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Biomass Torrefaction Workshop
Biomass Upgrading Basics
Luis M. CerezoTechnical Executive Renewable Energies
Pensacola, FlApril 13, 2011
2© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Biomass……… a diverse energy source
3© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
US BIOMASS FEED STOCKS ARE ABUNDANT
BIOMASS CONSUPTIUM FOR ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION MAY DOUBLE EVERY 10 YEARS UP TO 2030
4© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
US AVAILABILITY OF SUSTAINABLE BIOMASSNREL/TP-560-39181 Dec 2005
SUSTAINABLE BIOMASS MAY SUBSTITUTE > 10% COAL GENERATION IN THE US BY 2030
PROVIDING > 500 BILLION kWh/YEAR
5© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
BIOMASS FOREST AND CROP DISTRIBUTION
ABOUT 350 MILLION DRY TONS/YEAR >450 MILLION DRY TONS/YEAR
6© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
BIOMASS…… IS A DIFFICULT ENERGY SOURCE
• PRODUCTION
• HARVESTING/COLLECTION
• HANDLING
• TRANSPORT
• STORAGE
• PRE-TREATMENT (MILLING..)
• FEEDING
• CONVERSION
8© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
DRIVERS FOR BIOMASS CO-FIRING
• Reduce CO2/SOx Emissions• Federal/States Targets for RPS• Co-firing Biomass is the Lowest
Capital and O&M cost option• Shortest term , Lowest risk option• Advantage of high efficiency of large
coal plants (coal 38%, dedicated biomass 25%)
• Reduction of NOx and SOx emissions• Co-firing diversifies Plant fuel Portfolio• Jobs creation
9© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
CO-FIRING BOILER MODIFICATIONS FACTORS TO CONSIDER
• BIOMASS FUEL CHARACTERISTICS(PARTICLE SIZE, ASH MELTING AND SOFTENING TENDENCY, CHLORINE CONTENT, CALORIFIC VALUE, REQUIRED RESIDENCE TIME IN THE FURNACE..)
• EFFECT OF SLAGGING, FOULING, LIFE-TIME
• EFFECT ON H/T SURFACES OF DEPOSIT FORMATION
• IMPACT ON EMISSIONS AND EFFICIENCY
• BOILER OUT-PUT POTENTIAL REDUCTION
• LIMITATIONS ON BIOMASS % FROM MILLING AND AIR/FUEL FEED CAPACITY
• OVER-ALL TECH PERFORMANCE• SITE SPECIFIC ENG AND DESIGN
10© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
EFFECTIVENESS EVALUATION OF MEASURES IN MITIGATING BIOMASS CO-FIRING PROBLEMS (EUR 22461 EN)
11© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Biomass Pre-Treatment to reduce co-firing constraints“BIO-COAL”
• Coal is conventional
• Turn Biomass into Bio-coal– High Energy density
• >3x biomass/1,5-2x wood pellets
– Water resistant• No swelling or des-integration
– No/less bio-degradation– Excellent Grindability
• Similar to coal
– Good Combustion and Gasification properties
– >>15% Biomass Heat InputCo-firing FEASIBLE
CHALLENGE…GET A HIGH ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND AFFORDABLE COST FOR BIO-COAL
12© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Pyrolysis/Gasification/Combustion Processes
13© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
TORREFACTION ..General process Description (ECN.nl)
14© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Biomass Quality Improvement through Torrefaction+ Pelletization(ToP) =BIO-COAL (ECN)
Bio-Coal
15© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Good grindability and reactivity of ToP biomass(ECN tests)
16© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
ToP PRE-TRATMENT RANGE OF APPLICATIONS
• CO-FIRING IN “PULVERIZED COAL”EXISTING BOILERS >> 25% HEAT INPUT
• BIOMASS STORAGE AND LONG DISTANCE TRANSPORT (IMPORTS)
• (CO-)FIRING IN EGF GASIFIERS FOR POWER (IGSCC) O FUELS
• SMALL SCALE PELLET BOILERS AND STOVES
FT
REACTOR
EFG-SIEMENS
17© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
MARKET HIGH POTENTIAL STATES FOR ToP CO-FIRING
SCREENING CRITERIA• AVG. DELIVERED COAL PRICES
• HIGH COAL USE FOR GENERATION IN PC BOILERS.
• LOW-COST BIOMASS FEED STOCK
• HIGH RPS REQUIREMENTS
• CO2 CAP AND TRADE
• LAND FILL TIPPING FEES
Ontario (CANADA) has a very high potential too
18© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Some ToP COMPETING TECHNOLOGIES
• ECN (NL)…………………….MOVING BED REACTOR
• TOPELL (NL)………………..TORBED REACTOR
• AIRLESS SYS (UK)…………SUPERHEATED STEAM REACTOR
• STRAMPROY/BGP (NL)……CDS-AIRLESS Dryer REACTOR
• WYSSMONT (USA)…………DISK TURBO-DRYER REACTOR
19© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Keys to reduce ToP Total production costs
• OPTIMIZATION OF TORREFACTION CONDITIONS
(T, RESIDENCE TIME, NET PROCESS EFFICIENCY)
• OPTIMUM OUTPUT CAPACITY• USE BIOMASS FEEDSTOCK AS UTILITY
FUEL IF BELOW AUTOTHERMAL OPERATION
• FEEDSTOCK FLEXIBILITY• SPECIFIC GAS FROM DRYING
CLEANING TECHNOLOGIES• INTEGRATION OF TORREFACTION AND
PELLETIZING PROCESSES TO IMPROVE ENERGY BALANCE.
20© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
EPRI’s ToP Development Activities 2009-2011
1- Issued TOP Technology Assessment Report #1018661 03/2009
2-Issued TI Aspen Plus Torrefaction Model #1020506 12/2009
3-Issued TI Small Scale Production Testing of TOP from woody and herbaceous feedstock #1020508 4/2010
4-Issued Test Burns of Torrefied wood # 1017602 6/2010
5- Front End Engineering and Design of Small Modular Movable ToP plants Report # 1022209 11/2010
6-On-going Biomass washing- leaching technology Bench Batch Testing Summary Report scheduled 5/2011
21© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Together…Shaping the Future of Electricity
22© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
DIRECT CONTACT MOVING BED DRYER & TORREFACTION REACTOR (ECN- GEA..)
• Compact reactor
• Small Foot print
• High heat transfer rates
• Accurate T control
• Uniform product quality Feed Stock flexibility
• Low Capital Investment
23© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Wyssmont Turbo-Tray Convection Dryer for torrefaction
• UNIFORM /RAPID DRYING
• PRECISELY CONTROLLED TEMPERATURE
• LOW ENERGY/LABOR COSTS
• CONTINOUS FEED EASY TO ADJUST
• SELF CLEANING WIPING ACTION
• EASY STAR-UP ON DIFFERENT MATERIALS
• LOW MAINTENANCE COST
• HIGH RELIABILITY
• CAN USE ANY SUPLEMENTAL HEATING MEDIUM (STEAM , WASTE GAS, ELECTRICITY
• VERTICAL CONSTRUCTION (LOW FOOT PRINT)
• ACCURATE SCALE-UP
24© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
THE SPIRAL FLASH CONVECTION REACTOR
(TORFTECH UK)-…GMF–GOUDA (NL)..GEA-NIRO…
• HIGH SCALABILITY OF THE PROCESS PLANT
• SMALL REACTOR SIZE PER GIVEN CAPACITY DUE TO BETTER HEAT TRANSFER WITHIN THE REACTOR
• GOOD CONTROLLABILITY OF THE REACTOR
• LOW MAINTENANCE DUE TO LACK OF MOVING PARTS
• HIGH THOROUGH AND HOMOGENOUS PROCESS THANKS TO FASTER KINETICS
• LOW PRESSURE RESULTING IN HIGHER ENERGY EFFICIENCY
• TOLERANCE OF WIDE RANGE OF FEED PARTICLE SIZE AND MOISTURE CONTENT
• RAPID START-UP/SHUTDOWN
• LOW SOLIDS HOLD-UP PROVIDES PROTECTION FROM FEED BLOCKAGES/ INTERRUPTIUMS.
25© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
BGP ENG+STRAMPROY(NL) MILD PYROLYSIS TORREF-PROCESS FOR BIOMASS (Airless-SHS dryer)
26© 2011 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
Airless Systems..SHSteam Dryer-Torrefaction
• Continuous feed Dryer and Torrefaction system. High throughput
• Smaller plant, capital and operating cost savings
• Superheated steam at atmospheric pressure
• Reduced drying times• Recapture and reuse heat and
fuel from in process biomass• Not need of a hot air exhaust
stack• Demin. Water, no noxious
emissions, reduced anti pollution costs
• Quick start-up time• High efficiency ratio (>85%)