Biometric Fingerprint

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0 BIOMETRIC- FINGERPRINT WHITE PAPER

SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCES

UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIACST 233 Information Security and Assurance

ASSIGNMENT 3

BIOMETRIC- FINGERPRINT

LECTURER : DR. AMAN JANTAN

NAME : OH YING SAN


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Table of Contents

1.0Abstract..32.0 Introduction3-43.0Why We Need Fingerprint5

3.1Uniqueness of Fingerprint.5 3.2Accuracy of Fingerprint63.3Efficiency/ Speed of Fingerprint For Use In Identification..6

4.0Types of Fingerprints...74.1Types of Fingerprints Pattern..7

4.1.1 Arch Pattern...74.1.2 Loop Pattern..84.1.3 Whorl Pattern9

4.2Types of Lines Found In Fingerprints..105.0How Does Fingerprints Biometric Works11

5.1Acquisition/ Enrollment Process125.2Preprocessing Process..125.3Feature Extraction Process.135.4Matching Process..13

6.0The Issues that We Need to Concern About.156.1Security Issues.156.2Privacy Issues16

7.0Case Study.177.1States Beat Benefit Fraud177.2Bank Services at Your Fingertips18

8.0Conclusion18 9.0References20


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1.0AbstractAuthentication by biometric is becoming increasingly common in corporate and

public security systems, customer electronics and so on. To prevent identity theft,

biometric data is usually encrypted when its gathered.

This paper will shows how the biometric verification phase by phase works and

the issues that we need to concern about when we are using the biometric

devices such as privacy and the security. In addition, the types of fingerprints

will further discuss below.

2.0IntroductionBiometric is a technology used for measuring and analyzing to identify and verify

humans characteristic and traits. [6] There are many types of physical

biometrics technologies such as fingerprint, iris, retina, hand, palm vein and face.

Among all the biometric techniques, fingerprint-based identification is the oldest

method and extremely useful biometrics since the last nineteenth century which

has been successfully used in numerous applications and recognized as a primary

accurate identification method. Even with the recent advancements made in the

field of DNA analysis, the biometric fingerprint is still commonly used whether it

has been taken in the traditional way using ink and paper as shown in Figure 1

or scanned into a computer database to record peoples unique characteristics.


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As we know that, everyone is known to have unique, immutable fingerprints and

consistency for over time, thus the fingerprint identification is one of the well

known and publicized biometrics and it has been used for identification for over a

century. Besides that, the inherent ease in acquisition, the numerous sources

(ten fingers) available for collection, and their established use and collections by

law enforcements and immigration. However, recently the biometric fingerprint

becoming automated due to the advancements in computer capabilities and

computer techniques are now widely used. Hence, the biometric fingerprint

always as a front-line security measure for both identity verification and crime

detection and also offers an effective crime deterrent.

There are a variety of hardware sensors types for biometric fingerprint such as

optical, capacitive, ultrasound and thermal are used to collect the digital image of

a fingerprint surface. Nowadays the most common sensor is the optical sensors

to take an image of the fingerprint. While the software for fingerprint matching

techniques can be classified into two which are minutiae-based matching and

pattern matching. The most widely used software recognition technique is

Figure 1: The example of biometric

fingerprint by using the ink & paper

method. [2]


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minutiae-based matching as it can relies on the minutiae points and specifically

the location and direction of each point.

Last but not least, biometric fingerprint is one of the most highly used methods

for human recognition. This is because fingerprints have been acceptance by the

general public, law enforcement, and the forensic science. Therefore, in this

white paper will be focus on the reasons and issues related to the fingerprint

type of fingerprint, how the fingerprint works and the real cases regarding the

biometric fingerprint.


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3.0Why we need fingerprint?Nowadays, we live in an anonymous information society characterized by

increasing global mobility. The traditional methods such as PIN or passwords for

identifying and verifying peoples characteristics are not enough because it is

very difficult to remember the long password and the level of the security is not

as high compare to the fingerprint technique. Hence, biometric fingerprint

become a necessity for sensitive work processes in the public and private sectors.

There are a few main reasons of why we need the fingerprint for identifying

peoples characteristics.

3.1 Uniqueness of FingerprintAs we know that, all of the fingerprints have a unique combination and

arrangement of patterns and ridge characteristics. Hence, no two prints have

ever been found to be exactly alike with one another, even those of identical

twins print are different. This is because the fingerprints are not inherited,

although the general pattern may be the same in families but there are some

level of the fingerprint will differ. Due to this reason, the fingerprint technique

has been widely used for electronic passport which stores two fingerprints in the

database. As such, fingerprint techniques are powerful tools for security and

other operations that require authentication or identification of peoples unique

fingerprint.


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3.2 Accuracy of FingerprintThe fingerprint recognition technique is the dominant technology in the biometric

market due to the high level of accuracy. It is proven that the fingerprint

recognition technology may reach recognition rate near 100% in good quality

images. Although there are 2% of the populations have poor quality of

fingerprint especially the elder people and manual workers. In fact it is very

difficult to obtain reliable fingerprints images from these populations. However,

the fingerprint technologies are still able to achieve the correct level of security

and accuracy of the fingerprint without overly inconveniencing the user.

3.3 Efficiency/Speed of Fingerprint For Use In IdentificationThe principle of recognition by comparisons of the fingerprints has speed up

border crossing through the use of scanners. Many countries have set up the

fingerprint technique to confirm the identity of the bearer of the card and to

control migration flows to and from their territories. Hence, the fingerprint

scanners help to identify the people in a more precise and reliable way as well as

increase the efficiency of the process. Nevertheless, the fingerprint technique has

the ability to enroll multiple fingers when there are some problems with one

finger such as injured then it still can used the other 9 fingers to improve the

recognition. Therefore, the successful development effort of the biometric

fingerprint enhanced the end user experienced by providing added convenience

and faster speed for secure network access and identification fingerprint.


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4.0Types of FingerprintsThe types of fingerprint can be divided into two parts, one is types of fingerprint

pattern and another one is types of line found in fingerprints. In order to identify

peoples characteristics by using the fingerprint technique, it is necessary to

understand and familiar with the types of fingerprint on the finger. This is due to

avoid the error occur in identifying and verifying peoples fingerprint.

4.1Types of Fingerprints PatternThe fingerprint patterns are divided into three main groups which are arches,

loop and whorls. Approximately five percent of all fingerprints are arches, 30%

are whorls and 65% are loops.

4.1.1 Arch Pattern

Figure 2: The picture of the arch pattern [3]

An arch is a pattern of fingerprint where the ridge enters one side of the finger,

then rises in the centre forming an arch, and exits on the other side of the finger.


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As what we can see from the Figure 2 above, the arch pattern is like a hill

starting from one side and stopping on the other. Arch pattern can divided into

two groups which are plain arches and tented arches. A plain arch is the simplest

while the tented arch is similar to a plain arch except that instead of rising

smoothly at the centre, there is a sharp upward thrust or spike, causes the

centre of the print to look like a tent. Arch pattern is the least common of

fingerprint patterns as it contain no deltas or cores.

4.1.2

Loop Pattern

Figure 3: The picture of the loop pattern [3]

The Figure 3 illustrates the loop pattern, with a loop the ridge enters one side of

the finger, then forms a curve and then exits on the same side of the finger from

which it entered. This results when one core and one delta is present. In fact, by

looking at the middle of the fingerprint, we can see that a loop looks like a jump

rope turned upside down and each line starts on one side and returns to that

side. Eventually, loops are the most common pattern in fingerprints.


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4.1.3 Whorl Pattern

Figure 4: The picture of the whorl pattern [1]

The last fingerprint pattern is the whorl pattern as shown in the Figure 4; whorls

are divided into four groups which are plain whorl, central pocket loop and

accidental. All whorls contain one or more cores and a minimum of two deltas. A

whorl is the pattern when ridges form circularly around a central point.

Somehow, it looks like a pebble thrown in the water. A plain loop and central

pocket loop have at least one ridge while the double loop is made up of two

loops combined into one fingerprint which looks like S shape. Then, any print

classified as an accidental either contains two or more patterns and may consist

of a combination loop.


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4.2Types of Lines Found in FingerprintsIn fact, fingerprint patterns are made up of a few types of line which determine

the general classification characteristics of the print such as arch, loop or whorl.

The fingerprint pattern area is a term used to describe the center area of a print

which contains many types of lines. The following examples are typical of the

most common types of line found in fingerprint.

ROD

A rod generally forms a straight line and it has little to no

curve features and tends to be found in the center of the

fingerprints pattern area.

Eclipse

An eclipse is a circular or oval shaped line-type which is

generally found in the center of whorl patterns.

Spiral

A spiral line is a type of spiral out from the center of the

fingerprint and is generally found in whorl patterns.

Bifurcation

Bifurcation is the intersection of two or more line and

which lines are converge or diverge.

Tented

This line is quickly raised and falls at a steep angle. They

tend to be associated with tented arch pattern

Loop

A loop is a curve line which enters and leaves from the

same side of the fingerprint.

Table 1: Types of line found in fingerprint. [3]


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5.0How Does Fingerprints Biometric WorksFingerprint is one of the most mature biometric traits and considered legitimate

proof of evidence in courts of law all over worldwide. Therefore, fingerprint is

used in forensic divisions worldwide for criminal investigations. Hence, we are

necessary to understand the way of fingerprint works in identification, matching

and the flow of the fingerprint verification system. Among all the biometric

techniques, fingerprint-based identification is the oldest method which has been

used widely. A fingerprint is made up of a series of ridges and furrows on the

surface of the finger. The uniqueness of a fingerprint can be determined by the

pattern of ridges and furrows as well as the minutiae points.

Figure 5: The flow of the verification fingerprint system [1]


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5.1Acquisition/Enrollment ProcessIn a verification fingerprint system, the template fingerprint image is obtained in

the enrollment phase. The live-scan of fingerprints can classify into four

technologies such as optical, ultrasound, electric field and thermal. For example,

the optical technology-based scanners are based on the image of a fingerprint

touching the surface of a prism. After that verification process takes place by a

inputting the sample of the users fingerprint at sensor and it will divide in the

database which contains the different sets of fingerprint templates according to

the classification.

5.2Preprocessing ProcessSince the input fingerprint must be processed in the preprocessing step. The

preprocessing step includes image enhancement and gray level adjust. A critical

step in automatic fingerprint matching is to automatically and reliably extract

minutiae from the input fingerprint images. However, the performance of a

minutiae extraction algorithm relies on the quality of the input fingerprint images.

Hence, the enhancement algorithm are needed to improve the clarity of ridge

and furrow structures of input fingerprint images based on the estimated local

ridge orientation and frequency. After that, the image enhancement will be

improved based on the goodness index and the verification accuracy.


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Figure 6: The picture shows the before and after the image enhancement. [4]

5.3Feature Extraction ProcessAfter the fingerprint image has been preprocessed, the feature extraction will

extracts the relevant information that will be used for matching with the

template fingerprint. An automatic recognition of peoples fingerprint requires

that the input fingerprint be matched with a large number of fingerprints in a

database. Hence, to reduce the search time and computational complexity so it is

desirable to classify these fingerprints in an accurate and consistent manner. The

fingerprint classification can by the fingerprint patterns such as arch, whorl or

loop and the type of lines found in the fingerprint. The fingerprint classifier based

on the features such as position and numbers of deltas found in the fingerprint.

The classification accuracy is 90% achieved in the feature extraction process.

5.4Matching ProcessFingerprint matching techniques can be placed into two categories which are

minutiae-based and correlation based. The minutiae-based techniques find the

minutiae points and map their relative placement on the finger. This is done by

comparing neighborhoods of nearby minutiae for similarity and a single

Before After


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neighborhood may consist of three or more nearby minutiae. However, it is

difficult to extract the minutiae points accurately especially when the fingerprint

is low quality. While the correlation-based method able to overcome some of the

difficulties of the minutiae-based approach but it require the precise location of a

registration point and are affected by image translation and rotation. Finally a

verification decision is made with results or percentages of similarity obtained

from the matching process. Then, this template will not match with every

template in the database but it will matched with the template according to the

characteristics in the particular domain.

Figure 7: The minutiae-based technique in fingerprint matching process [2]


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6.0The Issues that We Need to Concern AboutOne of our highest priorities in the world of information security is confirmation

that a person accessing sensitive, confidential or classified information is

authorized to do so. The fingerprint biometric can identify users based on their

characteristics or traits on their print. Individuals are concerned that security

systems be put in place that would prevent unauthorized access to personal data

and their identities cannot be stolen by others. Therefore, this section will be

discussed about the personal issues of privacy related to the fingerprint.

6.1Security IssuesWe need to understand how vulnerable data are to theft or abuse and how the

data are to be retained to optimize the security of the data. Fingerprint

recognition proved to be the most secure among the other biometrics and there

was no success in any of the efforts made to fool the device. In order to guard

against attacks, system that stores the biometric fingerprint database should do

encrypted format to protect the authentication information. Finally, security is

enhanced to secure server for authentication and decreases the data can be

tampered with.


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6.2Privacy IssuesAlthough the biometric fingerprint does not make the users feel very

uncomfortable when used for the purpose of authentication and this method of

authentication is not too intrusive of their personal space. However, the users

are concerned with how and where information is stored, how it can be used and

who can access as they are not willing to exposure their personal information to

criminal and threat to their privacy. For example, someone can stole their

fingerprint to commit in crime and at the end the victims have to face the

criminal responsibility as the there is no one has the same fingerprint with each

other. Hence, if their information can be stored locally which provide easier

access and control and the concern about network attack then they are worried

the crime case will happen on them. While smart storage data make the users

feel more comfortable as the others cannot accessing or take their sample of

fingerprint for illegal purpose at the same time the security risks decreases.


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7.0Case Study7.1States Beat Benefit FraudMany states are investigating and piloting biometric systems to identify benefit

recipients in order to reduce fraud and increase efficiency. One state's high-tech

benefit system checks for evidence of wrongdoing and creates identification

cards as clients enroll. Applicants place their index fingers on an optical reader

which scans the prints to create images for the database. At the same time, the

applicant's photo is taken with a digital camera. Next, the client signs his or her

name on a tablet that captures the signature electronically. All these files are

transmitted to a host computer, where, in minutes, search engines verify that

the person has not enrolled in the system under another identity.

After a client is accepted into the system, an identification card is created on the

spot. A two-dimensional symbol on the card encodes the fingerprint file. The

card also carries the client's photo and signature, and a magnetic stripe for

future use. Clients present their cards and have their fingerprint scanned for

verification when they collect benefits. In this state, 41 percent of General

Assistance and 31 percent of AFDC recipients failed to re-enroll in those

programs when the new identification cards were issued. This is attributed to the

deterrence factor the new system provides. Those who attempt multiple

enrollments will be caught; suspected fraud cases are now under investigation.


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7.2Bank Services at Your FingertipsAn employee credit union has installed several unattended banking kiosks that

use fingerprint imaging to identify account holders for access to services. Credit

union members can enroll at the kiosks by touch screen input as they answer a

series of questions displayed on the screen. They then have to present each

finger for enrollment and have their photograph taken by a camera in the kiosk.

Once enrolled, members will be able to use the kiosks to make deposits and

withdrawals, complete loan applications, and more.

8.0ConclusionIn this white paper, I have introduced the biometric fingerprint, type of

fingerprint, how does the fingerprint identification works, the issues have to

taken into our considerations and the real cases regarding the biometric

fingerprint. Throughout this white paper, we know that the fingerprint is an

effective way to reduce time and achieve higher accuracy during the

identification process. The fingerprint technique able to scan the fingerprints that

have been found at a crime scene and automatically find and record the ridges,

whorls, arches or loops contained within. Hence, the fingerprint technique has

been bringing a lot of benefits to the people today and increase the efficiency of

the process.


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Although the better fingerprint matching algorithms are used almost universally

today, but no algorithm can compensate for imperfect or missing images. In fact

it is extremely difficult or impossible to obtain reliable fingerprint images from a

significant percentage of the world population. There are many reasons that

fingerprints may be difficult to acquire, including genetic background, damagefrom manual labor, poor health and age and even the environmental conditions

can cause severe problems. However, the ideal fingerprint technique has to

achieve the correct level of security without overly inconveniencing the user.

Last but not least, the fingerprint biometric is a great way to authenticate users

due to the high accuracy, ease of use, uniqueness of the fingerprint and most

economical biometric technique. Besides that, the fingerprint technique can be

used for dozens of applications outside the scope of computer security and used

to find an offender according to traits left on the crime spot. Therefore,

fingerprint biometric has been successfully used in authenticating applications.


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9.0References[1]:Fingerprints

https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:RHUobza5ts0J:www.bsapp.com/f

orensics_illustrated/forensic_text_adobe/text_unit_4_fingerprints.pdf+types+of+

line+in+fingerprint&hl=en&gl=my&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShj8ACdx91DkQO4eyxp

5gb_0MTedd2z1NMcYSFWkg-

6VqQ3zP4IYM2nmhqavI5d2XKSTcGdICh01tJCqjUU_XoG66T9PHipOmPdE3fkplDH

9A8r__DIu46-keC6byrJP1rNrBhy&sig=AHIEtbR1bjrm-8dAqTI0n8ALReP8kTSDJg

[accessed 9 May 2012]

[2]:Fingerprint Identification http://biometrics.cse.msu.edu/fingerprint.html

[accessed 9 May 2012]

[3]: Type of fingerprints

http://www.senseme.com/scripts/biometrics/fingerprints.htm

[Accessed 9 May 2012]

[4]:Biometric case

http://www.aimglobal.org/technologies/biometrics/casestudy_biometrics.asp


[5]: Biometrichttp://www.biometrics.gov/documents/fingerprintrec.pdf


[6] Biometrichttp://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/biometrics

https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:RHUobza5ts0J:www.bsapp.com/forensics_illustrated/forensic_text_adobe/text_unit_4_fingerprints.pdf+types+of+line+in+fingerprint&hl=en&gl=my&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShj8ACdx91DkQO4eyxp5gb_0MTedd2z1NMcYSFWkg-6VqQ3zP4IYM2nmhqavI5d2XKSTcGdICh01tJCqjUU_XoG66T9PHipOmPdE3fkplDH9A8r__DIu46-keC6byrJP1rNrBhy&sig=AHIEtbR1bjrm-8dAqTI0n8ALReP8kTSDJghttps://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:RHUobza5ts0J:www.bsapp.com/forensics_illustrated/forensic_text_adobe/text_unit_4_fingerprints.pdf+types+of+line+in+fingerprint&hl=en&gl=my&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShj8ACdx91DkQO4eyxp5gb_0MTedd2z1NMcYSFWkg-6VqQ3zP4IYM2nmhqavI5d2XKSTcGdICh01tJCqjUU_XoG66T9PHipOmPdE3fkplDH9A8r__DIu46-keC6byrJP1rNrBhy&sig=AHIEtbR1bjrm-8dAqTI0n8ALReP8kTSDJghttps://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:RHUobza5ts0J:www.bsapp.com/forensics_illustrated/forensic_text_adobe/text_unit_4_fingerprints.pdf+types+of+line+in+fingerprint&hl=en&gl=my&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShj8ACdx91DkQO4eyxp5gb_0MTedd2z1NMcYSFWkg-6VqQ3zP4IYM2nmhqavI5d2XKSTcGdICh01tJCqjUU_XoG66T9PHipOmPdE3fkplDH9A8r__DIu46-keC6byrJP1rNrBhy&sig=AHIEtbR1bjrm-8dAqTI0n8ALReP8kTSDJghttps://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:RHUobza5ts0J:www.bsapp.com/forensics_illustrated/forensic_text_adobe/text_unit_4_fingerprints.pdf+types+of+line+in+fingerprint&hl=en&gl=my&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShj8ACdx91DkQO4eyxp5gb_0MTedd2z1NMcYSFWkg-6VqQ3zP4IYM2nmhqavI5d2XKSTcGdICh01tJCqjUU_XoG66T9PHipOmPdE3fkplDH9A8r__DIu46-keC6byrJP1rNrBhy&sig=AHIEtbR1bjrm-8dAqTI0n8ALReP8kTSDJghttps://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:RHUobza5ts0J:www.bsapp.com/forensics_illustrated/forensic_text_adobe/text_unit_4_fingerprints.pdf+types+of+line+in+fingerprint&hl=en&gl=my&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShj8ACdx91DkQO4eyxp5gb_0MTedd2z1NMcYSFWkg-6VqQ3zP4IYM2nmhqavI5d2XKSTcGdICh01tJCqjUU_XoG66T9PHipOmPdE3fkplDH9A8r__DIu46-keC6byrJP1rNrBhy&sig=AHIEtbR1bjrm-8dAqTI0n8ALReP8kTSDJghttps://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:RHUobza5ts0J:www.bsapp.com/forensics_illustrated/forensic_text_adobe/text_unit_4_fingerprints.pdf+types+of+line+in+fingerprint&hl=en&gl=my&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShj8ACdx91DkQO4eyxp5gb_0MTedd2z1NMcYSFWkg-6VqQ3zP4IYM2nmhqavI5d2XKSTcGdICh01tJCqjUU_XoG66T9PHipOmPdE3fkplDH9A8r__DIu46-keC6byrJP1rNrBhy&sig=AHIEtbR1bjrm-8dAqTI0n8ALReP8kTSDJghttps://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:RHUobza5ts0J:www.bsapp.com/forensics_illustrated/forensic_text_adobe/text_unit_4_fingerprints.pdf+types+of+line+in+fingerprint&hl=en&gl=my&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShj8ACdx91DkQO4eyxp5gb_0MTedd2z1NMcYSFWkg-6VqQ3zP4IYM2nmhqavI5d2XKSTcGdICh01tJCqjUU_XoG66T9PHipOmPdE3fkplDH9A8r__DIu46-keC6byrJP1rNrBhy&sig=AHIEtbR1bjrm-8dAqTI0n8ALReP8kTSDJghttp://biometrics.cse.msu.edu/fingerprint.htmlhttp://biometrics.cse.msu.edu/fingerprint.htmlhttp://www.senseme.com/scripts/biometrics/fingerprints.htmhttp://www.senseme.com/scripts/biometrics/fingerprints.htmhttp://www.aimglobal.org/technologies/biometrics/casestudy_biometrics.asphttp://www.aimglobal.org/technologies/biometrics/casestudy_biometrics.asphttp://www.biometrics.gov/documents/fingerprintrec.pdfhttp://www.biometrics.gov/documents/fingerprintrec.pdfhttp://www.biometrics.gov/documents/fingerprintrec.pdfhttp://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/biometricshttp://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/biometricshttp://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/biometricshttp://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/biometricshttp://www.biometrics.gov/documents/fingerprintrec.pdfhttp://www.aimglobal.org/technologies/biometrics/casestudy_biometrics.asphttp://www.senseme.com/scripts/biometrics/fingerprints.htmhttp://biometrics.cse.msu.edu/fingerprint.htmlhttps://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:RHUobza5ts0J:www.bsapp.com/forensics_illustrated/forensic_text_adobe/text_unit_4_fingerprints.pdf+types+of+line+in+fingerprint&hl=en&gl=my&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShj8ACdx91DkQO4eyxp5gb_0MTedd2z1NMcYSFWkg-6VqQ3zP4IYM2nmhqavI5d2XKSTcGdICh01tJCqjUU_XoG66T9PHipOmPdE3fkplDH9A8r__DIu46-keC6byrJP1rNrBhy&sig=AHIEtbR1bjrm-8dAqTI0n8ALReP8kTSDJghttps://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:RHUobza5ts0J:www.bsapp.com/forensics_illustrated/forensic_text_adobe/text_unit_4_fingerprints.pdf+types+of+line+in+fingerprint&hl=en&gl=my&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShj8ACdx91DkQO4eyxp5gb_0MTedd2z1NMcYSFWkg-6VqQ3zP4IYM2nmhqavI5d2XKSTcGdICh01tJCqjUU_XoG66T9PHipOmPdE3fkplDH9A8r__DIu46-keC6byrJP1rNrBhy&sig=AHIEtbR1bjrm-8dAqTI0n8ALReP8kTSDJghttps://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:RHUobza5ts0J:www.bsapp.com/forensics_illustrated/forensic_text_adobe/text_unit_4_fingerprints.pdf+types+of+line+in+fingerprint&hl=en&gl=my&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShj8ACdx91DkQO4eyxp5gb_0MTedd2z1NMcYSFWkg-6VqQ3zP4IYM2nmhqavI5d2XKSTcGdICh01tJCqjUU_XoG66T9PHipOmPdE3fkplDH9A8r__DIu46-keC6byrJP1rNrBhy&sig=AHIEtbR1bjrm-8dAqTI0n8ALReP8kTSDJghttps://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:RHUobza5ts0J:www.bsapp.com/forensics_illustrated/forensic_text_adobe/text_unit_4_fingerprints.pdf+types+of+line+in+fingerprint&hl=en&gl=my&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShj8ACdx91DkQO4eyxp5gb_0MTedd2z1NMcYSFWkg-6VqQ3zP4IYM2nmhqavI5d2XKSTcGdICh01tJCqj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Documents

Biometric Fingerprint