BIOLOGY PROJECT BY MK THAKUR BALI CHOWKI CONTECT :- 9816924506

7/29/2019 BIOLOGY PROJECT BY MK THAKUR BALI CHOWKI CONTECT :- 9816924506

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MENTHA SPECIES | pudina

classification ofpudinaKingdom: Plantae

Division: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Lamiales

Family: Lamiaceae

Genus: Mentha

LOCAL NAME:-PUDINA

This plant is related to the menthe genus and its aromatic herbs.

Many more species grows wild; some of there cultivated.The chief constituent for which these plants are valued are menthol and pappermint oil.this medicinal plant is an erect branched herb upto about 55 cm high.Leaves upto 6 cm long. Flowers small, in small brunches, borne on axile leaves,medicinalseeds are also very useful.MEDICINAL USES ofpudina :- THE DRIED LEAVES AND FLOWERING TOPS OF THEPLANT MAKE THE DRUG PAPPOERMINT, THIS DRUGS USE IN TREATMENT OFVOMITING AND NAUSEA. BRUISHED LEWAVES ARE APPLIED IN HEADACHE ANDOTHER PAIMS.THE MAIN USE OF DRUGS IS OR EXTRACTION FOR PAPPERMINT OIL AND ISLARGELY USED IN MEDICINE FOR STOMACH DISORDERS THE OIL IS ALSIO

ANTISEPTIC At here is several name of (pudina) like koshu,horsemint
http://www.green-source.blogspot.com/2008/03/mentha-speciespudina.htmlhttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/__sRDQ-69B7A/SHxI6mku2_I/AAAAAAAAARI/JNZoEafzThc/s1600-h/pudinhara.jpghttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/__sRDQ-69B7A/SHxI6mku2_I/AAAAAAAAARI/JNZoEafzThc/s1600-h/pudinhara.jpghttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/__sRDQ-69B7A/SHxI6mku2_I/AAAAAAAAARI/JNZoEafzThc/s1600-h/pudinhara.jpghttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/__sRDQ-69B7A/SHxI6mku2_I/AAAAAAAAARI/JNZoEafzThc/s1600-h/pudinhara.jpghttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/__sRDQ-69B7A/SHxI6mku2_I/AAAAAAAAARI/JNZoEafzThc/s1600-h/pudinhara.jpghttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/__sRDQ-69B7A/R9EmP6OuGwI/AAAAAAAAALg/H9jHwVHTueA/s1600-h/mint.jpghttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/__sRDQ-69B7A/R9EmP6OuGwI/AAAAAAAAALg/H9jHwVHTueA/s1600-h/mint.jpghttp://www.green-source.blogspot.com/2008/03/mentha-speciespudina.html


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Neem | Azadirachta indica

classification ofAzadirachta indica

Kingdom: Plantae

Order: Sapindalez

Family: Meliaceae

Genus: Azadirachta

Family: Meliaceae

Common name: Neem, kaduneem, mahaneem.

Nature

It is a tree with straight trunk and compound leaves, with serrated margin.flower are small and white in colour . fruits are small and elongated and mostly turnyellow when ripe.

Distribution

cultivated as roadside tree near habitations.

characteristics ofAzadirachta indica

Beautiful canopy of the tree and its leaves.

Medicinal uses ofAzadirachta indica

This tree is known as Amrut Vruksha as all its parts are used medicinally. leaves and barkare useful in the treatment of skin problems. oil cake from seeds and gum are also useful.in the medicinal purpose.
http://www.green-source.blogspot.com/2009/06/neem-azadiracta-indica.htmlhttp://www.green-source.blogspot.com/2009/06/neem-azadiracta-indica.html


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position

Fairly common tree throughout the plains in india.

Gulvel | Tinospora cordifolia | Amruta

Gulvel (Amruta) classification ofTinosporacordifoliaKingdom: PlantaeDivision: Magnoliophyta

Class: MagnoliopsidaOrder: RanunculalesFamily: Menispermaceae

Genus: Tinospora

Species: T. cordifolia

Family: Meni permaceae

Nature ofTinospora cordifolia

It is a extensive perennial climber with grayish stem and tubercles on the surface.it gives out hanging roots from the stem. the leaves are broad and heart-shaped.the plant bears minute yellow flowers on long spikes

Special Characteristics ofTinospora cordifolia

The stem is gray with tubercles and has bitter test to its exude.

Medicinal uses ofTinospora cordifoliaThe stem dried along with the bark is source of medicine.It is a bitter tonic, useful in all types of liver problems. It is also given to reduce body
http://www.green-source.blogspot.com/2009/06/gulvel-tinospora-cordifolia-amruta.htmlhttp://www.green-source.blogspot.com/2009/06/gulvel-tinospora-cordifolia-amruta.html


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heat (kadki).The plant is also useful in the treatment of jaundice.Important ayurvadic preparation like "Amrutarishta"and"Gelvelsatva" are obtained fromthis plant.

position ofTinospora cordifolia : Common in the wild on trees.

Rui | madar | Calotropis gigantea | Milkweed

classification ofCalotropis gigantea

Kingdom: Plantae

Order: Gentianales

Family: Apocynaceae

Subfamily: Asclepiadoideae

Genus: Calotropis

Species: C. gigantea

Common name: Milkweed, Rui (madar)

Nature ofCalotropis gigantea

A common shurb of wasteland and rode side. the leaves are thick, opposite, decussate inarrangement and coated with white powder. flowers are in umble and blue in colour.

Distribution: Throughout india on plains on wastelands.

Special characteristics ofCalotropis gigantea :Its typical leaves and flowers, which are quite unique in structure.

Medicinal uses ofCalotropis gigantea :
http://www.green-source.blogspot.com/2009/06/rui-madar-calotropis-gigantea-milkweed.htmlhttp://www.green-source.blogspot.com/2009/06/rui-madar-calotropis-gigantea-milkweed.html


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Dry leaf powder used for treating wounds and boils. leaves found to be effective onelephantiasis.flowers along with jaggery are useful against cough and improving appetite.the mixture of latex, turmeric and sesame oil, useful in treating scabies.

Leaves and flowers used for worshiping lord Hanuman.position : Very common.

Common name:Kariyat, Creat Hindi: Kirayat, Kalpanath Manipuri: Vubati Marathi: Oli-kiryata,

Kalpa Tamil: Nilavembu Malayalam: Nelavepu, Kiriyattu Telugu: Nilavembu Kannada:Nelaberu Bengali: Kalmegh Oriya: Bhuinimba Konkani: Vhadlem

Kiratyem Urdu: Naine-havandi Assamese: Kalmegh Gujarati: Kariyatu Sanskrit:

Kalmegha, Bhunimba Mizo: HnakhapuiBotanical name:Andrographis paniculata Family:Acanthaceae(Ruellia family)Synonyms: Justicia paniculata

Kariyat is an erect annual herb extremely bitter in taste in all parts of the plant. It grows erect to a heightof 1-4 ft in moist shady places with smooth leaves and white flowers with rose-purple spots on the petals.

Stem dark green, 0.3 - 1.0 m in height, 2-6 mm in diameter, quadrangular with longitudinalfurrows and wings on the angles of the younger parts, slightly enlarged at the nodes; leavesglabrous, up to 8.0 cm long and 2.5 cm broad, lanceolate, pinnate; flowers small, in laxspreading axillary and terminal racemes or panicles; capsules linear-oblong, acute at bothends, 1.9 cm x 0.3 cm; seeds numerous, sub quadrate, yellowish brown.

Medicinal uses: Since ancient times, Kariyat is used as a wonder drug in traditionalSiddha and Ayurvedic systems of medicine as well as in tribal medicine in India and someother countries for multiple clinical applications. The therapeutic value of Kalmegh is due toits mechanism of action which is perhaps by enzyme induction. The plant extract exhibitsantityphoid and antifungal activities.Identification credit: Prashant Awale

Common name:Gurmar Hindi: chhota-dudhilata, gudmar, gurmar, medhashingi, Marathi: kavali, bedaki, bedakuli, kalikardori, kaoli Tamil: adigam, amudupushpam,


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ayagam, kogilam Malayalam: chakkarakkolli, madhunasini Telugu: bodaparta, podapatra Kannada:kadhasige, sannagera, sannagerasehambu Oriya: meshasringi Urdu: gurmar , gurmar booti,

gurmar patta Sanskrit: ajaballi, ajaghandini, karnika, kshinavartta, madhunasiniBotanical name:Gymnema sylvestre Family:Asclepiadaceae(Milkweed family)

Gurmar is a famed plant, revered for its use in treatment of diabetes for

nearly two millennia. The Hindi name Gurmaractually meansdiabetes killer. It is a large climber, rooting at nodes. Leaves are elliptic,narrow tipped, base narrow. Leaves are smooth above, and sparsely ordensely velvety beneath. Pale yellow flowers are small, in axillary andlateral umbel like cymes. Stalk of the umbel is long. Sepals are long, ovate,obtuse, velvety. Flowers are pale yellow, bell-shaped. Corona is single,with 5 fleshy scales.

Medicinal uses: One of the alternative medicines to both diabetes and obesity could be Gurmarplant preparation, as it known to have a good effect for curbing of diabetes by blocking sugar binding sitesand hence not allowing the sugar molecules to accumulate in the body. Identification credit:Navendu Pg

Common name: Water Jasmine, lady's earrings, sacred buddhist, wild water plum, wondrous wrightiaBotanical name:Wrightia religiosa Family:Apocynaceae(Oleander family)Synonyms: Echites religiosus

Water Jasmine is a shrubs up to 3 m tall. Branchlets are thin, cylindric, oftenwith many lateral short branchlets. Leaf stalks are 2-4 mm long.Leaves are elliptic, ovate, or narrowly oblong, 2.5-7.5 X 1.5-3 cm, lateralveins 5-7 pairs. Flowers are borne in 1-13-flowered cymes often on shortfew-leaved branches, carried on short stalks. Flower stalks are 1.5-2 cmlong, thin, finely hairy. Sepals are ovate, about 1.5 mm. Flowers are white,nearly flat. Flower tube is 3-4 mm, hairless. Petals are ovate, about 7 mm,


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densely velvety on both surfaces. Stamens remain inside the mouth of the flower tube. Follicles arelinear, free, 12-17 cm. Seeds are narrowly spindle-shaped, about 8 mm. Water Jasmine is native toCambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam. Cultivated in many parts of the world for medicine.Flowering: all year.

Medicinal uses: Water Jasmine has been traditionally used as a medicinal herb and roots are usedto cure skin diseases.Identification credit: Dinesh Valke

Common name:Aloe vera, Medicinal aloe, Burn plant Hindi: Gheekumari Marathi: Khorpad

Tamil: Kathalai Malayalam: Chotthu kathalaiBotanical name:Aloe vera Family:Asphodelaceae(Aloe family)Synonyms: Aloe barbadensis, Aloe indica, Aloe vulgaris

Aloe, a popular houseplant, has a long history as amultipurpose folk remedy. Commonly known as Aloe vera, the plant can besnapped off and placed on cuts and burns for immediate relief. Aloe vera is a clump forming succulentwhose fleshy gray-green leaves are arranged in a vase shaped rosette atop a very short stem. Theleaves are up to 18 in long and 2 in wide at the base, slightly grooved on top, and terminating in a sharppoint. The leaves have small grayish teeth on the margins. The main rosette gets up to about 2 ft high,and the plant continually produces little offset rosettes. In winter and spring, medicinal aloe bears smalltubular yellow flowers on branched stalks up to 3 ft tall. The real Aloe vera has yellow flowers, but manyof the clones available have orange flowers. Although Aloe Vera is a member of the Lily family, it is very-cactus like in its characteristics.

Medicinal uses: Aloe Vera contains over 20 minerals, all of which are essential to the human body.The human body requires 22 amino acids for good health -- eight of which are called "essential" becausethe body cannot fabricate them. Aloe Vera contains all of these eight essential amino acids, and 11 of the14 "secondary" amino acids. Aloe Vera has Vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, B12, C and E. In India, Aloe vera isbelieved to help in sustaining youth, due to its positive effects on the skin. Hence it is called gheekunvarorghee kumaari.Common name: Thickhead, Fireweed, Redflower ragleaf, Tera paibi (Manipuri)Botanical name:Crassocephalum crepidioides Family:Asteraceae(Sunflower family)Synonyms: Gynura crepidioides

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branched herb to 1 m tall, smooth or finely hairy. Leaves with lamina elliptic to ovate in outline; lowest


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leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, up to 20 cm long and 10 cm wide, base often with a pair of stipule-like lobes,

margins coarsely toothed; upper leaves smaller, not lobed or with a lobe each side towards base; petiole

up to 4 cm long. Heads in cymes, few to many, nodding at first, later erect; heads 4 mm diameter.

Flowerheads are cylindrical, green, with red florets visible on top. Seeds are floating balls of numerous

silky white hair, which kids in India call by names equivalent to 'old lady' in different languages. Thickhead

is native to tropical africa, but now naturalized in India and SE Asia.

Medicinal uses: Its fleshy, mucilaginous leaves and stems are eaten as a vegetable. A lotion ofleaves is used as a mild medicine that strengthens the stomach and excites its action.

Common name: Quick Weed, gallant soldier, potato weed, small-flower galinsoga Manipuri: Hameng shampakpi Tamil: Mookuthi PooBotanical name:Galinsoga parviflora Family:Asteraceae(Sunflower family)Synonyms: Tridax parviflora

QuickWeed isaslenderannu

al herb 20-70 cm tall, found mostly in NE India. Leaves ovate or narrowly ovate, 2-5 cm long, 1-3 cmwide, margins serrulate or entire. Flower-heads 3-4 mm high, peduncles appressed pubescent orglandular villous; involucral bracts 2-3 mm long; ray florets white, 5 per head, rarely pink, 3-toothed, 1-2mm long; pappus of ray florets absent or very reduced, that of disk florets consisting of blunt-tipped,fimbriate scales. Achenes sparsely appressed pubescent or glabrous.

Medicinal uses: In Manipur, extract of leaves with salt is given in fever, diarrhoea and vomitting.Leaves of this plant, along with those ofAgeratum conyzoides, Drymaria cordata, ginger are made into apaste and applied as a remedy for snake-bite by the Khasis and Jaintias of Meghalaya. Identification credit: Debasish Joardar & Latha

Common name:Bhutkeshi Hindi: Bhutberi, Bhutkeshi, MathoslaBotanical name: Selinum vaginatum Family:Apiaceae(Carrot family)Synonyms: Cortia vaginata

Bhutkeshi is a hairless plant, 20 cm to 1 m tall. Stem is stout, base fibrous.Leaves are up to 30 cm long, hairless, double-compound. Pinnae are 1-3 cm long, lanceshaped to oval,pinnately divided or cut. leaf sheath are oblong, up to 8 cm long. Lower leaves are long-stalked, upperstalkless on the sheath. The flower cluster has an involucre of 1 or 2 linear bracts or none. Rays in the


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flower-cluster are 10-30, stout, hairless to velvety, 2-5 cm long. Involucel of 10-12 pinnate, pubescentbractlets, longer than the umbellet. Calyx teeth are linear. Fruit is 5 mm long, 2 mm broad, elliptic tosubquadrate, ridges winged. Bhutkeshi is endemic to India occuring in Jammu and Kashmir, HimachalPradesh and Uttarakhand. It is said to be common on alpine moist slopes and meadows. Flowering: July-September.

Medicinal uses: Root are used as nervine sedative. It is used as alternative source for Jatamansi.Identification credit: Monika Vats Purohit

Common name:Tanner's Cassia Hindi: TarwarMarathi: Tarwad Kannada: TangediTelugu: Tagedu Tamil: Avaram Gujarati: Awala Malayalam: AvaramBotanical name:Senna auriculata Family:Caesalpiniaceae(Gulmohar family)Synonyms: Cassia auriculata

Tanner'sCassia isabranched

shrub,growingupto 1-

1.5 m high. It has a smooth reddish brown bark. It has many ascending branches and 8-10 cm longpinnate leaves. There are 8-12 pairs of leaflets, each 2-3 cm long. Bright yellow flowers appear inrecemes at the end of branches. The flowers are 4-5 cm across. Upper three stamens are reduced tostamenoides. Fruit is a 7-12 cm long, flat brown pod.

Medicinal uses: In Ayurveda, the root of this plant is used in a decoction for fevers, diabetes,diseases of the urinary system and constipation. The leaves have laxative properties. The dried flowerand flower buds are used as substitute.Identification credit: Pravin Kawale

Common name:Cobra saffron, Ceylon ironwood, Indian rose chestnut Hindi: Nag champa,

Nagkesar Urdu: Narmishka Tamil: Tadinangu Marathi: Thorlachampa Malayalam:Vainavu Assamese: Nokte Manipuri: NageshorBotanical name:Mesua ferrea Family:Clusiaceae(Garcinia family)

A handsome Indianevergreen tree oftenplanted as anornamental for itsfragrant white flowers

that yield a perfume; source of very heavy hardwood used for

railroad ties. In olden time, the very hard timber was used for making lances. It is a small to medium-sizedevergreen tree up to 13 m tall, often buttressed at the base with a trunk up to 90 cm in diameter. It hassimple, narrow, oblong, dark green leaves 7-15 cm long, with a whitish underside; the emerging youngleaves are red to yellowish pink and drooping. The flowers are 4-7.5 cm diameter, with four white petalsand a centre of numerous yellow stamens. The flowers have many uses - they are used to make anincense and also used to stuff pillows in some countries. It is the National tree of Sri Lanka.

Medicinal uses: The leaves are applied to the head in the form of a poultice for severe colds. Oilfrom the seeds is used for sores, scabies, wounds, and rheumatism. The root of this herb is often used asan antidote for snake poison. The dried flowers are used for bleeding hemorrhoids and dysentery with
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mucus. Fresh flowers are also prescribed for excessive thirst, excessive perspiration, cough, and forindigestion

Common name: Holy basil, Tulsi (Hindi, Tamil, Telugu), Trittavu (Malayalam), Tulshi (Marathi)Botanical name:Ocimum tenuiflorum Family:Lamiaceae(Mint family)Synonyms: Ocimum sanctum

Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) is a widely grown, sacred plant of India. Hindus grow Tulsi as a religious plant intheir homes, temples and their farms. They use Tulsi leaves in routine worship. Tulsi, grown as a potplant, is found in almost every traditional Hindu house. The natural habitat of Tulsi varies from sea level toan altitude of 2000 m. It is found growing naturally in moist soil nearly all over the globe. Tulsi is abranched, fragrant and erect herb having hair all over. It attains a height of about 75 to 90 cm whenmature. Its leaves are nearly round and up to 5 cm long with the margin being entire or toothed. Theseare aromatic because of the presence of a kind of scented oil in them. A variety with green leaves iscalled Shri Tulsi and one with reddish leaves is called Krishna Tulsi. Tulsi flowers are small having purpleto reddish color, present in small compact clusters on cylindrical spikes. Stalkless heart-shaped bracts arethere at the base of each flower cluster. Sepal cup is not hairy within. Flowers are rarerly longer than 5mm, calyx tube bearded outside near base. Flower tube is hairy. The fruits are small and the seedsyellow to reddish in color.

Medicinal uses: Because of its medicinal virtues, Tulsi is used in Ayurvedic preparations for treatingvarious ailments.Identification credit: Gurcharan Singh

Common name:Bichchhoo, Indian stinging nettle Hindi: Bichchhoo Manipuri: SanthakBotanical name:Girardinia diversifolia Family:Urticaceae(Nettle family)Synonyms: Girardiana platyphylla, Girardinia heterophylla , Urtica heterophylla

This is a much despised plant in the hills of north India due to is very virulent stinging hairs. The plantgrows to heights of 3 or 4 feet and is often used as fencing to keep out cattle. The popular hindi name

Bichchhoo means scorpion. Indeed the itch produced by the plant, which in milder doses is that of


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many red ants, and with extensive contact can be like that of bees or scorpion stings, and may need anti-allergic medication. The itch is produced from the formic acid contained in the oil glands under thestinging hairs. Stipules are oblong-ovate, 1-3 cm long. Leaves are elliptic, ovate in outline, with baseheart-shaped or flat, margin usually 3, 5, or 7-lobed or, rarely, regularly toothed or sometimes double-toothed at leaf base. Male inflorescences are cyme-like racemes or like panicles, 5-11 cm. Female onesare in distal axils of stem, 10-28 cm, 2.5-3 mm in diameter. There are a few subspecies with differinginflorescences and leaves.

Medicinal uses: However, the plant itself has medicinal value, and Nettle Tea has been used inEurope for many centuries. The leaves should not be touched with bare hands, but dried or boiledthoroughly in water , are used as diuretic, anti- rheumatic, anti-allergic and also for lactating mothers. Theother parts of the plant are also useful for production of oils, biomass and fibre or paper.Identification credit: Akhila Sinha

Common name:Turmeric Assamese: , Halodhi Bengali: Halud Gujarati: Haldar

Hindi: Haldi Kannada: Arishina, Arisina Malayalam: , Manjal Marathi: Halad

Nepali: Haldi Oriya: Haladi Sanskrit: Haridra, Marmarii Tamil:Manjal Telugu: ,

Haridra Urdu: Haldi,Botanical name:Curcuma longa Family:Zingiberaceae(Ginger family)

Turmeric is a rhizomatous herb, native to tropical South Asia. Turmeric is a very important spice in India,which produces nearly the whole worlds crop and uses 80% of it. The plant grows to a height of 3-5 ft. Ithas oblong, pointed leaves and bears funnel-shaped yellow flowers, peeping out of large bracts. The

rhizome is the portion of the plant used medicinally. It is usually boiled, cleaned, and dried, yielding ayellow powder. Dried Turmeric root is the source of the spice turmeric, the ingredient that gives currypowder its characteristic yellow color. Turmeric is used extensively in foods for both its flavor and color.Turmeric has a long tradition of use in the Chinese and Ayurvedic systems of medicine. Identification credit: Thingnam Sophia

1. Introduction: Medicinal Plants and Their OriginsWhat are medicinal plants?Those plants that have healing properties are termed as medicinal plants or herbs. The

plant kingdom is divided into several groups, but the botanical classification is beyond thescope of this section. However, medicinal plants can be simply classified as trees, shrubs,woody perennials, annuals and biennials, and climbers. In this page, only the floweringplants are mentioned, with little or no references to fungi, ferns, mosses and algae.Medical herbalism is the practice of healing with medicinal plants. Modern westerntreatment is different from medical herbalism, but at some point these two merge. For

example, the use of friar's balsam or benzoin tincture for treating colds, the use of aloe veragel for treating sunburn and bruises and the use of cascara or senna to relieve constipation.


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The tendency in modern medicine is to use synthetic drugs, that eventually were modelled

on compounds obtained mainly from plants. Therefore, whether the plants are used as a

whole, or extracts or their synthetics, their discovery originated from the long term practiceof medical herbalism by Man.History of HerbalismSince the dawn of civilisation, Man utilised plants for their medicinal and edible value. Bytrial and error, Man distinguished between the beneficial and poisonous plants. Man alsoobserved that in large quantities medicinal and edible plants may be poisonous, and learned

about the usefulness of plants by observing animals. Sick animals utilise certain plants thatthey usually ignore. Today, this method is used by scientists to isolate active compoundsfrom medicinal plants.Herbalism is thought to have started some 60,000 years ago, where pollen grains of several

medicinal plants such as marshmallow (Althaea), yarrow (Achillea), ephedra and muscari

were documented at burial sites at Shanidar in Iraq. This confirms the use of medicinalplants by the Neanderthal Man.The earliest written historical information dates back to 2500 B.C. when Sumarianideograms described the use of medicinal plants such as the poppy as the "the plant of joy"1728 to 1686 B.C. in the Code of Hammurabi, the King of Babylon. Plants mentioned include

mint, henbane, senna and licorice. It is impossible to determine at what point in timemankind first discovered the medicinal use of specific plants.With time, more documents were written or drawn and by the sixteenth century B.C. theearliest written records of practices were produced by the Egyptians, who were greatlyesteemed in the ancient Mediterranean world. Medicinal plants such as fennel, castor oil,

opium, thyme, linseed, aloe and myrrh, were mentioned. Some of the early uses ofmedicinal plants are still valid today. The first documented healer by name was Imhotep. Hewas so famous that after his death his stature was elevated to that of a god.During the Greek Era, knowledge on the use of medicinal plants expanded in such a waythat conquered adopted skills and knowledge of various cultures to their own. Also, there

was an exchange of information between professionals especially between the three greatcivilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt and India. In fact, the uses of several medicinal plants iscommon in the Mesopotamian, Indian, Egyptian, Greek and Roman documents. Some plants

include:Castor oil that was used as a powerful laxative, one teaspoon to two tablespoons taken inthe evening.Fennel seeds that were used for their carminative, stomachic and other digestive problems,taken steeped with water, or as two drops of seed oil.Saffron was used as a carminative or to increase the blood flow.By 400 years B.C., Hippocrates, the father of medicine, tried to weed out the superstitionsbound to health and the use of medicinal herbs. As a result, the Hippocratic writings thatare anonymous, deal with several medical subjects, taken from a more logical point of view.He also tackled medicinal plants in a more scientific way than ever before.


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The Romans were famous for their organised administration. They were attentive to learn

and put into practice what they learned. The two most important medical figures of Rome

whose contributions remained the uncontested "standard" for botany and medicine wereDioscorides and Galen. By around 50 A.D., Dioscorides described plants in a methodic way

including their name, synomyms and picture, habitats, botanical description, drug actions,medicinal uses, harmful side effects, quantity and dosage, instructions on the collection,

preparation and storage, adulterants and mode of detection and their veterinary uses. Heclassified plants on their medicinal action. He compiled works of previous herbalists andbotanists in his herbal "De Materia Medica".Around 130 A.D., Galen traveled with the Roman army, like Dioscorides, and gathered

information on several medicinal plants. He was the last and most important physician afterHippocrates.The Greek and Roman works were translated to the Syrian and Persian languages and theArabs reintroduced these works in Europe, when they invaded Spain. The Arabs alsointroduced Chinese and Ayurveda works.Many plants with medicinal virtues are termed officinalis. The Latin name denotes that theplant is medicinally useful. This term dates back to the early Christian period, when

monasteries were utilised as centres for the gathering and writing of information and usageof medicinal herbs.After the first millenium after Christ, several botanists and herbalists wrote on the usage ofmedicinal plants. Authors include Hildegarde, Albertus Magnus, Valerius Cordus,

Theophrastus, Pier Andrea Mattioli, William Turner Carolus Clusius, Nicholas Culpeper and

Friedrich Hoffmann extending from 1098 to 1791. Later the isolation of chemical substancesfrom plants was commenced by Caventou and Pelletier who isolated alkaloids such as

caffeine, while Geiger and Hess isolated atropine and other alkaloids dating up to 1850.

Later scientists from the mid-nineteenth century to date, isolated most of the chemicalconstituents that we know of. Some of them are still in use in their natural form, whileothers are produced more efficiently by chemical synthesis, in industry.

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