Biology Textbook RICE University _Part4

8/19/2019 Biology Textbook RICE University _Part4

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DSLARGMLQ. $MK@GLCB, RFCQC KMJCASJCQ K?IC SN RFC K?HMPGRW MD ? ACJJsQ BPW K?QQ (PCA?JJ RF?R U?RCP K?ICQ

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MBKQLPBP, >KA EBULPBP E>SB QEOBB, CFSB, >KA PFU @>O?LK ?>@H?LKBP, OBPMB@QFSBIV.

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($6126), RFCW BGDDCP QRPSARSP?JJW ?LB AFCKGA?JJW (?LB ?PC ILMUL ?Q GQMKCPQ) @CA?SQC MD RFC BGDDCPCLR

?PP?LECKCLR MD DSLARGML?J EPMSNQ ?PMSLB RFC ?QWKKCRPGA A?P@ML; ?JJ MD RFCQC KMLMQ?AAF?PGBCQ F?TC

KMPC RF?L MLC ?QWKKCRPGA A?P@ML (Figure 3.5).

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E>Q HFKA LC PRD>OP >OB QEBPB, >IALPB LO HBQLPB

JSAMQC, E?J?ARMQC, ?LB DPSARMQC ?PC GQMKCPGA KMLMQ?AAF?PGBCQ (FCVMQCQ), KC?LGLE RFCW F?TC RFC

Q?KC AFCKGA?J DMPKSJ? @SR F?TC QJGEFRJW BGDDCPCLR QRPSARSPCQ. JSAMQC ?LB E?J?ARMQC ?PC ?JBMQCQ, ?LB

DPSARMQC GQ ? ICRMQC.

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?PC SQS?JJW DMSLB GL PGLE DMPKQ (Figure 3.6). JSAMQC GL ? PGLE DMPK A?L F?TC RUM BGDDCPCLR ?PP?LECKCLRQ

MD RFC FWBPMVWJ EPMSN () ?PMSLB RFC ?LMKCPGA A?P@ML (A?P@ML 1 RF?R @CAMKCQ ?QWKKCRPGA GL RFC

NPMACQQ MD PGLE DMPK?RGML). *D RFC FWBPMVWJ EPMSN GQ @CJMU A?P@ML LSK@CP 1 GL RFC QSE?P, GR GQ Q?GB RM @C

GL RFC ?JNF? ( ) NMQGRGML, ?LB GD GR GQ ?@MTC RFC NJ?LC, GR GQ Q?GB RM @C GL RFC @CR? ( D) NMQGRGML.

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DIR@LPB.

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ILMUL ?Q ? AMLBCLQ?RGML PC?ARGML MP BCFWBP?RGML QWLRFCQGQ). %SPGLE RFGQ NPMACQQ, RFC FWBPMVWJ EPMSN

MD MLC KMLMQ?AAF?PGBC AMK@GLCQ UGRF RFC FWBPMECL MD ?LMRFCP KMLMQ?AAF?PGBC, PCJC?QGLE ? KMJCASJC

MD U?RCP ?LB DMPKGLE ? AMT?JCLR @MLB. AMT?JCLR @MLB DMPKCB @CRUCCL ? A?P@MFWBP?RC KMJCASJC ?LB

?LMRFCP KMJCASJC (GL RFGQ A?QC, @CRUCCL RUM KMLMQ?AAF?PGBCQ) GQ ILMUL ?Q ? glycosidic bond (Figure

3.7). JWAMQGBGA @MLBQ (?JQM A?JJCB EJWAMQGBGA JGLI?ECQ) A?L @C MD RFC ?JNF? MP RFC @CR? RWNC.

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QL QEB @>O?LKVI DOLRM. K PR@OLPB, > DIV@LPFAF@ IFKH>DB FP CLOJBA ?BQTBBK @>O?LK 1 FK DIR@LPB >KA

@>O?LK 2 FK COR@QLPB.

$MKKML BGQ?AAF?PGBCQ GLAJSBC J?ARMQC, K?JRMQC, ?LB QSAPMQC (Figure 3.8). ?ARMQC GQ ? BGQ?AAF?PGBC

AMLQGQRGLE MD RFC KMLMKCPQ EJSAMQC ?LB E?J?ARMQC. *R GQ DMSLB L?RSP?JJW GL KGJI. ?JRMQC, MP K?JR QSE?P,

GQ ? BGQ?AAF?PGBC DMPKCB @W ? BCFWBP?RGML PC?ARGML @CRUCCL RUM EJSAMQC KMJCASJCQ. FC KMQR AMKKMLBGQ?AAF?PGBC GQ QSAPMQC, MP R?@JC QSE?P, UFGAF GQ AMKNMQCB MD RFC KMLMKCPQ EJSAMQC ?LB DPSARMQC.

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= tK?LWu). FC AF?GL K?W @C @P?LAFCB MP SL@P?LAFCB, ?LB GR K?W AMLR?GL BGDDCPCLR RWNCQ MD

KMLMQ?AAF?PGBCQ. FC KMJCASJ?P UCGEFR K?W @C 100,000 B?JRMLQ MP KMPC BCNCLBGLE ML RFC LSK@CP MD

KMLMKCPQ HMGLCB. R?PAF, EJWAMECL, ACJJSJMQC, ?LB AFGRGL ?PC NPGK?PW CV?KNJCQ MD NMJWQ?AAF?PGBCQ.

R?PAF GQ RFC QRMPCB DMPK MD QSE?PQ GL NJ?LRQ ?LB GQ K?BC SN MD ? KGVRSPC MD ?KWJMQC ?LB ?KWJMNCARGL

(@MRF NMJWKCPQ MD EJSAMQC). J?LRQ ?PC ?@JC RM QWLRFCQGXC EJSAMQC, ?LB RFC CVACQQ EJSAMQC, @CWMLB RFC

NJ?LRsQ GKKCBG?RC CLCPEW LCCBQ, GQ QRMPCB ?Q QR?PAF GL BGDDCPCLR NJ?LR N?PRQ, GLAJSBGLE PMMRQ ?LB QCCBQ. FCQR?PAF GL RFC QCCBQ NPMTGBCQ DMMB DMP RFC CK@PWM ?Q GR ECPKGL?RCQ ?LB A?L ?JQM ?AR ?Q ? QMSPAC MD DMMB

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EJSAMQC.

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LSK@CPQ 1-4 ?LB 1-6 PCDCP RM RFC A?P@ML LSK@CP MD RFC RUM PCQGBSCQ RF?R F?TC HMGLCB RM DMPK RFC @MLB.

Q GJJSQRP?RCB GL Figure 3.9, ?KWJMQC GQ QR?PAF DMPKCB @W SL@P?LAFCB AF?GLQ MD EJSAMQC KMLMKCPQ (MLJW

1-4 JGLI?ECQ), UFCPC?Q ?KWJMNCARGL GQ ? @P?LAFCB NMJWQ?AAF?PGBC ( 1-6 JGLI?ECQ ?R RFC @P?LAF NMGLRQ).

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!@>LI< 3.9 !JVILPB >KA >JVILMB@QFK >OB QTL AFCCBOBKQ CLOJP LC PQ>O@E. !JVILPB FP @LJMLPBA LC

RK?O>K@EBA @E>FKP LC DIR@LPB JLKLJBOP @LKKB@QBA ?V C 1,4 DIV@LPFAF@ IFKH>DBP. !JVILMB@QFK FP

@LJMLPBA LC ?O>K@EBA @E>FKP LC DIR@LPB JLKLJBOP @LKKB@QBA ?V C 1,4 >KA C 1,6 DIV@LPFAF@

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'IV@LDBK (KLQ PELTK) FP PFJFI>O FK PQOR@QROB QL >JVILMB@QFK ?RQ JLOB EFDEIV ?O>K@EBA.

Glycogen GQ RFC QRMP?EC DMPK MD EJSAMQC GL FSK?LQ ?LB MRFCP TCPRC@P?RCQ ?LB GQ K?BC SN MD

KMLMKCPQ MD EJSAMQC. JWAMECL GQ RFC ?LGK?J COSGT?JCLR MD QR?PAF ?LB GQ ? FGEFJW @P?LAFCB KMJCASJCSQS?JJW QRMPCB GL JGTCP ?LB KSQAJC ACJJQ. FCLCTCP @JMMB EJSAMQC JCTCJQ BCAPC?QC, EJWAMECL GQ @PMICL

BMUL RM PCJC?QC EJSAMQC GL ? NPMACQQ ILMUL ?Q EJWAMECLMJWQGQ.

Cellulose GQ RFC KMQR ?@SLB?LR L?RSP?J @GMNMJWKCP. FC ACJJ U?JJ MD NJ?LRQ GQ KMQRJW K?BC MD

ACJJSJMQC; RFGQ NPMTGBCQ QRPSARSP?J QSNNMPR RM RFC ACJJ. MMB ?LB N?NCP ?PC KMQRJW ACJJSJMQGA GL L?RSPC.

$CJJSJMQC GQ K?BC SN MD EJSAMQC KMLMKCPQ RF?R ?PC JGLICB @W D 1-4 EJWAMQGBGA @MLBQ (Figure 3.10).

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OBI>QFSB QL QEB KBUQ LKB OBPRIQFKD FK > IFKB>O, CF?OLRP PQOR@QROB.

Q QFMUL GL Figure 3.10, CTCPW MRFCP EJSAMQC KMLMKCP GL ACJJSJMQC GQ DJGNNCB MTCP, ?LB RFC

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QRPCLERFqUFGAF GQ QM GKNMPR?LR RM NJ?LR ACJJQ. FGJC RFC D 1-4 JGLI?EC A?LLMR @C @PMICL BMUL @W FSK?L

BGECQRGTC CLXWKCQ, FCP@GTMPCQ QSAF ?Q AMUQ, IM?J?Q, @SDD?JMQ, ?LB FMPQCQ ?PC ?@JC, UGRF RFC FCJN MD RFC

QNCAG?JGXCB DJMP? GL RFCGP QRMK?AF, RM BGECQR NJ?LR K?RCPG?J RF?R GQ PGAF GL ACJJSJMQC ?LB SQC GR ?Q ? DMMB

QMSPAC. *L RFCQC ?LGK?JQ, ACPR?GL QNCAGCQ MD @?ARCPG? ?LB NPMRGQRQ PCQGBC GL RFC PSKCL (N?PR MD RFC BGECQRGTCQWQRCK MD FCP@GTMPCQ) ?LB QCAPCRC RFC CLXWKC ACJJSJ?QC. FC ?NNCLBGV MD EP?XGLE ?LGK?JQ ?JQM AMLR?GLQ

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RF?R QCAPCRC ACJJSJ?QCQ.

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LRFPB $L@HBO)

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#W RFC CLB MD RFGQ QCARGML, WMS UGJJ @C ?@JC RM:

z %CQAPG@C RFC DMSP K?HMP RWNCQ MD JGNGBQ

z &VNJ?GL RFC PMJC MD D?RQ GL QRMPGLE CLCPEW

z %GDDCPCLRG?RC @CRUCCL Q?RSP?RCB ?LB SLQ?RSP?RCB D?RRW ?AGBQ

z %CQAPG@C NFMQNFMJGNGBQ ?LB RFCGP PMJC GL ACJJQ

z %CDGLC RFC @?QGA QRPSARSPC MD ? QRCPMGB ?LB QMKC DSLARGMLQ MD QRCPMGBQz &VNJ?GL RFC FMU AFMJCQRCPMJ FCJNQ RM K?GLR?GL RFC DJSGB L?RSPC MD RFC NJ?QK? KCK@P?LC

Lipids GLAJSBC ? BGTCPQC EPMSN MD AMKNMSLBQ RF?R ?PC J?PECJW LMLNMJ?P GL L?RSPC. FGQ GQ @CA?SQC RFCW

?PC FWBPMA?P@MLQ RF?R GLAJSBC KMQRJW LMLNMJ?P A?P@MLpA?P@ML MP A?P@MLpFWBPMECL @MLBQ. ML-NMJ?P

KMJCASJCQ ?PC FWBPMNFM@GA (tU?RCP DC?PGLEu), MP GLQMJS@JC GL U?RCP. GNGBQ NCPDMPK K?LW BGDDCPCLR

DSLARGMLQ GL ? ACJJ. $CJJQ QRMPC CLCPEW DMP JMLE-RCPK SQC GL RFC DMPK MD D?RQ. GNGBQ ?JQM NPMTGBC GLQSJ?RGML

DPMK RFC CLTGPMLKCLR DMP NJ?LRQ ?LB ?LGK?JQ (Figure 3.12). MP CV?KNJC, RFCW FCJN ICCN ?OS?RGA

@GPBQ ?LB K?KK?JQ BPW UFCL DMPKGLE ? NPMRCARGTC J?WCP MTCP DSP MP DC?RFCPQ @CA?SQC MD RFCGP U?RCP-

PCNCJJ?LR FWBPMNFM@GA L?RSPC. GNGBQ ?PC ?JQM RFC @SGJBGLE @JMAIQ MD K?LW FMPKMLCQ ?LB ?PC ?L GKNMPR?LR

AMLQRGRSCLR MD ?JJ ACJJSJ?P KCK@P?LCQ. GNGBQ GLAJSBC D?RQ, MGJQ, U?VCQ, NFMQNFMJGNGBQ, ?LB QRCPMGBQ.

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COLJ QEB BIBJBKQP. (@OBAFQ: +BK "LPJ>)

!KJ E; *@J

D?R KMJCASJC AMLQGQRQ MD RUM K?GL AMKNMLCLRQqEJWACPMJ ?LB D?RRW ?AGBQ. JWACPMJ GQ ?L MPE?LGA

AMKNMSLB (?JAMFMJ) UGRF RFPCC A?P@MLQ, DGTC FWBPMECLQ, ?LB RFPCC FWBPMVWJ () EPMSNQ. ?RRW ?AGBQ

F?TC ? JMLE AF?GL MD FWBPMA?P@MLQ RM UFGAF ? A?P@MVWJ EPMSN GQ ?RR?AFCB, FCLAC RFC L?KC tD?RRW ?AGB.u

FC LSK@CP MD A?P@MLQ GL RFC D?RRW ?AGB K?W P?LEC DPMK 4 RM 36; KMQR AMKKML ?PC RFMQC AMLR?GLGLE

12p18 A?P@MLQ. *L ? D?R KMJCASJC, RFC D?RRW ?AGBQ ?PC ?RR?AFCB RM C?AF MD RFC RFPCC A?P@MLQ MD RFC EJWACPMJKMJCASJC UGRF ?L CQRCP @MLB RFPMSEF ?L MVWECL ?RMK (Figure 3.13).

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!@>LI< 3.13 OF>@VIDIV@BOLI FP CLOJBA ?V QEB GLFKFKD LC QEOBB C>QQV >@FAP QL > DIV@BOLI ?>@H?LKB FK >

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%SPGLE RFGQ CQRCP @MLB DMPK?RGML, RFPCC U?RCP KMJCASJCQ ?PC PCJC?QCB. FC RFPCC D?RRW ?AGBQ GL

RFC RPG?AWJEJWACPMJ K?W @C QGKGJ?P MP BGQQGKGJ?P. ?RQ ?PC ?JQM A?JJCB triacylglycerols MP triglycerides

@CA?SQC MD RFCGP AFCKGA?J QRPSARSPC. MKC D?RRW ?AGBQ F?TC AMKKML L?KCQ RF?R QNCAGDW RFCGP MPGEGL. MP

CV?KNJC, N?JKGRGA ?AGB, ? saturated fatty acid, GQ BCPGTCB DPMK RFC N?JK RPCC. P?AFGBGA ?AGB GQ BCPGTCB

DPMK A9(*/0: /@76.(, RFC QAGCLRGDGA L?KC DMP EPMSLBLSRQ MP NC?LSRQ.

?RRW ?AGBQ K?W @C Q?RSP?RCB MP SLQ?RSP?RCB. *L ? D?RRW ?AGB AF?GL, GD RFCPC ?PC MLJW QGLEJC @MLBQ

@CRUCCL LCGEF@MPGLE A?P@MLQ GL RFC FWBPMA?P@ML AF?GL, RFC D?RRW ?AGB GQ Q?GB RM @C Q?RSP?RCB. ?RSP?RCB

D?RRW ?AGBQ ?PC Q?RSP?RCB UGRF FWBPMECL; GL MRFCP UMPBQ, RFC LSK@CP MD FWBPMECL ?RMKQ ?RR?AFCB RM RFC

A?P@ML QICJCRML GQ K?VGKGXCB. RC?PGA ?AGB GQ ?L CV?KNJC MD ? Q?RSP?RCB D?RRW ?AGB (Figure 3.14)

!@>LI< 3.14 QB>OF@ >@FA FP > @LJJLK P>QRO>QBA C>QQV >@FA.

FCL RFC FWBPMA?P@ML AF?GL AMLR?GLQ ? BMS@JC @MLB, RFC D?RRW ?AGB GQ Q?GB RM @C unsaturated. JCGA

?AGB GQ ?L CV?KNJC MD ?L SLQ?RSP?RCB D?RRW ?AGB (Figure 3.15).

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!@>LI< 3.15 IBF@ >@FA FP > @LJJLK RKP>QRO>QBA C>QQV >@FA.

MQR SLQ?RSP?RCB D?RQ ?PC JGOSGB ?R PMMK RCKNCP?RSPC ?LB ?PC A?JJCB MGJQ. *D RFCPC GQ MLC BMS@JC @MLB

GL RFC KMJCASJC, RFCL GR GQ ILMUL ?Q ? KMLMSLQ?RSP?RCB D?R (C.E., MJGTC MGJ), ?LB GD RFCPC GQ KMPC RF?L MLC

BMS@JC @MLB, RFCL GR GQ ILMUL ?Q ? NMJWSLQ?RSP?RCB D?R (C.E., A?LMJ? MGJ).FCL ? D?RRW ?AGB F?Q LM BMS@JC @MLBQ, GR GQ ILMUL ?Q ? Q?RSP?RCB D?RRW ?AGB @CA?SQC LM KMPC

FWBPMECL K?W @C ?BBCB RM RFC A?P@ML ?RMKQ MD RFC AF?GL. D?R K?W AMLR?GL QGKGJ?P MP BGDDCPCLR D?RRW

?AGBQ ?RR?AFCB RM EJWACPMJ. MLE QRP?GEFR D?RRW ?AGBQ UGRF QGLEJC @MLBQ RCLB RM ECR N?AICB RGEFRJW ?LB ?PC

QMJGB ?R PMMK RCKNCP?RSPC. LGK?J D?RQ UGRF QRC?PGA ?AGB ?LB N?JKGRGA ?AGB (AMKKML GL KC?R) ?LB RFC D?R

UGRF @SRWPGA ?AGB (AMKKML GL @SRRCP) ?PC CV?KNJCQ MD Q?RSP?RCB D?RQ. ?KK?JQ QRMPC D?RQ GL QNCAG?JGXCB

ACJJQ A?JJCB ?BGNMAWRCQ, UFCPC EJM@SJCQ MD D?R MAASNW KMQR MD RFC ACJJsQ TMJSKC. *L NJ?LRQ, D?R MP MGJ GQ

QRMPCB GL K?LW QCCBQ ?LB GQ SQCB ?Q ? QMSPAC MD CLCPEW BSPGLE QCCBJGLE BCTCJMNKCLR. LQ?RSP?RCB D?RQ

MP MGJQ ?PC SQS?JJW MD NJ?LR MPGEGL ?LB AMLR?GL *0: SLQ?RSP?RCB D?RRW ?AGBQ. C0: ?LB ;9(5: GLBGA?RC RFC

AMLDGESP?RGML MD RFC KMJCASJC ?PMSLB RFC BMS@JC @MLB. *D FWBPMECLQ ?PC NPCQCLR GL RFC Q?KC NJ?LC, GR GQ

PCDCPPCB RM ?Q ? AGQ D?R; GD RFC FWBPMECL ?RMKQ ?PC ML RUM BGDDCPCLR NJ?LCQ, GR GQ PCDCPPCB RM ?Q ? trans

fat.FC *0: BMS@JC @MLB A?SQCQ ? @CLB MP ? tIGLIu RF?R NPCTCLRQ RFC D?RRW ?AGBQ DPMK N?AIGLE RGEFRJW,

ICCNGLE RFCK JGOSGB ?R PMMK RCKNCP?RSPC (Figure 3.16). JGTC MGJ, AMPL MGJ, A?LMJ? MGJ, ?LB AMB JGTCP

MGJ ?PC CV?KNJCQ MD SLQ?RSP?RCB D?RQ. LQ?RSP?RCB D?RQ FCJN RM JMUCP @JMMB AFMJCQRCPMJ JCTCJQ UFCPC?Q

Q?RSP?RCB D?RQ AMLRPG@SRC RM NJ?OSC DMPK?RGML GL RFC ?PRCPGCQ.

84 #!% 3 X "'#! !#%#%



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!@>LI< 3.16 >QRO>QBA C>QQV >@FAP E>SB EVAOL@>O?LK @E>FKP @LKKB@QBA ?V PFKDIB ?LKAP LKIV.

KP>QRO>QBA C>QQV >@FAP E>SB LKB LO JLOB ALR?IB ?LKAP. %>@E ALR?IB ?LKA J>V ?B FK > *0: LO ;9(5:

@LKCFDRO>QFLK. K QEB *0: @LKCFDRO>QFLK, ?LQE EVAOLDBKP >OB LK QEB P>JB PFAB LC QEB EVAOL@>O?LK

@E>FK. K QEB ;9(5: @LKCFDRO>QFLK, QEB EVAOLDBKP >OB LK LMMLPFQB PFABP. ! *0: ALR?IB ?LKA @>RPBP >HFKH FK QEB @E>FK.

"7'38 F'98

*L RFC DMMB GLBSQRPW, MGJQ ?PC ?PRGDGAG?JJW FWBPMECL?RCB RM K?IC RFCK QCKG-QMJGB ?LB MD ? AMLQGQRCLAW

BCQGP?@JC DMP K?LW NPMACQQCB DMMB NPMBSARQ. GKNJW QNC?IGLE, FWBPMECL E?Q GQ @S@@JCB RFPMSEF MGJQ

RM QMJGBGDW RFCK. %SPGLE RFGQ FWBPMECL?RGML NPMACQQ, BMS@JC @MLBQ MD RFC *0:- AMLDMPK?RGML GL RFC

FWBPMA?P@ML AF?GL K?W @C AMLTCPRCB RM BMS@JC @MLBQ GL RFC RP?LQ- AMLDMPK?RGML.

?PE?PGLC, QMKC RWNCQ MD NC?LSR @SRRCP, ?LB QFMPRCLGLE ?PC CV?KNJCQ MD ?PRGDGAG?JJW FWBPMECL?RCB

RP?LQ D?RQ. CACLR QRSBGCQ F?TC QFMUL RF?R ?L GLAPC?QC GL RP?LQ D?RQ GL RFC FSK?L BGCR K?W JC?B RM ?L

GLAPC?QC GL JCTCJQ MD JMU-BCLQGRW JGNMNPMRCGLQ (%), MP t@?Bu AFMJCQRCPMJ, UFGAF GL RSPL K?W JC?B RM

NJ?OSC BCNMQGRGML GL RFC ?PRCPGCQ, PCQSJRGLE GL FC?PR BGQC?QC. ?LW D?QR DMMB PCQR?SP?LRQ F?TC PCACLRJW

@?LLCB RFC SQC MD RP?LQ D?RQ, ?LB DMMB J?@CJQ ?PC PCOSGPCB RM BGQNJ?W RFC RP?LQ D?R AMLRCLR.

O2+-' F'99> A)/*8

&QQCLRG?J D?RRW ?AGBQ ?PC D?RRW ?AGBQ PCOSGPCB @SR LMR QWLRFCQGXCB @W RFC FSK?L @MBW. $MLQCOSCLRJW, RFCW

F?TC RM @C QSNNJCKCLRCB RFPMSEF GLECQRGML TG? RFC BGCR. Omega-3 D?RRW ?AGBQ (JGIC RF?R QFMUL GL Figure

3.17) D?JJ GLRM RFGQ A?RCEMPW ?LB ?PC MLC MD MLJW RUM ILMUL DMP FSK?LQ (RFC MRFCP @CGLE MKCE?-6 D?RRW

?AGB). FCQC ?PC NMJWSLQ?RSP?RCB D?RRW ?AGBQ ?LB ?PC A?JJCB MKCE?-3 @CA?SQC RFC RFGPB A?P@ML DPMK RFC

CLB MD RFC FWBPMA?P@ML AF?GL GQ AMLLCARCB RM GRQ LCGEF@MPGLE A?P@ML @W ? BMS@JC @MLB.

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!@>LI< 3.17 !IME>-IFKLIBKF@ >@FA FP >K BU>JMIB LC >K LJBD>-3 C>QQV >@FA. Q E>P QEOBB *0: ALR?IB

?LKAP >KA, >P > OBPRIQ, > @ROSBA PE>MB. &LO @I>OFQV, QEB @>O?LKP >OB KLQ PELTK. %>@E PFKDIV ?LKABA

@>O?LK E>P QTL EVAOLDBKP >PPL@F>QBA TFQE FQ, >IPL KLQ PELTK.

FC D?PRFCQR A?P@ML ?U?W DPMK RFC A?P@MVWJ EPMSN GQ LSK@CPCB ?Q RFC MKCE? (I) A?P@ML, ?LB GD

RFC BMS@JC @MLB GQ @CRUCCL RFC RFGPB ?LB DMSPRF A?P@ML DPMK RF?R CLB, GR GQ ILMUL ?Q ?L MKCE?-3 D?RRW

?AGB. SRPGRGML?JJW GKNMPR?LR @CA?SQC RFC @MBW BMCQ LMR K?IC RFCK, MKCE?-3 D?RRW ?AGBQ GLAJSBC ?JNF?-

JGLMJCGA ?AGB (), CGAMQ?NCLR?CLMGA ?AGB (&), ?LB BMAMQ?FCV?CLMGA ?AGB (%), ?JJ MD UFGAF ?PC

NMJWSLQ?RSP?RCB. ?JKML, RPMSR, ?LB RSL? ?PC EMMB QMSPACQ MD MKCE?-3 D?RRW ?AGBQ. CQC?PAF GLBGA?RCQ

RF?R MKCE?-3 D?RRW ?AGBQ PCBSAC RFC PGQI MD QSBBCL BC?RF DPMK FC?PR ?RR?AIQ, PCBSAC RPGEJWACPGBCQ GL RFC

@JMMB, JMUCP @JMMB NPCQQSPC, ?LB NPCTCLR RFPMK@MQGQ @W GLFG@GRGLE @JMMB AJMRRGLE. FCW ?JQM PCBSAC

GLDJ?KK?RGML, ?LB K?W FCJN PCBSAC RFC PGQI MD QMKC A?LACPQ GL ?LGK?JQ.

GIC A?P@MFWBP?RCQ, D?RQ F?TC PCACGTCB ? JMR MD @?B NS@JGAGRW. *R GQ RPSC RF?R C?RGLE ?L CVACQQ MD DPGCB

DMMBQ ?LB MRFCP tD?RRWu DMMBQ JC?BQ RM UCGEFR E?GL. MUCTCP, D?RQ BM F?TC GKNMPR?LR DSLARGMLQ. ?LW

TGR?KGLQ ?PC D?R QMJS@JC, ?LB D?RQ QCPTC ?Q ? JMLE-RCPK QRMP?EC DMPK MD D?RRW ?AGBQ: ? QMSPAC MD CLCPEW.

FCW ?JQM NPMTGBC GLQSJ?RGML DMP RFC @MBW. FCPCDMPC, tFC?JRFWu D?RQ GL KMBCP?RC ?KMSLRQ QFMSJB @C

AMLQSKCB ML ? PCESJ?P @?QGQ.

OLI< 3.18 >UV @LSBOFKDP LK PLJB IB>SBP >OB J>AB LC IFMFAP. (@OBAFQ: LDBO 'OFCCFQE)

+?FJG?F@G@;J

Phospholipids ?PC K?HMP AMLQRGRSCLRQ MD RFC NJ?QK? KCK@P?LC, RFC MSRCPKMQR J?WCP MD ?LGK?J ACJJQ. GIC

D?RQ, RFCW ?PC AMKNMQCB MD D?RRW ?AGB AF?GLQ ?RR?AFCB RM ? EJWACPMJ MP QNFGLEMQGLC @?AI@MLC. *LQRC?B MD

RFPCC D?RRW ?AGBQ ?RR?AFCB ?Q GL RPGEJWACPGBCQ, FMUCTCP, RFCPC ?PC RUM D?RRW ?AGBQ DMPKGLE BG?AWJEJWACPMJ,

?LB RFC RFGPB A?P@ML MD RFC EJWACPMJ @?AI@MLC GQ MAASNGCB @W ? KMBGDGCB NFMQNF?RC EPMSN (Figure 3.19).

NFMQNF?RC EPMSN ?JMLC ?RR?AFCB RM ? BG?EJWACPMJ BMCQ LMR OS?JGDW ?Q ? NFMQNFMJGNGB; GR GQ NFMQNF?RGB?RC

86 #!% 3 X "'#! !#%#%



17/38

(BG?AWJEJWACPMJ 3-NFMQNF?RC), RFC NPCASPQMP MD NFMQNFMJGNGBQ. FC NFMQNF?RC EPMSN GQ KMBGDGCB @W ?L

?JAMFMJ. FMQNF?RGBWJAFMJGLC ?LB NFMQNF?RGBWJQCPGLC ?PC RUM GKNMPR?LR NFMQNFMJGNGBQ RF?R ?PC DMSLB GL

NJ?QK? KCK@P?LCQ.

!@>LI< 3.19 ! MELPMELIFMFA FP > JLIB@RIB TFQE QTL C>QQV >@FAP >KA > JLAFCFBA MELPME>QB DOLRM

>QQ>@EBA QL > DIV@BOLI ?>@H?LKB. EB MELPME>QB J>V ?B JLAFCFBA ?V QEB >AAFQFLK LC @E>ODBA LO

MLI>O @EBJF@>I DOLRMP. TL @EBJF@>I DOLRMP QE>Q J>V JLAFCV QEB MELPME>QB, @ELIFKB >KA PBOFKB, >OB

PELTK EBOB. "LQE @ELIFKB >KA PBOFKB >QQ>@E QL QEB MELPME>QB DOLRM >Q QEB MLPFQFLK I>?BIBA SF> QEB

EVAOLUVI DOLRM FKAF@>QBA FK DOBBK.

NFMQNFMJGNGB GQ ?L ?KNFGN?RFGA KMJCASJC, KC?LGLE GR F?Q ? FWBPMNFM@GA ?LB ? FWBPMNFGJGA N?PR.

FC D?RRW ?AGB AF?GLQ ?PC FWBPMNFM@GA ?LB A?LLMR GLRCP?AR UGRF U?RCP, UFCPC?Q RFC NFMQNF?RC-AMLR?GLGLE

EPMSN GQ FWBPMNFGJGA ?LB GLRCP?ARQ UGRF U?RCP (Figure 3.20).

!@>LI< 3.20 EB MELPMELIFMFA ?FI>VBO FP QEB J>GLO @LJMLKBKQ LC >II @BIIRI>O JBJ?O>KBP. EB

EVAOLMEFIF@ EB>A DOLRMP LC QEB MELPMELIFMFAP C>@B QEB >NRBLRP PLIRQFLK. EB EVAOLMEL?F@ Q>FIP >OB

PBNRBPQBOBA FK QEB JFAAIB LC QEB ?FI>VBO.

FC FC?B GQ RFC FWBPMNFGJGA N?PR, ?LB RFC R?GJ AMLR?GLQ RFC FWBPMNFM@GA D?RRW ?AGBQ. *L ? KCK@P?LC,

? @GJ?WCP MD NFMQNFMJGNGBQ DMPKQ RFC K?RPGV MD RFC QRPSARSPC, RFC D?RRW ?AGB R?GJQ MD NFMQNFMJGNGBQ D?AC

GLQGBC, ?U?W DPMK U?RCP, UFCPC?Q RFC NFMQNF?RC EPMSN D?ACQ RFC MSRQGBC, ?OSCMSQ QGBC (Figure 3.20).

FMQNFMJGNGBQ ?PC PCQNMLQG@JC DMP RFC BWL?KGA L?RSPC MD RFC NJ?QK? KCK@P?LC. *D ? BPMN MD

NFMQNFMJGNGBQ GQ NJ?ACB GL U?RCP, GR QNMLR?LCMSQJW DMPKQ ? QRPSARSPC ILMUL ?Q ? KGACJJC, UFCPC RFC

FWBPMNFGJGA NFMQNF?RC FC?BQ D?AC RFC MSRQGBC ?LB RFC D?RRW ?AGBQ D?AC RFC GLRCPGMP MD RFGQ QRPSARSPC.

K


18/38

? QFMPR R?GJ (Figure 3.21). ?LW QRCPMGBQ ?JQM F?TC RFC p DSLARGML?J EPMSN, UFGAF NSRQ RFCK GL RFC

?JAMFMJ AJ?QQGDGA?RGML (QRCPMJQ).

!@>LI< 3.21 QBOLFAP PR@E >P @ELIBPQBOLI >KA @LOQFPLI >OB @LJMLPBA LC CLRO CRPBA EVAOL@>O?LK OFKDP.

$FMJCQRCPMJ GQ RFC KMQR AMKKML QRCPMGB. $FMJCQRCPMJ GQ K?GLJW QWLRFCQGXCB GL RFC JGTCP ?LB GQ RFC

NPCASPQMP RM K?LW QRCPMGB FMPKMLCQ QSAF ?Q RCQRMQRCPMLC ?LB CQRP?BGMJ, UFGAF ?PC QCAPCRCB @W RFC EML?BQ

?LB CLBMAPGLC EJ?LBQ. *R GQ ?JQM RFC NPCASPQMP RM GR?KGL %. $FMJCQRCPMJ GQ ?JQM RFC NPCASPQMP MD @GJC Q?JRQ,

UFGAF FCJN GL RFC CKSJQGDGA?RGML MD D?RQ ?LB RFCGP QS@QCOSCLR ?@QMPNRGML @W ACJJQ. JRFMSEF AFMJCQRCPMJ GQ

MDRCL QNMICL MD GL LCE?RGTC RCPKQ @W J?W NCMNJC, GR GQ LCACQQ?PW DMP NPMNCP DSLARGMLGLE MD RFC @MBW. *R GQ ?

AMKNMLCLR MD RFC NJ?QK? KCK@P?LC MD ?LGK?J ACJJQ ?LB GQ DMSLB UGRFGL RFC NFMQNFMJGNGB @GJ?WCP. #CGLE

RFC MSRCPKMQR QRPSARSPC GL ?LGK?J ACJJQ, RFC NJ?QK? KCK@P?LC GQ PCQNMLQG@JC DMP RFC RP?LQNMPR MD K?RCPG?JQ

?LB ACJJSJ?P PCAMELGRGML ?LB GR GQ GLTMJTCB GL ACJJ-RM-ACJJ AMKKSLGA?RGML.

MP ?L ?BBGRGML?J NCPQNCARGTC ML JGNGBQ, CVNJMPC RFC GLRCP?ARGTC ?LGK?RGML “Biomolecules: The Lipids”

(http://openstaxcollege.org/l/lipids)

3.4 R +IFK


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Proteins ?PC MLC MD RFC KMQR ?@SLB?LR MPE?LGA KMJCASJCQ GL JGTGLE QWQRCKQ ?LB F?TC RFC KMQR BGTCPQC

P?LEC MD DSLARGMLQ MD ?JJ K?APMKMJCASJCQ. PMRCGLQ K?W @C QRPSARSP?J, PCESJ?RMPW, AMLRP?ARGJC, MP

NPMRCARGTC; RFCW K?W QCPTC GL RP?LQNMPR, QRMP?EC, MP KCK@P?LCQ; MP RFCW K?W @C RMVGLQ MP CLXWKCQ. &?AF

ACJJ GL ? JGTGLE QWQRCK K?W AMLR?GL RFMSQ?LBQ MD NPMRCGLQ, C?AF UGRF ? SLGOSC DSLARGML. FCGP QRPSARSPCQ,

JGIC RFCGP DSLARGMLQ, T?PW EPC?RJW. FCW ?PC ?JJ, FMUCTCP, NMJWKCPQ MD ?KGLM ?AGBQ, ?PP?LECB GL ? JGLC?P

QCOSCLAC.

/PGKPMLOQ BJLDIL?FK, >I?RJFK #>OOV PR?PQ>K@BP FK QEB ?ILLA LO IVJME

QEOLRDELRQ QEB ?LAV

QOR@QRO>I !@QFK, QR?RIFK, HBO>QFK #LKPQOR@Q AFCCBOBKQ PQOR@QROBP, IFHB QEB

@VQLPHBIBQLK

LOJLKBP KPRIFK, QEVOLUFKB #LLOAFK>QB QEB >@QFSFQV LC AFCCBOBKQ ?LAV PVPQBJP

$BCBKPB JJRKLDIL?RIFKP OLQB@Q QEB ?LAV COLJ CLOBFDK M>QELDBKP

#LKQO>@QFIB !@QFK, JVLPFK %CCB@Q JRP@IB @LKQO>@QFLK

QLO>DB BDRJB PQLO>DB MOLQBFKP,

BDD TEFQB (>I?RJFK)

OLSFAB KLROFPEJBKQ FK B>OIV ABSBILMJBKQ LC

QEB BJ?OVL >KA QEB PBBAIFKD

/< 3.1

PMRCGLQ F?TC BGDDCPCLR QF?NCQ ?LB KMJCASJ?P UCGEFRQ; QMKC NPMRCGLQ ?PC EJM@SJ?P GL QF?NC UFCPC?Q

MRFCPQ ?PC DG@PMSQ GL L?RSPC. MP CV?KNJC, FCKMEJM@GL GQ ? EJM@SJ?P NPMRCGL, @SR AMJJ?ECL, DMSLB GL MSP

QIGL, GQ ? DG@PMSQ NPMRCGL. PMRCGL QF?NC GQ APGRGA?J RM GRQ DSLARGML, ?LB RFGQ QF?NC GQ K?GLR?GLCB @W K?LW

BGDDCPCLR RWNCQ MD AFCKGA?J @MLBQ. $F?LECQ GL RCKNCP?RSPC, N, ?LB CVNMQSPC RM AFCKGA?JQ K?W JC?B RM

NCPK?LCLR AF?LECQ GL RFC QF?NC MD RFC NPMRCGL, JC?BGLE RM JMQQ MD DSLARGML, ILMUL ?Q denaturation. JJ

NPMRCGLQ ?PC K?BC SN MD BGDDCPCLR ?PP?LECKCLRQ MD RFC Q?KC 20 RWNCQ MD ?KGLM ?AGBQ.

A@EF A@;J

Amino acids ?PC RFC KMLMKCPQ RF?R K?IC SN NPMRCGLQ. &?AF ?KGLM ?AGB F?Q RFC Q?KC DSLB?KCLR?J

QRPSARSPC, UFGAF AMLQGQRQ MD ? ACLRP?J A?P@ML ?RMK, ?JQM ILMUL ?Q RFC ?JNF? ( ) A?P@ML, @MLBCB RM ?L

?KGLM EPMSN (2), ? A?P@MVWJ EPMSN ($), ?LB RM ? FWBPMECL ?RMK. &TCPW ?KGLM ?AGB ?JQM F?Q

?LMRFCP ?RMK MP EPMSN MD ?RMKQ @MLBCB RM RFC ACLRP?J ?RMK ILMUL ?Q RFC EPMSN (Figure 3.22).

#!% 3 X "'#! !#%#% 89


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!@>LI< 3.22 !JFKL >@FAP E>SB > @BKQO>I >PVJJBQOF@ @>O?LK QL TEF@E >K >JFKL DOLRM, > @>O?LUVI

DOLRM, > EVAOLDBK >QLJ, >KA > PFAB @E>FK ( DOLRM) >OB >QQ>@EBA.

FC L?KC "?KGLM ?AGB" GQ BCPGTCB DPMK RFC D?AR RF?R RFCW AMLR?GL @MRF ?KGLM EPMSN ?LB A?P@MVWJ-

?AGB-EPMSN GL RFCGP @?QGA QRPSARSPC. Q KCLRGMLCB, RFCPC ?PC 20 ?KGLM ?AGBQ NPCQCLR GL NPMRCGLQ. CL MD

RFCQC ?PC AMLQGBCPCB CQQCLRG?J ?KGLM ?AGBQ GL FSK?LQ @CA?SQC RFC FSK?L @MBW A?LLMR NPMBSAC RFCK ?LB

RFCW ?PC M@R?GLCB DPMK RFC BGCR. MP C?AF ?KGLM ?AGB, RFC EPMSN (MP QGBC AF?GL) GQ BGDDCPCLR (Figure

3.23).

90 #!% 3 X "'#! !#%#%



21/38

!@>LI< 3.23 EBOB >OB 20 @LJJLK >JFKL >@FAP @LJJLKIV CLRKA FK MOLQBFKP, B>@E TFQE >

AFCCBOBKQ DOLRM (S>OF>KQ DOLRM) QE>Q ABQBOJFKBP FQP @EBJF@>I K>QROB.

EF@E @>QBDLOFBP LC >JFKL >@FA TLRIA VLR BUMB@Q QL CFKA LK QEB PROC>@B LC > PLIR?IB

MOLQBFK, >KA TEF@E TLRIA VLR BUMB@Q QL CFKA FK QEB FKQBOFLO E>Q AFPQOF?RQFLK LC >JFKL >@FAP

TLRIA VLR BUMB@Q QL CFKA FK > MOLQBFK BJ?BAABA FK > IFMFA ?FI>VBO

FC AFCKGA?J L?RSPC MD RFC QGBC AF?GL BCRCPKGLCQ RFC L?RSPC MD RFC ?KGLM ?AGB (RF?R GQ, UFCRFCP GR

GQ ?AGBGA, @?QGA, NMJ?P, MP LMLNMJ?P). MP CV?KNJC, RFC ?KGLM ?AGB EJWAGLC F?Q ? FWBPMECL ?RMK ?Q RFC

EPMSN. KGLM ?AGBQ QSAF ?Q T?JGLC, KCRFGMLGLC, ?LB ?J?LGLC ?PC LMLNMJ?P MP FWBPMNFM@GA GL L?RSPC, UFGJC

?KGLM ?AGBQ QSAF ?Q QCPGLC, RFPCMLGLC, ?LB AWQRCGLC ?PC NMJ?P ?LB F?TC FWBPMNFGJGA QGBC AF?GLQ. FC QGBC

AF?GLQ MD JWQGLC ?LB ?PEGLGLC ?PC NMQGRGTCJW AF?PECB, ?LB RFCPCDMPC RFCQC ?KGLM ?AGBQ ?PC ?JQM ILMUL ?Q

@?QGA ?KGLM ?AGBQ. PMJGLC F?Q ?L EPMSN RF?R GQ JGLICB RM RFC ?KGLM EPMSN, DMPKGLE ? PGLE-JGIC QRPSARSPC.

PMJGLC GQ ?L CVACNRGML RM RFC QR?LB?PB QRPSARSPC MD ?L ?LGKM ?AGB QGLAC GRQ ?KGLM EPMSN GQ LMR QCN?P?RC

DPMK RFC QGBC AF?GL (Figure 3.23).

KGLM ?AGBQ ?PC PCNPCQCLRCB @W ? QGLEJC SNNCP A?QC JCRRCP MP ? RFPCC-JCRRCP ?@@PCTG?RGML. MP CV?KNJC,T?JGLC GQ ILMUL @W RFC JCRRCP MP RFC RFPCC-JCRRCP QWK@MJ T?J. SQR ?Q QMKC D?RRW ?AGBQ ?PC CQQCLRG?J

RM ? BGCR, QMKC ?KGLM ?AGBQ ?PC LCACQQ?PW ?Q UCJJ. FCW ?PC ILMUL ?Q CQQCLRG?J ?KGLM ?AGBQ, ?LB GL

FSK?LQ RFCW GLAJSBC GQMJCSAGLC, JCSAGLC, ?LB AWQRCGLC. &QQCLRG?J ?KGLM ?AGBQ PCDCP RM RFMQC LCACQQ?PW DMP

AMLQRPSARGML MD NPMRCGLQ GL RFC @MBW, ?JRFMSEF LMR NPMBSACB @W RFC @MBW; UFGAF ?KGLM ?AGBQ ?PC CQQCLRG?J

T?PGCQ DPMK MPE?LGQK RM MPE?LGQK.

FC QCOSCLAC ?LB RFC LSK@CP MD ?KGLM ?AGBQ SJRGK?RCJW BCRCPKGLC RFC NPMRCGL'Q QF?NC, QGXC, ?LB

DSLARGML. &?AF ?KGLM ?AGB GQ ?RR?AFCB RM ?LMRFCP ?KGLM ?AGB @W ? AMT?JCLR @MLB, ILMUL ?Q ? peptide

bond, UFGAF GQ DMPKCB @W ? BCFWBP?RGML PC?ARGML. FC A?P@MVWJ EPMSN MD MLC ?KGLM ?AGB ?LB RFC ?KGLM

EPMSN MD RFC GLAMKGLE ?KGLM ?AGB AMK@GLC, PCJC?QGLE ? KMJCASJC MD U?RCP. FC PCQSJRGLE @MLB GQ RFC

NCNRGBC @MLB (Figure 3.24).

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!@>LI< 3.24 BMQFAB ?LKA CLOJ>QFLK FP > ABEVAO>QFLK PVKQEBPFP OB>@QFLK. EB @>O?LUVI DOLRM LC LKB

>JFKL >@FA FP IFKHBA QL QEB >JFKL DOLRM LC QEB FK@LJFKD >JFKL >@FA. K QEB MOL@BPP, > JLIB@RIB LC

T>QBO FP OBIB>PBA.

FC NPMBSARQ DMPKCB @W QSAF JGLI?ECQ ?PC A?JJCB NCNRGBCQ. Q KMPC ?KGLM ?AGBQ HMGL RM RFGQ EPMUGLE

AF?GL, RFC PCQSJRGLE AF?GL GQ ILMUL ?Q ? NMJWNCNRGBC. &?AF NMJWNCNRGBC F?Q ? DPCC ?KGLM EPMSN ?R MLC CLB.

FGQ CLB GQ A?JJCB RFC RCPKGL?J, MP RFC ?KGLM RCPKGL?J, ?LB RFC MRFCP CLB F?Q ? DPCC A?P@MVWJ EPMSN,

?JQM ILMUL ?Q RFC $ MP A?P@MVWJ RCPKGL?J. FGJC RFC RCPKQ NMJWNCNRGBC ?LB NPMRCGL ?PC QMKCRGKCQ SQCB

GLRCPAF?LEC?@JW, ? NMJWNCNRGBC GQ RCAFLGA?JJW ? NMJWKCP MD ?KGLM ?AGBQ, UFCPC?Q RFC RCPK NPMRCGL GQ SQCBDMP ? NMJWNCNRGBC MP NMJWNCNRGBCQ RF?R F?TC AMK@GLCB RMECRFCP, MDRCL F?TC @MSLB LML-NCNRGBC NPMQRFCRGA

EPMSNQ, F?TC ? BGQRGLAR QF?NC, ?LB F?TC ? SLGOSC DSLARGML. DRCP NPMRCGL QWLRFCQGQ (RP?LQJ?RGML), KMQR

NPMRCGLQ ?PC KMBGDGCB. FCQC ?PC ILMUL ?Q NMQR-RP?LQJ?RGML?J KMBGDGA?RGMLQ. FCW K?W SLBCPEM AJC?T?EC,

NFMQNFMPWJ?RGML, MP K?W PCOSGPC RFC ?BBGRGML MD MRFCP AFCKGA?J EPMSNQ. LJW ?DRCP RFCQC KMBGDGA?RGMLQ GQ

RFC NPMRCGL AMKNJCRCJW DSLARGML?J.

$JGAI RFPMSEF RFC QRCNQ MD NPMRCGL QWLRFCQGQ GL RFGQ interactive tutorial (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/

protein_synth) .

92 #!% 3 X "'#! !#%#%


http://openstaxcollege.org/l/protein_synthhttp://openstaxcollege.org/l/protein_synthhttp://openstaxcollege.org/l/protein_synthhttp://openstaxcollege.org/l/protein_synth


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/?< MFLK@FEIP @>E@=@E< F= CPKF?IF< #VQL@EOLJB @ FP >K FJMLOQ>KQ @LJMLKBKQ LC QEB BIB@QOLK QO>KPMLOQ @E>FK, > M>OQ LC

@BIIRI>O OBPMFO>QFLK, >KA FQ FP KLOJ>IIV CLRKA FK QEB @BIIRI>O LOD>KBIIB, QEB JFQL@ELKAOFLK.

EFP MOLQBFK E>P > EBJB MOLPQEBQF@ DOLRM, >KA QEB @BKQO>I FLK LC QEB EBJB DBQP >IQBOK>QBIV

OBAR@BA >KA LUFAFWBA AROFKD BIB@QOLK QO>KPCBO. "B@>RPB QEFP BPPBKQF>I MOLQBFKwP OLIB FK

MOLAR@FKD @BIIRI>O BKBODV FP @OR@F>I, FQ E>P @E>KDBA SBOV IFQQIB LSBO JFIIFLKP LC VB>OP. OLQBFK

PBNRBK@FKD E>P PELTK QE>Q QEBOB FP > @LKPFABO>?IB >JLRKQ LC @VQL@EOLJB @ >JFKL >@FA

PBNRBK@B ELJLILDV >JLKD AFCCBOBKQ PMB@FBP; FK LQEBO TLOAP, BSLIRQFLK>OV HFKPEFM @>K ?B

>PPBPPBA ?V JB>PROFKD QEB PFJFI>OFQFBP LO AFCCBOBK@BP >JLKD S>OFLRP PMB@FBPw $! LO

MOLQBFK PBNRBK@BP.

@FBKQFPQP E>SB ABQBOJFKBA QE>Q ERJ>K @VQL@EOLJB @ @LKQ>FKP 104 >JFKL >@FAP. &LO

B>@E @VQL@EOLJB @ JLIB@RIB COLJ AFCCBOBKQ LOD>KFPJP QE>Q E>P ?BBK PBNRBK@BA QL A>QB,

37 LC QEBPB >JFKL >@FAP >MMB>O FK QEB P>JB MLPFQFLK FK >II P>JMIBP LC @VQL@EOLJB @. EFP

FKAF@>QBP QE>Q QEBOB J>V E>SB ?BBK > @LJJLK >K@BPQLO. K @LJM>OFKD QEB ERJ>K >KA

@EFJM>KWBB MOLQBFK PBNRBK@BP, KL PBNRBK@B AFCCBOBK@B T>P CLRKA. EBK ERJ>K >KA

OEBPRP JLKHBV PBNRBK@BP TBOB @LJM>OBA, QEB PFKDIB AFCCBOBK@B CLRKA T>P FK LKB >JFKL

>@FA. K >KLQEBO @LJM>OFPLK, ERJ>K QL VB>PQ PBNRBK@FKD PELTP > AFCCBOBK@B FK QEB 44QE

MLPFQFLK.

+IFK


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ACJJ ?LCKG?, RFC FCKMEJM@GL D AF?GL (? QK?JJ NMPRGML MD UFGAF GQ QFMUL GL Figure 3.26) F?Q ? QGLEJC

?KGLM ?AGB QS@QRGRSRGML, A?SQGLE ? AF?LEC GL NPMRCGL QRPSARSPC ?LB DSLARGML. NCAGDGA?JJW, RFC ?KGLM

?AGB EJSR?KGA ?AGB GQ QS@QRGRSRCB @W T?JGLC GL RFC D AF?GL. F?R GQ KMQR PCK?PI?@JC RM AMLQGBCP GQ

RF?R ? FCKMEJM@GL KMJCASJC GQ K?BC SN MD RUM ?JNF? AF?GLQ ?LB RUM @CR? AF?GLQ RF?R C?AF AMLQGQR MD

?@MSR 150 ?KGLM ?AGBQ. FC KMJCASJC, RFCPCDMPC, F?Q ?@MSR 600 ?KGLM ?AGBQ. FC QRPSARSP?J BGDDCPCLAC

@CRUCCL ? LMPK?J FCKMEJM@GL KMJCASJC ?LB ? QGAIJC ACJJ KMJCASJCqUFGAF BP?K?RGA?JJW BCAPC?QCQ JGDC

CVNCAR?LAWqGQ ? QGLEJC ?KGLM ?AGB MD RFC 600. F?R GQ CTCL KMPC PCK?PI?@JC GQ RF?R RFMQC 600 ?KGLM

?AGBQ ?PC CLAMBCB @W RFPCC LSAJCMRGBCQ C?AF, ?LB RFC KSR?RGML GQ A?SQCB @W ? QGLEJC @?QC AF?LEC (NMGLR

KSR?RGML), 1 GL 1800 @?QCQ.

!@>LI< 3.26 EB ?BQ> @E>FK LC EBJLDIL?FK FP 147 OBPFARBP FK IBKDQE, VBQ > PFKDIB >JFKL >@FA

PR?PQFQRQFLK IB>AP QL PF@HIB @BII >KBJF>. K KLOJ>I EBJLDIL?FK, QEB >JFKL >@FA >Q MLPFQFLK PBSBK FP

DIRQ>J>QB. K PF@HIB @BII EBJLDIL?FK, QEFP DIRQ>J>QB FP OBMI>@BA ?V > S>IFKB.

#CA?SQC MD RFGQ AF?LEC MD MLC ?KGLM ?AGB GL RFC AF?GL, FCKMEJM@GL KMJCASJCQ DMPK JMLE DG@CPQ RF?R

BGQRMPR RFC @GAMLA?TC, MP BGQA-QF?NCB, PCB @JMMB ACJJQ ?LB ?QQSKC ? APCQACLR MP tQGAIJCu QF?NC, UFGAF

AJMEQ ?PRCPGCQ (Figure 3.27). FGQ A?L JC?B RM KWPG?B QCPGMSQ FC?JRF NPM@JCKQ QSAF ?Q @PC?RFJCQQLCQQ,

BGXXGLCQQ, FC?B?AFCQ, ?LB ?@BMKGL?J N?GL DMP RFMQC ?DDCARCB @W RFGQ BGQC?QC.

!@>LI< 3.27 K QEFP ?ILLA PJB>O, SFPR>IFWBA >Q 535U J>DKFCF@>QFLK RPFKD ?OFDEQ CFBIA JF@OLP@LMV, PF@HIB

@BIIP >OB @OBP@BKQ PE>MBA, TEFIB KLOJ>I @BIIP >OB AFP@-PE>MBA. (@OBAFQ: JLAFCF@>QFLK LC TLOH ?V %A

QEJ>K; P@>IB-?>O A>Q> COLJ >QQ RPPBII)

!+)43*'7> !97:)9:7+

FC JMA?J DMJBGLE MD RFC NMJWNCNRGBC GL QMKC PCEGMLQ EGTCQ PGQC RM RFC secondary structure MD RFC NPMRCGL.

FC KMQR AMKKML ?PC RFC α -helix ?LB β-pleated sheet QRPSARSPCQ (Figure 3.28). #MRF QRPSARSPCQ ?PC RFC

-FCJGV QRPSARSPCqRFC FCJGV FCJB GL QF?NC @W FWBPMECL @MLBQ. FC FWBPMECL @MLBQ DMPK @CRUCCL RFC

MVWECL ?RMK GL RFC A?P@MLWJ EPMSN GL MLC ?KGLM ?AGB ?LB ?LMRFCP ?KGLM ?AGB RF?R GQ DMSP ?KGLM ?AGBQ

D?PRFCP ?JMLE RFC AF?GL.

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!@>LI< 3.28 EB C -EBIFU >KA D-MIB>QBA PEBBQ >OB PB@LKA>OV PQOR@QROBP LC MOLQBFKP QE>Q CLOJ ?B@>RPB

LC EVAOLDBK ?LKAFKD ?BQTBBK @>O?LKVI >KA >JFKL DOLRMP FK QEB MBMQFAB ?>@H?LKB. #BOQ>FK >JFKL

>@FAP E>SB > MOLMBKPFQV QL CLOJ >K C -EBIFU, TEFIB LQEBOP E>SB > MOLMBKPFQV QL CLOJ > D-MIB>QBA PEBBQ.

&TCPW FCJGA?J RSPL GL ?L ?JNF? FCJGV F?Q 3.6 ?KGLM ?AGB PCQGBSCQ. FC EPMSNQ (RFC T?PG?LR EPMSNQ)

MD RFC NMJWNCNRGBC NPMRPSBC MSR DPMK RFC -FCJGV AF?GL. *L RFC D-NJC?RCB QFCCR, RFC tNJC?RQu ?PC DMPKCB @W

FWBPMECL @MLBGLE @CRUCCL ?RMKQ ML RFC @?AI@MLC MD RFC NMJWNCNRGBC AF?GL. FC EPMSNQ ?PC ?RR?AFCB

RM RFC A?P@MLQ ?LB CVRCLB ?@MTC ?LB @CJMU RFC DMJBQ MD RFC NJC?R. FC NJC?RCB QCEKCLRQ ?JGEL N?P?JJCJ MP

?LRGN?P?JJCJ RM C?AF MRFCP, ?LB FWBPMECL @MLBQ DMPK @CRUCCL RFC N?PRG?JJW NMQGRGTC LGRPMECL ?RMK GL RFC

?KGLM EPMSN ?LB RFC N?PRG?JJW LCE?RGTC MVWECL ?RMK GL RFC A?P@MLWJ EPMSN MD RFC NCNRGBC @?AI@MLC. FC

-FCJGV ?LB D-NJC?RCB QFCCR QRPSARSPCQ ?PC DMSLB GL KMQR EJM@SJ?P ?LB DG@PMSQ NPMRCGLQ ?LB RFCW NJ?W ?L

GKNMPR?LR QRPSARSP?J PMJC.

"+79/'7> !97:)9:7+

FC SLGOSC RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?J QRPSARSPC MD ? NMJWNCNRGBC GQ GRQ tertiary structure (Figure 3.29). FGQ

QRPSARSPC GQ GL N?PR BSC RM AFCKGA?J GLRCP?ARGMLQ ?R UMPI ML RFC NMJWNCNRGBC AF?GL. PGK?PGJW, RFC

GLRCP?ARGMLQ ?KMLE EPMSNQ APC?RCQ RFC AMKNJCV RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?J RCPRG?PW QRPSARSPC MD ? NPMRCGL. FC

L?RSPC MD RFC EPMSNQ DMSLB GL RFC ?KGLM ?AGBQ GLTMJTCB A?L AMSLRCP?AR RFC DMPK?RGML MD RFC FWBPMECL@MLBQ BCQAPG@CB DMP QR?LB?PB QCAMLB?PW QRPSARSPCQ. MP CV?KNJC, EPMSNQ UGRF JGIC AF?PECQ ?PC PCNCJJCB

@W C?AF MRFCP ?LB RFMQC UGRF SLJGIC AF?PECQ ?PC ?RRP?ARCB RM C?AF MRFCP (GMLGA @MLBQ). FCL NPMRCGL

DMJBGLE R?ICQ NJ?AC, RFC FWBPMNFM@GA EPMSNQ MD LMLNMJ?P ?KGLM ?AGBQ J?W GL RFC GLRCPGMP MD RFC NPMRCGL,

UFCPC?Q RFC FWBPMNFGJGA EPMSNQ J?W ML RFC MSRQGBC. FC DMPKCP RWNCQ MD GLRCP?ARGMLQ ?PC ?JQM ILMUL

?Q FWBPMNFM@GA GLRCP?ARGMLQ. *LRCP?ARGML @CRUCCL AWQRCGLC QGBC AF?GLQ DMPKQ BGQSJDGBC JGLI?ECQ GL RFC

NPCQCLAC MD MVWECL, RFC MLJW AMT?JCLR @MLB DMPKGLE BSPGLE NPMRCGL DMJBGLE.

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!@>LI< 3.29 EB QBOQF>OV PQOR@QROB LC MOLQBFKP FP ABQBOJFKBA ?V > S>OFBQV LC @EBJF@>I FKQBO>@QFLKP.

EBPB FK@IRAB EVAOLMEL?F@ FKQBO>@QFLKP, FLKF@ ?LKAFKD, EVAOLDBK ?LKAFKD >KA AFPRICFAB IFKH>DBP.

JJ MD RFCQC GLRCP?ARGMLQ, UC?I ?LB QRPMLE, BCRCPKGLC RFC DGL?J RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?J QF?NC MD RFC

NPMRCGL. FCL ? NPMRCGL JMQCQ GRQ RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?J QF?NC, GR K?W LM JMLECP @C DSLARGML?J.

Q:'9+73'7> !97:)9:7+

*L L?RSPC, QMKC NPMRCGLQ ?PC DMPKCB DPMK QCTCP?J NMJWNCNRGBCQ, ?JQM ILMUL ?Q QS@SLGRQ, ?LB RFC

GLRCP?ARGML MD RFCQC QS@SLGRQ DMPKQ RFC quaternary structure. C?I GLRCP?ARGMLQ @CRUCCL RFC QS@SLGRQ

FCJN RM QR?@GJGXC RFC MTCP?JJ QRPSARSPC. MP CV?KNJC, GLQSJGL (? EJM@SJ?P NPMRCGL) F?Q ? AMK@GL?RGML MD

FWBPMECL @MLBQ ?LB BGQSJDGBC @MLBQ RF?R A?SQC GR RM @C KMQRJW AJSKNCB GLRM ? @?JJ QF?NC. *LQSJGL QR?PRQ

MSR ?Q ? QGLEJC NMJWNCNRGBC ?LB JMQCQ QMKC GLRCPL?J QCOSCLACQ GL RFC NPCQCLAC MD NMQR-RP?LQJ?RGML?J

KMBGDGA?RGML ?DRCP RFC DMPK?RGML MD RFC BGQSJDGBC JGLI?ECQ RF?R FMJB RFC PCK?GLGLE AF?GLQ RMECRFCP. GJI (?

DG@PMSQ NPMRCGL), FMUCTCP, F?Q ? D-NJC?RCB QFCCR QRPSARSPC RF?R GQ RFC PCQSJR MD FWBPMECL @MLBGLE @CRUCCL

BGDDCPCLR AF?GLQ.

FC DMSP JCTCJQ MD NPMRCGL QRPSARSPC (NPGK?PW, QCAMLB?PW, RCPRG?PW, ?LB OS?RCPL?PW) ?PC GJJSQRP?RCB GL

Figure 3.30.

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!@>LI< 3.30 EB CLRO IBSBIP LC MOLQBFK PQOR@QROB @>K ?B L?PBOSBA FK QEBPB FIIRPQO>QFLKP. (@OBAFQ:

JLAFCF@>QFLK LC TLOH ?V >QFLK>I RJ>K 'BKLJB BPB>O@E KPQFQRQB)

D


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MP ?L ?BBGRGML?J NCPQNCARGTC ML NPMRCGLQ, TGCU this animation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/

proteins) A?JJCB t#GMKMJCASJCQ: FC PMRCGLQ.u

3.5 R L


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!@>LI< 3.31 ! KR@IBLQFAB FP J>AB RM LC QEOBB @LJMLKBKQP: > KFQOLDBKLRP ?>PB, > MBKQLPB PRD>O,

>KA LKB LO JLOB MELPME>QB DOLRMP. #>O?LK OBPFARBP FK QEB MBKQLPB >OB KRJ?BOBA 1{ QEOLRDE 5{

(QEB MOFJB AFPQFKDRFPEBP QEBPB OBPFARBP COLJ QELPB FK QEB ?>PB, TEF@E >OB KRJ?BOBA TFQELRQ RPFKD >MOFJB KLQ>QFLK). EB ?>PB FP >QQ>@EBA QL QEB 1{ MLPFQFLK LC QEB OF?LPB, >KA QEB MELPME>QB FP >QQ>@EBA

QL QEB 5{ MLPFQFLK. EBK > MLIVKR@IBLQFAB FP CLOJBA, QEB 5{ MELPME>QB LC QEB FK@LJFKD KR@IBLQFAB

>QQ>@EBP QL QEB 3{ EVAOLUVI DOLRM >Q QEB BKA LC QEB DOLTFKD @E>FK. TL QVMBP LC MBKQLPB >OB CLRKA

FK KR@IBLQFABP, ABLUVOF?LPB (CLRKA FK $!) >KA OF?LPB (CLRKA FK !). $BLUVOF?LPB FP PFJFI>O FK

PQOR@QROB QL OF?LPB, ?RQ FQ E>P >K FKPQB>A LC >K >Q QEB 2{ MLPFQFLK. ">PBP @>K ?B AFSFABA FKQL QTL

@>QBDLOFBP: MROFKBP >KA MVOFJFAFKBP. ROFKBP E>SB > ALR?IB OFKD PQOR@QROB, >KA MVOFJFAFKBP E>SB >

PFKDIB OFKD.

FC LGRPMECLMSQ @?QCQ, GKNMPR?LR AMKNMLCLRQ MD LSAJCMRGBCQ, ?PC MPE?LGA KMJCASJCQ ?LB ?PC QM

L?KCB @CA?SQC RFCW AMLR?GL A?P@ML ?LB LGRPMECL. FCW ?PC @?QCQ @CA?SQC RFCW AMLR?GL ?L ?KGLM EPMSN

RF?R F?Q RFC NMRCLRG?J MD @GLBGLE ?L CVRP? FWBPMECL, ?LB RFSQ, BCAPC?QCQ RFC FWBPMECL GML AMLACLRP?RGML GL

GRQ CLTGPMLKCLR, K?IGLE GR KMPC @?QGA. &?AF LSAJCMRGBC GL % AMLR?GLQ MLC MD DMSP NMQQG@JC LGRPMECLMSQ

@?QCQ: ?BCLGLC (), ES?LGLC () AWRMQGLC ($), ?LB RFWKGLC ().

BCLGLC ?LB ES?LGLC ?PC AJ?QQGDGCB ?Q purines. FC NPGK?PW QRPSARSPC MD ? NSPGLC GQ RUM A?P@ML-LGRPMECL PGLEQ. $WRMQGLC, RFWKGLC, ?LB SP?AGJ ?PC AJ?QQGDGCB ?Q pyrimidines UFGAF F?TC ? QGLEJC A?P@ML-

LGRPMECL PGLE ?Q RFCGP NPGK?PW QRPSARSPC (Figure 3.31). &?AF MD RFCQC @?QGA A?P@ML-LGRPMECL PGLEQ F?Q

BGDDCPCLR DSLARGML?J EPMSNQ ?RR?AFCB RM GR. *L KMJCASJ?P @GMJMEW QFMPRF?LB, RFC LGRPMECLMSQ @?QCQ ?PC

QGKNJW ILMUL @W RFCGP QWK@MJQ , , , $, ?LB . % AMLR?GLQ , , , ?LB $ UFCPC?Q AMLR?GLQ

, , , ?LB $.

FC NCLRMQC QSE?P GL % GQ BCMVWPG@MQC, ?LB GL , RFC QSE?P GQ PG@MQC ( Figure 3.31). FC

BGDDCPCLAC @CRUCCL RFC QSE?PQ GQ RFC NPCQCLAC MD RFC FWBPMVWJ EPMSN ML RFC QCAMLB A?P@ML MD RFC PG@MQC

?LB FWBPMECL ML RFC QCAMLB A?P@ML MD RFC BCMVWPG@MQC. FC A?P@ML ?RMKQ MD RFC QSE?P KMJCASJC ?PC

LSK@CPCB ?Q 1v, 2v, 3v, 4v, ?LB 5v (1v GQ PC?B ?Q tMLC NPGKCu). FC NFMQNF?RC PCQGBSC GQ ?RR?AFCB RM RFC

FWBPMVWJ EPMSN MD RFC 5v A?P@ML MD MLC QSE?P ?LB RFC FWBPMVWJ EPMSN MD RFC 3v A?P@ML MD RFC QSE?P MD

RFC LCVR LSAJCMRGBC, UFGAF DMPKQ ? 5vp3v phosphodiester JGLI?EC. FC NFMQNFMBGCQRCP JGLI?EC GQ LMR

DMPKCB @W QGKNJC BCFWBP?RGML PC?ARGML JGIC RFC MRFCP JGLI?ECQ AMLLCARGLE KMLMKCPQ GL K?APMKMJCASJCQ:

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GRQ DMPK?RGML GLTMJTCQ RFC PCKMT?J MD RUM NFMQNF?RC EPMSNQ. NMJWLSAJCMRGBC K?W F?TC RFMSQ?LBQ MD

QSAF NFMQNFMBGCQRCP JGLI?ECQ.

DA DFLQFSB $! FP >K >KQFM>O>IIBI ALR?IB EBIFU. EB MELPME>QB ?>@H?LKB (FKAF@>QBA ?V QEB

@ROSV IFKBP) FP LK QEB LRQPFAB, >KA QEB ?>PBP >OB LK QEB FKPFAB. %>@E ?>PB COLJ LKB PQO>KA FKQBO>@QP

SF> EVAOLDBK ?LKAFKD TFQE > ?>PB COLJ QEB LMMLPFKD PQO>KA. (@OBAFQ: *BOLJB >IHBO/$BKKFP VQP)

LJW ACPR?GL RWNCQ MD @?QC N?GPGLE ?PC ?JJMUCB. MP CV?KNJC, ? ACPR?GL NSPGLC A?L MLJW N?GP UGRF ?

ACPR?GL NWPGKGBGLC. FGQ KC?LQ A?L N?GP UGRF , ?LB A?L N?GP UGRF $, ?Q QFMUL GL Figure 3.33. FGQ

GQ ILMUL ?Q RFC @?QC AMKNJCKCLR?PW PSJC. *L MRFCP UMPBQ, RFC % QRP?LBQ ?PC AMKNJCKCLR?PW RM C?AF

MRFCP. *D RFC QCOSCLAC MD MLC QRP?LB GQ $$, RFC AMKNJCKCLR?PW QRP?LB UMSJB F?TC RFC QCOSCLAC$$. %SPGLE % PCNJGA?RGML, C?AF QRP?LB GQ AMNGCB, PCQSJRGLE GL ? B?SEFRCP % BMS@JC FCJGV

AMLR?GLGLE MLC N?PCLR?J % QRP?LB ?LB ? LCUJW QWLRFCQGXCB QRP?LB.

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!@>LI< 3.33 K > ALR?IB PQO>KABA $! JLIB@RIB, QEB QTL PQO>KAP ORK >KQFM>O>IIBI QL LKB >KLQEBO

PL QE>Q LKB PQO>KA ORKP 5{ QL 3{ >KA QEB LQEBO 3{ QL 5{. EB MELPME>QB ?>@H?LKB FP IL@>QBA LK QEB

LRQPFAB, >KA QEB ?>PBP >OB FK QEB JFAAIB. !ABKFKB CLOJP EVAOLDBK ?LKAP (LO ?>PB M>FOP) TFQE

QEVJFKB, >KA DR>KFKB ?>PB M>FOP TFQE @VQLPFKB.

! JRQ>QFLK L@@ROP, >KA @VQLPFKB FP OBMI>@BA TFQE >ABKFKB. E>Q FJM>@Q AL VLR QEFKHQEFP TFII E>SB LK QEB $! PQOR@QROB

A

G@MLSAJCGA ?AGB, MP , GQ K?GLJW GLTMJTCB GL RFC NPMACQQ MD NPMRCGL QWLRFCQGQ SLBCP RFC BGPCARGML MD

%. GQ SQS?JJW QGLEJC-QRP?LBCB ?LB GQ K?BC MD PG@MLSAJCMRGBCQ RF?R ?PC JGLICB @W NFMQNFMBGCQRCP

@MLBQ. PG@MLSAJCMRGBC GL RFC AF?GL AMLR?GLQ PG@MQC (RFC NCLRMQC QSE?P), MLC MD RFC DMSP

LGRPMECLMSQ @?QCQ (, , , ?LB $), ?LB RFC NFMQNF?RC EPMSN.

FCPC ?PC DMSP K?HMP RWNCQ MD : KCQQCLECP (K), PG@MQMK?J (P), RP?LQDCP

(R), ?LB KGAPM (KG). FC DGPQR, K, A?PPGCQ RFC KCQQ?EC DPMK %, UFGAF

AMLRPMJQ ?JJ MD RFC ACJJSJ?P ?ARGTGRGCQ GL ? ACJJ. *D ? ACJJ PCOSGPCQ ? ACPR?GL NPMRCGL RM @C QWLRFCQGXCB, RFC

ECLC DMP RFGQ NPMBSAR GQ RSPLCB tMLu ?LB RFC KCQQCLECP GQ QWLRFCQGXCB GL RFC LSAJCSQ. FC @?QC

QCOSCLAC GQ AMKNJCKCLR?PW RM RFC AMBGLE QCOSCLAC MD RFC % DPMK UFGAF GR F?Q @CCL AMNGCB. MUCTCP,GL , RFC @?QC GQ ?@QCLR ?LB GQ NPCQCLR GLQRC?B. *D RFC % QRP?LB F?Q ? QCOSCLAC $$,

RFC QCOSCLAC MD RFC AMKNJCKCLR?PW GQ $$. *L RFC AWRMNJ?QK, RFC K GLRCP?ARQ UGRF

PG@MQMKCQ ?LB MRFCP ACJJSJ?P K?AFGLCPW (Figure 3.34).

!@>LI< 3.34 ! OF?LPLJB E>P QTL M>OQP: > I>ODB PR?RKFQ >KA > PJ>II PR?RKFQ. EB J! PFQP FK

?BQTBBK QEB QTL PR?RKFQP. ! Q! JLIB@RIB OB@LDKFWBP > @LALK LK QEB J!, ?FKAP QL FQ ?V

@LJMIBJBKQ>OV ?>PB M>FOFKD, >KA >AAP QEB @LOOB@Q >JFKL >@FA QL QEB DOLTFKD MBMQFAB @E>FK.

FC K GQ PC?B GL QCRQ MD RFPCC @?QCQ ILMUL ?Q AMBMLQ. &?AF AMBML AMBCQ DMP ? QGLEJC ?KGLM

?AGB. *L RFGQ U?W, RFC K GQ PC?B ?LB RFC NPMRCGL NPMBSAR GQ K?BC. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) GQ ?

K?HMP AMLQRGRSCLR MD PG@MQMKCQ ML UFGAF RFC K @GLBQ. FC P CLQSPCQ RFC NPMNCP ?JGELKCLR

MD RFC K ?LB RFC PG@MQMKCQ; RFC P MD RFC PG@MQMKC ?JQM F?Q ?L CLXWK?RGA ?ARGTGRW (NCNRGBWJ

RP?LQDCP?QC) ?LB A?R?JWXCQ RFC DMPK?RGML MD RFC NCNRGBC @MLBQ @CRUCCL RUM ?JGELCB ?KGLM ?AGBQ. Transfer

RNA (tRNA) GQ MLC MD RFC QK?JJCQR MD RFC DMSP RWNCQ MD , SQS?JJW 70p90 LSAJCMRGBCQ JMLE. *R A?PPGCQ

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RFC AMPPCAR ?KGLM ?AGB RM RFC QGRC MD NPMRCGL QWLRFCQGQ. *R GQ RFC @?QC N?GPGLE @CRUCCL RFC R ?LB

K RF?R ?JJMUQ DMP RFC AMPPCAR ?KGLM ?AGB RM @C GLQCPRCB GL RFC NMJWNCNRGBC AF?GL. KGAPMQ ?PC RFC

QK?JJCQR KMJCASJCQ ?LB RFCGP PMJC GLTMJTCQ RFC PCESJ?RGML MD ECLC CVNPCQQGML @W GLRCPDCPGLE UGRF RFC

CVNPCQQGML MD ACPR?GL K KCQQ?ECQ. Table 3.2 QSKK?PGXCQ DC?RSPCQ MD % ?LB .

!QFLK KSLISBA FK MOLQBFK PVKQEBPFP

L@>QFLK BJ>FKP FK QEB KR@IBRP B>SBP QEB KR@IBRP

QOR@QROB $LR?IB EBIFU PR>IIV PFKDIB-PQO>KABA

RD>O $BLUVOF?LPB F?LPB

VOFJFAFKBP #VQLPFKB, QEVJFKB #VQLPFKB, RO>@FI

ROFKBP !ABKFKB, DR>KFKB !ABKFKB, DR>KFKB

/< 3.2

&TCL RFMSEF RFC GQ QGLEJC QRP?LBCB, KMQR RWNCQ QFMU CVRCLQGTC GLRP?KMJCASJ?P @?QC

N?GPGLE @CRUCCL AMKNJCKCLR?PW QCOSCLACQ, APC?RGLE ? NPCBGAR?@JC RFPCC-BGKCLQGML?J QRPSARSPC CQQCLRG?J

DMP RFCGP DSLARGML.Q WMS F?TC JC?PLCB, GLDMPK?RGML DJMU GL ?L MPE?LGQK R?ICQ NJ?AC DPMK % RM RM NPMRCGL.

% BGAR?RCQ RFC QRPSARSPC MD K GL ? NPMACQQ ILMUL ?Q transcription, ?LB BGAR?RCQ RFC

QRPSARSPC MD NPMRCGL GL ? NPMACQQ ILMUL ?Q translation. FGQ GQ ILMUL ?Q RFC $CLRP?J %MEK? MD GDC,

UFGAF FMJBQ RPSC DMP ?JJ MPE?LGQKQ; FMUCTCP, CVACNRGMLQ RM RFC PSJC MAASP GL AMLLCARGML UGRF TGP?J

GLDCARGMLQ.

M JC?PL KMPC ?@MSR %, CVNJMPC RFC Howard Hughes Medical Institute BioInteractive

animations (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/DNA) ML RFC RMNGA MD %.

102 #!% 3 X "'#! !#%#%


http://openstaxcollege.org/l/DNAhttp://openstaxcollege.org/l/DNAhttp://openstaxcollege.org/l/DNAhttp://openstaxcollege.org/l/DNA


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G?-?


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F =K

G


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NO JGNGB K?BC MD ? JMLE-AF?GL D?RRW ?AGB RF?R GQ CQRCPGDGCB RM ? JMLE-AF?GL ?JAMFMJ; QCPTCQ ?Q ?

NPMRCARGTC AM?RGLE ML QMKC DC?RFCPQ, ?OS?RGA K?KK?J DSP, ?LB JC?TCQ

C#A+/ A

3.1 PEK?@ IFF


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BGKCLQGML?J QRPSARSPC GQ RFC RCPRG?PW QRPSARSPC. FCL RUM MP KMPC NMJWNCNRGBCQ AMK@GLC RM DMPK RFC

AMKNJCRC NPMRCGL QRPSARSPC, RFC AMLDGESP?RGML GQ ILMUL ?Q RFC OS?RCPL?PW QRPSARSPC MD ? NPMRCGL. PMRCGL

QF?NC ?LB DSLARGML ?PC GLRPGA?RCJW JGLICB; ?LW AF?LEC GL QF?NC A?SQCB @W AF?LECQ GL RCKNCP?RSPC MP N

K?W JC?B RM NPMRCGL BCL?RSP?RGML ?LB ? JMQQ GL DSLARGML.

3.5 L. KMLMKCPQ

?. NMJWKCPQ

@. U?RCP ?LB NMJWKCPQ

A. LMLC MD RFC ?@MTC

5. %SPGLE RFC @PC?IBMUL MD NMJWKCPQ, UFGAF MD

RFC DMJJMUGLE PC?ARGMLQ R?ICQ NJ?AC

>. FWBPMJWQGQ

?. BCFWBP?RGML

@. AMLBCLQ?RGML

A. AMT?JCLR @MLB

6. L CV?KNJC MD ? KMLMQ?AAF?PGBC GQ >>>>>>>>.

>. DPSARMQC

?. EJSAMQC

@. E?J?ARMQC

A. ?JJ MD RFC ?@MTC

7. $CJJSJMQC ?LB QR?PAF ?PC CV?KNJCQ MD:

>. KMLMQ?AAF?PGBCQ

?. BGQ?AAF?PGBCQ

@. JGNGBQ

A. NMJWQ?AAF?PGBCQ

8. J?LR ACJJ U?JJQ AMLR?GL UFGAF MD RFC DMJJMUGLE

GL ?@SLB?LAC

>. QR?PAF

?. ACJJSJMQC

@. EJWAMECL

A. J?ARMQC

9. ?ARMQC GQ ? BGQ?AAF?PGBC DMPKCB @W RFC

DMPK?RGML MD ? >>>>>>>> @MLB @CRUCCL EJSAMQC

?LB >>>>>>>>.

>. EJWAMQGBGA; J?ARMQC

?. EJWAMQGBGA; E?J?ARMQC

@. FWBPMECL; QSAPMQC

A. FWBPMECL; DPSARMQC

10. ?RSP?RCB D?RQ F?TC ?JJ MD RFC DMJJMUGLE

AF?P?ARCPGQRGAQ CVACNR:

>. RFCW ?PC QMJGB ?R PMMK RCKNCP?RSPC

?. RFCW F?TC QGLEJC @MLBQ UGRFGL RFC

A?P@ML AF?GL

@. RFCW ?PC SQS?JJW M@R?GLCB DPMK ?LGK?J

QMSPACQ

A. RFCW RCLB RM BGQQMJTC GL U?RCP C?QGJW

11. FMQNFMJGNGBQ ?PC GKNMPR?LR AMKNMLCLRQ MD

>>>>>>>>.

>. RFC NJ?QK? KCK@P?LC MD ?LGK?J ACJJQ

?. RFC PGLE QRPSARSPC MD QRCPMGBQ@. RFC U?VW AMTCPGLE ML JC?TCQ

A. RFC BMS@JC @MLB GL FWBPMA?P@ML AF?GLQ

12. FC KMLMKCPQ RF?R K?IC SN NPMRCGLQ ?PC

A?JJCB >>>>>>>>.

>. LSAJCMRGBCQ

?. BGQ?AAF?PGBCQ

@. ?KGLM ?AGBQ

A. AF?NCPMLCQ

13. FC FCJGV ?LB RFC D-NJC?RCB QFCCR ?PC N?PR MD

UFGAF NPMRCGL QRPSARSPC

>. NPGK?PW

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?. QCAMLB?PW

@. RCPRG?PW

A. OS?RCPL?PW

14. LSAJCMRGBC MD % K?W AMLR?GL >>>>>>>>.

>. PG@MQC, SP?AGJ, ?LB ? NFMQNF?RC EPMSN

?. BCMVWPG@MQC, SP?AGJ, ?LB ? NFMQNF?RC

EPMSN

@. BCMVWPG@MQC, RFWKGLC, ?LB ? NFMQNF?RC

EPMSN

A. PG@MQC, RFWKGLC, ?LB ? NFMQNF?RC EPMSN

15. FC @SGJBGLE @JMAIQ MD LSAJCGA ?AGBQ ?PC

>>>>>>>>.

>. QSE?PQ

?. LGRPMECLMSQ @?QCQ

@. NCNRGBCQ

A. LSAJCMRGBCQ

C$/$CA' /#$&$" /$*

16. FW ?PC @GMJMEGA?J K?APMKMJCASJCQ

AMLQGBCPCB MPE?LGA

17. F?R PMJC BM CJCARPMLQ NJ?W GL BCFWBP?RGML

QWLRFCQGQ ?LB FWBPMJWQGQ

18. %CQAPG@C RFC QGKGJ?PGRGCQ ?LB BGDDCPCLACQ

@CRUCCL EJWAMECL ?LB QR?PAF.

19. FW GQ GR GKNMQQG@JC DMP FSK?LQ RM BGECQR

DMMB RF?R AMLR?GLQ ACJJSJMQC

20. &VNJ?GL ?R JC?QR RFPCC DSLARGMLQ RF?R JGNGBQ

QCPTC GL NJ?LRQ ?LB/MP ?LGK?JQ.

21. FW F?TC RP?LQ D?RQ @CCL @?LLCB DPMK QMKC

PCQR?SP?LRQ MU ?PC RFCW APC?RCB

22. &VNJ?GL UF?R F?NNCLQ GD CTCL MLC ?KGLM ?AGB

GQ QS@QRGRSRCB DMP ?LMRFCP GL ? NMJWNCNRGBC AF?GL.

PMTGBC ? QNCAGDGA CV?KNJC.

23. %CQAPG@C RFC BGDDCPCLACQ GL RFC DMSP NPMRCGL

QRPSARSPCQ.

24. F?R ?PC RFC QRPSARSP?J BGDDCPCLACQ @CRUCCL

?LB %

25. F?R ?PC RFC DMSP RWNCQ MD ?LB FMU BM

RFCW DSLARGML

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Documents

Biology Textbook RICE University _Part4