dr. Ahmad Azwar Habibi

Kuliah Modul Biologi ManusiaSemester 1 PSPD FKIK UIN JAKARTA18 Oktober 2011

Sistem muskuloskeletal Sistem Lokomosi Otot, tendon, tulang, sendi, ligamen

Tulang : Embriologi, anatomi dan fungsi tulangOtot rangka : Struktur anatomi makros dan mikrosProses kontraksi ototPersendianPengaruh hormonal, nutrisi dan usia

SISTEM MUSKULOSKELETAL(OTOT-RANGKA)Otot (muscle) jaringan tubuh yg berfungsi mengubah energi kimia menjadi kerja mekanik sebagai respons tubuh terhadap perubahan lingkunganRangka (skeletal) bagian tubuh yg tdd tulang, sendi, dan tulang rawan (kartilago) sbg tempat menempelnya otot dan memungkinkan tubuh untuk mempertahankan sikap dan posisi

Sistem Rangka dan SendiAlat gerak tubuh manusia sistem muskuloskeletal: pasif rangka (skeletal); aktif otot (muscle)Rangka-tulang: jaringan ikat yg keras & kaku (jaringan penyokong); banyak mengandung mineral, zat perekat dan zat kapur.Tulang rawan, tulang, dan sendi

Fungsi Sistem RangkaPenyangga: berdirinya tubuh, tempat melekatnya ligamen-ligamen, otot, jaringan lunak & organPenyimpanan mineral (kalsium & fosfat) dan lipid (yellow marrow)Produksi sel darah (red marrow)Pelindung; membentuk rongga melindungi organ yang halus & lunakPenggerak; dpt mengubah arah & kekuatan otot rangka saat bergerak; adanya persendian

The embryonic skeleton, initially composed of mesenchyme shaped like bonesThe site where cartilage formation and ossification occur during 6th week of embryonic development

Type of ossification :Intramembranous ossificationbone forms directly within mesenchyme arranged in sheetlike layers that resemble membranesEndochondral ossificationbone forms within hyaline cartilage that develops from mesenchyme

The initial formation of bones in an embryo and fetus

The simpler of the two methodsSkull, mandible, clavicle.

Almost most bones of the body are formed in this way

At about age 18-21, epipheseal (growth plate close ) epiphyseal line

Intramembranous ossificationForms directly inside membranesBones of skullEndochondral ossificationInside hyaline cartilageMost bones

GrowthLengthening of bones at epiphyseal plateGrows from cartilageForms epiphyseal line when done growingUndergoing constant remodelingAdaptation to stressHealing

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*StructureBone is a connective tissue:Matrix Collagen fibers for flexibility and tensile strengthCalcium for rigidityHydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3OH

*Cells:OsteoblastForm organic components of matrixOsteocyteOsteoclastsFrom monocytesSecrete citric and lactic acidsCollagenases and other enzymesStimulated by PTHInhibited by Calcitonin

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DiaphysisMetaphysisEpiphysis Prox/DistEpiphyseal linePeriosteumCompact boneSpongy boneArticular CartilageMedullary cavityNutrient artery

206 bones in the human body. May vary.Axial skeletonSkull and hyoidVertebral columnRibs and sternumAppendicular skeletonShoulder girdlePelvic girdleClassified according to shape.Long Bonesshaft & 2 ends. Bones of the limbs.Short Bonescube shaped. Wrist & ankle bones.Sesamoid Bonessesame seed shaped. Within tendonds. Patella.Flat BonesThin, flattened, & curved. Sternum & bones of the skull.Irregular Bonescomplicated shapes vertebrae & hip bones.

Supportsructural framework for the body; attachment for tendons and musclesProtectionprotect brain, spinal cord, heart and lungsAssistance in movementMineral homeostasis (storage and release)stores 99% of the bodys calciumBlood cell production red bone marrowTriglyceride storage yellow bone marrow

Sistem skeletal/ rangka

SkullSternumRibsVertebraeSacrum

Scapula & collarboneUpper limb bonesHipLower limb bones

Skull - Os Occipitale - Os Parietale - Os Temporale - Os Frontale - Os Sphenoid - Os Ethmoid - Os Maxilla - Os Palatine - Os Nasal - Vomer - Concha nasal inferior - Os Zygomatic - Os Lacrimal - Mandibula - Ossicles auditori & Os HyoidTruncus/ Batang badanOs Sternum - Manubrium sterni - Louis angle - Corpus Sterni - Processus XyphoideusRibs/Costae - Costae vera (1-7) - Costae spuriae affixae (8-10) - Costae spuriae fluctuantes (11-12)Vertebrae - Cervical (7) - Torakal (12) - Lumbal (5)Sacrum (1)Coccygeal (1)CraniumFace

Upper limbOs ScapulaOs ClaviculaOs HumerusOs RadiusOs UlnaOs CarpalsOssa MetacarpalsOssa PhalangesLower limbOs coxae (Os Ilium, Os Ischium,Os Pubis)Os FemurOs PatellaOs TibiaOs Fibula Os TarsalsOssa MetatarsalsOssa phalanges

Skeletal muscle fibres surrounded by fibrous connective tissue (dense irregular)Extensions of connective tissue form: epimysium perimysium endomysium

Nerves and blood vessels travel through connective tissues to the muscle fibres

Surrounds muscleDivides muscle into compartments, each contain a bundle of muscle fibers called fascicleBundle of muscle fibersSurrounds each muscle fiber, and tie adjacent fibers together

Skeletal muscle fibres (cells)SarcolemmaTransverse tubulesSarcoplasmic reticulumSarcoplasmMultiple nucleiMyofibrilsOther organellesMyofibrils compartmentalised into sarcomeres.Myofibrils consist of :Contractile proteinsOrganised into myofilamentsActin - thin myofilamentsMyosin - thick myofilamentsRegulatory proteinsTroponinTropomyosin

Thintwisted actin moleculesEach has an active site where they interact with myosinResting active site covered by tropomyosin which is held in place by troponin

ThickMyosinHead attaches to actin during contractionCan only happen if troponin changes position, moving tropomyosin to expose active site

Skeletal muscle contracts according to the sliding filament theory

Only enough ATP present to fuel contraction for a few secondsATP must be used as replaced3 mechanisms for ATP productionAerobic respirationAnaerobic respiration (glycolysis)Creatine phosphate

Joints connect skeletal elements. Synovial joints are lubricated, mobile joints. Skeletal elements are linked by synovial joints and move when muscles pull on those skeletal elements.

Degree of movementSynarthrosis immovable jointAmphiarthrosis slightly movable jointDiarthrosis freely movable joint

3 Jenis Sendi Berdasarkan strukturnya Fibrosa: hubungan antar sendi oleh jaringan fibrosaKartilago/tulang rawan: ruang antar sendinya berikatan dengan tulang rawan.Sinovial/sinovial joint: ada ruang sendi dan ligament untuk mempertahankan persendian.

Sendi berdasarkan jenis persambungannyaSinartrosis Sendi yang terdapat kesinambungan krn di antara kedua ujung tulang yang bersendi tdp suatu jaringan

Diartrosis Sendi terdapat ketidak-sinambungan karena di antara tulang yg bersendi terdapat rongga (cavum articulare)

SinartrosisSyndesmosis: jaringan penghubungnya mrp jaringan ikat a. Sutura: tepi-tepi tulang dihubungkan oleh jaringan ikat yg tipis. Cth: di antara tulang- tulang tengkorak b. Schindylesis: lempeng pd tulang yg satu terjepit di dlm celah pada tulang lain. Cth antara rostrum sphenoid & vomer c. Ghomphosis: tulang yg 1 berbentuk kerucut masuk ke dalam lekuk yg sesuai dgn bentuk itu pd tlng lain.Cth: antara gigi dg rahang d. Syndesmosis elastica: jar ikat penghubungnya mrp jar ikat elastin. Cth: di antara arc. Vertebra oleh lig.flavum e. Syndesmosis fibrosa: jar ikat penghubungnya mrp serat kolagen. Cth: antara ulna & radius oleh membran interossa antebrachii

SinartrosisSynchondrosis: jaringan penghubungnya jaringan tulang rawan. Cth:antara epifisis & diafisis sebelum penulangan selesai, antara kedua ossa pubicaSynostosis: jaringan penghubungnya jaringan tulang. Cth: antara epifisis & diafisis setelah penulangan selesai, antara os ilium, os pubis, dan os ischium

DiartrosisPada diartrosis tdp bgn2 sbb:Ujung-ujung tulang yg bersendi: kepala sendi (caput articulare) & lekuk sendi (cavitas glenoidalis)Simpai sendi (capsula articularis): stratum fibrosum (bgn luar) & stratum synoviale (bgn dlm)Rongga sendi (cavum articulare) berisi cairan synovialAlat-alat khusus: - tendon: membatasi gerak sendi & sbg penyokong mekanik - kartilago & bantalan lemak (fat pads): discus & meniscus articulares sbg alat menerima tumbukan, penyangga, & untuk mengurangi diskongruen - kandung sega (bursae mucosae) untuk memudahkan gerakan sendi - ligament (accessories, extracapsular, & intracapsular ligaments)

Diartrosis bdskn kemungkinan gerakSendi kejur (amphiartrosis): kemampuan gerak sangat sedikit -Symphysis; dihubungkan oleh fibrokartilago. Cth: intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis Articulationes: kemampuan gerak luas a. Sendi sumbu 1 (1) sendi engsel/ hinge joint (ginglymus): sumbu gerak tegak lurus pd arah panjang tulang. Cth: art.interphalangeae, humero- ulnaris (2) sendi kisar/ pivot joint (art trochoidea): sumbu gerak kira-kira sesuai dgn arah panjang tulang. Cth: art.radioulnaris,atlantodentalis b. Sendi sumbu 2: kedua sumbu gerak berpotongan tegak lurus (1) Sendi telur/ ellipsoidal joint (art. Ellipsoidea): kepala sendi cekung berbentuk ellipsoid dg sumbu panjang & sumbu pendek. Cth: art.radiocarpae (2) Sendi pelana/saddle joint (art.sellaris): permukaan sendi berbentuk pelana; arah sumbu yg 1 permukaannya cembung & arah sumbu yg lain cembung. Cth: art.carpo-metacarpea

Diartrosis bdskn kemungkinan gerakc. Sendi sumbu 3 (arthroida): kemampuan gerak paling luas; kepala sendi berbentuk bola (1) Sendi peluru/ ball & socket joint (art. Globoidea): lekuk sendi mencakup kurang dari setengah kepala sendi. Cth: art.humeri (2) Sendi buahpala (enarthrosis spheroidea): lekuk sendi mencakup lebih dari setengah kepala sendi. Cth: art coxae

Synovial jointsJoint capsuleFibrous CTTendons and ligamentsNerves, blood and lymph vesselsSynovial membrane Loose fibrous CTMany blood vessels good repairJoint (synovial) CavitySynovial fluidPlasma filtrateSynovial cells and leukocytes phagocytize debris and microbesArticular cartilageReduce frictionDistribute force

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