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Biology. MACROMOLECULES: The Molecules of Life. Carbon. Carbon can form 4 bonds Organic molecules contain carbon with O & H (carbohydrates) Inorganic molecules are all others ( H 2 O, NaCl ) Hydrocarbons are molecules of C & H (methane, CH 4 ). http://www.google.com/imgres. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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THE MOLECULES OF LIFE
Biology
Carbon
Carbon can form 4 bonds
Organic molecules contain carbon with O & H (carbohydrates)
Inorganic molecules are all others (H2O, NaCl)
Hydrocarbons are molecules of C & H (methane, CH4)
http://www.google.com/imgres
Functional groups are variable groups of atoms that are attached to C skeletons; these determine the properties of the molecule
Hydrophilic –water loving (attract water)
Hydrophobic –water fearing
http://www.google.com/imgres
Monomers are small units of biochemicals; polymers are larger subunits.
There are 4 macromolecules (large molecules) found in living organisms:
Carbohydrates (sugars)Lipids (fats)ProteinsNucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)
Macromolecules
1. Carbohydrates: This is the usable energy source. These are sugars, starches, & cellulose that store energy & provide shape to organisms.
Contain 1 C: 2 H: 1 O (ratio) Hydrophilic
http://www.google.com/imgres
MONOSACCHARIDES (“SINGLE SUGARS”) LIKE GLUCOSE &
FRUCTOSE
Carbohydrates:
http://www.google.com/imgres
DISACCHARIDES (“DOUBLE SUGARS”) LIKE SUCROSE (TABLE
SUGAR)
Carbohydrates:
http://www.google.com/imgres
POLYSACCHARIDES (“MANY SUGARS”) CAN BE STORAGE
SUGARS LIKE STARCH (IN PLANTS) AND GLYCOGEN (IN
ANIMALS) OR STRUCTURAL LIKE
CELLULOSE (IN PLANTS’ CELL
WALLS)
Carbohydrates:
http://www.google.com/imgres
2. Lipids: These are fats (saturated & unsaturated), oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids (like cholesterol) that provide long-term storage of energy.
Hydrophobic
http://www.google.com/imgres
Lipids:
provide insulation in whales & penguins, repel water in plants, protect plants, provide waterproofing & protection for birds, provide structure & control for cells, main component for cell membranes
http://www.google.com/imgres
3. Proteins: These are composed of amino acids.
They make up 50% of the dry weight of your body
There are only 20 amino acids, 1000’s of proteins
http://www.google.com/imgres
Proteins can be denatured (shape falls apart) due to a change in pH, [salt] or temp change.
Enzymes are 1 group of proteins that speed up chemical reactions
a protein catalyst that speeds up a chemical reaction A catalyst is a substance that speeds up or slows
down as reaction without being consumed or used up in the reaction
http://www.google.com/imgres
Enzymes
Activation energy is the amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction; enzymes lower activation energy
An enzyme binds with a substrate (a reactant); the substrate fits into an active site.
http://www.google.com/imgres
4. Nucleic Acids: This is the genetic material (DNA and RNA)
DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid; controls cellular activities.
RNA is ribonucleic acid; contains instructions to make proteins.
http://www.google.com/imgres
Animations:
Dehydration synthesis & Hydrolysis –http://www.bcconline.com/biol10rs/Pearson-A
nimations/monomers_and_polymers.swfhttp://www.cengage.com/biology/discipline_c
ontent/animations/reaction_types.htmlhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMTeqZL
XBSohttp://
resource.rockyview.ab.ca/t4t/bio20/mm/m7/hydrolysis/Bio20_Hydrolysis_Final.swf
MACROMOLECULES ANIMATION:
http://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/0301s.swf?SGWID=0-0-45-752206-0