BIOLOGY Chapter 15: 10th Edition Darwin & Evolution

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Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor

BIOLOGY 10th Edition

Darwin & Evolution

Chapter 15: pp. 264 - 282

1

Dalmatian

Boston terrier

Irish wolfhound

Shih Tzu

Scottish terrier

Bloodhound

Russian

silver fox

Beagle

Red chow Shetland sheepdog Chihuahua English sheepdog

Wolf

(Wolf): © Gary Milburn/Tom Stack & Associates; (Irish wolfhound): © Ralph Reinhold/Index Stock Imagery; (Boston terrier): © Robert Dowling/Corbis;

(Dalmation): © Alexander Lowry/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Shih tzu): © Bob Shirtz/SuperStock; (Bloodhound): © Mary Bloom/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Scottish

terrier): © Carolyn A. McKeone/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Beagle): © Tim Davis/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Red chow): © Jeanne W hite/Photo Researchers,

Inc.; (Shetland sheepdog): © Ralph Reinhold/Index Stock Imagery; (English sheepdog): © Yann Arthus-Bertrand/Corbis; (Chihuahua): © Kent & Donna

Dannen/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Fox): © Steven J. Kazlowski/Alamy

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2

Outline

History of Evolutionary Thought

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

Earth very old

Descend with change from a common ancestor

Adaptation to a changing environment

The Evidence of Evolution

Fossil

Biogeographical

Anatomical

Biochemical

3


Prior to Darwin

View of nature determined by deep-seated

beliefs

Held to be intractable truths

Biology thought had slowly begun to accept

Various ideas of evolution

Similarities between living things reflect recent

common ancestry

Dissimilarities between living things reflect ancient

common ancestry

4

Voyage of the HMS Beagle


c d

a.

d

c

b

f,g

e

e f g

North

America

PACIFIC

OCEAN

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

INDIAN

OCEAN

Great

Britain Europe

Africa

Australia

Tasmania New

Zealand

Tierra del Fuego

South

America

Galápagos

Islands

b

b: © Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis; c: © Luiz C. Marigo/Peter Arnold; d: © Gary J. James/Biological Photo Service; e: © Charles Benes/Index Stock Imagery; f: © Galen

Rowell/Corbis; g: © D. Parer & E. Parer-Cook/Ardea

5

Evolutionary Thought before Darwin


a.

b.

a: © Joseph H. Bailey/National Geographic Image Collection; b: © Daryl Balfour/Photo Researchers, Inc.

6

Mid-Eighteenth Century

Taxonomy matured during mid-eighteenth century Linnaeus believed in:

The fixity of species That each species had:

An ideal structure and function, and A place in the scala naturae (scale of complexity)

He developed the binomial system of nomenclature System of classification for living things

Count Buffon: Wrote 44-volume catalog of all known plants and

animals Suggested descent with modification

7

Late Eighteenth Century

Cuvier:

First to use comparative anatomy to develop a system of classification

Founded Paleontology

Proposed Catastrophism

Local catastrophes in past had caused later strata to have a new mix of fossils

After each catastrophe, the region was repopulated by species from surrounding areas

8

Late Eighteenth Century

Lamarck: First biologist to:

Propose evolution

Link diversity with environmental adaptation

Concluded more complex organisms are descended from less complex organisms

Proposed inheritance of acquired characteristics – Lamarckianism

Charles Lyell: Earth is subject to slow but continuous cycles of

erosion and uplift

Proposed uniformitarianism, rates and processes of change are constant

9


Geological observations consistent with

those of Hutton & Lyell

Biogeographical observations:

The study of the geographic distribution of life

forms on earth

Darwin saw similar species in similar habitats;

Reasoned related species could be modified

according to the environment

10

Charles Darwin at 31


© Carolina Biological/Visuals Unlimited

11

A Glyptodont and a Giant Sloth


a. Glyptodon

b. Mylodon

12

Biogeography

Biogeography is the study of the range and geographic distribution of life-forms on Earth.

Darwin compared South American animals to those with which he was familiar. Instead of rabbits, he found the Patagonian hare in the grasslands

of South America. The Patagonian hare has long legs and ears but the face of a guinea pig.

Did the Patagonian hare resemble a rabbit because the two types of animals were adapted to the same type of environment? Both animals ate grass, hid in bushes, and moved rapidly using long hind legs. Did the Patagonian hare have the face of a guinea pig because of common descent with guinea pigs?

13

The European Hare (face only) and the

Patagonian Hare Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

(European hare): © WILDLIFE/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Patagonian hare): © Juan & Carmecita

Munoz/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Lepus europaeus

Dolichotis patagonium

14

Galápagos Islands

Tortoises

Darwin observed tortoise neck length varied

from island to island

Proposed that speciation on islands correlated

with a difference in vegetation

Finches

Darwin observed many different species of

finches on various islands

Speculated they could have descended from a

single pair of mainland finch

15

Galápagos Tortoises, Geochelone


a. b.

a: © Kevin Schafer/Corbis; b: © Michael Dick/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes

16

Natural Selection and Adaptation

Individuals have heritable variations

More individuals produced each generation than environment can support

Some individuals have adaptive characteristics

Enables increased survival and reproduction

Increasing proportion of succeeding generations will have these characteristics

Populations become adapted to their local environment through change in individuals

17

Variation in a Population


© Lisette Le Bon/SuperStock

18

Organisms Have Inheritable Variations

Darwin emphasized that individuals from a population vary in their:

Functional characteristics

Physical characteristics

Behavioral characteristics

Proposed that these variations:

Are essential

Allow adaptation to the environment over time

19

Artificial Selection of Animals

All dogs are descended from the gray wolf

Began to be domesticated about 14,000 years

ago.

Process of diversification has been rapid:

The wolves under domestication were separated

from other wolves.

Each human tribe selected for whatever traits

appealed to them.

20

Artificial Selection of Animals


Dalmatian

Boston terrier

Irish wolfhound

Shih Tzu

Scottish terrier

Bloodhound

Russian

silver fox

Beagle


Wolf

(Wolf): © Gary Milburn/Tom Stack & Associates; (Irish wolfhound): © Ralph Reinhold/Index Stock Imagery; (Boston terrier): © Robert

Dowling/Corbis; (Dalmation): © Alexander Lowry/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Shih tzu): © Bob Shirtz/SuperStock; (Bloodhound): © Mary

Bloom/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Scottish terrier): © Carolyn A. McKeone/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Beagle): © Tim Davis/Photo Researchers,

Inc.; (Red chow): © Jeanne White/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Shetland sheepdog): © Ralph Reinhold/Index Stock Imagery; (English

sheepdog): © Yann Arthus-Bertrand/Corbis; (Chihuahua): © Kent & Donna Dannen/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Fox): © Steven J.

Kazlowski/Alamy

21

Artificial Selection of Plants

Following vegetables are derived from one species:

Chinese cabbage,

brussels sprouts, and

kohlrabi.

Darwin described artificial selection as a model by which to understand natural selection.

22

Artificial Selection of Plants


Chinese cabbage,

Chinensis group

Brussel sprouts,

Gemmifera group

Wild mustard

Kohlrabi,

Gongylodes group

(Cabbage, Brussel sprouts, kohlrabi): Courtesy W. Atlee Burpee Company; (Mustard): © Jack

Wilburn/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes;

23

Natural Selection

Darwin’s natural selection hypothesis was

based on:

Observation of tortoises and finches on the

Galápagos Islands.

24

Natural Selection

13 species of finches have a beak adapted to a

particular way of life. Heavy beak suited to a diet of large seeds

Beak of the warbler-finch is suited to feeding on insects

Longer beak, somewhat decurved, and the split tongue suited to

probing cactus for seeds


a. Geospiza magnirostris b. Certhidea olivacea c. Cactornis scandens

a: © Adrienne T. Gibson/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; b: © Joe McDonald/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; c:

© Leonard Lee Rue/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes;

Beak Depth

25


dry year dry year dry year

medium

ground finch

wet year

1984 1982 1980 1977

Be

ak

De

pth

26

Organisms Differ in Fitness

Fitness is the relative reproductive success

of an individual

The most-fit individuals in a population capture

a disproportionate share of goodies

Interactions with the environment determine

which individuals reproduce the most

Adaptation

Changes that help a species become more

suited to its environment

Product of natural selection

27

Evidence for Evolution

Evidence supports common descent.

Fossils Evidence

Biogeographical Evidence

Anatomical Evidence

Biochemical Evidence

28

Evidence for Evolution: Fossil Record

Fossil evidence

Fossils record the history of life from the past

Document a succession of life forms from the simple to the more complex

Sometimes the fossil record is complete enough to show descent from an ancestor

Transitional fossils are a common ancestor for two different groups of organisms

It allows to trace the descent of organisms

29

Transitional Fossils


bird characteristics

reptile characteristics

wing

wing

head

tail

feet

claws

teeth

feathers

tail with vertebrae

a. Archaeopteryx

fossil

b.

a: © Jean-Claude Carton/Bruce Coleman Inc.; b: © Joe Tucciarone

Ancestor to Whales

30


31

Evidence for Evolution: Biogeographical

Distributions of plants and animals across

earth

Consistent with origin in one locale and

then spread to accessible regions

Hypothesis that different mix of plants and

animals would be expected whenever

Geography separates:

Continents, islands, seas, and so on.

32

Biogeography

(Sugar glider): © ANT Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Tasmanian wolf): © Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Wombat): © Photodisc Blue/Getty; (Dasyurus): © Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Kangaroo): © George

Holton/Photo Researchers, Inc.

The Australian wombat, Vombatus, is

nocturnal and lives in burrows. It resembles

the placental woodchuck.

Kangaroo, Macropus, is an herbivore that

inhabits plains and forests. It resembles the

placental Patagonian cavy of South America.

Sugar glider, Petaurus breviceps, is a tree-dweller

and resembles the placental flying squirrel.

The Australian native cat, Dasyurus, is a

carnivore and inhabits forests. It resembles

the placental wild cat.

Tasmanian wolf, Thylacinus, now extinct, was a

nocturnal carnivore that inhabited deserts and plains.

It resembles the placental grey wolf.


33

Evidence for Evolution: Anatomical

Vertebrate forelimbs:

Homologous - All contain the same sets of bones in similar ways

Yet they are modified extensively to meet various adaptive needs

Darwin interpreted this as support for a hypothesis of common descent

Embryological development

All vertebrate embryos have:

A postanal tail and

Paired pharyngeal (gill) pouches

34

The Evidence of Evolution: Anatomical

Homologous Structures: Anatomically similar because they are inherited from a

common ancestor May be functionally similar or not

Analogous Structures: Serve the same function Not constructed similarly Do not share a common ancestor

Vestigal Structures: Fully-developed anatomical structures Reduced or obsolete function

35

Significance of Homologous Structures


humerus

ulna

radius

metacarpals

phalanges

whale cat horse human

bat

bird

36

Significance of Developmental Similarities


fish

salamander

tortoise

chick

human

pharyngeal

pouches

postanal

tail

37

Biochemical Evidence

Almost all living organisms:

Use the same basic biochemical molecules

Utilize same DNA triplet code

Utilize same 20 amino acids in their proteins

DNA base-sequence differences:

When very similar, suggest recent common descent

When more different, suggest more ancient common

descent

38

Significance of Biochemical Differences


Nu

mb

er

of

Am

ino

Acid

Dif

fere

nces

Co

mp

are

d t

o H

um

an

Cyto

ch

rom

e c

yeast moth fish turtle duck pig monkey human

Cytochrome c is a small protein

that plays an important role

in the electron transport chain

within mitochondria of all cells

0

10

20

30

40

50

39

Review



Earth very old

Descend with change from a common ancestor

Adaptation to a changing environment

The Evidence of Evolution

Fossil

Biogeographical

Anatomical

Biochemical

Sylv

ia S

. Ma

der

Copyright © The McGraw Hill Companies Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides are prepared by Dr. Isaac Barjis, Biology Instructor

BIOLOGY 10th Edition

Darwin & Evolution

Chapter 15: pp. 264 - 282

40


Dalmatian

Boston terrier

Irish wolfhound

Shih Tzu

Scottish terrier

Bloodhound

Russian

silver fox

Beagle


Wolf

(Wolf): © Gary Milburn/Tom Stack & Associates; (Irish wolfhound): © Ralph Reinhold/Index Stock Imagery; (Boston terrier): © Robert Dowling/Corbis;

(Dalmation): © Alexander Lowry/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Shih tzu): © Bob Shirtz/SuperStock; (Bloodhound): © Mary Bloom/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (Scottish

terrier): © Carolyn A. McKeone/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Beagle): © Tim Davis/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Red chow): © Jeanne W hite/Photo Researchers,

Inc.; (Shetland sheepdog): © Ralph Reinhold/Index Stock Imagery; (English sheepdog): © Yann Arthus-Bertrand/Corbis; (Chihuahua): © Kent & Donna

Dannen/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (Fox): © Steven J. Kazlowski/Alamy

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BIOLOGY Chapter 15: 10th Edition Darwin & Evolution