Biorational Pesticides: What they are and how you can use them in IPM WGGA 2006 S. P. Schell and A. V. Latchininsky S. P. Schell and A. V. Latchininsky

Biorational Pesticides: What Biorational Pesticides: What they are and how you can they are and how you can

use them in IPMuse them in IPM WGGA 2006WGGA 2006

S. P. Schell and A. V. Latchininsky S. P. Schell and A. V. Latchininsky

University of WyomingUniversity of Wyoming

DisclaimerDisclaimer• Trade or brand names used in this Trade or brand names used in this

presentation are used only for presentation are used only for the purpose of educational the purpose of educational

information.information. • No product endorsement is No product endorsement is implied.implied.

Definition:Definition:

• No single, clear definition. EPA identifies biorational pesticides as having “fundamentally different modes of action” and “lower risks of adverse effects” than conventional (i.e. neurotoxin) pesticides.

Other TermsOther Terms

• How do “Reduced-Risk”, Minimum Risk Pesticides and Biopesticides fit into the biorational definition?

More Definitions:More Definitions:

• “Reduced-Risk” can be conventional pesticides that have: low toxicity, low risk of groundwater contamination, low pest resistance, are effective and compatible with IPM. Manufacturers aren’t allowed to label products as “reduced-risk” and not all labeled uses may be considered as “reduced-risk”. (Meisterpro Crop Protection Handbook lists the reduced–risk pesticides)


• Minimum-Risk pesticides are exempt from EPA registration. They are currently listed at:

http://www.epa.gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/regtools/25b_list.htm

• mostly vegetable oils, plant extracts, wetting agents/detergents, zinc metal strips,…etc.


• Biopesticides are derived from natural sources as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. Bt containing products are the most common but the “plant incorporated protectants” that come from adding genetic material to plants also falls in this category. (*Canola oil is listed as a biopesticide but corn oil is listed as a minimum risk pesticide???)

Impetus for All the ChangesImpetus for All the Changes

• The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA) to protect people, especially children from over exposure to pesticides (from not just crop residues but all sources).

• EPA gives expedited registration to “reduced-risk “ pesticides. Old pesticides are being re-registered.

How Do Biorationals fit Into How Do Biorationals fit Into IPM?IPM?

• Cultural control

• Host-plant resistance

• Physical/Mechanical control

• Regulatory control

• Chemical control*

• Biological control*

Keeping up with changes*Keeping up with changes*

• Crop Data Management Systems, Inc

(despite the name they cover turf and ornamental products also)

www.cdms.net

Greenbook

www.greenbook.net

*Also have to make sure your state approves of the federal label use.

Types of Biorational ProductsTypes of Biorational Products

• Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) three main types

• Juvenile Hormones• Precocenes• Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors

– Low toxicity for birds, mammals, reptiles but effects non-target arthropods and insects.

– Only immature pests are killed, IGR can also effect arthropod eggs and embryogenesis.


• Insect Growth Regulators (IGR)

JH disruptor analogs - novaluron

Precocenes – methoprene, pyriproxyfen

Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors - cyromazine, diflubenzuron

Pyriproxyfen sub-lethal effects

Insects are killed when Insects are killed when they grow to a next they grow to a next developmental stagedevelopmental stage

Normal moltNormal molt

Unsuccessful molt after Dimilin applicationUnsuccessful molt after Dimilin application


• Mite Growth Regulators (MGR) types

– Etoxazole - MGR - eggs and nymphs– Clofentezine - ovicide (safe for predatory

mites)– Bifenazate – MGR (safe for predatory mites)– Pyridaben – MGR (toxic to predatory mites

also)– Hexythiazox – ovicide/miticide (safe for

predatory mites)

Types of Biorational Products:Types of Biorational Products:

• Botanicals and Florals

• Natural toxicants like nicotine– Alkaloids (some are toxic to all animals)

• Neem (azadirachtin less toxic but still useful in greenhouses, UV light breaks it down)


• Bacterial Fermentation Products

ACh receptors - Spinosad (has certified organic formulations)

GABA inhibitors - Avermectin


• Unique Modes of Action– Lipid Synthesis Inhibitor

• Spiromesifen – and spirodiclofen are very new products with an unusual mode of action from the “Tetronic acids” class of pesticides. They have activity against mites, scale crawlers and psyllid nymphs.


• Microbials• Bacteria (Bt varieties mostly)• Fungi (Metarhizium anisopliae newest

labels)• Viruses• Nematodes• Genetically modified plants (Produce Bt

toxins)

– Low toxicity for non-target animals– Sensitive to environmental conditions, many have failed

commercially


• Neonicotinoids - related to nicotine and acts on the acetylcholine receptors

– Imidacloprid most used worldwide– Clothinidin– Thiamethoxam– Acetamiprid– Dinotefuran * armored scales Safari®

Biorational Landscape ProductsBiorational Landscape Products

Hand out UMASS product list

Cost Comparison ExampleCost Comparison Example

• Neighbor has large juniper (Juniperus spp.) trees, provide winter wind protection, almost always get drought stressed in summer but won’t be replaced.

• Spider mites (Platytetranychus libocedri) on

juniper (aka cedar) attack almost every summer.

• Owner usually sprays with malathion, multiple times.

How does it fit into IPM?How does it fit into IPM?• Cultural control

• Host-plant resistance

• Physical/Mechanical control

• Regulatory control

• Biological control

• Chemical control

Cost Comparison of AlternativesCost Comparison of Alternatives

Bifenthrin (4th Gen. pyrethroid labeled for mites)$69 per 16 fl. oz. - Internet price Jan06

12¢ per gallon of spray at medium rateOnce every 7 days max.

Bifenazate (mite growth regulator)$165 per 16 fl. oz. - Internet price Jan06

64.5¢ per gallon of spray at medium rateOnce every 28 days

Treatment Cost Comparison of Treatment Cost Comparison of AlternativesAlternatives

Bifenthrin (synthetic pyrethroid)$69 per 16 fl. oz.

(Once every 7 days max.)48¢ Chemical cost at medium rate plus four

application costs per month

Bifenazate (mite growth regulator)$165 per 16 fl. oz.

65¢ Chemical cost at medium rate plus one application cost per month

Which is more cost effective?Which is more cost effective?

Biorationals Place in IPMBiorationals Place in IPM

• Don’t want to use the same mode of action pesticide every time you treat.

• Cultural changes, if possible, mite? eliminate the need for treatment

• For a while, there were few economical alternative to conventional insecticides

Please follow product labelsPlease follow product labels

andand

Thank you for your attention! Thank you for your attention!

Documents

Biorational Pesticides: What they are and how you can use them in IPM WGGA 2006 S. P. Schell and A. V. Latchininsky S. P. Schell and A. V. Latchininsky