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2016-2017

Department of Biology & Geology. | Teacher: Eduardo Benítez Deán

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CARRASCAL BIOLOGY & GEOLOGY NOTEBOOK

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Contents UNIT 1 ............................................................................................................................................ 3

1.- Are we living things? ............................................................................................................ 3

2.- Levels of organisation of the human being. ......................................................................... 3

3.- Human biochemistry. ........................................................................................................... 4

4.- Human cell biology. .............................................................................................................. 5

5.- Human histology, organography and anatomy. .................................................................. 9

UNIT 2 (STUDY IT FROM THE BOOK) ........................................................................................... 10

UNIT 3 .......................................................................................................................................... 12

1.- Organ systems implied in human nutrition. ...................................................................... 12

2.- Nutrition at cellular level. .................................................................................................. 12

3. - Anatomy of the digestive system. ..................................................................................... 14

4. - Physiology of the digestive system. .................................................................................. 14

5.- Illnesses of the digestive system and healthy habits. ........................................................ 15

6.- Anatomy of the respiratory system. .................................................................................. 16

7.- Physiology of the respiratory system. ................................................................................ 16

8.- Illnesses of the respiratory system and healthy habits. .................................................... 16

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UNIT 1

1.- Are we living things?

2.- Levels of organisation of the human being.

ACTIVITIES:

• Page 7: Ex.2, Ex.3.

• Page 18. Ex.33, 34, 50

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3.- Human biochemistry.

Homework: Copy this table in your notebook and look up the main functions of each

macromolecule on the internet . Complete the table with the information that you find.

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4.- Human cell biology.

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4.1 Cell membrane

4.1.1 Cell membrane components

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4.1.2 Cell membrane functions

[I’ve have uploaded a document about the membrane transport]

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[You can find a table with this information in the blog so that you can complete what you

lack in your notebook]

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5.- Human histology, organography and anatomy.

During the classes we fill in this table, you can download the correction from the blog.

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UNIT 2 (STUDY IT FROM THE BOOK)

1.- FEEDING AND NUTRITION. FOODS AND NUTRIENTS.

Page 25: Ex.1, 2, 3 & 4.

Page 26. Ex. 7.

Page 31: Ex. 18.

Page 38: Ex. 41, 42 & 43 All the information in the same table.

2, 3 AND 4.- NUTRITIONAL NEEDS, DIETS AND FOOD CONSUMPTION.

Page 28. Ex. 12.

Page 29. Ex. 15. + Page 38. Ex. 47.

Page . 31 Ex. 18.

Page 32: Ex. 19 & 20.

READ Page 33 and do: Ex. 24 & 25.

Page 38: Ex. 46, 49 + 51, 52 (in the ex. 43 table add examples)

HEALTHY DIET: take notes of what are you eating at every meal during this week. Look at the

food wheel and the food pyramid on pages 30 and 31 and check if you are eating the foods

from all the groups and in the appropriate amounts. If your diet is not balanced, do another

table trying to change some meals in order to fit with the recommendations (Mediterranean

diet on page 32).

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FOOD LABELS ANALYSIS

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UNIT 3

1.- Organ systems implied in human nutrition.

2.- Nutrition at cellular level. What’s the relationship between the digestive and the respiratory system?

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The biomolecules obtained from the digestive system (nutrients) and the biomolecules

obtained from the respiratory system (oxygen) are the chemical reactives that we use in our

metabolic pathways in order to produce energy and smaller molecules so as to built our own

and new biomolecules.

In the inner mitochondrial membrane we can find a group of enzymes called “the respiratory

chain”. These enzymes are in charge of carrying out some chemicals reactions named “cellular

respiration” due to the fact that the oxygen that we breathe is used as a reactive in them. As a

product of these reactions ATP is obtained. ATP is a nucleotide that has lots of energy in its

chemical bonds. That’s why the cell breaks down ATP molecules when it needs to trigger off

anabolic reactions or transporting substances against gradient in the membrane.

Worksheet:

PAGES EXERCISES

44 3 (cell digestion)

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3. - Anatomy of the digestive system.

ORGANOGRAPHY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: If we cut the digestive tract and observe the

slide under the microscope we will be able to see the next structure:

Layer Function

Serosa It is made up of connective tissue that protects the digestive tract.

Muscularis It is made up of smooth muscular tissue that allows the digestive organs to contract.

Mucosa It is made up of epithelial tissue. In the intestine its cells are called enterocytes and they are in charge of absorbing nutrients.

Submucosa It is made up of connective tissue and carries the blood vessels and nerves that maintains the epithelium alive providing nutrients etc.

(SEE THE TABLE AND PICTURES ABOUT THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE

SYSTEM)

4. - Physiology of the digestive system.

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PAGES EXERCISES

47 12 (Human dentition)

14 (Dental pieces structure)

46 7 (Tongue anatomy)

62 54 (stomach muscle layers)

45 4 & 5 (gut length)

52 26 (gut folds and villi)

PAGES EXERCISES

62 55. (Digestive process)

46 8 (Salivary reflex).

11 (Salivary secretion regulation).

10 (Taste receptors function).

47 13 (Swallowing).

48 15 (Peristaltic movements).

46 9 (Enzymes structure).

48 16. (Digestive enzymes ph-dependence)

62 63 (Digestive enzymes functions).

50 21. (Nutrients as a result of enzymes functioning).

62 59 (Nutrients absorption).

61 (Foods vs faeces comparison).

53 28 (Microbiota)

63 READ AND UNDERSTAND SCIENCE (Microbiota)

5.- Illnesses of the digestive system and healthy habits. Schema.

Reading.

PAGES EXERCISES

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53 29 (Diarrhoea)

48 18 (Vomiting)

60 70 (Heartburn etiology).

49 19 (Heartburn treatment)

49 20 (Ulcers)

6.- Anatomy of the respiratory system.

7.- Physiology of the respiratory system. Table

8.- Illnesses of the respiratory system and healthy habits. Schema.

Reading.