER 15: DNA and the Gene Synthesis and Repair
DNA Replication
Telomeres
Mistakes in DNA Synthesis
TT Dimers
Important Vocab● Xeroderma Pigmentosum● Telomerase● Helicase● Polymerase● Okazaki Fragments● Primase● Leading/Lagging Strand
CHAPTER 16: How Genes Work
Genetic Code● DNA speaks in A, C, G, and T● RNA speaks in A, C, G, and U● Proteins speak in codons
DNA: TGC TTA GCT ATT
RNA: AUG AAU CGA UAA
Protein: Met Asn Arg Stop
Mutations
CHAPTER 17: Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation
Pre-Initiation Complex
RNA Processing● 5’ Capping● Intron Splicing● Polyadenylation
snRPs and Lariat
Important Vocab● Elongation● TATA box● Transcription factors● Poly (A)● Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs)● Spliceosome● tRNA/mRNA● Anticodon● Translocation● Post-translational modification
QUESTIONS????