Biology b1b gcse

7/30/2019 Biology b1b gcse

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Different types of Cloning:

Tissue Culture:

This Is done by picking the parent plant with the desiredcharacteristics that you want. Scrape a few cells into several

beakers with nutrients and hormones. A week later there

will be lots ofgenetically identical plants growing. The

same process can be done to these. This whole process can be

aseptic, (carried out in the absence of harmful bacteria) otherwise

the new plants will rot.

KEY WORDS:

DESIRED CHARISCTERISTICS NUTRIENTS AND HORMONES

GENETICALY IDENTICAL PLANTS

ASEPTIC

WILL ROT

Note, the offspring are

genetically identical to each

other and to the parent plant.


3/17

Embryo Transplants

Parents with desired characteristics are mated.

Embryo is removed before being specialised.

Then split apart into several clumps. These embryos are then implanted into the uteruses of sheep who will eventually

give birth to clones.

Note: Offspring's are genetically identical to each other but not the parents.

Adult Male

Adult female

Body cell

Egg cell

Embryo


4/17

Adult Cell Cloning / Fusion Cell Cloning

DNA from a donor animal is inserted into an empty egg cell (nucleus

removed) Which then develops into an embryo.

The embryo is then implanted into the uterus of another sheep. Dolly the

sheep was produced this way.

This is different from embryo cloning as the donor animal will end up giving

birth to an offspring that is genetically identical to the donor animal. But when

using the embryo transplants method this differs as the cell removed from the

two mated animals with the desired characteristics are separated into clumps

and then inserted into the uterus of a sheep, who will eventually give birth toclones.


5/17

BODY CELLIs provided by the adult male

NUCLEUSIs found in the centre of a cell, this contains the information of the organism.

EMBRYOAn Embryo is made when two cells join, in this case its has been removed

before it specialises and then separated into clumps and inserted into the

uterus of the animal.

EGG CELLIs provided by the adult female


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7/17

http://www.allaboutscience.org/darwins-

theory-of-evolution-video.htm

This link is to a video of Charles Darwin, proven

wrong, it is a little bit advanced but can still be

viewed for further information.
http://www.allaboutscience.org/darwins-theory-of-evolution-video.htmhttp://www.allaboutscience.org/darwins-theory-of-evolution-video.htmhttp://www.allaboutscience.org/darwins-theory-of-evolution-video.htmhttp://www.allaboutscience.org/darwins-theory-of-evolution-video.htmhttp://www.allaboutscience.org/darwins-theory-of-evolution-video.htmhttp://www.allaboutscience.org/darwins-theory-of-evolution-video.htmhttp://www.allaboutscience.org/darwins-theory-of-evolution-video.htmhttp://www.allaboutscience.org/darwins-theory-of-evolution-video.htmhttp://www.allaboutscience.org/darwins-theory-of-evolution-video.htmhttp://www.allaboutscience.org/darwins-theory-of-evolution-video.htmhttp://www.allaboutscience.org/darwins-theory-of-evolution-video.htm


8/17

All species evolved from earlier

forms of life.

Species adapt to their

environment due to natural

selection.

2 key notions in

Darwin's theory.

Adapt changed to suitethere environment.


9/17

The Evidence for the Theory of Evolution

Using fossil records, scientists have

been able to determine the

relationship of species.

There are evidence of

animals/humans who gothrough similar

development, through

the nine months before

being conceived. E.g.

babies,

Many animals have thesame bones, nerves

organs with the same

basic structure.

Genetic analysis

conforms

relatedness of

different species.

Only 1.6 genetic

difference

between humans

and chimpanzees

make up.


10/17

Lamarck'stheory

Well from what I have

gathered Lamarck's theory

doesn't include genetics.

Using a Giraffe as an example,

he would have believed that

because they tried to reach tall

trees quiet often, they

stretched there necks while

doing so. This then made therenecks longer, so when there

offspring were born they to

had long necks.

A rough idea of evolution itself,

but Charles Darwin, was

someone who went a bit further.

This theory couldalso

suggest that if you had a

tiger tattoo on your arm,when you have kids, your

kids are also going to have

tiger tattoos on there arms

Lamarck believed that

if any part on the

body is repeatedly

used, it will remain on

the body or may

increase in size; If it isnot used, it may

reduce in size or

disappear. (Somewhat

True!)

Lamarck also

believed that the

physical or chemical

characteristics that

you acquire during

your life time will bepassed on to your

offspring.

(Completely False!)

If you becamesmart and a

genius by the

end of your

lifetime, the kid

will also be a

genius. (FALSE)


11/17

Well I think that overall, Darwin's theory is a more reliable

and understandable theory, Lamarck has no evidence on histheory.

Charles Darwin used fossils for evidence.

ACTUALY THEY BOTH HAVE NO SUFFICENT EVIDENCE TO

PROVE EVLOUTION.

But to be honest, after Half way through the 19th century,

scientist had a better knowledge of science and

understanding in general. The breakthrough with genetics and

other theory's, I'm not to sure if Darwin and his theory ofevolution is still the answer


12/17

Evolution by Natural Selection: Five key points to remember

Individuals within a population show Variation

(i.e. differences due to their genes)

There is Competition between individuals for food and mates etc.predators and diseases keep population size constant despite the production of

many offspring.

Some individuals adapt better than others due to their environment. This

statement otherwise known as Survival of the fittest

Survivors will pass of there genes to there offspring. Other wise known as

Natural Selection

Where new forms of genes result form Mutation, there may be more rapidchange in species.


13/17

TASK = )

(Remember the five key points, in order)

Variation

Competition

Survival of the fittest

Natural selection

Mutation


14/17

Reasons for extinction

Well,

The organisms environment will change.

(The mammoth)

Hutting down animals, this is caused by us

humans. (new predators).

(dodo bird is an example of a victim.

Diseases that could harm a specific

animal population, (Bird flu)

Increased competition.

The theory of evolution:

Well,

When asked this question make sure you

answer in this sort of way.

The theory of evolution states that all

living things which exist today, and many

more that are now extinct, evolved from

simple life forms which first developed

3000 000 000 (3billion) years ago.

When asked how you say

Studying similarities and differencesbetween species can help us to

understand evolution.


15/17

You need to be able to. How Science Works

1A Identify the differences betweenDarwins theory of evolution and

conflicting theories.

1C Suggest reasons forthe different theories and

why scientists cannot be

certain about how life

began on earth.

1B Suggest reasons

why Darwins theory of

natural selection was

only gradually accepted.

1B Suggest reasonswhy Darwins theory of

natural selection was

only gradually accepted.


16/17

SOOO..

http://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20081112144837AAMoUvb

1A CREATIONIST

This view states that

each living thing was

Created separately and

did not evolve. Theyview the gapes

In the fossil records as

evidence against

evolution.

1B- Darwin's theory was only

gradually accepted because

Religion had an important part

in society It is difficult to prove

Many scientist did not, and

some still dont accept the

theory

Attempts to demonstrate

evolution through tests havefailed.

1C Intelligent

Design (ID)

This view states

that certain

structures within

cells and DNA are

far to complicated

to have evolvedover time so it

must have been

put there higher

being or creator.

(god) : )See page 42. aqa

gcse science.
http://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20081112144837AAMoUvbhttp://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20081112144837AAMoUvb


17/17

ALSO.

Visit this link for further information, you will

be surprised.

http://www.darwins-theory-of-

evolution.com/
http://www.darwins-theory-of-evolution.com/http://www.darwins-theory-of-evolution.com/http://www.darwins-theory-of-evolution.com/http://www.darwins-theory-of-evolution.com/http://www.darwins-theory-of-evolution.com/http://www.darwins-theory-of-evolution.com/http://www.darwins-theory-of-evolution.com/http://www.darwins-theory-of-evolution.com/http://www.darwins-theory-of-evolution.com/

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Biology b1b gcse