BIOMETRICS – FINGER PRINT TECHNOLOGY

8/6/2019 BIOMETRICS FINGER PRINT TECHNOLOGY

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BIOMETRICS FINGER PRINT

TECHNOLOGY

BY:

E.V.R.DEEPAK VARMA

07L31A0420


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BIOMETRICS

CONTENTS

Abstract

History of biometrics

Beginning of finger print technology

The Necessity Finger print identification

Functions

Applications

Limitations

Conclusion

References


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ABSTRACT

This Paper is regarding biometrics which is an interesting topic now in regard to

computer and network security, however the ideas of biometrics have been around for

many years. Today we have the technology to realize the aims, and to refine the accuracyof biometric identification, and therefore the possibility of making it a viable field.

This paper presents the overall views of fingerprint technology which plays a vital

role in todays technical world for security as well as for identification in several cases.

Advantages of these biometric technologies also give a greater impact on the of todaysWorld market. Biometrics increases security which provides a convenient and low-cost

additional tier of security. It eliminates problems caused by lost IDs or forgotten

passwords by using physiological attributes. Any biometric access control system willconsists of a biometric control reader or scanner. This unit will capture the raw data in the

form of fingerprint or information from voice recognizer, etc. This data is then analyzedand compared to the persons characteristics against the previously enrolled record. If the

two records match, the person is authenticated. And if the time is within the authorizedperiod for entry, the device will signal and release the electric door lock.

The most common aspect of biometrics being used for access control is

fingerprints. Though in more secure areas like defence areas and airports, government

areas, etc.The best solution for a small business is to opt for a fingerprint access controlsystem.

Finger print technology is one of the most developed biometrics with morehistory, research and design than any other form. Traditional use of finger prints was first

used in 14th century, in China. In the later half of the 19 th century, Richard Edward Henry

of Scotland yard developed a method of categorizing and identifying marks infingerprints. An advanced version of this method was brought by Francis Galton in 1892.

Biometric fingerprint method became the method of choice for police around the

world till date. Another classification of systems was created almost concurrently in 1891

by Juan Vucetich which is still use in most of the Spanish countries. International

Organizations such as InterPol now use both the methods. It is still choice for most of thelaw agencies .Highly effective and relatively simple, the use of fingerprints as a viable

biometric seems to be here for the long run.


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The crossover accuracy of digital biometrics fingerprint technology has been

calculated to be 1:500 for a single finger. Use of multiple fingers increases the accuracy

exponentially. Because of the large amount of data that can be drawn from thefingerprints, as systems become more accurate and powerful, this accuracy should

increase even more. Given the amount of information contained in a fingerprint, it is

highly unlikely (estimated at 1 in 64 billion) that any two fingerprints would be identicaland therefore impossible to tell apart. Using fingerprint technology is the fairly small

storage space required for the biometric template, reducing the size of the database

memory required. Also, it is one of the most developed biometrics, with more history,research, and design than any other form. The traditional use of fingerprints on criminals

has given it a public stigma that is slowly being overcome, but often overshadows its

usefulness. For those concerned with how easy it is to fool a fingerprint reader,

companies have been quickly progressing in creating "human-sensing" devices that candifferentiate between living human fingers and even some of the best replicas. And since

the information in the database is encoded with a mathematical algorithm, recreation of a

biometrics fingerprint is extremely difficult on even a limited scale with most modern

systems.

History of Biometrics

The term biometrics is derived from the Greek words bio (life) and metric (to

measure).

Biometrics is becoming an interesting topic now in regards to computer andnetwork security, however the ideas of biometrics have been around for many years.

Possibly the first known example of biometrics in practice was a form of finger printing

being used in China in the 14th century, as reported by explorer Joao de Barros. He wrotethat the Chinese merchants were stamping children's palm prints and footprints on paper

with ink to distinguish the young children from one another. This is one of the earliest

known cases of biometrics in use and is still being used today.

In the 1890s, an anthropologist named Alphonse Bertillion sought to fix the

problem of identifying convicted criminals and turned biometrics into a distinct field of

study. He developed 'Bertillonage', a method of bodily measurement which got namedafter him.


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The problem with identifying repeated offenders was that the criminals often gavedifferent aliases each time they were arrested. Bertillion realized that even if names

changed, even if a person cut his hair or put on weight, certain elements of the body

remained fixed, such as the size of the skull or the length of their fingers. His system wasused by police authorities throughout the world, until it quickly faded when it was

discovered that some people shared the same measurements and based on the

measurements alone, two people could get treated as one.

After this, the police used finger printing, which was developed by RichardEdward Henry of Scotland Yard, instead. . Essentially reverting to the same methods

used by the Chinese for years. However the idea of biometrics as a field of study with

useful identification applications, was there and interest in it has grown

This Paper discusses the Finger print technology to realize the aims, and to

refine the accuracy of biometric identification, and therefore the possibility of making it a

viable field.


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Beginning of Fingerprint Technology

The beginning of fingerprints goes back to as early as the ancient times.

According to historical findings, fingerprints were used on clay tablets for business

transactions in ancient Babylon. In China, thumb prints were found on clay seals. But itwas in the 19th century that the results of scientific studies were published and fingerprint

technology began to be considered more seriously.

Using the1800s scientific studies as a foundation, fingerprint technology was

already in use by the beginning of the 20th century. In 1924, FBI(Federal Bureau of

Investigation) is already known to have maintained more than 250 million civil files offingerprints for the purpose of criminal investigation and the identification of unknown

The NecessityWith increasingly urgent need for reliable security, biometrics is being spotlighted

as the authentication method for the next generation. Among numerous biometric

technologies, fingerprint authentication has been in use for the longest time and bears

more advantages than other biometric technologies do.

Fingerprint authentication is possibly the most sophisticated method of all

biometric technologies and has been thoroughly verified through various applications.

Fingerprint authentication has particularly proved its high efficiency and furtherenhanced the technology in criminal investigation for more than a century.

Even features such as a persons gait, face, or signature may change with passageof time and may be fabricated or imitated. However, a fingerprint is completely unique to

an individual and stayed unchanged for lifetime. This exclusivity demonstrates that

fingerprint authentication is far more accurate and efficient than any other methods ofauthentication.

Also, a fingerprint may be taken and digitalized by relatively compact and cheapdevices and takes only a small capacity to store a large database of information. With

these strengths, fingerprint authentication has long been a major part of the security

market and continues to be more competitive than others in todays world.


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Strength

highly-stable performance

physical/electrical durability

high-quality image

low cost with mass production compact

size integrated with low-power application

Weakness

relatively high costlimit to size-reduction

relatively easy to fool with a

finger trace or fake finger

physical/electrical weaknessperformance sensitive to the outer

environment(temperature, dryness of a

finger)

Application

entrance, time, andattendance control

banking service

PC security

PC security

e-commerce authentication

mobile devices & smart cards

Step 2. Feature Extraction

There are two main ways to compare an input fingerprint image and registered fingerprint

data. One is to compare an image with another image directly. The other is to compare

the so-called 'features' extracted from each fingerprint image. The latter is called feature-based/minutia-based matching. Every finger has a unique pattern formed by a flow of

embossed lines called ridges and hollow regions between them called valleys. As

seen in the Picture 2 below, ridges are represented as dark lines, while valleys are bright.

Step 3. Matching

The matching step is classified into 1:1 and 1:N matching according to its purpose and/or

the number of reference templates. 1:1 matching is also called personal identification or

verification. It is a procedure in which a user claims his/her identity by means of an ID

and proves it with a fingerprint. The comparison occurs only once between the inputfingerprint image and the selected one from the database following the claim by the user.

On the contrary, 1:N matching denotes a procedure where the system determines the


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user's identity by comparing the input fingerprint with the information in the database

without asking for the user's claim. A good example of this is AFIS (Automated

Fingerprint Identification System) frequently used in criminal investigation.

The output result of the matching step is whether or not the input fingerprint is identical

to the one being compared in the database. Then how could the accuracy of the matchingprocedure be represented in number? The simplest measures are FRR (False Reject Rate)

and FAR (False Accept Rate). The former is the rate of genuine user's rejection and the

latter is the rate of impostor's acceptance.

Background

The analysis of fingerprints for matching purposes generally requires thecomparison of several features of the print pattern. These include patterns, which are

aggregate characteristics of ridges, and minutia points, which are unique features found

within the patterns. It is also necessary to know the structure and properties of humanskin in order to successfully employ some of the imaging technologies.

Patterns

The three basic patterns of fingerprint ridges are the arch, loop, and whorl. Anarch is a pattern where the ridges enter from one side of the finger, rise in the center

forming an arc, and then exit the other side of the finger. The loop is a pattern where the

ridges enter from one side of a finger, form a curve, and tend to exit from the same side

they enter. In the whorl pattern, ridges form circularly around a central point on thefinger. Scientists have found that family members often share the same general

fingerprint patterns, leading to the belief that these patterns are inherited.

The arch pattern.

The loop pattern.

The whorl pattern.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whorlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whorl.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whorl.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loop.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loop.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arch.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arch.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whorlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredity


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Minutia features

The major Minutia features of fingerprint ridges are: ridge ending, bifurcation,

and short ridge (or dot). The ridge ending is the point at which a ridge terminates.Bifurcations are points at which a single ridge splits into two ridges. Short ridges (or

dots) are ridges which are significantly shorter than the average ridge length on the

fingerprint. Minutiae and patterns are very important in the analysis of fingerprints sinceno two fingers have been shown to be identical.

Ridge ending. Bifurcation. Short Ridge (Dot).

Functions

A biometric system can provide the following two functions

Verification

Authenticates its users in conjunction with a smart card, username or ID number.The biometric template captured is compared with that stored against the

registered user either on a smart card or database for verification.

Identification

Authenticates its users from the biometric characteristic alone without the use of

smart cards, usernames or ID numbers. The biometric template is compared to all
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minutiaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Short_ridge.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Short_ridge.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bifurcation.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bifurcation.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ridge_ending.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ridge_ending.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minutiae


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records within the database and a closest match score is returned. The closest

match within the allowed threshold is deemed the individual and authenticated.

Applications

Markets for fingerprint technology include entrance control and door-lock

applications, fingerprint identification mouses, fingerprint mobile phones, and many

others. The fingerprint markets are classified as follows:


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As the advanced technology enables even more compact fingerprint sensor

size, the range of application is extended to the mobile market. Considering thegrowing phase of the present mobile market, its potential is the greatest of all

application markets.

A list of significant modern dates documenting the use of fingerprints for positive

identification are as follows:


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1684:Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712, English physician, botanist, and microscopist)

published the first paper on the ridge structure of skin of the fingers and palms.[18]

In 1685, Govard Bidloo (1649-1713, Dutch physician)[19] and Marcello Malpighi

(1628-1694, Italian physician)[20]

published books on anatomy which alsoillustrated the ridge structure of the fingers.

1788: Johann Christoph Andreas Mayer[21] (1747-1801, German anatomist)recognized that fingerprints are unique to each individual.[22]

1823: Jan Evangelista Purkyn, a professor of anatomy at the University of

Breslau, published his thesis discussing 9 fingerprint patterns, but he did notmention the use of fingerprints to identify persons.[23]

1853: Georg von Meissner(1829-1905, German anatomist) studied friction

ridges.[24]

1858: SirWilliam James Herschel (1833-1918, English magistrate) initiated

fingerprinting in India.[25]

1880: Dr Henry Faulds published his first paper on the subject in the scientificjournalNature in 1880.[26]Returning to the UK in 1886, he offered the concept tothe Metropolitan Police in London but it was dismissed.[27][28]

1892: SirFrancis Galton published a detailed statistical model of fingerprint

analysis and identification and encouraged its use in forensic science in his bookFinger Prints.[29]

1892: Juan Vucetich, an Argentine police officer who had been studying Galton

pattern types for a year, made the first criminal fingerprint identification. Hesuccessfully proved Francisca Rojas guilty ofmurderafter showing that the

bloody fingerprint found at the crime scene was hers, and could only be hers.

1897: The world's first Fingerprint Bureau opened in Calcutta (Kolkata), India

after the Council of the Governor General approved a committee report (on 12June1897) that fingerprints should be used for classification of criminal records.

Working in the Calcutta Anthropometric Bureau (before it became the Fingerprint

Bureau) were Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose. Haque and Bose were theIndian fingerprint experts credited with primary development of the fingerprint

classification system eventually named after their supervisor, Sir Edward Richard

Henry.[30][31]

1901: The first United Kingdom Fingerprint Bureau was founded in Scotland

Yard. The Henry Classification System, devised by Sir Edward Richard Henry

with the help ofHaque and Bose was accepted in England and Wales.

1902: Dr. Henry P. DeForrest used fingerprinting in theNew York Civil Service.

1906:New York City Police Department Deputy Commissioner Joseph A. Faurot

introduced fingerprinting of criminals to the United States.
http://www.answers.com/topic/nehemiah-grewhttp://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-17http://www.answers.com/topic/govert-bidloohttp://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-18http://www.answers.com/topic/marcello-malpighihttp://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-19http://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-19http://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-20http://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-21http://www.answers.com/topic/jan-evangelista-purkyn-1http://www.answers.com/topic/university-of-wroc-aw-1http://www.answers.com/topic/university-of-wroc-aw-1http://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-22http://www.answers.com/topic/georg-meissnerhttp://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-23http://www.answers.com/topic/william-james-herschelhttp://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-24http://www.answers.com/topic/henry-fauldshttp://www.answers.com/topic/scientific-journalhttp://www.answers.com/topic/scientific-journalhttp://www.answers.com/topic/nature-journalhttp://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-faulds1-25http://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-faulds1-25http://www.answers.com/topic/metropolitan-police-servicehttp://www.answers.com/topic/londonhttp://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-reid1-26http://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-27http://www.answers.com/topic/francis-galtonhttp://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-galtonfps-28http://www.answers.com/topic/juan-vucetichhttp://www.answers.com/topic/francisca-rojashttp://www.answers.com/topic/murderhttp://www.answers.com/topic/crime-scenehttp://www.answers.com/topic/calcuttahttp://www.answers.com/topic/june-12http://www.answers.com/topic/june-12http://www.answers.com/topic/1897http://www.answers.com/topic/azizul-haquehttp://www.answers.com/topic/hem-chandra-bosehttp://www.answers.com/topic/edward-henryhttp://www.answers.com/topic/edward-henryhttp://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-29http://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-30http://www.answers.com/topic/scotland-yardhttp://www.answers.com/topic/scotland-yardhttp://www.answers.com/topic/henry-classification-systemhttp://www.answers.com/topic/edward-henryhttp://www.answers.com/topic/haque-2http://www.answers.com/topic/new-york-city-police-departmenthttp://www.answers.com/topic/new-york-city-police-departmenthttp://www.answers.com/topic/nehemiah-grewhttp://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-17http://www.answers.com/topic/govert-bidloohttp://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-18http://www.answers.com/topic/marcello-malpighihttp://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-19http://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-20http://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-21http://www.answers.com/topic/jan-evangelista-purkyn-1http://www.answers.com/topic/university-of-wroc-aw-1http://www.answers.com/topic/university-of-wroc-aw-1http://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-22http://www.answers.com/topic/georg-meissnerhttp://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-23http://www.answers.com/topic/william-james-herschelhttp://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-24http://www.answers.com/topic/henry-fauldshttp://www.answers.com/topic/scientific-journalhttp://www.answers.com/topic/scientific-journalhttp://www.answers.com/topic/nature-journalhttp://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-faulds1-25http://www.answers.com/topic/metropolitan-police-servicehttp://www.answers.com/topic/londonhttp://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-reid1-26http://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-27http://www.answers.com/topic/francis-galtonhttp://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-galtonfps-28http://www.answers.com/topic/juan-vucetichhttp://www.answers.com/topic/francisca-rojashttp://www.answers.com/topic/murderhttp://www.answers.com/topic/crime-scenehttp://www.answers.com/topic/calcuttahttp://www.answers.com/topic/june-12http://www.answers.com/topic/june-12http://www.answers.com/topic/1897http://www.answers.com/topic/azizul-haquehttp://www.answers.com/topic/hem-chandra-bosehttp://www.answers.com/topic/edward-henryhttp://www.answers.com/topic/edward-henryhttp://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-29http://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-30http://www.answers.com/topic/scotland-yardhttp://www.answers.com/topic/scotland-yardhttp://www.answers.com/topic/henry-classification-systemhttp://www.answers.com/topic/edward-henryhttp://www.answers.com/topic/haque-2http://www.answers.com/topic/new-york-city-police-departmenthttp://www.answers.com/topic/new-york-city-police-department


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Defense

Fingerprints collected at a crime scene, or on items of evidence from a crime, can

be used in forensic science to identify suspects, victims and other persons who touched asurface. Fingerprint identification emerged as an important system within police agencies

in the late 19th century, when it replaced anthropometric measurements as a more reliable

method for identifying persons having a prior record, often under an alias name, in acriminal record repository

The science of fingerprint identification can assert its standing amongst forensicsciences for many reasons, including the following

Has served all governments worldwide during the past 100 years to provideaccurate identification of criminals. No two fingerprints have ever been found

identical in many billions of human and automated computer comparisons.

Fingerprints are the very basis for criminal history foundation at every policeagency.[3]

Established the first forensic professional organization, the International

Association for Identification (IAI), in 1915.[33]

Established the first professional certification program for forensic scientists, theIAI's Certified Latent Print Examiner program (in 1977), issuing certification to

those meeting stringent criteria and revoking certification for serious errors such

as erroneous identifications.[34]

Remains the most commonly used forensic evidence worldwidein most

jurisdictions fingerprint examination cases match or outnumber all other forensic

examination casework combined.

Continues to expand as the premier method for identifying persons, with tens ofthousands of persons added to fingerprint repositories daily in America alonefar

outdistancing similar databases in growth.

Is claimed to outperform DNA and all other human identification systems(fingerprints are said to solve ten times more unknown suspect cases than DNA in

most jurisdictions).

Fingerprint identification was the first forensic discipline (in 1977) to formallyinstitute a professional certification program for individual experts, including a

procedure for decertifying those making errors. Other forensic disciplines later

followed suit in establishing certification programs whereby certification could berevoked for error.
http://www.answers.com/topic/forensic-sciencehttp://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-ashbaugh1-2http://www.answers.com/topic/international-association-for-identificationhttp://www.answers.com/topic/international-association-for-identificationhttp://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-iaihist-32http://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-lpcb1-33http://www.answers.com/topic/forensic-sciencehttp://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-ashbaugh1-2http://www.answers.com/topic/international-association-for-identificationhttp://www.answers.com/topic/international-association-for-identificationhttp://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-iaihist-32http://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-lpcb1-33


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Fingerprint identification effects far more positive identifications of persons

worldwide daily than any other human identification procedure. Some of the discontent

over fingerprint evidence may be due to the desire to push the conclusiveness offingerprint examinations to the same level of certitude as that of DNA analysis. DNA is

probability-based inasmuch as an individual is genetically half from the mother's

contribution and half from the father's contribution. These genetic contributions arepassed down from generation to generation. While pattern type (arch, loops, and whorls)

may be inherited, the details of the friction ridges are not. For example, it cannot be

concluded that a person inherited a certain bifurcation from their mother and an endingridge from their father as the development of these features are completely random.

Further, fingerprints as an analogy of uniqueness has been widely scientifically accepted.

For example, chemists often use the term "fingerprint region" to describe an area of a

chemical that can be used to identify it.

Other uses

Locks and other applications

In the 2000s, electronic fingerprint readers have been introduced for security

applications such as identification of computer users (log-in authentication). However,early devices have been discovered to be vulnerable to quite simple methods of

deception, such as fake fingerprints cast in gels. In 2006, fingerprint sensors gained

popularity in the notebook PC market. Built-in sensors in ThinkPads,VAIO laptops, andothers also double as motion detectors for document scrolling, like this scroll wheel.

Another recent use of fingerprints in a day-to-day setting has been the increasingreliance onbiometrics in schools where fingerprints and, to a lesser extent, iris scans are

used to validate electronic registration, cashless catering, and library access. This practice

isparticularly widespread in the UK, where more than 3500 schools currently use suchtechnology, though it is also starting to be adopted in some states in the US.

Fingerprints in other species

Some other animals, including many primates, koalas, and fishers have their

own unique prints.[50]According to one study, even with an electron microscope, it can be

quite difficult to distinguish between the fingerprints of a koala and a human

Fingerprinting in fiction
http://www.answers.com/topic/gelhttp://www.answers.com/topic/thinkpadhttp://www.answers.com/topic/vaiohttp://www.answers.com/topic/biometrics-in-schoolshttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6468643.stmhttp://www.answers.com/topic/primatehttp://www.answers.com/topic/koalahttp://www.answers.com/topic/fisher-animalhttp://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-49http://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-49http://www.answers.com/topic/gelhttp://www.answers.com/topic/thinkpadhttp://www.answers.com/topic/vaiohttp://www.answers.com/topic/biometrics-in-schoolshttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6468643.stmhttp://www.answers.com/topic/primatehttp://www.answers.com/topic/koalahttp://www.answers.com/topic/fisher-animalhttp://www.answers.com/fingerprint%20technology#cite_note-49


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The 1985 Granada TV adoption ofThe Adventure of the Final Problem, an 1893

Sherlock Holmes short story set in 1891, has aplot hole in Holmes's use of the

Bertillon criminal ID system, in which he uses fingerprints to trap Moriarty'sagents and recover the Mona Lisa. The real Bertillon system did not use

fingerprints. Bertillon added four spaces for fingerprints on his identification

cards by 1900 because of fingerprinting's growing popularity, however theidentification cards were still organized based on anthropometric measurements.

In The Norwood Builder, an 1903 Sherlock Holmes short story set in 1894, the

discovery of a bloody fingerprint helps Holmes expose the real criminal and freehis client.

Limitations:

Although also an advantage, user acceptance is not guaranteed. Fingerprintscanning crosses the fine line between the impersonal and nonintrusive nature of

passwords and personal identification numbers (PINs), and utilising part of an

individuals body to identify him/her. As will be discussed, some people view thisas an invasion of privacy13 or worse.

Injury, whether temporary or permanent, can interfere with the scanning process.

In some cases reenrolment is required. For example, bandaging a finger for ashort period of time can impact an individual if fingerprint scanning is used in a

wide variety of situations. Something as simple as a burn to the identifying finger

could prevent use of an automatic teller machine (ATM). As some authors have argued, there is nothing to suggest that the same technology

that is used to store fingerprints as statistical algorithms cannot also be used or

modified to recreate accurate depiction of the print itself. This raises serious

concerns related to how such data should be stored, maintained and protected toprevent fraudulent use.14

Conclusion:
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Fingerprint technology which plays a vital role in todays technical world for

security as well as for identification in several cases. Advantages of these biometric

technologies also give a greater impact on the of todays World market. Biometricsincreases security which provides a convenient and low-cost additional tier of security. It

eliminates problems caused by lost IDs or forgotten passwords by using physiological

attributes.Fingerprint authentication has particularly proved its high efficiency and further

enhanced the technology in criminal investigation for more than a century. , a fingerprint

is completely unique to an individual and stayed unchanged for lifetime. This exclusivitydemonstrates that fingerprint authentication is far more accurate and efficient than any

other methods of authentication.

References of fingerprint technology

1. Advances in Biometrics: Sensors, Algorithms and Systems

Publisher Springer-VerlagAuthor(s) Venu Govindaraju

Behavioral Biometrics: A Remote Access Approach

Publisher John Wiley and Sons

Author(s) Kenneth Revett

2. Biometrics

Publisher McGraw-Hill/Osborne

Author(s) Peter T. Higgins

Biometric User Authentication for IT Security: From Fundamentals to Handwriting

(Advances in Information Security)

Publisher Springer-Verlag

Author(s) Claus Vielhauer

Documents

BIOMETRICS – FINGER PRINT TECHNOLOGY