Biology – study of lifeBio =life

Make observations and perform studies tobetter understand the world and makeuseful predictions about the future.

How do you know there is a problem.

What is it that youdon’t like

Did the experimentsupport the hypothesis

Write or chartwhat happened

Perform your hypothesis

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Step 5 Step 4Step 6

Make Observations State the Problem Form a Hypothesis

Make a Conclusion Record &Analyze Experiment

UV radiation causes sunburn

Expose 2 UV sensitivebeads to UV after coating one beadwith sun block

Yes sun block reduces

UV exposure

Sunburn leadsto skin cancer

If I use sunblockthen I won’t get asmuch UV radiation

Use IF to tell what to do to solve the problem

and THEN to state what you think will happen

time no block block

Hypothesis vs. Scientific Theory

Scientific theory vs. common theory

Scientific Law -

When experiments are repeatable by othersand additional experiments are used to challenge the finding, but they continue to support the hypothesis, the scientific community elevates the hypothesis to the level of Scientific Theory.

After numerous challenges and rigorous experiments testing the Scientific Theory continue to support the theory it is elevated to the level of Scientific Lawex. All living things are composed of cells.

Safety

Process

Precautions

tools

1,000 kilo

100hecto

10deca 1

(base unit)meter, liter,or gram

1/10deci

1/100centi

1/1000 milli

When going from a large unit to a small unit the decimal point moves to the right (this gives you a larger number). 

Measurement – Converting from one unit to another 

When going from a small unit to a large unit the decimal point moves left (this gives you a smaller number).

 Example: 1000 m = 1 km

Example: 1 km = 1000 m

Light microscope

Focus

Power

Wet mount slide

Electron microscope

Characteristics of Life

• How do we know if something is alive or not?

• If the following characteristics are present then the thing is alive.

WRITE THIS AT TOP CIRCLE

Smallest unit of life is 1 cell (unicellular)

We are multicellular (many cells)

Sexual Reproduction: mix genetic material of

2 parents to create a new and unique individual.

Asexual Reproduction:No mixing of genetic

material = a copyof 1 individual

Genetic CodeAll life is based on a genetic code.

The DNA Double Helix is the molecule that carries your genetic information.

Grow = increase in size and Number of cells.

Develop = Cells or body’s characteristics change with

Maturity.

Nutrients and energy are usedTo grow and provide energy for

movement and cell activities.Metabolism is how fast your body breaks down food and

releases the energy to beused. Materials can be used for

shelter or attracting a mate

Responds to the Environment

What changes in the environment do organisms respond to?

Temperature

Amount of sunlight

Humidity

Soil Moisture

Predators

Potential Mates

Maintain Internal Conditions(homeostasis)

During activities we use up energy, increaseour temperature, as well as lose water and salts. Our enzymes only work in a limited range.

sweating

Drink

Breathing

Eat

Change over time(Evolution)

Over time species change.

All dogs that are alive today had an ancestor who was a wolf.

As the environment changesthose that survive and have

successful offspring will shapewhat the future generations

look like.(Offspring are similar to

parents)

Biochemistry

The study of the organic molecules of life.

Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-)

Transferof electron

Protons +11Electrons -11Charge 0

Protons +17Electrons -17Charge 0

Protons +11Electrons -10Charge +1

Protons +17Electrons -18Charge -1

Section 2-1

Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding

Carbon is made up ofCarbon atoms.

Atoms of carbon make up the elementCarbon. (pure)

Compounds are madeWhen 2 or more elementsAre combined in a specificratio. (mixed)

2 Types of bonds between elements

Ionic bonding is when one atom looses an Electron to another atom. Like when I take myBrothers ice cream I want it all. Then he comesAfter me! Ionic I want it!

Covalent bonds share electrons.This is a single covalent bond sharing 2 electrons. Double

covalent bonds share 4 electrons.

Covalent bonds like Co-workers share items.

Water molecules have polar covalent bonding.One end is positive and one end is negative.This gives water some interesting abilities.

1 negatively charged oxygen atom

2 positively charged Hydrogen atoms

4 macromolecules or nutrient groups

Carbohydrates

Good or Bad

???????

You get to answer this question at the

end!

PROTEINS

DNA RNA

The polymer name of nucleic acids is nucleic acids

Monomers•

That’s a lot of energy storedas carbon hydrogen& oxygen!

What is meant by the following;

It’s the same for computers and bodies…Garbage in garbage out.

ProducerMake 100%of

food

100lbs.

PrimaryConsumer

10%

10lbs.

SecondaryConsumer

1%

1lbs.carnivore

Heterotroph

Decomposer.1%

.1lbs.

Heterotroph

Food Chains show how energy moves through the ecosystem.

10% 10% 10%

Autotroph Heterotroph

Eats something else

green plant herbivore decomposer

heat

heatheat heat

Reaction pathwaywithout enzyme Activation energy

without enzyme

Activationenergywith enzymeReaction pathway

with enzyme

Reactants

Products

Section 2-4

Effect of Enzymes

Oven cleaner

Bleach

Ammonia solution

Soap

Sea water

Human bloodPure waterMilkNormalrainfall

Acid rainTomatojuice

Lemon juice

Stomach acid

NeutralIn

crea

sing

ly B

asic

Incr

easi

ngly

Aci

dic

Section 2-2

pH Scale

ProducerMake 100%of

food

100lbs.

PrimaryConsumer

10%

10lbs.

SecondaryConsumer

1%

1lbs.carnivore

Heterotroph

Decomposer.1%

.1lbs.

Heterotroph

10% 10% 10%

Autotroph Heterotroph

green plant herbivore decomposer

heat

heatheat heat

Cellular respiration vs burning fossil fuel

Water and carbon dioxide out.

Large energy molecules and oxygen in…

Defend the following statement.

If plants don’t get enough nitrogen then they will have difficulty making new cells.

CHO

CHO

CHON

CHONP & sometimes S