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Biology and Management of Cyclamen Mite, Spider Mites
and ThripsFrank ZalomFrank Zalom
Department of EntomologyDepartment of EntomologyUC DavisUC Davis
Cyclamen miteCyclamen mite
• Overwinter as adult females in the Overwinter as adult females in the strawberry crown or as eggs.strawberry crown or as eggs.
• At low densities - mites are usually At low densities - mites are usually found along midvein of young found along midvein of young unfolded leaves and under the calyx unfolded leaves and under the calyx of newly emerged flower buds.of newly emerged flower buds.
• Adults are not visible without Adults are not visible without magnification - ~ 1/100 inch long.magnification - ~ 1/100 inch long.
BiologyBiology
Cyclamen miteCyclamen mite
• Adult females lay about 90 eggs, 80% Adult females lay about 90 eggs, 80% of which will become females.of which will become females.
• Eggs are oval and relatively large - Eggs are oval and relatively large - maybe 1/2 the size of adults.maybe 1/2 the size of adults.
• Eggs hatch and adults are produced Eggs hatch and adults are produced in about 2 weeks in the summer.in about 2 weeks in the summer.
BiologyBiology
Cyclamen miteCyclamen mite
• Mites can be easily transferred from Mites can be easily transferred from one location to another by pickers, one location to another by pickers, bees, birds and equipment.bees, birds and equipment.
• Avoid second year plantings in areas Avoid second year plantings in areas where mites have been detected.where mites have been detected.
BiologyBiology
Cyclamen miteCyclamen miteDamageDamage
Cyclamen miteCyclamen mite
• Monitor newly unfolding leaves for Monitor newly unfolding leaves for symptoms of damage.symptoms of damage.
• Confirm presence of mites.Confirm presence of mites.
Monitoring, Monitoring, MonitoringMonitoring, Monitoring, Monitoring
Cyclamen miteCyclamen miteLife StagesLife Stages
ImmaturesImmatures
AdultAdult
EggsEggs
Cyclamen miteCyclamen mite
• Start with clean transplants.Start with clean transplants.• Rogue out any plants that are Rogue out any plants that are
infested.infested.• Treat infested fields - use a high Treat infested fields - use a high
volume of water (300-500 gal/acre).volume of water (300-500 gal/acre).• Prevent further movement within Prevent further movement within
field by pickers and equipment field by pickers and equipment (including freezer trays).(including freezer trays).
Management - Production FieldsManagement - Production Fields
Cyclamen miteCyclamen mite
• When transplants for increase fields When transplants for increase fields are suspect, hot water dip at 100are suspect, hot water dip at 100ooF F for 20 to 30 min.for 20 to 30 min.
• Rogue out any plants that are found Rogue out any plants that are found to be infested.to be infested.
• Control infested fields with high Control infested fields with high volume sprays early season before volume sprays early season before plant canopy is covered.plant canopy is covered.
• Transplant dips??Transplant dips??
Management - NurseriesManagement - Nurseries
Cyclamen miteCyclamen mite
• Endosulfan (Thiodan or Thionex) - Endosulfan (Thiodan or Thionex) - environmental restrictions.environmental restrictions.
• Dicofol (Kelthane) + wetting agentDicofol (Kelthane) + wetting agent• Abamectin (Agri-Mek) - twice at 7 to Abamectin (Agri-Mek) - twice at 7 to
10 days (not registered for 10 days (not registered for nurseries).nurseries).
• Fenpropathrin (Danitol)Fenpropathrin (Danitol)• Bifenazate (Acramite)Bifenazate (Acramite)
Chemical ControlsChemical Controls
Cyclamen miteCyclamen mitePredatorsPredators
Predator mites:Predator mites:Amblyseius californicusAmblyseius californicusTyphlodromus bellinusTyphlodromus bellinusTyphlodromus reticulatusTyphlodromus reticulatus ------Minute pirate bugMinute pirate bugSix spotted andSix spotted and black hunter thripsblack hunter thrips
Two spotted spider miteTwo spotted spider mite
What’s Registered?What’s Registered?
Agrimek (abamectin)Agrimek (abamectin)Savey (hexythiozox)Savey (hexythiozox)Acramite (bifenazate)Acramite (bifenazate)Zeal (etoxizole)Zeal (etoxizole)Kanemite Kanemite (acequinocyl)Oberon (spiromesefen)
Ecotrol (rosemary oil)Ecotrol (rosemary oil)Valero (cinnamic aldehyde)Valero (cinnamic aldehyde)Omni Supreme (mineral oil)Omni Supreme (mineral oil)Kelthane (dicofol)Kelthane (dicofol)Vendex (fenbutatin-oxide)Vendex (fenbutatin-oxide)Omite (propargite)**Omite (propargite)**
** nursery use only** nursery use only
Acaricides tested at Irvine, 2003Acaricides tested at Irvine, 2003
Treatment No. apps. Rate (ai/ac) Untreated -- -- Agrimek 2X 16 oz Acramite 1X 1 lb Mesa1 2X 32 oz Oberon 1X 16 oz Kanemite 1X 60 oz Trilogy 2X 1% Trilogy + Agrimek 2X 0.5%+ 5 oz Zeal 1X 3 oz
1 1 Not currently registered for use on strawberries.Not currently registered for use on strawberries.
Two spotted mite control at Irvine, 2003Two spotted mite control at Irvine, 2003
** ** ** * ****
*** *** * ***
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Two spotted mites,Irvine, 2003
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 Week 2 Weeks 3 Weeks 4 Weeks 6 WeeksWeeks after treatment
UntreatedAgrimekAcramiteMesaOberonTM-413011TrilogyTrilogy + AgrimekZeal
Kanemite
****
****** ******
**
* **
**
**
*
*
*
Acaricides tested at Irvine, 2005Acaricides tested at Irvine, 2005
n=3 replicates; variety - Camarosa transplanted October 4, 2004* means are significantly different from untreated at p<0.05 by Dunnett's Mean Separation1 n=2.2 Not registered for use on strawberries3 Treatments applied on March 29, 2005.
Treatment 3 Rate
(form)/ac Pretreat 5-Apr 13-Apr 21-Apr Untreated -- 55.3 ± 53.8 35.8 ± 25.3 84.8 ± 52.3 122.2 ± 122.8 Kanemite (H) 31.0 oz 30.2 ± 23.6 15.1 ± 18.1 10.5 ± 8.7* 7.4 ± 3.4* Kanemite (L) 21.0 oz 16.3 ± 14.5 22.2 ± 24.0 11.2 ± 12.3* 22.3 ± 17.9 Kanemite + TM4651
21.0 oz + 16.0 oz 15.7 ± 16.8 31.8 ± 19.5 14.4 ± 6.8* 14.4 ± 12.7
Zeal 3.0 oz 24.6 ± 18.6 11.2 ± 9.1 5.1 ± 6.2* 2.8 ± 4.8* Oberon 16.0 oz 12.8 ± 4.0 8.0 ± 4.9 7.2 ± 6.4* 5.2 ± 8.5* Acramite 16.0 oz 60.7 ± 89.4 16.0 ± 13.5 17.9 ± 22.3* 1.0 ± 1.2* Fujimite2 (H) 2.0 pt 10.3 ± 2.7 8.1 ± 3.9 3.4 ± 2.3* 1.5 ± 2.2 Fujimite2 (L) 1.0 pt 27.6 ± 33.8 25.6 ± 15.4 10.9 ± 10.4* 2.2 ± 2.6*
Acaricides tested at Irvine, 2005Acaricides tested at Irvine, 2005
n=3 replicates; variety - Camarosa transplanted October 4, 2004* means are significantly different from untreated at p<0.05 by Dunnett's Mean Separation1 n=2.2 Not registered for use on strawberries3 Treatments applied on March 29, 2005.
Treatment 3 Rate
(form)/ac 4-May 12-May 18-May Untreated -- 76.2 ± 28.4 70.8 ± 69.1 36.6 ± 17.1 Kanemite (H) 31.0 oz 6.1 ± 1.9* 11.3 ± 8.4 32.8 ± 24.6 Kanemite (L) 21.0 oz 35.8 ± 39.8 42.0 ± 12.7 40.2 ± 22.5 Kanemite + TM4651
21.0 oz + 16.0 oz 14.8 ± 19.9* 12.3 ± 1.3 68.7 ± 13.1
Zeal 3.0 oz 4.4 ± 3.5* 8.6 ± 5.8 28.2 ± 30.3 Oberon 16.0 oz 0.8 ± 0.6* 4.0 ± 5.9* 12.0 ± 1.2 Acramite 16.0 oz 0.9 ± 0.9* 9.8 ± 6.4 9.6 ± 10.2 Fujimite2 (H) 2.0 pt 3.1 ± 3.6* 15.5 ± 6.7 27.8 ± 9.3 Fujimite2 (L) 1.0 pt 7.0 ± 7.5* 36.4 ± 23.8 31.4 ± 19.9
Two-spotted mite control at Watsonville, 2004Two-spotted mite control at Watsonville, 2004
Treatment No. appl
Rate (form/A)
4/29/04 Pre-Count
5/6/04 5/13/04 5/20/04
Untreated NA NA 34.6 ± 13.27 129.4 ± 73.52 172.4 ± 51.7 211.2 ± 73.39 Agri-mek + Kinetic1
2X 16.0 oz 32.4 ± 32.01 42.6 ± 50.79 165.6 ± 64.00 58.7 ± 20.29*
Acramite 1X 1.0 lb 11.6 ± 11.05 23.4 ± 8.51* 93.4 ± 39.83 22.8 ± 15.91* Zeal (L) 1X 2.0 oz 10.4 ± 7.15 15.4 ± 11.23* 46.8 ± 9.32 10.4 ± 10.89* Zeal (H) 1X 3.0 oz 39.0 ± 10.18 29.3 ± 24.48* 39.73 ± 33.73 9.43 ± 8.96* Fujimite 1X 2.0 pts 7.2 ± 1.80 20.2 ± 18.18* 43.2 ± 18.71 30.4 ± 27.39* Kanemite 1X 31.0 oz 10.6 ± 9.80 29.1 ± 25.25* 63.2 ± 59.93 26.8 ± 23.05* Kanemite + Kinetic1
1X 31.0 oz 19.0 ± 15.27 35.6 ± 29.34 105.6 ± 52.21 95.4 ± 109.13*
Oberon (L) 1X 8.5 oz 18.7 ± 12.03 22.2 ± 15.04* 19.87 ± 13.29* 16.8 ± 14.68* Oberon (M) 1X 12.0 oz 19.9 ± 15.08 31.0 ± 24.16 27.6 ± 30.23* 10.3 ± 15.45* Oberon (H) 1X 16.0 oz 11.6 ± 8.85 7.5 ± 4.31* 13.4 ± 3.90* 7.8 ± 5.71*
* means are significantly different from untreated at p<0.05 by Dunnett's Mean Separation** n=2 for this treatment, all others have n=3 replicates.1 Surfactant (Kinetic) applied @ 0.05% v/v
Two-spotted mite control at Watsonville, 2004Two-spotted mite control at Watsonville, 2004
* means are significantly different from untreated at p<0.05 by Dunnett's Mean Separation** n=2 for this treatment, all others have n=3 replicates.1 Surfactant (Kinetic) applied @ 0.05% v/v
Treatment No. appl.
Rate (form/A)
5/27/04 6/3/04 6/10/04
Untreated NA NA 197.4 ± 40.89 245.4 ± 73.27 186.0 ± 57.50 Agri-mek + Kinetic1
2X 16.0 oz 111.0 ± 19.89 130.8 ± 7.03 -
Acramite 1X 1.0 lb 95.6 ± 27.53 114.4 ± 104.59 95.8 ± 46.99 Zeal (L) 1X 2.0 oz 52.47 ± 13.81* 59.2 ± 10.21* - Zeal (H) 1X 3.0 oz 39.8 ± 45.60* 45.6 ± 45.71* 31.0 ± 38.18* Fujimite 1X 2.0 pts 90.0 ± 81.53* 111.0 ± 97.90 - Kanemite 1X 31.0 oz 56.2 ± 28.63* 119.0 ± 66.08 - Kanemite + Kinetic1
1X 31.0 oz 109.4 ± 26.73 152.2 ± 79.38 -
Oberon (L) 1X 8.5 oz 43.4 ± 40.48* 67.4 ± 50.71* - Oberon (M) 1X 12.0 oz 27.4 ± 15.06* 39.3 ± 61.54* - Oberon (H) 1X 16.0 oz 52.6 ± 5.10* 42.0 ± 27.58* 76.4 ± 26.21*
Two-spotted mite control at Watsonville, 2005Two-spotted mite control at Watsonville, 2005
N=3 replicates; variety - Diamante* means are significantly different from untreated at p<0.05 by Dunnett's Mean Separation1 Applied with Kinetic at 0.0.5% v/v.2 Not registered for use on strawberries3 Treatments applied on May 20. Agri-mek treatments applied a second time on May 27.
Treatment No.
appl 3 Rate
(form/ac) 19-May 26-May 2-Jun Untreated -- -- 80.60 ± 48.50 87.80 ± 83.36 44.60 ± 12.39 Fujimite (H)1 1 2.0 pt 77.00 ± 67.21 43.20 ± 41.18 20.40 ± 11.43 Fujimite (L) 1 1 1.0 pt 42.47 ± 19.99 100.80 ± 62.41 49.00 ± 23.70 Kanemite (H) 1 31 oz 67.00 ± 32.61 25.00 ± 12.90 18.40 ± 12.82 Kanemite (L) 1 21 oz 73.60 ± 75.52 45.00 ± 21.32 50.60 ± 15.25 Agri-mek A86-121,2 2 16 oz 112.80 ± 134.61 47.80 ± 34.53 39.00 ± 34.72 Agri-mek 0.15EC2 2 16 oz 58.80 ± 48.34 46.00 ± 23.13 19.40 ± 12.30 Acramite 75G 1 0.66 lb 48.20 ± 32.12 40.60 ± 13.50 24.80 ± 14.10
Two-spotted mite control at Watsonville, 2005Two-spotted mite control at Watsonville, 2005
N=3 replicates; variety - Diamante* means are significantly different from untreated at p<0.05 by Dunnett's Mean Separation1 Applied with Kinetic at 0.0.5% v/v.2 Not registered for use on strawberries3 Treatments applied on May 20. Agri-mek treatments applied a second time on May 27.
Treatment No.
appl 3 Rate
(form/ac) 9-Jun 15-Jun 23-Jun Untreated -- -- 87.60 ± 22.05 45.20 ± 9.49 97.20 ± 43.65 Fujimite (H)1 1 2.0 pt 15.60 ± 4.91* 17.60 ± 8.90 17.60 ± 3.08* Fujimite (L)1 1 1.0 pt 34.80 ± 13.16 41.20 ± 16.78 73.00 ± 29.89 Kanemite (H) 1 31 oz 43.80 ± 17.77 24.20 ± 5.90 44.40 ± 31.18 Kanemite (L) 1 21 oz 39.20 ± 29.62 45.80 ± 15.42 50.60 ± 31.25 Agri-mek A86-121,2 2 16 oz 34.60 ± 17.57 15.80 ± 2.70* 53.40 ± 20.86 Agri-mek 0.15EC2 2 16 oz 36.50 ± 41.81 26.20 ± 0.69 31.80 ± 33.78 Acramite 75G 1 0.66 lb 28.00 ± 31.86* 20.40 ± 19.80 36.00 ± 49.44
Carmine spider miteCarmine spider miteTetranychus cinnabarinusTetranychus cinnabarinus
Two spotted spider mite
Carmine Spider Mites
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 6
UntreatedAcramite AgrimekMesaOberonKanemiteTrilogy .5% + AgrimekTrilogy 1.0%Zeal
Carmine spider mite control, Orange Co.Carmine spider mite control, Orange Co.
*
***
**
*** **
**
* * **
*
***
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*
*
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Resistance ManagementResistance ManagementIRAC Mode Of Action Classification SchemeIRAC Mode Of Action Classification Scheme
IRAC = Insecticide Resistance Action Committee -IRAC = Insecticide Resistance Action Committee -an inter-company group formed in 1984 to provide an inter-company group formed in 1984 to provide insecticide and acaricide resistance management insecticide and acaricide resistance management strategies to help reduce the development of resistance strategies to help reduce the development of resistance in insect and mite pests. in insect and mite pests.
Hypothesis - best to rotate materials with Hypothesis - best to rotate materials with different modes of action - different modes of action -
Problem when strawberry growers lost use of Omite - Problem when strawberry growers lost use of Omite - goal was to have alternatives to Agri-Mekgoal was to have alternatives to Agri-Mek
Product Active Ingredient Primary Target Site of Action Activity
Agri-Mek Abamectin Chloride channel activators (GABA agonist)
All motile stagesMesa Milbemectin All motile stagesZeal Etoxazole Unknown mode of action
(mite growth regulator) (10A)Unknown mode of action (mite growth regulator) (10B)
Ovicide and larvicide
Savey Hexythiazox Ovicide and larvicide
Omite Propargite Inhibition of Magnesium stimulated ATPase
All motile stages
Kelthane Dicofol Site II electron transport inhibitor
All motile stages
Fujimite Fenpyroximate Site I electron transport inhibitor
All motile stagesPyramite Pyridaben All motile stagesOberon Spiromesifen Inhibitors of lipid synthesis Ovicide, all
motile stages
Kanemite Acequinocyl Site III electron transport inhibitor
All motile stages
Acramite Bifenazate Neuroactive (unknown mode of action)
Ovicide, all motile stages
Vendex Fenbutatin oxide Oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor/uncoupler
All motile stages
Western Flower ThripsWestern Flower ThripsFrankliniella occidentalisFrankliniella occidentalis
Thrips/ bronzingThrips/ bronzing
Type IType I
Type IIType II
Type IIIType III
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Number Thrips per Flower
13 26 3 8 15 21 28 4 11 18 25
Watsonville, 2001
Chemical
Lignin
Untreated
May JuneApr
Lignin SpraysPesticide SpraysPesticide SpraysAgri-MekAgri-Mek
Agri-MekAgri-MekAgri-MekAgri-MekLannateLannate
LannateLannateDibromDibrom
0
10
20
30
40
Number of Bronzed Fruit
13 26 1 4 7 10 14 17 21 24 28 1 4 7 11 14 18 21 26 29
Watsonville , 2001
Chemical
Lignin
Untreated
JuneMayApr
0
10
20
30
40
Number of Bronzed Fruit
13 26 1 4 7 10 14 17 21 24 28 1 4 7 11 14 18 21 26 29
Watsonville , 2001
Chemical
Lignin
Untreated
JuneMayApr
Lignosulfonates are now Exempt From Tolerance by US EPA
* Treatment differs from untreated by pairwise t-test at p<0.05.Treatment date - March 23, 2003n=3 replicates
TreatmentRate
(form/ac) Pretreat 26 Mar 30 Mar 6 Apr 13 AprUntreated -- 4 1.0 3.0 1.0 13 1.0 20 5 16 3.0Lannate 1 lb 3 1.0 0.3
0.1* 3 1.0*
6 2* 9 1.0*
Aza-direct 32 oz 3 0.4 5.0 1.0 11 2.0 27 5 21 6.0Trilogy 1.0% 3 0.4 4.0 1.0 12 1.0 24 12 29 1.0Success 4.5 oz. 3 0.1 1.0
0.2* 4 0.3*
6 1* 8 0.4*
Number of active thrips per flower, Orange Co.
Number of active thrips per flower, Orange Co.
* Treatment differs from untreated by pairwise t-test at p<0.05.Treatment date - February 11, 2004n=3 replicates
Treatment Rate
(form/ac) 18-Feb 27-Feb 4-Mar 16-Mar Untreated NA 1.14 ± 0.62 5.29 ± 1.94 6.90 ± 2.72 11.10 ± 3.52 Lannate 1.0 lb 0.47 ± 0.46 0.73 ± 0.35* 1.87 ± 1.16* 6.87 ± 3.1 Entrust 1.5 oz 0.45 ± 0.30 1.39 ± 0.45* 2.98 ± 0.81* 6.15 ± 0.89* Success 4.5 oz 0.60 ± 0.72 1.58 ± 0.86* 3.70 ± 2.29 7.87 ± 2.14
Biology and Management of Cyclamen Mite, Spider Mites
and ThripsFrank ZalomFrank Zalom
Department of EntomologyDepartment of EntomologyUC DavisUC Davis