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http://www.biorem.ise.cnr.it/
Delivarable Action C
environmental data, viability, impact
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
ENV/IT/113
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113 BIOREM
http://www.biorem.ise.cnr.it/
Delivarable Action C4 Technical report:
environmental data, viability, impact
1
environmental data, viability, impact
2
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Index 1 The recovery of soils ................................................................................................. 7
1.1 The purpose of recovery ............................................................................................ 7
2 The new damage category ......................................................................................... 8
2.1 The damage category Soil fertility ............................................................................ 8
2.2 The damage category Employment rate .................................................................. 10
2.3 The damage category Landscape quality ................................................................ 10
2.4 The damage category Internal cost .......................................................................... 10
3 LCA of the recovery of degradated soils with agricultural purphose through the contribution of organic matter in Emilia-Romagna ............................................................ 11
3.1 Objective of the study and scope ............................................................................. 11
3.1.1 Objective ....................................................................................................................... 11
3.1.2 Field of application ....................................................................................................... 11
3.2 Inventory ................................................................................................................. 12
3.3 LCA Calculation ..................................................................................................... 16
3.4 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 23
4 LCA recovery of degradated land with agricultural purposes through a planting in Emilia Romagna .................................................................................................................. 23
4.1 Objective of the study and scope ............................................................................. 23
4.1.1 Objective ....................................................................................................................... 23
4.1.2 Field of application ....................................................................................................... 23
4.2 Inventory ................................................................................................................. 24
4.3 LCA Calculation ..................................................................................................... 35
4.4 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 42
5 LCA of the recovery of degradated land for agricultural purphose trought the additional of organic matter and planting, in Emilia-Romagna .......................................... 42
5.1 Objective of the study and flield of application ...................................................... 42
5.1.1 Objective ....................................................................................................................... 42
5.1.2 Field of application ....................................................................................................... 42
5.2 Inventory ................................................................................................................. 43
5.3 LCA Calculation ..................................................................................................... 57
5.4 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 65
6 Comparison between the tree different recovery mode .......................................... 66
6.1 Emilia Romagna ...................................................................................................... 66
6.2 Basilicata ................................................................................................................. 73
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6.3 Spain ........................................................................................................................ 81
7 The recovery of land with the objective of growth of a natural forest .................... 89
7.1 Land with only organic matter................................................................................. 90
7.1.1 LCA calculation ............................................................................................................ 96
7.2 Degradated land without interventation .................................................................. 99
7.2.1 LCA calculation .......................................................................................................... 105
7.3 Land with planting ................................................................................................. 106
7.3.1 LCA calculation .......................................................................................................... 113
7.4 Land with organic matter and plantation ............................................................... 115
7.4.1 Calculation of the LCA ............................................................................................... 122
7.5 Comparison of different methods of recovery of land in Emilia-Romagna with the aim of recreating the natural forest ................................................................................ 125
7.6 Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 127
7.7 Bibliography .......................................................................................................... 127
8 Description of the activities and results achieved ................................................. 129
9 Constrains and main problems experienced .......................................................... 129
10 Environmental Criteria and Indicators .................................................................. 129
10.1 Soil fertility ......................................................................................................... 129
10.1.1 Soil fertility nutritional value .................................................................................. 130
10.1.2 Soil fertility .............................................................................................................. 130
10.2 Deliverable .......................................................................................................... 131
11 Socio-Economic Criteria and Indicators................................................................ 131
11.1 Employment rate ................................................................................................. 131
11.2 Landscape quality ............................................................................................... 132
11.3 Internal cost ......................................................................................................... 132
11.4 Deliverables ........................................................................................................ 133
12 Main Final Results ................................................................................................. 133
13 Monitoring analyses and costs ............................................................................... 136
14 Assessing the socio-economic impact of the use of manure compost in the economy and population of Spain ..................................................................................................... 141
15 A) Introduction: ..................................................................................................... 141
16 A.1. Current regulations and definitions ............................................................... 143
17 A.2. Definition and characteristics of a composting process ................................ 144
18 B) Market ............................................................................................................... 153
19 B.1. Current situation of the market for compost .................................................. 153
20 B.2. Potential Supply. ............................................................................................ 153
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21 B.3 Potential Demand ........................................................................................... 199
22 B.3 Potential Demand and Supply-Demand imbalances. .................................... 202
23 C) Plans, programs, forecasts and models on the future management of waste in the CCAA 204
24 C.1 Andalucía ........................................................................................................ 204
25 C.2 Aragón ............................................................................................................ 205
26 C.3 Asturias ........................................................................................................... 205
27 C.4 Baleares .......................................................................................................... 205
28 C.5 Canarias .......................................................................................................... 205
29 C.6 Cantabria ......................................................................................................... 205
30 C.7 Castilla La Mancha ......................................................................................... 205
31 C.8 Castilla León ................................................................................................... 206
32 C.9 Cataluña .......................................................................................................... 206
33 C10 Valencia Region ............................................................................................ 206
34 C.11 Extremadura .................................................................................................. 206
35 C.12 C.A. Galicia .................................................................................................. 206
36 C.13 C. Madrid ...................................................................................................... 206
37 C.14 C.A.R Murcia ............................................................................................... 206
38 C.15 C.A. Navarra ................................................................................................. 206
39 C.16 C.A. País Vasco ............................................................................................ 207
40 C.17 C.A. La Rioja ................................................................................................ 207
41 C.18 C.A. Ceuta .................................................................................................... 207
42 C.19 C.A. Melilla .................................................................................................. 207
43 ANEX I: ................................................................................................................ 208
44 ANEX II: ............................................................................................................... 216
45 Bibliography .......................................................................................................... 242
46 Assessing the socio-economic impact of the use of manure compost in the local economy and population. Study on a Murcia Region ....................................................... 244
47 A) Introduction: ..................................................................................................... 244
48 A.1. Current regulations and definitions ............................................................... 246
49 B) Market .............................................................................................................. 248
50 B.1. Current situation of the market for compost .................................................. 248
51 B.2. Potential Supply. ............................................................................................ 248
52 B.3 Potential Demand ........................................................................................... 258
53 B.3 Potential Demand and Supply-Demand imbalances. ..................................... 261
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54 C) Plans and program on the future management of waste in the Murcia Region 262
55 ANEX I: ................................................................................................................. 263
56 ANEX II: ............................................................................................................... 271
57 Bibliography .......................................................................................................... 286
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LCA study of the recovery of degraded soils
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Environmental damage, benefits and socio-economic
impact of the BIOREM integrated soil remediation method
1 The recovery of soils 1. The LCA study with regard to testing for the recovery of degraded land transaction
under a LIFE project in 2011[1]. The recovery of degraded soils was achieved through three different modes: intake of organic material consists of compost or fertilizer animal
2. Planting with pines and mastic 3. contribution of organic material and planting
the sperimentation takes place in ten sites: • in Emilia Romagna • in Basilicata • in Spagna
For the study were considered two different purposes: 1. recovery face to the cultivation of the land: in this case it is assumed that, if the
planting is applied, the forest that forms be demolished, the wood is chipped and then buried.
2. Recovery aimed at creating a natural forest perennial. In each of the sites are studied three different recovery mode and a mode with zero recovery that, in the study, is analyzed only in the case where the purpose of recovery is the creation of a natural wood.
1.1 The purpose of recovery The mode of employment of soilare the following:
• in the case of agricultural recovery is considered as land occupation also the year in which you get the first agricultural production that is supposed to be wheat and is supposed to require the full year, following the recovery. Therefore, the land occupation in the case of the contribution of the organic material is only 1 year as agricultural land, in cases where there are planting 30 years as a cultivated forest and one years as agricultural land, the next 30 years of the forest. The forest type is assumed to be grown to account for the planting and care of any attempts to accelerate the formation of the forest.
• In the case of recovery in natural forest is considered as occupation of 100 years. If there is the planting, in the first 30 is considered an occupancy forest and cultivated in the subsequent 70 to natural forest (with a complete regeneration in 40 years), and then with an occupancy anything. For the recovery with only organic material is considered an occupation in cultivated forest in the first 30 years and employs a natural forest in the other 70 (with a complete regeneration in 40 years). If the degraded land is not recovered one considers that it is of the form shrubs (shrub land, sclerophillous) in the first 30 years and employs a natural forest in the subsequent 70 (with a complete regeneration in 40 years).
• For the comparison of the different methods have been considered 31 years of life for agricultural recovery and 100 years for the recovery to natural forest.
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2 The new damage category
2.1 The damage category Soil fertility
• Calculation of the damage category Soil fertility relative to the increase in fertility of soil Data (page 26 of the document of LIFE [1]):
• 1 t / ha of organic material contains 0.58t / ha = 0.058kg / m2 of organic carbon. • With an increase of 1 t / ha = 0.1kg / m2 carbon organic wheat production increases
0.02436kg / m2. The increase can also be written as: 0.2436kg / m2 / 1kgC / m2Il valore nutrizionale di 0.2436kg di grano vale: 13070kJ/kg*0.2436kg.
The increase of nutritional value for 1 t / ha of organic carbon is true: 13070kJ / kg * 0.2436kg / 1kgC / m2 = 3183,852kJ / kgC / m2. We make the following assumptions:
1. the increase of maximum fertility is 243.6t of wheat / ha (overproduction) 2. This increase is achieved with 1 organic carbon / ha 3. this increase is reduced to 0 in a number of years equal to the mass of organic C
put in the soil. Therefore, the increase due to 1t / ha of organic carbon vanishes in 1 year)
The mass of wheat which has the overproduction is represented by S = ABD'F which can be calculated with the following relation (Fig.2.1): EF*AB/2*BD*(2*BD-EF) where you have: AB=243.6kg wheat/ha BD = mass of organic carbon released into the soil (= Organic carbon) taken as the number of years during which resets the overproduction EF = years of wheat production of which is considered the overproduction.
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Figure 2-1 The calculation of the increase in productivity of wheat Area calculation S=ABD’F S=EF*(AB-AE)+(EF*AE)/2=EF*AB-(EF*AE)/2=EF*(AB-AE/2) 1 AE=EF*AB/BD 2 By replacing the 2 in 1 is obtained: S= EF*(AB-EF/2*AB/BD)=(EF*AB)/2*BD*(2*BD-EF) 3 Impact category: Soil fertility nutritional value Substance: increase in wheat production Wheat energy content: 13070 kJ / kgf Characterization factor: 13070 kJ / kg / kgf Increase wheat production: EF * AB / 2 * BD * (2BD-EF) = ipf [kg] (input data) Characterization = increase of energy: 13070kJ / kg * Ipf kg = Ie [kJ] Damage category Soil fertility Daily requirement: 2000 kcal = 8372 kJ / (day * people) number of persons / day = IekJ / 8372kJ / (day * people) = npg [people *day] With an increase in productivity of wheat feed 0.2436kg 0:38 people in a day of life If you consider a number of inhabitants in EUROPE of 384E6, what increases the life of the entire population of Europe? Damage assessment Factor of damage assessment: npg people *day / 0.384E9 people =9.895833333E-10 day /kgC =2,711187215E-12 DALY/kgC (o year/kgC) Damage assessment: Ie kJ / 8372kJ/( day * people)/ 0.384E9 people /365 = 8,522101286E-16 Normalizzazione Factor : 141 DALY-1
Valuation (Weigthing) Factor : 1
A
F
D
E
B D’
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2.2 The damage category Employment rate Impact category : Employment: substance number occupied Characterization factor: 1 Damage category: Employment rate increase Characterization factor: -1/25744000 = -3,88440025E-8 (increase in the employment rate) where 25744000 is the workforce (Italy January 2015) normalization narmalization factor: 1. valuation valuation factor: 1 Data to be used for the study:
• • the cultivation of forage 50ha of land requires the permanent employment of 2 people. 90m2 for the number of employed is: 2/500000 * 90.
• • To treat cultivated forest is estimated to need 0.5 workers for 20ha of forest throughout the year.
• • The formation of a natural forest does not require the employment of workers.
2.3 The damage category Landscape quality Impact category: Landscape: substance landscape Characterization factor: from -1 to 1 natural landscape: 1 natural landscape in training: 0.8 agricultural landscape: 0.7 (benefit for man but not for the environment losing biodiversity) cityscape: 0.5 (human aggregation) living landscape Extra urban: 0.3 landscape of degraded soils: 0 industrial landscape: -0.5 Damage category: Landscape quality Factor of damage assessment: -1. Normalization Normalization factor: 1 (inverse of the factor most value landscape). Valuation Valuation factor: 0.01 Data to be used for the study:
• in the case of the formation of a forest is defined as the natural landscape in training for the time required for the forest to reach its full realization (100 years if there is no supply of organic material or planting, 70 years if c 'is only contribution of organic material, 30 years with the planting.
• After the formation of the forest after the initial training you consider the landscape as a natural landscape.
• In the case of the formation of agricultural land considering the landscape as agricultural landscape.
2.4 The damage category Internal cost The costs are shown in € (Euro the substance) in the main process and the method it performs the sum The costs considered are the following:
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• Rent for land in Italy: € 10,000 / ha. For Spain assumes the same value • Cost of transportation: gasoline cost: 1.5 € / l, consumption of 10 l / km, liters of gasoline consumed to make round trip. Gain hauler: 20%. Total: 130 * 10 * 1.5 * 0.2 • Cost of compost: 20 € / q • Cost of tillage: 3000 € for the Italian sites, it is assumed that these sites are 6 for each site are from 270m2 to work, where he planned the planting, processing are 2, 3000 / ((1 + 90 * 180 * 2) * 6) * 90 • Cost of the plants from the nursery: 25 € / pine and 15 € / mastic. • Cost-cutting plant before chipping: 25 € / h • Cost for the extirpation of the roots: 60 € / h and 0.5h / strain • Cost for chipping: 200 € / h • Labour costs: 1400 € / month • Cost of measures terrain characteristics. Cost analysis: € 613,840 if it had been done in private laboratories. Hypothesis: 613 840 * 0.3 (30%) because they were made at CNR and CEBAS Hypothesis: 6 experiments in Italy and 4 in Spain Cost analysis for E.R .: 613 840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2 Fee for single experiment in É.R. where 3 experiments were made with 4 different solutions for each experiment: 613840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2/3/4
3 LCA of the recovery of degradated soils with agricultural purphose through the contribution of organic matter in Emilia-Romagna
3.1 Objective of the study and scope
3.1.1 Objective Objective of the study is to assess the environmental, social and economic intake of organic material on a degraded land, in order to increase agricultural fertility and sequester organic carbon.
3.1.2 Field of application
3.1.2.1 The function of the system
The function of the system is to increase the fertility of the soil and CO2 sequestration.
3.1.2.2 The system that nedds to be studied
The system studied here is to add organic material on a degraded soils located in Emilia-Romagna
3.1.2.3 Functional unit
The functional unit is the area of the soil in which the organic material is given and that can be cultivated immediately after the transfer of the organic material. The life time during which you study the process is 1 years.
3.1.2.4 The system boundaries
The boundaries of the system ranging from the production of compost up to the burial into the soil to encourage cultivation practiced on the same ground and passes through the transport of compost and tilling. In the system are considered emissions in the soil of the substances present in the compost. Heavy metals produce damage, nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) are considered as synthetic fertilizers which prevents the production and produce an advantage, the organic C produces an advantage on fertility (see below the
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new indicator) and an advantage in the form of CO2 sequestered. It is considered as a nitrogen fertilizer synthesis, which avoids the production, the fixed nitrogen from the soil in the form of NH3, the date set by the date set by the symbiotic bacteria and other bacteria. Not considering the fixed CO2 from agricultural cultivation, nor the calorific value of the biomass produced by cultivation.
3.1.2.5 Data quality
The data used are primary. The processes considered are part of the database Ecoinvent 3.1 [7]. The method for calculating the LCA [2, 3, 4, 5] is IMPACT 2002+ [6] modified to take account of the new indicator on increasing fertility, social indicators and costs. The software used is SimaPro 8.0.4. [7]
3.2 Inventory * Recovery of degraded land with mat. organic E.R. (v.lim.productivity) (1 year)
A=90 m2 Functional Unit: Area: 90m2 We make the following assumptions: -the nutrients assume as synthetic fertilizers avoided -the organic carbon and total comes from fossil CO2 trapped in the ground -that the occupation due to the shedding of compost corresponds to a cultivation by plowing -that the transformation is from degraded land to farmland
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/13,62=19.339
kg C=0.222*moIT*(1-0,4141) C/N=13.62 N=0.222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/13.62 N%=0.222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/13.62/(moIT*(1-0,4141))= 0.222/13.62=0.016% Considering all the nitrogen content in the compost as fertilizer nitrogen synthesis that avoids producing
Phosphate fertiliser, as P2O5 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,005*moIT*(1-0,4141)=5.9322
kg Phosphorus in pruning: 2% / ha production of shoots per ha: 2009kg / ha Contents of N, P2O5, K2O in a compost ACV humidity at 40.2%: (from All About compost, publications sector agriculture province of Pavia)
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N = 1.6% SS (equal to that used in É.R. P2O5=0.5% s.s=0.005*moIT*(1-0,4141)
Potassium chloride, as K2O {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,004*moIT*(1-0,4141)=4.7458
kg K2O=0.4% s.s=0.004*moIT*(1-0,4141) Contents of N, P2O5, K2O in a compost ACV humidity at 40.2%: (from All About compost, publications sector agriculture province of Pavia)
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,75*20*0,009*t=0.135 kg by: Nitrogen in the soil, Department of Agronomy and agro management (University of Pisa) Atmospheric N2 set by the ground due to the rain in the form of NH4: 20kg / (ha * a) N2, and then 20/28 * 18kgNH4 / ha -a part (supposedly half) of NH4 in the soil remains immobilized in the organic substance: 1/2 * 20/28 * 18kgNH4 / ha and it is as a nitrogen fertilizer synthesis avoided -a part (supposedly half) of NH4 is nitrified: 1/2 * 20/28 * (14 + 36) kgNO3 / ha -of the latter part ,one part (supposedly 1/4) is denitrified and back into the atmosphere, a portion (it is assumed 1/4) is leached, a part is absorbed by the plant (it is assumed 1/4) that the return after 30 years, a part is immobilized by the organic substance (assumes 1/4). The last two parts are represented as a nitrogen fertilizer synthesis avoided. Total: 20 * (1/2 + 2/4 * 1/2) = 0.75 * 20kgN2 / (ha * a) Area: 90m2 = 0.009ha
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
10*0,009*t=0.09 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by bacteria: is supposed to be fixed by the symbiotic bacteria of
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plants 10kg / (ha * a) the minimum value for infected plants is 40 kg / (ha * a) (bean) is reduced by a factor of 4, this minimum value this nitrogen is fixed biologically 90% from the plant. The rest remains in the ground
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,5*0,009*t=0.0045 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by bacteria: is supposed that 0.5kg / (ha * a) of N is fixed by symbiotic bacteria Assumes the minimum value because the amount of N already present is low, low energy substrate (organic substance) This nitrogen is fixed biologically everything from the plant
Transformation, to arable, non-irrigated
90 m2 Transformation from temperate forest to arable land
Transformation, from shrub land, sclerophyllous
90 m2 Transformation from degraded land to temperate forest
Occupation, arable, non-irrigated
90*t=90 m2a Occupation as arable land after processing, the contribution of the organic material and cultivation to corn: Duration 1 years
Compost, at plant/CH U (41.41% di umidità ER)
moIT=2025 kg Humidity of the compost process: 50% Humidity compost used: 41.41% 1 / 0.5 * (1-0.4141) dry inquiry: moit * (1-0.4141)
Tillage, ploughing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 plowing
Hoeing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 hoeing
Fertilising, by broadcaster {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 fertilization
Tillage, harrowing, by rotary harrow {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 harrowing, by rotary harrow
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Transport, freight, loryy >32 metric ton, EURO6 {RoW}| transport, freight, lorry >32 metric ton, EURO6 | Alloc Def, U
moIT*(50+80)/2=1.3163E5 kgkm Tran sport of the organic matter: 50-80km
Carbon dioxide, fossil
-0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/12*44=-965.77
kg Carbon dioxide absorbed to produce organic carbon and thus avoided
Cadmium 0,0009*moIT*(1-0,4141)=1.0678
mg
Copper 46,08*moIT*(1-0,4141)=54672 mg Nickel 11,36*moIT*(1-0,4141)=13478 mg Lead 12,76*moIT*(1-0,4141)=15139 mg Zinc 120*moIT*(1-
0,4141)=1.4237E5 mg
Mercury 0,21*moIT*(1-0,4141)=249.15 mg Chromium VI 0,009*moIT*(1-
0,4141)=10.678 mg
Chromium 35,65*moIT*(1-0,4141)=42297 mg Organic carbon OCm2*90=263.39 kg carbon content in the
compost Number employed 2/50000*90*t=0.0036 p To cultivate a crop farm
land of 50 ha, is estimated that two people are employedfor a year and for all the number of years referred to by the UNIT FUNCTIONAL
agricultural landscape
1 p At the end of the contribution of the organic substance in the ground this is ready to be cultivated
Increased productivity wheat
(243,6*t/(2*mt)*(2*mt-t))/1E4*A=2.1549
kg Overproduction during the time t = 1 year Time of over 29,266 years (243.6 * t / (2 * m) * (2 * m-t)) / * A 1E4
Euro 1000/10000*90=9 p Cost of renting the property: 1000 € / ha
Euro 20/100*moITm2*90=405 p Purchase cost of compost: 20 € / q
Euro 1,5*130*10*0,2=390 p Freight cost: gasoline cost: 1.5 € / l, consumption of 10 l / km, liters of gasoline consumed to make 65 * 2 = 130km. gain hauler: 20%. Total: 130 * 10 * 1.5 * 0.2
Euro 3000/((90*1+180*2)*6)*90=100 p Cost of tillage: 3000 € for the Italian sites, it is assumed that these sites
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are 6, for each site 270m2 are to be machined, where he planned the planting quality workmanship 2, 3000 / ((1 + 90 * 180 * 2 ) * 6) * 90
Euro 613840*0,3/10*6/2/3/4=4603.8 p Cost analysis: € 613,840 if it had been done in private laboratories. Hypothesis: 613 840 * 0.3 (30%) because they were made at CNR and CEBAS Hypothesis: 6 experiments in Italy and 4 in Spain Cost analysis for E.R .: 613 840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2 Fee for single experiment in É.R. where 3 experiments were made with 4 different solutions for each experiment: 613840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2/3/4
Euro 1400*12*2/50000*90*t=60.48 p Cost of workers for 1 year € 1400 * 12 * 2/50000 * 90 * t
Input parameters t 1 time of land occupation whit
wheat : a year moITm2 22,5 Weight organic material in
Italy: kg / m2 A 90 Land degraded: m2
Calculated parameters OCm2 0,222*moIT*(1-
0,4141)/90=2.9266 Mass of organic carbon to m2: kg/m2
moIT moITm2*90=2025 Total weight of orhanic matter
mt OCm2/1E3*1E4=29.266 Mass of organic carbon conferred in the ground t / ha = years of overproduction
Tabella 3-1 The process *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. (v.lim.productivity) (1 anno)
3.3 LCA Calculation The process *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno), that is possible to find with this route LCA_DatabaseUNIMORE/sassi/devid/LIFE recupero terreni degradati/LIFE Was calculated for 90m2 with the method IMPACT 2002+060514 (da 080513) 091014 L.use 290115 V2.10 / IMPACT 2002+ En.rinn.+costi, obtained from the standard version modified by the study group.
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Figure 3-1 Il network of the valuation with a cut-off del 0.598% of the process *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno)
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Figure 3-2 the diagram of thr characterization of thr pocess *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno) SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 16/03/2015 Time:
12.45.17
Project LIFE recupero terreni degradati
Calculation: Analyse
Results: Impact assessment
Product: 90 m2 *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno) (of project LIFE recupero terreni
degradati)
Method: IMPACT 2002+060514 (da 080513) 091014 L.use 060315 V2.10 /
IMPACT 2002+ En.rinn.+costi
Indicator: Characterisation
Skip categories: Never
Exclude infrastructure processes: No
Exclude long-term emissions: No
Sorted on item: Impact category
Sort order: Ascending
Impact category
Unit Total
*Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno)
Compost, at plant/CH U (41.41% di umidità ER)
Tillage, ploughing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Hoeing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Fertilising, by broadcaster {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Tillage, harrowing, by rotary harrow {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Transport, freight, loryy >32 metric ton, EURO6 {RoW}| transport, freight, lorry >32 metric ton, EUR
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Phosphate fertiliser, as P2O5 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Potassium chloride, as K2O {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
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O6 | Alloc Def, U
Carcinogens
kg C2H3Cl eq
-3,0405412
0 0,47945632
0,012997492
0,0037128781
0,0030417452
0,010437654
0,080791465
-3,1494473
-0,32867764
-0,11547785
-0,021985873
-0,014657249
-0,00073286244
Non-carcinogens
kg C2H3Cl eq
442,85325
443,08671
1,1293256
0,064872132
0,019580364
0,027732372
0,030281608
0,24931412
-1,0406058
-0,64944782
-0,052162736
-0,007264331
-0,0048428873
-0,00024214437
Respiratory inorganics
kg PM2.5 eq
0,19451042
0 0,35141027
0,0030978224
0,00047972443
0,00060573219
0,0016845311
0,014287659
-0,13461443
-0,037852855
-0,0029905041
-0,00093972546
-0,00062648364
-3,1324182E-5
Ionizing radiation
Bq C-14 eq
1346,39
0 2095,0704
8,7515289
1,6881725
1,9682259
4,9912177
97,383309
-587,23917
-247,69791
-21,556757
-4,0994386
-2,7329591
-0,13664795
Ozone layer depletion
kg CFC-11 eq
-3,1195112E-6
0 7,4895882E-6
1,8146207E-7
2,7234659E-8
3,9018619E-8
8,6636506E-8
2,1064317E-6
-1,1046974E-5
-1,5572739E-6
-3,1453589E-7
-7,7117456E-8
-5,1411637E-8
-2,5705819E-9
Respiratory organics
kg C2H4 eq
0,027152857
0 0,044262659
0,0008025616
0,00020811223
0,00020676292
0,0005032146
0,0075035894
-0,021570941
-0,003485509
-0,0010216
-0,00015058387
-0,00010038925
-5,0194625E-6
Aquatic ecotoxicity
kg TEG water
1359701,8
1360223,2
6843,4341
78,502263
19,761383
24,03442
44,339812
1190,6484
-4461,5311
-4012,7158
-194,97476
-31,145356
-20,763571
-1,0381785
Terrestrial ecotoxicity
kg TEG soil
1379264,5
1377884,7
1847,5565
119,99507
35,128566
51,394804
53,022759
1028,7302
-1372,2678
-305,82088
-61,689403
-9,5796193
-6,3864129
-0,31932064
Terrestrial acid/nutri
kg SO2 eq
26,447842
0 30,521749
0,058427628
0,0090734028
0,013176016
0,028467363
0,12906796
-3,8581409
-0,36026932
-0,047922579
-0,026933169
-0,017955446
-0,00089777231
Land occupation
m2org.arable
181,65919
176,04246
8,1199965
0,031097691
0,018562232
0,0073069588
0,022930443
1,3327486
-1,706323
-1,945982
-0,24335918
-0,011911614
-0,0079410763
-0,00039705381
Aquatic acidification
kg SO2 eq
4,7146261
0 5,6143514
0,009381161
0,0016245096
0,0021360493
0,0049422061
0,032891134
-0,78250075
-0,14507847
-0,013834837
-0,0054625338
-0,0036416892
-0,00018208446
Aquatic eutrophication
kg PO4 P-lim
-0,032750403
0 0,010669829
0,00014520279
3,7088488E-5
3,9015127E-5
9,224191E-5
0,0011844751
-0,014453805
-0,029474136
-0,0008187846
-0,00010090009
-6,7266729E-5
-3,3633365E-6
Global warming
kg CO2 eq
-888,36943
-965,76827
203,95616
1,1168847
0,2044387
0,24094003
0,62722903
10,463869
-123,5153
-11,767636
-2,4619347
-0,86224394
-0,57482929
-0,028741465
Non-renewable energy
MJ primary
-383,73619
0 917,01347
16,661489
2,8431305
3,6441495
8,7590255
186,68426
-1245,6852
-214,99752
-43,875825
-8,6959632
-5,7973088
-0,28986544
Mineral extraction
MJ surplus
-8,7817875
0 2,8456159
0,12419856
0,04731119
0,025828496
0,13447599
0,25938517
-9,1280176
-2,3988167
-0,58344189
-0,063721479
-0,042480986
-0,0021240493
Rene MJ 40,8 0 83,2 0,382 0,188 0,090 0,31 2,66 - - - - - -
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wable energy
30426
139 87228
3809 040299
724229
72318
24,186061
19,410706
2,1454469
0,16883968
0,11255979
0,0056279893
Internal cost
euro 5568,28
5568,28
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Soil fertility nutritional value
kJ 28165,107
28165,107
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Employment
p 0,0036
0,0036 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Landscape
p 0,7 0,7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tabella 3-2 The table of the characterization of the process *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno) Analysis of the results of the characterization is noted that: • the cost is worth € 5,568.28 • renewable energy used by the system applies 40.83MJ
Figure 3-3 Il diagramma della valutazione per single score del processo *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno) SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 16/03/2015 Time:
12.45.07
Project LIFE recupero terreni degradati
Calculation: Analyse
Results: Impact assessment
Product: 90 m2 *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno) (of project LIFE recupero terreni
degradati)
Method: IMPACT 2002+060514 (da 080513) 091014 L.use 060315 V2.10 /
IMPACT 2002+ En.rinn.+costi
Indicator: Single score
Skip categories: Never
Default units: Yes
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Exclude infrastructure processes: No
Exclude long-term emissions: No
Per impact category: Yes
Sorted on item: Impact category
Sort order: Ascending
Impact category
Unit
Total
*Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno)
Compost, at plant/CH U (41.41% di umidità ER)
Tillage, ploughing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Hoeing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Fertilising, by broadcaster {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Tillage, harrowing, by rotary harrow {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Transport, freight, loryy >32 metric ton, EURO6 {RoW}| transport, freight, lorry >32 metric ton, EURO6 | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Phosphate fertiliser, as P2O5 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Potassium chloride, as K2O {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Total
Pt
0,91144969
0,88501237
0,066103256
0,00063676692
0,00011885146
0,00015189166
0,00033928554
0,0045471351
-0,036935317
-0,0071233401
-0,00096287451
-0,00025784054
-0,00017189369
-8,5946847E-6
Carcinogens
Pt
-0,0012004057
0 0,00018928936
5,1314097E-6
1,4658443E-6
1,200881E-6
4,1207859E-6
3,189647E-5
-0,0012434018
-0,00012976193
-4,5590656E-5
-8,6800227E-6
-5,7866818E-6
-2,8933409E-7
Non-carcinogens
Pt
0,17483846
0,17493063
0,00044585775
2,5611518E-5
7,7303276E-6
1,0948741E-5
1,1955179E-5
9,8429214E-5
-0,00041083117
-0,000256402
-2,0593848E-5
-2,8679579E-6
-1,9119719E-6
-9,5598596E-8
Respiratory inorganics
Pt
0,019198178
0 0,034684194
0,00030575508
4,7348801E-5
5,9785767E-5
0,00016626321
0,001410192
-0,013286444
-0,0037360767
-0,00029516276
-9,2750903E-5
-6,1833935E-5
-3,0916968E-6
Ionizing radiation
Pt
3,9866607E-5
0 6,2035035E-5
2,5913277E-7
4,9986788E-8
5,8279169E-8
1,4778996E-7
2,8835198E-6
-1,7388152E-5
-7,3343352E-6
-6,3829558E-7
-1,2138438E-7
-8,0922919E-8
-4,0461459E-9
Ozone layer depletion
Pt
-4,6184364E-7
0 1,1088335E-6
2,6865459E-8
4,0320913E-9
5,7767065E-9
1,2826535E-8
3,1185722E-7
-1,6355044E-6
-2,305544E-7
-4,6567038E-8
-1,1417239E-8
-7,6114929E-9
-3,8057464E-10
Respiratory organics
Pt
8,1548176E-6
0 1,3293404E-5
2,4103333E-7
6,2502345E-8
6,2097108E-8
1,5113044E-7
2,253553E-6
-6,4784007E-6
-1,0468029E-6
-3,0681712E-7
-4,5224855E-8
-3,0149903E-8
-1,5074952E-9
Aquatic ecotoxicity
Pt
0,0049827631
0,004984674
2,5078449E-5
2,8767939E-7
7,2417563E-8
8,8076537E-8
1,6248768E-7
4,3632502E-6
-1,6349727E-5
-1,4704998E-5
-7,1450452E-7
-1,1413527E-7
-7,6090181E-8
-3,8045091E-9
Terrestrial ecotoxici
Pt
0,79642868
0,79563196
0,0010668345
6,9288756E-5
2,0284288E-5
2,9676901E-5
3,0616932E-5
0,00059401969
-0,0007923886
-0,00017659015
-3,5621312E-5
-5,5315596E-6
-3,6877064E-6
-1,8438532E-7
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ty Terrestrial acid/nutri
Pt
0,0020079202
0 0,0023172112
4,4358255E-6
6,8885274E-7
1,0003231E-6
2,1612422E-6
9,7988394E-6
-0,00029291006
-2,7351647E-5
-3,6382822E-6
-2,0447662E-6
-1,3631775E-6
-6,8158874E-8
Land occupation
Pt
0,014454621
0,014007698
0,00064610812
2,4744433E-6
1,4769968E-6
5,8141471E-7
1,8245753E-6
0,00010604681
-0,00013577212
-0,00015484179
-1,936409E-5
-9,4780716E-7
-6,3187144E-7
-3,1593572E-8
Aquatic acidification
Pt
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Aquatic eutrophication
Pt
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Global warming
Pt
-0,089725312
-0,097542595
0,020599573
0,00011280535
2,0648309E-5
2,4334943E-5
6,3350132E-5
0,0010568508
-0,012475046
-0,0011885312
-0,0002486554
-8,7086638E-5
-5,8057759E-5
-2,9028879E-6
Non-renewable energy
Pt
-0,0025249842
0 0,0060339486
0,0001096326
1,8707799E-5
2,3978504E-5
5,7634388E-5
0,0012283824
-0,0081966088
-0,0014146837
-0,00028870293
-5,7219438E-5
-3,8146292E-5
-1,9073146E-6
Mineral extraction
Pt
-5,7784161E-5
0 1,8724152E-5
8,1722653E-7
3,1130763E-7
1,699515E-7
8,8485203E-7
1,7067544E-6
-6,0062356E-5
-1,5784214E-5
-3,8390476E-6
-4,1928733E-7
-2,7952489E-7
-1,3976244E-8
Renewable energy
Pt
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Internal cost
Pt
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Soil fertility nutritional value
Pt
-3,3843652E-9
-3,3843652E-9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Employment
Pt
-1,3983841E-10
-1,3983841E-10
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Landscape
Pt
-0,007
-0,007 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tabella 3-3 The table of the valuation of the process Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. Analysis of the results of the evaluation we note that: • the damage worth 0.91145 Pt and is due for 97.1% to direct emissions in the process itself (heavy metals, soil occupation, CO2 avoided), for the 7:25% to the production of compost, for 0.07% to plowing, for the 0:01% to hoeing, 0.02% for the shedding of the organic material on the ground, for the 0.04% at the mixing of the organic material with the ground, for the 0.5% to the transport of the organic material, for -4.05% avoided due to the product the N content in the organic material, for -0.78% to the product avoided because of the P2O5 content in the organic material, for -0.11% to the product avoided due to the K2O content in the organic material, for -0.03% to the product avoided due to the nitrogen
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attached directly to the ground from the atmosphere, for -0.02% to the product avoided because nitrogen fixed by symbiotic bacteria, for the -0.001% to the product avoided due to fixed nitrogen by soil bacteria. • In addition, the damage is due to the 21:16% to Human Health, to 89.73% in Ecosystem quality, to -9.84% in Climate change, to -0.28% in Resources, for -3.71E-7% in Soil fertility, for the -1.53E-8% to Employment rate increase, for -0.77% in Landscape quality. • The advantage in Climate change (-0.089725Pt) is due to the capture of the organic carbon is -0.097543Pt • The advantage in Resources (-0.0025828Pt) is due to synthetic fertilizers avoided for the nutrients contained in the compost and nitrogen captured from the atmosphere.
3.4 Conclusions Analysis of the results we note that: • the process produces damage mainly due to the ecotoxicity of the soil due to heavy metal content in the compost, compost and land use. • The advantage is due to the capture of CO2 and nitrogen content in the compost.
4 LCA recovery of degradated land with agricultural purposes through a planting in Emilia Romagna
4.1 Objective of the study and scope
4.1.1 Objective Objective of the study is to assess the environmental, social and economic life of the planting of a degraded land in order to increase agricultural fertility and sequester organic carbon.
4.1.2 Field of application
4.1.2.1 The function of the system
The function of the system is to increase the fertility of the soil and CO2 sequestration.
4.1.2.2 The system that need to be studied
The system studied is the planting of a degraded soils located in Emilia-Romagna
4.1.2.3 The functional unit
The functional unit is the area of land that will be planted and that can be grown after 30 years when the wood will be felled, wood will be chipped and interred. The life time of the Functional Unit is 31 years old.
4.1.2.4 The boundaries of the system
The system boundaries ranging from planting soil to the burial of the wood of the forest to encourage cultivation practiced on the same plot. In the system are considered emissions in the soil of the substances present in the wood chips. Heavy metals and nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) are the same for the plants they feed during the 30 years of life and therefore are not considered. The nitrogen absorbed from the soil due to the rains in the form of NH4, the date set by the symbiotic bacteria and that set of soil bacteria is considered as synthetic fertilizer which prevents the production and then produces an advantage. It is considered the organic C that produces an advantage on fertility and an advantage in the form of CO2 sequestered. From literature the CO2 that is reformed from carbon that remains on the ground is estimated to be equal to 33% of the carbon from the CO2 absorbed from the atmosphere. This value refers to the carbon that remains on the
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ground. In this case the wood, after the chipping, is buried and the production of CO2 from the wood may be less than 66.7%. However assumes also that value to account also CH4 emissions that occur during the anaerobic gegradation of wood interred. Not considered the fixed CO2 from agricultural production in the 31 th year. It is not considered renewable energy contained in the wood because it is not considered to be used. It considers the CO2 fixed by plants (Carbon dioxide, in air) which is not considered by the evaluation method because biogenic.
4.1.2.5 The quality of the data
The data used are primary. The processes considered are part of the database Ecoinvent 3.1. The method for calculating LCA IMPACT 2002+ is modified to take account of the indicator of increasing fertility, of social indicators and of the costs. The software used is SimaPro 8.0.4.
4.2 Inventory Recovery of degraded land by planting in ER (v.lim. productivity)
90 m2 Recovering degraded land by planting in ER Functional Unit: Area: 90m2 for a time t + tprod = 31years We make the following assumptions: -i nutrients assume as synthetic fertilizers avoided -the organic carbon and total comes from fossil CO2 trapped in the ground -which is the transformation from arable land to forest -The Emissions of heavy metals and fertilizers are not considered because they are the ones that have been absorbed by plants -Si Consider the enrichment of the soil with N fixed from the atmosphere in the form of NH4 +, not fixed by bacteria symbiotic and symbiotic bacteria. Humic substances have a slow degradability until 5E3anni: for wood from 10 to 100 years for the pine needles from 1 to 10 years (Nieder 2003)
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,75*20*0,009*(t+tprod)=4.185 by: Nitrogen in the soil, Department of Agronomy and agro management (University of Pisa) Atmospheric N2 set by the ground due to the rain in the form of NH4: 20kg / (ha * a)
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N2, and then 20/28 * 18kgNH4 / ha -a part (supposedly half) of NH4 in the soil remains immobilized in the organic substance: 1/2 * 20/28 * 18kgNH4 / ha and it is as a nitrogen fertilizer synthesis avoided -a part (supposedly half) of NH4 is nitrified: 1/2 * 20/28 * (14 + 36) kgNO3 / ha -of the latter part one part (supposedly 1/4) is denitrified and back into the atmosphere, a portion (it is assumed 1/4) is leached, a part is absorbed by the plant (it is assumed 1/4) that the return after 30 years, a part is immobilized by the organic substance (assumes 1/4). The last two parts are represented as a nitrogen fertilizer synthesis avoided. Total: 20 * (1/2 + 2/4 * 1/2) = 0.75 * 20kgN2 / (ha * a) Area: 90m2 = 0.009ha
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
10*0,009*(t+tprod)=2.79 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by bacteria: is supposed to be fixed by the symbiotic bacteria of plants 10kg / (ha * a) the minimum value for infected plants is 40 kg / (ha * a) (bean) is reduced by a factor of 4 this minimum value Such biologically fixed nitrogen is 90% from the plant. The rest remains in the ground
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,5*0,009*(t+tprod)=0.1395 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by bacteria: is supposed to be fixed by non symbiotic bacteria 0.5kg / (ha * a) Assumes the minimum value because the amount of N already present is low, low energy substrate (organic substance) This nitrogen is fixed biologically everything from the plant
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}|
Ptot*13,75/2900=157.5 kg Amount of N spared with the decomposition of the vine
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market for | Alloc Def, U
pruning on site in 30 years. 13.75kg / ha of N in the stolons (from Plant Health Consortium) 13.75 / 2900 = 0.0047kgN / kgpotUnità Given www.caebinternational.it: 2900kg / (ha * a) prunings of a vineyard
Triple superphosphate, as P2O5, at regional storehouse/RER U
Ptot*2,15/2900=24.628 kg Amount of P2O5 spared with the decomposition of the vine pruning on site in 30 years. Total annual pruning: 2900kg / (a * ha) 2.15kg / ha of P by pruning (by Consortium) 2.15 / 2900 = 7.41E-4kgP / kgpot
Potassium sulphate, as K2O, at regional storehouse/RER U
Ptot*13,1/2900=150.06 kg Amount of K2O3 spared with the decomposition of the vine pruning on site in 30 years. Total annual pruning: 2900kg / (a * ha) 13.1kg / ha of K2O3 by pruning (by Consortium) 13.1 / 2900 = 0.0045kgK2O3 / kgpot
Magnesium oxide, at plant/RER U
Ptot*3,3/2900=37.801 kg Amount of MgO spared with the decomposition of the vine pruning on site in 30 years. Total annual pruning: 2900kg / (a * ha) 3.3kg / ha of MgO by pruning (by Consortium) 3.3 / 2900 = 0.0011kgMgO / kgpot
Transformation, from shrub land, sclerophyllous
90 m2 Transformation of degraded land to temperate forest
Transformation, to forest
90 m2 Transformation from the temperate forest to forest cultivation
Occupation, forest 90*t=2700 m2a Occupation as cultivated forest: 30-year
Transformation, to arable, non-irrigated
90 m2 Transformation from the temperate forest to arable land
Transformation, from forest
90 m2 Transformation from cultivated forest to natural forest
Occupation, arable, non-irrigated
90*tprod=90 m2a Occupation as arable land: Duration 1 year
Carbon dioxide, in air
(15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20+12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*0,454/12*44=49038
kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed from the trunks of the plants that remain after 30 years -1 Plant trees Pinus halepensis
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n plants = 108/2 = 54 (0.6 plants for m2) Hmax = 20m Dmax = 0.6m Dmin = 0.4m DMED = 0.5m hat: -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) n bushes = 135/2 = 67.5 (0.75 plants for m2) H = 3.5m Trunk height: 0.5m Dmax = 0.1m -Supponiamo That at the end of life remain 15 plants (90 / (3.1416 * (4/2) ^ 2) = 7.12 of different heights with a hat average of 4m diameter (assuming 15 plants taking into account the different heights) number bushes: 90 / (3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 = 12.7) assume 12 bushes C content in wood: 0.454kgC / kglegno wood density: 500 kg / m3
Carbon dioxide, in air
(15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,454/12*44=4616
kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by the hats of the plants that remain after 30 years -suppose 6 branches located in the last 5m stem Pinus halepensis dmax = 0.25m length 5m Vp = 6 * 3.1416 * ((0.25 / 4) ^ 2) * 5 -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) suppose 10 branches diameter 0.05m length = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes
Carbon dioxide, in air
(9*15+1,245*7,0686*12)*0,458/12*44=404.06
kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by pine needles and leaves of the bushes that remain after 30 years -suppose that the end of life the Pinus halepensis ports 30kg of needles with humidity of 70%. The needles are dry: 30kg * (1-0.7) = 9kg
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-1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) suppose 4358,94873kg / a / ha (Boschiero datum to an apple orchard) npiante / ha = 3500 4358,94873kg / a / ha / 3500p / ha = 1.245kg / p Vmelo: 3m3 Vcespuglio: 3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 * 3 = 21.2 Vcespuglio / Vmelo = 7.0686 So the total dry weight of the leaves of the bush is worth: 1.245kg / p * 7.0686 * 12 diameter 0.05m H = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes C content in the leaves: 0.458kgC / kglegno
Carbon dioxide, in air
15*0,0206*500+(12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,0081965=154.64
kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed from the roots of plants and bushes that remain after 30 years -for the maritime pine of D = 0.6m and H = 22m the volume of roots: 20.6dm3 (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes -radici as a fraction of the trunk: 0.0206 / 3.1416 * (0.5 / 2) ^ 2 * 20 = 0.0081965 C content in the roots: 0.454kgC / kglegno
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Ptrpinus/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Ptrlent/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=6383.6
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-
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12) / 2 Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pramipinus/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pramilent/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=643.66
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramipinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramilent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pag/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pfog/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=69.952
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pag / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pfog / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pradpinus/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pradlent/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=33.531
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Ptrpinus/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Ptrlent/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2 =25535
kg It is assumed that after 20 years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrpinus / 15) / 30 * 20 * (54-15) / 2 It is assumed that after 20 years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrlent / 12) / 30 * 20 * (67.5 to 12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pramipinus/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pramilent/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2=2574.6
kg It is assumed that after 20 years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years)
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(Pramipinus / 15) / 30 * 20 * (54-15) / 2 It is assumed that after 20 years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramilent / 12) / 30 * 20 * (67.5 to 12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pag/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pfog/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2=279.81
kg It is assumed that after 20 years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pag / 15) / 30 * 20 * (54-15) / 2 It is assumed that after 20 years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pfog / 12) / 30 * 20 * (67.5 to 12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pradpinus/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pradlent/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2=134.12
kg It is assumed that after 20 years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradpinus / 15) / 30 * 20 * (54-15) / 2 It is assumed that after 20 years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradlent / 12) / 30 * 20 * (67.5 to 12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
Pagfog05+Pagfog520+Pagfog2030=486.3
kg Weight of pine needles and leaves fallen on the ground mastic from 0 to 30 years
Tillage, ploughing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 plowing for introducing the organic material
Hoeing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 hoeing
Tillage, harrowing, by rotary harrow {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 harrowing, by rotary harrow
Vivaio 90 m2 nursery Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
(800*3,1416*((0,05/2)^2)*1,5*54+6*800*3,1416*(0,01/2)^2*0,4*67,5)*100=13741
kgkm
the transport of the plants from the nursery to the planting: 100km weight of 54 pines to 0 years: weight to 5 years / 5 D = 0.03m, H = 1.5m Density: 800kg / m3
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P = 3.1416 * 800 * (0.05 / 2) ^ 2 * 1.5 = 2.3562kg weight of 67.5 mastic to 0 years: 6 branches D = 0.01 H = 0.4m P = 4 * 800 * 3.1416 * (0.01 / 2) ^ 2 * 0.6 = 0.1508kg
Planting {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 planting
Power sawing, with catalytic converter {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
1,5*Npiante=40.5 hr The wood is cut and then be chipped: 1.5hr / plant
Excavation, hydraulic digger {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
(Pradpinus+Pradlent)/800=0.19331
m3 Extraction of the roots: the density is that of a wet wood
Wood chipping, forwarder with terrain chipper, in forest {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Nhr=1.8982 hr Number of hours needed to chip the wood: hr it is assumed to be chipped 35m3 / hr = 35 * 500 = 17500kg / hr
Tillage, ploughing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 plowing the ground for introducing wood chips
Hoeing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 Hoeing
Tillage, harrowing, by rotary harrow {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 harrowing, by rotary harrow
Carbon dioxide, fossil
-0,33*Ptot*0,484/12*44=-19454
kg From literature the CO2 that reform from carbon that remains on the ground is estimated to have 33% of the carbon from the CO2 absorbed from the atmosphere. This value refers to the carbon that remains on the ground. In this case the wood, after chipping, is buried and therefore it is estimated that the formation of CO2 can be less than 33%. However it is assumed that value to account also CH4 emissions.
Organic carbon 0,33*Ptot*0,484=5305.7 kg Organic carbon from the wood. It is considering that one third of the carbon is transformed again in CO2 after the burial. In wood the C / N ratio is 200-1500
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in the needles: 80-130 litter of conifers: 30-40 The nitrogen that you could calculate knowing the organic carbon is present in the soil before planting without considering the different fixations. (Nieder 2003)
Organic carbon 0,33*Ptot*0,484 kg Organic carbon from the wood.It is considering that one third of the carbon is transformed again in CO2 after burial
Numero locali occupati
0,5/20000*90*t=0.0675 p To treat cultivated forest is estimated to be 0.5 workers needed for 20ha of forest throughout the year for 30 years
Numero locali occupati
2/50000*90*tprod=0.0036 p To cultivate a crop farm land of 50ha it is estimated that 2 persons are needed for the whole year for one year
Paesaggio naturale in formazione
1/(t+tprod)*t=0.96774 p Con la piantumazione si forma un bosco in 30 anni: quindi il paesaggio è naturale in formazione
Paesaggio agricolo 1/(t+tprod)*tprod=0.032258 p Agricultural landscape in the 31st year
Aumento produttività frumento
(243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A=2.1905
p The overproduction during the time t = 1 year Time of overproduction is 589.53 years (243.6 * tprod / (2 * m) * (2 * m-tprod)) / * A 1E4
Euro 1000/10000*90*t=270 p Cost of renting the property: 1000 € / (ha * a)
Euro 1,5*200*10*0,2=600 p Cost for the transport of the plants from the nursery: 1.5 € / l, consumption of 10 l / km, liters of fuel consumed to make 100 * 2 = 200km. trucker gain: 20%. Total: 130 * 1.5 * 10 * 0.2
Euro 3000/((90*1+180*2)*6)*90=100 p Cost of tillage: 3000 € for the Italian sites, it is assumed that these sites are 6. For each site are from 270m2 to work.Where is planned the planting machining is 2, 3000 / ((90 * 180 * 1 + 2) * 6) * 90
Euro 25*54+15*67,5=2362.5 p Cost of the plants of the nursery: 25 € / pine and 15 € / mastic
Euro 25*1,5*Npiante=1012.5 p Cost cutting plant before chipping: 25 € / h
Euro 0,5*Npiante*60=379.64 p Cost for the eradication of
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Npiante roots: 60 € / h and 0.5h / strain
Euro 200*Nhr=1134 p Cost for chipping: 200 € / h Euro 1400*12*0,5/20000*90*t=60.48 p Cost of the worker for the
maintenance of the forest: € 1,400 / month * 12m / a * 1st allocation 0.5 / 20 000 * 90 * t
Euro 1400*12*2/50000*90*tprod=4603.8
p Cost of the worker for cultivation: € 1,400 / month * 12m / a * 1st allocation 2/50000 * 90
Euro 613840*0,3/10*6/2/3/4 p Cost analysis: € 613,840 if it had been done in private laboratories. Hypothesis: 613,840 * 0.3 (30%) because they were made at CNR and CEBAS Hypothesis: 6 experiments in Italy and 4 in Spain Cost analysis for E.R .: 613840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2 Cost for single experiment in É.R. where they were made three experiments with 4 different solutions for each experiment: 613840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2/3/4
Input parameters
t 30 time employment before coverage with grass: years moITm2 22,5 Weight organic material in Italy: kg / m2 frazagfog 0,15 Mass fraction of pine needles and leaves that fall to the ground each
year crid520 0,082 Coefficiente di riduzione della massa di aghi e di foglie calcolata sulla
base della dimensione finale degli alberi e dei cespugli relativa al periodo da 5 a 20 anni: a 30 anni un pino con una altezza di 25m e un diametro di 0.6 ha una ramaglia di 408.3kg a 12.5 anni il pino ha una altezza di 10.41m e un diametro di 0.25 ha una ramaglia di 33.6kg (Stima del volume e della fitomassa delle principali specie forestali italiane, CRA e Unità di ricerca per il monitoraggio e la pianificazione forestale) si assume che il rapporto tra le masse della ramaglia sia uguale al rapporto tra le masse degli aghi di pino: 33.6/408.3=0.082 si assume che per il lentisco valga la stessa frazione
crid05 0,0044 Rate of reduction of the mass of needles and leaves calculated on the basis of the final size of the trees and bushes relative to the period from 5 to 20 years. A pine of 30 years with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a prunings of 408.3kg. A pine of 12.5 years with a height of 10.41and a diameter of 0.25 has a prunings of 33.6kg (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning). It is assumed that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio
34
BIOREM PROJECT
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of the masses of pine needles: 33.6 / 408.3 = 0.082 assumes that the mastic is worth the same ratio.
Npin 15 Number of pines remained Nlent 12 Number of bushes remained A 90 Land degraded: m2 tprod 1 Time of agricultural production: years Calculated parameters
OCm2 0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/90=2.9266 Mass of organic carbon to m2 kg / m2
Ptrpinus (15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20)*500=29453 Weight of trunks of pines:kg Pramipinus (15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5)*500=2761.2 Weight of brunches of
pines.kg Pag 9*15=135 Weight of needles of pines:kg Ptrlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500=5.8905 Weight of trunks of mastics:kg Pramilent 12*10*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4*500=117.81 Weight of brunches of
mastic:kg Pfog 1,245*7,0686*12=105.6 Weight of leale of mastics:kg Pradpinus 15*0,0206*500=154.5 Weight of roots of pines:kg Pradlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^
2)*4)*500*0,0081965=0.14484 Weight of roots of mastics:kg
Ptot Ptrpinus+Pramipinus+Pag+Ptrlent+Pramilent+Pfog+Pradpinus+Pradlent+Pagfog2030+Pagfog520+Pagfog05=33219
Total weight of plants during their life cycle
Nhr Ptot/17500=1.8982 Number of hours needed to chip the wood: hr, it is assumed to be chipped 35m3 / hr = 35 * 500 = 17500kg / hr
Pagfog2030 (Pag+Pfog)*frazagfog*10=360.91=360.91 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 20th to 30th year: kg
Pagfog520 (Pag/15*(15+19,5)+Pfog/12*(12+55,5/2))*frazagfog*15*crid520=121.83
Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg
Pagfog05 (Pag/15*54+Pfog/12*67,5)*frazagfog*5*crid05=3.5641
Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg
Npiante Npin+Nlent=27 Number of plants remained OCpiante 0,33*Ptot*0,484=5305.7 Organic carbon due to the
planting: kg mt OC/1E3/A*1E4=589.53 Mass of Co conferred in the
ground t / ha = years of overproduction
OC 0,33*Ptot*0,484=5305.7 Organic carbon due to the planting area A: kg
moIT moITm2*A=2025 Mass of total organic carbon (90m2): kg
Tabella 4-1 The process *Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim. produttività)
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4.3 LCA Calculation The process *Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim. produttività) which is located using the following path:LCA_DatabaseUNIMORE/sassi/devid/LIFE recupero terreni degradati/LIFE Has benn calculated with the METHOD IMPACT 2002+060514 (da 080513) 091014 L.use 290115 V2.10 / IMPACT 2002+ En.rinn.+costi, modified by the study group.
Figure 4-1 Il network of the valuation for single score with a cut-off del 2.25% of the process *Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim. produttività)
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Figure 4-2 The diagram of the characterization of the process *Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim. produttività) SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 13/03/2015 Time:
12.55.32
Project LIFE recupero terreni degradati
Calculation: Analyse
Results: Impact assessment
Product: 90 m2 *Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim. produttività) (of project LIFE recupero terreni
degradati)
Method: IMPACT 2002+060514 (da 080513) 091014 L.use 060315 V2.10 /
IMPACT 2002+ En.rinn.+costi
Indicator: Characterisation
Skip categories: Never
Exclude infrastructure processes: No
Exclude long-term emissions: No
Sorted on item: Impact category
Sort order: Ascending
Impact category
Unit Total *Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim. produttività)
Tillage, ploughing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Hoeing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Tillage, harrowing, by rotary harrow {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Vivaio Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Planting {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Power sawing, with catalytic converter {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Excavation, hydraulic digger {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Carcinogens
kg C2H3Cl eq
4,0805769
0 0,012997492
0,0037128781
0,010437654
4,4143815
0,016634262
0,016257084
10,368282
0,001121225
Non-carcinogens
kg C2H3Cl eq
-2,9143576
0 0,064872131
0,019580364
0,030281608
22,724103
0,067258918
0,18192044
-5,8402985
0,0005631585
Respiratory inorganics
kg PM2.5 eq
-1,8723066
0 0,0030978224
0,00047972443
0,0016845311
0,19341599
0,0026451157
0,0017972008
0,25173426
0,00029157932
Ionizin Bq C- - 0 8,75152 1,68817 4,99121 2467,29 18,6885 8,42476 1631,1 0,78496
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g radiation
14 eq 17151,031
89 25 76 31 11 76 608 489
Ozone layer depletion
kg CFC-11 eq
0,0032964611
0 1,8146207E-7
2,7234659E-8
8,6636505E-8
0,0033635474
4,1907098E-7
1,4424286E-7
3,9175802E-5
1,8604277E-8
Respiratory organics
kg C2H4 eq
1,9339186
0 0,0008025616
0,00020811223
0,0005032146
0,13496178
0,0011027084
0,0010624108
2,0285982
0,00010880684
Aquatic ecotoxicity
kg TEG water
-108912,82
0 78,502264
19,761383
44,339812
61319,621
302,44513
136,5358
-11196,278
4,188133
Terrestrial ecotoxicity
kg TEG soil
24244,345
0 119,99507
35,128566
53,022759
54869,963
286,10845
334,89269
-17283,211
1,0413073
Terrestrial acid/nutri
kg SO2 eq
-39,205218
0 0,058427627
0,0090734028
0,028467363
5,4259381
0,022113722
0,04651243
5,9181317
0,0066754489
Land occupation
m2org.arable
2548,6761
1861,4953
0,031097691
0,018562232
0,022930443
253,4083
0,14597741
0,053600709
458,41827
0,00060739632
Aquatic acidification
kg SO2 eq
-8,6160368
0 0,009381161
0,0016245096
0,0049422061
1,1691927
0,0060199227
0,0081945706
1,1059599
0,00099398573
Aquatic eutrophication
kg PO4 P-lim
79,297345
0 0,00014520279
3,7088488E-5
9,2241909E-5
80,479978
0,00024573414
0,00021095149
0,090969124
9,9885037E-6
Global warming
kg CO2 eq
-19783,276
-19454,329
1,1168847
0,2044387
0,62722903
311,16316
2,2591632
0,9754437
279,71416
0,10527221
Non-renewable energy
MJ primary
-9288,6761
0 16,661489
2,8431305
8,7590254
5122,8813
36,989426
14,496015
3414,9816
1,6185365
Mineral extraction
MJ surplus
-93,587314
0 0,12419856
0,04731119
0,13447599
13,951051
0,060209003
0,16195228
21,106166
0,0041404431
Renewable energy
MJ 11670,909
0 0,38287227
0,1883809
0,31724229
10683,107
0,44508118
0,61071947
1491,3203
0,011792704
Internal cost
euro 11332,925
11332,925
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Soil fertility nutritional value
kJ 28630,365
28630,365
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Employment
p 0,0711 0,0711 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Landscape
p 0,79677419
0,79677419
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wood chipping, forwarder with terrain chipper, in forest {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Tillage, ploughing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Hoeing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Tillage, harrowing, by rotary harrow {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate phosphate, as N, at regional storehouse/RER U
Triple superphosphate, as P2O5, at regional storehouse/RER U
Potassium sulphate, as K2O, at regional storehouse/RER U
Magnesium oxide, at plant/RER U
2,0225753
0,012997492
0,0037128781
0,010437654
-0,68156208
-0,45437472
-0,022718736
-8,1661839
-0,46388609
-2,3066983
-0,71754649
1,7008308
0,064872131
0,019580364
0,030281608
-0,22519426
-0,15012951
-0,0075064754
-6,8544197
-1,9003459
-3,0972806
-9,7433273
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BIOREM PROJECT
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0,17171035
0,0030978224
0,00047972443
0,0016845311
-0,029131489
-0,019420993
-0,00097104965
-1,8005776
-0,14728277
-0,41430435
-0,092737082
1660,9257
8,7515289
1,6881725
4,9912176
-127,0826
-84,721732
-4,2360866
-16723,935
-2017,1026
-3663,5593
-348,53408
3,8554729E-5
1,8146207E-7
2,7234659E-8
8,6636505E-8
-2,3906411E-6
-1,5937608E-6
-7,9688038E-8
-0,00011124597
-4,5959573E-6
-2,5730011E-5
-3,5336369E-7
0,084640681
0,0008025616
0,00020811223
0,0005032146
-0,0046681001
-0,0031120668
-0,00015560334
-0,22742079
-0,014023322
-0,067495842
-0,0027079956
10701,148
78,502264
19,761383
44,339812
-965,50604
-643,67069
-32,183535
-35975,117
-17508,212
-13573,056
-101767,95
4463,9437
119,99507
35,128566
53,022759
-296,9682
-197,9788
-9,89894 -12325,504
-865,8275
-4683,1313
-465,3773
3,1659892
0,058427627
0,0090734028
0,028467363
-0,83492825
-0,55661883
-0,027830942
-44,321219
-1,6636207
-6,3593467
-0,21895076
2,8479583
0,031097691
0,018562232
0,022930443
-0,36926005
-0,24617336
-0,012308668
-14,55694
-1,4777667
-11,112248
-0,064409014
0,67840257
0,009381161
0,0016245096
0,0049422061
-0,16933855
-0,11289237
-0,0056446183
-7,1349461
-0,81195253
-3,3280457
-0,053876234
0,020528169
0,00014520279
3,7088488E-5
9,2241909E-5
-0,0031279029
-0,0020852686
-0,00010426343
-0,16569134
-1,0308677
-0,06868501
-0,02458429
220,61643
1,1168847
0,2044387
0,62722903
-26,729562
-17,819708
-0,89098541
-804,6318
-48,667711
-209,033 -39,9044
3356,3819
16,661489
2,8431305
8,7590254
-269,57486
-179,71657
-8,9858287
-16337,894
-803,0475
-3590,9551
-102,37858
8,6171085
0,12419856
0,04731119
0,13447599
-1,9753658
-1,3169106
-0,065845528
-76,280435
-9,0679334
-49,055501
-0,33792102
31,14519
0,38287227
0,1883809
0,31724229
-5,2340301
-3,4893534
-0,17446767
-372,77813
-37,078058
-113,11186
-5,6421614
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tabella 4-2 The table of the characterization of the process Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. From the table of the evaluation it can be seen that the cost of testing for 90m2 of land planted worth: € 11,332.93 and Renewable energy is used to 1670.91MJ.
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Figure 4-3 the diagram of valuation for single score of the process *Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim. produttività) SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 13/03/2015 Time:
13.03.07
Project LIFE recupero terreni degradati
Calculation: Analyse
Results: Impact assessment
Product: 90 m2 *Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim. produttività) (of project LIFE recupero terreni
degradati)
Method: IMPACT 2002+060514 (da 080513) 091014 L.use 060315 V2.10 /
IMPACT 2002+ En.rinn.+costi
Indicator: Weighting
Skip categories: Never
Default units: No
Exclude infrastructure processes: No
Exclude long-term emissions: No
Per impact category: Yes
Sorted on item: Impact category
Sort order: Ascending
Impact category
Unit
Total *Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim. produttività)
Tillage, ploughing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Hoeing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Tillage, harrowing, by rotary harrow {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Vivaio Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Planting {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Power sawing, with catalytic converter {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Excavation, hydraulic digger {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Total Pt -2,0381671
-1,8247358
0,00063676692
0,00011885146
0,00033928554
0,14812774
0,00094671285
0,000652857
0,10506253
5,1984017E-5
Carcinogens
Pt 0,0016110118
0 5,1314097E-6
1,4658443E-6
4,1207859E-6
0,0017427978
6,5672067E-6
6,4182969E-6
0,0040933977
4,4265962E-7
Non-carcinogens
Pt -0,0011505884
0 2,5611518E-5
7,7303276E-6
1,1955179E-5
0,0089714759
2,6553821E-5
7,182219E-5
-0,0023057499
2,2233497E-7
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Respiratory inorganics
Pt -0,18479667
0 0,00030575508
4,7348801E-5
0,00016626321
0,019090159
0,00026107292
0,00017738372
0,024846172
2,8778879E-5
Ionizing radiation
Pt -0,00050784203
0 2,5913277E-7
4,9986788E-8
1,4778995E-7
7,3056549E-5
5,5336681E-7
2,4945737E-7
4,8298672E-5
2,324281E-8
Ozone layer depletion
Pt 0,00048804107
0 2,686546E-8
4,0320913E-9
1,2826535E-8
0,00049797319
6,2043458E-8
2,1355155E-8
5,7999775E-6
2,7543633E-9
Respiratory organics
Pt 0,00058081378
0 2,4103333E-7
6,2502345E-8
1,5113044E-7
4,0533072E-5
3,311764E-7
3,1907383E-7
0,00060924889
3,2677957E-8
Aquatic ecotoxicity
Pt -0,00039912193
0 2,876794E-7
7,2417563E-8
1,6248768E-7
0,00022471188
1,1083404E-6
5,0034908E-7
-4,1029879E-5
1,5347832E-8
Terrestrial ecotoxicity
Pt 0,013999412
0 6,9288756E-5
2,0284288E-5
3,0616932E-5
0,031683563
0,00016520761
0,00019337709
-0,0099798445
6,0128205E-7
Terrestrial acid/nutri
Pt -0,0029764601
0 4,4358255E-6
6,8885274E-7
2,1612422E-6
0,00041193722
1,6788738E-6
3,5312237E-6
0,00044930456
5,0680008E-7
Land occupation
Pt 0,20279816
0,14811918
2,4744432E-6
1,4769968E-6
1,8245753E-6
0,020163699
1,1615422E-5
4,2650084E-6
0,036476342
4,8330525E-8
Aquatic acidification
Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Aquatic eutrophication
Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Global warming
Pt -1,9981109
-1,9648873
0,00011280535
2,0648309E-5
6,3350132E-5
0,03142748
0,00022817548
9,8519814E-5
0,028251131
1,0632493E-5
Non-renewable energy
Pt -0,061119489
0 0,0001096326
1,8707799E-5
5,7634387E-5
0,033708559
0,00024339042
9,5383781E-5
0,022470579
1,064997E-5
Mineral extraction
Pt -0,00061580452
0 8,1722653E-7
3,1130763E-7
8,8485203E-7
9,1797916E-5
3,9617524E-7
1,065646E-6
0,00013887857
2,7244115E-8
Renewable energy
Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Internal cost
Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Soil fertility nutritional value
Pt -3,4402713E-9
-3,4402713E-9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Employment
Pt -2,7618086E-9
-2,7618086E-9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Landscape
Pt -0,0079677419
-0,0079677419
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wood chipping, forwarder with terrain chipper, in forest {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Tillage, ploughing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Hoeing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Tillage, harrowing, by rotary harrow {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate phosphate, as N, at regional storehouse/RER U
Triple superphosphate, as P2O5, at regional storehouse/RER U
Potassium sulphate, as K2O, at regional storehouse/RER U
Magnesium oxide, at plant/RER U
0,066005878
0,00063676692
0,00011885146
0,00033928554
-0,0079930568
-0,0053287045
-0,00026643523
-0,3852723
-0,026601989
-0,092342415
-0,018663917
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0,00079851271
5,1314097E-6
1,4658443E-6
4,1207859E-6
-0,00026908071
-0,00017938714
-8,9693569E-6
-0,0032240094
-0,00018314223
-0,0009106845
-0,00028328735
0,000671488
2,5611518E-5
7,7303276E-6
1,1955179E-5
-8,8906694E-5
-5,927113E-5
-2,9635565E-6
-0,0027061249
-0,00075025657
-0,0012228064
-0,0038466656
0,016947812
0,00030575508
4,7348801E-5
0,00016626321
-0,002875278
-0,001916852
-9,58426E-5
-0,17771701
-0,01453681
-0,040891839
-0,00915315
4,918001E-5
2,5913277E-7
4,9986788E-8
1,4778995E-7
-3,7629157E-6
-2,5086105E-6
-1,2543052E-7
-0,0004951957
-5,9726407E-5
-0,00010847799
-1,0320094E-5
5,7080277E-6
2,686546E-8
4,0320913E-9
1,2826535E-8
-3,5393442E-7
-2,3595628E-7
-1,1797814E-8
-1,6469965E-5
-6,8043148E-7
-3,8093281E-6
-5,2315495E-8
2,5420136E-5
2,4103333E-7
6,2502345E-8
1,5113044E-7
-1,4019705E-6
-9,3464701E-7
-4,6732351E-8
-6,8301286E-5
-4,2116244E-6
-2,0271026E-5
-8,1329231E-7
3,9215428E-5
2,876794E-7
7,2417563E-8
1,6248768E-7
-3,5381934E-6
-2,3587956E-6
-1,1793978E-7
-0,00013183441
-6,4160594E-5
-4,973982E-5
-0,00037293881
0,002577615
6,9288756E-5
2,0284288E-5
3,0616932E-5
-0,00017147835
-0,0001143189
-5,7159449E-6
-0,0071171158
-0,00049995477
-0,0027041805
-0,00026872282
0,0002403619
4,4358255E-6
6,8885274E-7
2,1612422E-6
-6,3387753E-5
-4,2258502E-5
-2,1129251E-6
-0,003364867
-0,00012630209
-0,0004828016
-1,6622742E-5
0,00022661204
2,4744432E-6
1,4769968E-6
1,8245753E-6
-2,9382022E-5
-1,9588015E-5
-9,7940073E-7
-0,0011582957
-0,0001175859
-0,00088420156
-5,1250252E-6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,022282259
0,00011280535
2,0648309E-5
6,3350132E-5
-0,0026996858
-0,0017997905
-8,9989526E-5
-0,081267811
-0,0049154388
-0,021112333
-0,0040303444
0,022084993
0,0001096326
1,8707799E-5
5,7634387E-5
-0,0017738026
-0,0011825351
-5,9126753E-5
-0,10750334
-0,0052840525
-0,023628485
-0,00067365105
5,6700574E-5
8,1722653E-7
3,1130763E-7
8,8485203E-7
-1,2997907E-5
-8,6652715E-6
-4,3326358E-7
-0,00050192526
-5,9667002E-5
-0,0003227852
-2,2235203E-6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tabella 4-3 The table of valuation of the process *Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim. produttività) Analysis of the results of the evaluation can be seen that:
• you have an advantage that is -2.0382 Pt and is due to -89.53% to the direct emissions ofthe process itself (heavy metals, land occupation, CO2 avoided), 0.03% for plowing, for the 0.006% to hoeing , to 0.02% to mixing the organic material with the ground, for the 7. 27% to the nursery, to 0.05% to the transport of the plants from the nursery to the planting 0.03%, 5.15% for the cut of the plants, at 0.003% to transporting timber to the chipper, for the 24.3% to chipping, to 0.03% to plowing, for the 0.006% to hoeing, for 0.02% of the wood chips to mixing with the soil, for -0.39% to Product avoided due to the N absorbed from the soil as NH4 because of rain, for -0.26% avoided due to the product nitrogen fixed by symbiotic bacteria, for the -0.013% avoided due to the product nitrogen fixed by Soil bacteria, -18.9% for the nitrogen content in the wood basement, for -1.31% to P2O5 content in the wood basement, for -4.53% to the K2O content in the wood basement, -0.92 for the MGO content in wood basement.
• In addition, the advantage is due to -9.02% in the Human Health, to the 10:47% in Ecosystem quality, to -98.04% in Climate change, for -3.03% to Resources, at -
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1.69% in Soil fertility, for the -1.36E-7% Employment rate increase, for -0.39% for Landscape quality.
• The advantage in Climate change (impact category Global warming) (-1.9981Pt) due to the capture of the organic carbon is -1.9649Pt.
4.4 Conclusions Analysis of the results of the evaluation can be seen that:
• The process produce an advantage (-2.0382 Pt) due to mainly the capture of the CO2 and to the capture of N content in wood.
• The maximun damage is that due to land use ,due to the nursery and due to the cutting of trees.
5 LCA of the recovery of degradated land for agricultural purphose trought the additional of organic matter and planting, in Emilia-Romagna
5.1 Objective of the study and flield of application
5.1.1 Objective Objective of the study is to assess the environmental, social and economic intake of organic material and the planting of pines and bushes of mastic on a degraded land in order to increase agricultural fertility and sequester the CO2.
5.1.2 Field of application
5.1.2.1 The fuction of the system
The function of the system is to increase the fertility of the soil and CO2 sequestration.
5.1.2.2 The system that need to be studied
The system studied is the recovery of degraded soils located in Emilia-Romagna with the transfer of organic material in it and through its planted with pine trees and bushes of mastic.
5.1.2.3 The functional unit
The functional unit is the area of land where the organic material is awarded and which is planted. The land will be cultivated after 30 years by the contribution of the organic material and its planting. This period of time is estimated in fact necessary for the formation of a natural wood to be killed for the purpose of chipping the wood from it obtained and plowed. The aim of burial is the segregation of the CO2 absorbed by the forest during his life and the formation of humus that with the passage of years will be able to release the nutrients contained therein.
5.1.2.4 The boundary of the system
The boundaries of the system ranging from the production of compost that is buried in the soil and planting soil, killing the natural forest built on the ground in 30 years, the chipping of the wood and its landfill. In the system are considered the emissions in the soil of the substances present in the compost. Heavy metals produce damage, nutrients (N, P2O5 and K2O) are considered as synthetic fertilizers which prevents the production and produce an advantage. The organic C produces an advantage on fertility (see under the
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new indicator) and an advantage due to the CO2 sequestered. Also in the system is considered the mass of CO2 absorbed by the plants during their lifetime. It is consideried that one third of the carbon content in this mass is trapped in the soil , carbon that is mass of fossil CO2 avoided. This value is refered to the carbon that remains on the ground. In this case the wood, after chipping, is buried and therefore it is estimated that the formation of CO2 can be less than 33%. However it is assumed that value to account also CH4 emissions. Is considered the need for the production of nursery plants used for planting: in 90m2 of land are planted 54 plants of Pinus halepensis trees and shrubs 67.5 of Pistacia lentiscus. Is considered chipping and planting of wood. Is not included either the nutrients or heavy metals that enter the soil with wood chips because they are substances that come from the soil in which they return. Is Not considered the CO2 fixed by agricultural cultivation, it is not considered renewable energy contained in the wood because not used in the process. It is considered the CO2 fixed by plants (Carbon dioxide in air) that is not considered by the valuation method because biogenic.
5.1.2.4.1 The enhancement factor forest with contribution of organic
material
The organic carbon content in the compost: 29.266kgC / = 0.325178kgC 90m2 / m2 average production of wheat: 5.5t / ha (Technique and Technology, 2008, 4) = 0.55kgf / m2 increase in production of wheat by the imput of 1t / ha in the soil: 0.2436kgf / m2 / 1kgC / m2 growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.4429 = 00:55 This value is valid if the growth of the forest to happen at the same time to grow wheat. To take into account that the growth of the wood takes place in 30 years and then are reduced because the nutrients used by plants, it is assumed that the growth factor is half that calculated: growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.55 / 2 = 0.4429 / 2 = 0.22145
5.1.2.5 The quality data
The data used are primary. Processes are in the database Ecoinvent 3.1. The method for calculating LCA is the nethod IMPACT 2002+ ,amended to take account of the new indicator on increasing fertility, of social indicators and of costs. The software used is SimaPro 8.0.4.
5.2 Inventory As inventory is reported the LCA process * Recovering degraded land with mat. organic planting in ER + (v.lim. Productivity) *Recovering degraded land with organic matter planting in ER + (v.lim. Productivity)
A=90 m2 Functional Unit: Area: 90m2 for a time t + tprod (= 31years) We make the following assumptions: -i nutrients assume as synthetic fertilizers avoided -The organic carbon and total comes from fossil CO2 trapped in the ground -that the occupation due to the shedding of compost corresponds to
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a cultivation by plowing -which is the transformation from arable land to forest -The Emissions of heavy metals and fertilizer are not considered because they are the ones that have been absorbed by the plants themselves -Si Considers the enrichment of the soil with N fixed from the atmosphere in the form of NH4 +, fixed by symbiotic bacteria and not by symbiotic bacteria. Humic substances have degradability slow until 5E3anni: for wood from 10 to 100 years for the pine needles from 1 to 10 years (Nieder 2003)
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/13,62=19.339 kg C=0.222*moIT*(1-0,4141) C/N=13.62 N=0.222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/13.62 N%=0.222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/13.62/(moIT*(1-0,4141))= 0.222/13.62=0.016% it is considering all the nitrogen content in the compost as synthetic fertilizer nitrogen that prevents production
Phosphate fertiliser, as P2O5 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,005*moIT*(1-0,4141)=5,9322 kg Phosphorus in pruning: 2% / ha production of sticks to it: 2009kg / ha Contents of N, P2O5, K2O in a compost ACV humidity at 40.2%: (Tutto sul compost, pubblicazioni settore agricoltura provincia di Pavia) N = 1.6% ss (equal to that used in É.R. P2O5 = 0.5% ss = 0.005 *moit * (1-.4141)
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K2O = 0.4% ss = 0.004* moit * (1-.4141)
Potassium chloride, as K2O {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,004*moIT*(1-0,4141)=4.7458 kg Phosphorus in pruning: 2% / ha production of sticks to it: 2009kg / ha K2O = 0.4% ss = 0.004* moit * (1-.4141)
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,75*20*0,009*(t+tprod)=4.185 kg from: Azoto nel terreno, Dipartimento di agronomia e gestione dell'agroecosistema (Università di Pisa) Atmospheric N2 set by the soil due to the rain in the form of NH4: 20kg / (ha * a) N2, and then 20/28 * 18kgNH4 / ha -a part (supposedly half) of NH4 in the soil remains immobilized in the organic substance: 1/2 * 20/28 * 18kgNH4 / ha and it is as a nitrogen fertilizer synthetic avoided -a part (supposedly half) of NH4 is nitrified: 1/2 * 20/28 * (14 + 36) kgNO3 / ha -of latter part a part (supposedly 1/4) is denitrified and returns into the atmosphere, a portion (it is supposed 1/4) is leached, a part is absorbed by the plant (it is supposed 1/4) that the return after 30 years, a part is immobilized by the organic substance (it is supposed 1/4). The last two parts are represented as a nitrogen fertilizer synthetic avoided. Total: 20 * (1/2 + 2/4 * 1/2) = 0.75 * 20kgN2 / (ha * a) Area: 90m2 = 0.009ha
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
10*0,009*(t+tprod)=2.79 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by the bacteria: is supposed to be fixed by symbiotic bacteria of plants 10kg / (ha * a) of atmospheric nitrogen
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the minimum value for infected plants is 40kg / (ha * a) (bean) It is reduced by a factor of 4 the minimum value Such nitrogen is fixed biologically for 90% by the plant. The rest remains in the ground
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,5*0,009*(t+tprod)=0.1395 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by the bacteria: It is supposed to be fixed by symbiotic bacteria 0.5kg / (ha * a) of atmospheric nitrogen It assumes the minimum value because the amount of N already present is low, low energy substrate (organic substance) This nitrogen is fixed biologically everything from plant
Ammonium nitrate phosphate, as N, at regional storehouse/RER U
Ptot*13,75/2900=193.01 kg Quantity of N spared with the decomposition of pruned runners on site in 30 years. 13.75kg / ha of N in pruning (by Plant Health Consortium) 13.75 / 2900 = 0.0047kgN / kgpotUnità Data : www.caebinternational.it: 2900kg / (ha * a) pruning a vineyard
Triple superphosphate, as P2O5, at regional storehouse/RER U
Ptot*2,15/2900=30.179 kg Amount of P2O5 saved by the decomposition of pruning pruning on site in 30 years. Total annual pruning: 2900kg / (a * ha) 2.15kg / ha of P from prunings (from Consortium) 2.15 / 2900 = 7.41E-4kgP / kgpot
Potassium sulphate, as K2O, at regional storehouse/RER U
Ptot*13,1/2900=183.88 kg Amount of K2O3 saved by decompisizione of pruned runners on site in 30 years. Total annual pruning: 2900kg / (a * ha) 13.1kg / ha of K2O3 by pruning (by Consortium)
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13.1/2900=0.0045kgK2O3 / kgpot
Magnesium oxide, at plant/RER U
Ptot*3,3/2900=43.322 kg Amount of MgO saved by the decomposition of pruning pruning on site in 30 years. Total annual pruning: 2900kg / (a * ha) 3.3kg / ha of K2O3 by pruning (by Consortium) 3.3/2900= 0.0011kgMgO / kgpot
Transformation, from shrub land, sclerophyllous
90 m2 Transformation of degraded land to temperate forest
Transformation, to forest
90 m2 Transformation from the temperate forest to forest cultivation
Occupation, forest 90*t=2700 m2a Occupation as cultivated forest: 30-year
Transformation, to arable, non-irrigated
90 m2 Conversion from natural forest to arable land
Transformation, from forest
90 m2 Transformation from cultivated forest to temperate forest
Occupation, arable, non-irrigated
90*tprod=90 m2a Occupation as arable land: Duration 1 year
Carbon dioxide, in air
((15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20+12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*0,454/12*44)*(1+fda)=59898
kg Calculation ofCO2 absorbed from the trunks of the plants that remain after 30 years -1 Plant trees Pinus halepensis number of plants = 108/2 = 54 (0.6 plants per m2) Hmax = 20m Dmax = 0.6m Dmin = 0.4m DMED = 0.5m -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) Number of bushes = 135/2 = 67.5 (0.75 plants per m2) H = 3.5m Trunk height: 0.5m Dmax = 0.1m -Suppose that at the end of life remain 15 plants (90 / (3.1416 * (4/2) ^ 2) = 7.12 , plantsof different heights with a hat average of 4m diameter (assuming 15 plants
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taking into account the different heights) number bushes: 90 / (3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 = 12.7 It assumes12 bushes C content in wood: 0.454kgC / kglegno wood density: 500 kg / m3
Carbon dioxide, in air
(15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,454/12*44*(1+fda)=5638.3
kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by thehats of plants that remain after 30 years -suppose 6 branches located in the last 5m stem Pinus halepensis dmax = 0.25m length 5m Vp = 6 * 3.1416 * ((0.25 / 4) ^ 2) * 5 -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) suppose 10 branches diameter 0.05m length = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes
Carbon dioxide, in air
(9*15+1,245*7,0686*12)*0,458/12*44*(1+fda)=493.53
kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by pine needles and leaves of the bushes that remain after 30 years -suppose that at the end of life the Pinus halepensis has 30kg of wet needles with 70%.of humidity The needles are dry: 30kg * (1-0.7) = 9kg -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) suppose 4358,94873kg / a / ha (Boschiero dataof an apple orchard) npiante / ha = 3500 4358,94873kg / a / ha / 3500p / ha = 1.245kg / p Vmelo: 3m3 Vcespuglio: 3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 * 3 = 21.2 Vcespuglio / Vmelo =
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7.0686 So the total dry weight of the leaves of the bush is worth: 1.245kg / p * 7.0686 * 12 diameter 0.05m H = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes C content in the leaves: 0.458kgC / kglegno
Carbon dioxide, in air
15*0,0206*500+(12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,0081965*(1+fda)=154.68
kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by the roots of plants and bushes that remain after 30 years -for the maritime pine of D = 0.6m and H = 22m the volume of roots: 20.6dm3 (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) -Supponse That at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes -radici as a fraction of the trunk: 0.0206 / 3.1416 * (0.5 / 2) ^ 2 * 20 = 0.0081965 C content in the roots: 0.454kgC / kglegno
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Ptrpinus/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Ptrlent/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=7797.3
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
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Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pramipinus/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pramilent/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=786.2
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramipinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramilent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pag/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pfog/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=85.443
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pag / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pfog / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pradpinus/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pradlent/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=40.956
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Ptrpinus/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Ptrlent/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2=31189
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared
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before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pramipinus/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pramilent/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2=3144.8
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramipinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramilent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pag/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pfog/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2=341.77
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pag / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pfog / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pradpinus/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pradlent/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2=163.82
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
Pagfog05+Pagfog520+Pagfog2030=725.53
kg Weight of pine needles and leavesof mastic fallen on the ground from 0 to 30 years
Compost, at plant/CH U (41.41% di umidità
moIT=2025 kg Humidity of the compost process: 50% Humidity of the compost
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ER) used: 41.41%
1 / 0.5 * (1-0.4141) dry matter: moit * (1-0.4141)
Tillage, ploughing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 plowing for introducing the organic material
Hoeing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 Hoeing
Tillage, harrowing, by rotary harrow {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 harrowing, by rotary harrow
Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
20,25*(50+80)/2=1316.3 kgkm transport of organic material from the production to the land to be recovered: 50-80km
Vivaio 90 m2 Nursery Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
(800*3,1416*((0,05/2)^2)*1,5*54+6*800*3,1416*(0,01/2)^2*0,4*67,5)*100=13741
kgkm the transport of the plants from the nursery to the planting: 100km weight of 54 pines to 0 years: weight to 5 years / 5 D = 0.03m, H = 1.5m Density: 800kg / m3 P = 3.1416 * 800 * (0.05 / 2) ^ 2 * 1.5 = 2.3562kg weight of 67.5 mastic to 0 years: 6 branches D = 0.01 H = 0.4m P = 4 * 800 * 3.1416 * (0.01 / 2) ^ 2 * 0.6 = 0.1508kg
Planting {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 Planting
Power sawing, with catalytic converter {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
1,5*Npiante=40.5 hr The wood is cut and then be chipped: 1.5hr / plant
Excavation, hydraulic digger {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
(Pradpinus+Pradlent)/800=0.23611 m3 Extraction of the roots: the density is that of a wet wood
Wood chipping, forwarder with terrain chipper, in forest {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Nhr=2.3261 hr Number of hours needed to chip the wood: hr it is assumed to be chipped 35m3 / hr = 35 * 500 = 17500kg / hr
Tillage, ploughing 90 m2 plowing the ground for
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{GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
introducing wood chips
Hoeing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 Hoeing
Tillage, harrowing, by rotary harrow {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 harrowing, by rotary harrow
Carbon dioxide, fossil
-0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/12*44=-965.77 kg Carbon dioxide absorbed to produce the organic carbon of the compost and thus avoided
Carbon dioxide, fossil
-0,33*Ptot*0,484/12*44=.23840 kg From Literature the CO2 that reform from carbon that remains on the ground is estimated to have 33% of the carbon from the CO2 absorbed from the atmosphere. This value refers to the carbon that remains on the ground. In this case the wood, after chipping, is buried and therefore it is estimated that the formation of CO2 can be less than 33%. However it is assumed that value to account also CH4 emissions.
Cadmium 0,0009*moIT*(1-0,4141)=1.0678 mg Copper 46,08*moIT*(1-0,4141)=54672 mg Nickel 11,36*moIT*(1-0,4141)=13478 mg Lead 12,76*moIT*(1-0,4141)=15139 mg Zinc 120*moIT*(1-0,4141)=1.4237E5 mg Mercury 0,21*moIT*(1-0,4141)=249.15 mg Chromium VI 0,009*moIT*(1-0,4141)=10.678 mg Chromium 35,65*moIT*(1-0,4141)42297 mg Organic carbon OCm2*90=263.39 kg C content in compost Organic carbon 0,33*Ptot*0,484=6501.7 kg Organic carbon from the
wood. It is considering that one third of the carbon is transformed again in CO2 after the burial. In wood the C / N ratio is 200-1500 in the needles: 80-130 litter of conifers: 30-40 The nitrogen that you could calculate knowing the organic carbon is present in the soil before planting without
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considering the different fixations. (Nieder 2003)
Numero locali occupati
0,5/20000*90*t=0.0675 p To treat cultivated forest is estimated to be 0.5 workers needed for 20ha of forest in a year ,for 30 years
Numero locali occupati
2/50000*90*tprod=0.0036 p To cultivate a crop farm land of 50ha for one year it is estimated that 2 persons are needed for the whole year
Paesaggio naturale in formazione
1/(t+tprod)*t=0.96774 p With the planting will form a forest in 30 years, then the natural landscape is in training
Paesaggio agricolo 1/(t+tprod)*tprod=0.032258 p Paesaggio agricolo nel 31° anno
Aumento produttività frumento
(243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A=2.1909
p The overproduction during the time t = 1 year Time of overproduction is 589.53 years (243.6 * tprod / (2 * m) * (2 * m-tprod)) / * 1E4 *A
Euro 1000/10000*90*t=9 p Cost of renting the property: 1000 € / (ha * a)
Euro 20/100*moITm2*90=405 p Purchase cost of compost: 20 € / q
Euro 1,5*130*10*0,2=390 p Cost to transport the compost: gasoline cost: 1.5 € / l, consumption of 10 l / km, liters of gasoline consumed to make 65 * 2 = 130km. trucker gain: 20%. Total: 130 * 1.5 * 10 * 0.2
Euro 1,5*200*10*0,2=100 p Cost for the transport of
the plants from the nursery: 1.5 € / l, consumption of 10 l / km, liters of fuel consumed to make 100 * 2 = 200km. trucker gain: 20%. Total: 130 * 1.5 * 10 * 0.2
Euro 3000/((90*1+180*2)*6)*90=600 p Cost of tillage: 3000 € for the Italian sites, it is assumed that these sites are 6 for each site we need to work 270m2. where isplanned the planting is considered 2 machining 3000 / ((90 *
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180 * 1 + 2 ) * 6) * 90 Euro 25*54+15*67,5=2362.5 p Cost of the plants from
the nursery: 25 € / pine and 15 € / mastic
Euro 25*1,5*Npiante=1012.5 p Cost cutting plant before chipping: 25 € / h
Euro 0,5*Npiante*60=810 p Fee for the eradication of N plants: 60 € / h and 0.5h / strain
Euro 200*Nhr=465.22 p Cost for chipping: 200 € / h
Euro 1400*12*0,5/20000*90*t=1134 p Cost of the worker for the maintenance of the forest: € 1,400 / month * 12m / a * 1st allocation 0.5 / 20 000 * 90 * t
Euro 1400*12*2/50000*90*tprod=60.48 p Cost of the worker for cultivation: € 1,400 / month * 12m / a * 1st allocation 2/50000 * 90
Euro 613840*0,3/10*6/2/3/4=4603.8 p Cost analysis: € 613,840 if it had been done in private laboratories. Hypothesis: 613,840 * 0.3 (30%) because they were made at CNR and CEBAS Hypothesis: 6 experiments in Italy and 4 in Spain Cost analysis for E.R .: 613840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2 Fee for single experiment in É.R. where they were made three experiments with 4 different solutions for each experiment: 613840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2/3/4
Input parameters t 30 time of occupation before coverage with grass: years moITm2 22,5 Peso organic material in Italy: kg / m2 frazagfog 0,15 Mass fraction of pine needles and leaves that fall to the ground
each year crid520 0,082 Rate of reduction of the mass of needles and leaves calculated on
the basis of the final size of the trees and bushes relative to the period from 5 to 20 years to 30 years a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a brushwood 408.3 kg. at 12.5
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years, the pine has a height of 0.25 10.41me diameter has a pruning of 33.6kg (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) takes on .si that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 33.6 / 408.3 = 0.082.It assumes that the mastic is worth the same ratio
crid05 0,0044 Coefficient of mass reduction of needles and leaves calculated based on the final size of the trees and bushes for the period from 0 to 5 years to 30 years a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3 kg. 2.5 years, the pine has a height of 0.05 2.08me diameter has a pruning of 1.8kg (assuming the minimum value of the table (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning). assumes that the ratio of the masses of dead branches is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 1.8 / 408.3 = 0.0044. assumes that the mastic valgalo same ratio
fda 0,22145 growth factor organic carbon in the compost: 29.266kgC / = 0.325178kgC 90m2 / m2 average production of wheat: 5.5t / ha (Technique and Technology, 2008, 4) = 0.55kgf / m2 increase in wheat production because of 'entering 1t / ha in the soil: 0.2436kgf / m2 / 1kgC / m2 growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.4429 = 12:55 this value is valid if the growth of the forest to happen at the same time to grow wheat. To take into account that the growth of the wood takes place in 30 years, and then the nutrients are reduced, because used by plants, it is assumed that the growth factor is half that calculated: growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.55 / 2 = 0, 4429/2 = 0.22145
Npin 15 Number of pines remained Nlent 12 numero bushes remained tprod 1 number of years of agricultural production A 90 Land degraded: m2 Calculated parameters
OCm2 0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/90=2.9266 Mass of organic carbon to m2 kg / m2
Ptrpinus (15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20)*500*(1+fda)=35975
Weight of trunks of pines:kg
Pramipinus (15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5)*500*(1+fda)=3372.6
Weight of brunches of pines.kg
Pag 9*15*(1+fda)=164.9 Weight of needles of pines:kg Ptrlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*(1+fda)
=7.195 Weight of trunks of mastics:kg
Pramilent 12*10*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4*500*(1+fda)=143.9
Weight of brunches of mastic:kg
Pfog 1,245*7,0686*12*(1+fda)=128.99 Weight of leale of mastics:kg Pradpinus 15*0,0206*500*(1+fda)=188.71 Weight of roots of pines:kg Pradlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((
0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,0081965*(1+fda)=0.17692
Weight of roots of mastics:kg
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Ptot Ptrpinus+Pramipinus+Pag+Ptrlent+Pramilent+Pfog+Pradpinus+Pradlent+Pagfog2030+Pagfog520+Pagfog05=40707
Total weight of plants during their life cycle
Nhr Ptot/17500=2.3261 Number of hours needed to chip the wood: hr, it is assumed to be chipped 35m3 / hr = 35 * 500 = 17500kg / hr
Pagfog2030 (Pag+Pfog)*frazagfog*10*(1+fda)=538.45 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 20th to 30th year: kg
Pagfog520 (Pag/15*(15+19,5)+Pfog/12*(12+55,5/2))*frazagfog*15*crid520*(1+fda)=181.76
Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg
Pagfog05 (Pag/15*54+Pfog/12*67,5)*frazagfog*5*crid05*(1+fda)=5.3174
Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg
moIT moITm2*90=2025 Number of plants remained Npiante Npin+Nlent=27 Organic carbon due to the
planting: kg OCpiante 0,33*Ptot*0,484=6501.7 Mass of Co conferred in the
ground t / ha = years of overproduction
OC OCpiante+OCm2*A=6765.1 Organic carbon due to the planting area A: kg
mt (OC/1E3)/A*1E4=751.68 Mass of total organic carbon (90m2): kg
Tabella 5-1 The process *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R.(v.lim. produttività)
5.3 LCA Calculation The process *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R.(v.lim. produttività) which is located using the following path: LCA_DatabaseUNIMORE/sassi/devid/LIFE recupero terreni degradati/LIFE Has been calculated for 90m2 with the METHOD IMPACT 2002+ 180115 V2.12 / IMPACT 2002+, modified by the group of study.
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Figure 5-1 Il network of the process *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R.(v.lim. produttività) with the cut-off del 3%.
Figure 5-2 the diagrammo f the carachterization of the process *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R.(v.lim. produttività) SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 16/03/2015 Time:
11.04.08
Project LIFE recupero terreni degradati
Calculation: Analyse
Results: Impact assessment
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Product: 90 m2 *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R.(v.lim. produttività) (of project LIFE recupero
terreni degradati)
Method: IMPACT 2002+060514 (da 080513) 091014 L.use 060315 V2.10 /
IMPACT 2002+ En.rinn.+costi
Indicator: Characterisation
Skip categories: Never
Exclude infrastructure processes: No
Exclude long-term emissions: No
Sorted on item: Impact category
Sort order: Ascending
Impact category
Unit Total *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R.(v.lim. produttività)
Compost, at plant/CH U (41.41% di umidità ER)
Tillage, ploughing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Hoeing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Fertilising, by broadcaster {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Tillage, harrowing, by rotary harrow {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Transport, freight, loryy >32 metric ton, EURO6 {RoW}| transport, freight, lorry >32 metric ton, EURO6 | Alloc Def, U
Vivaio
Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Planting {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Power sawing, with catalytic converter {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Excavation, hydraulic digger {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Carcinogens
kg C2H3Cl eq
-1,2005599
0 0,47945632
0,012997492
0,0037128781
0,0030417452
0,010437654
0,00080791465
4,4143815
0,016634262
0,016257084
10,368282
0,0013695202
Non-carcinogens
kg C2H3Cl eq
435,10539
443,08671
1,1293256
0,064872131
0,019580364
0,027732372
0,030281608
0,0024931412
22,724103
0,067258919
0,18192044
-5,8402985
0,00068786994
Respiratory inorganics
kg PM2.5 eq
-2,2101946
0 0,35141027
0,0030978224
0,00047972443
0,00060573219
0,0016845311
0,00014287659
0,19341599
0,0026451157
0,0017972008
0,25173426
0,00035614956
Ionizing radiation
Bq C-14 eq
-20663,728
0 2095,0704
8,7515288
1,6881725
1,9682259
4,9912177
0,97383309
2467,2931
18,688511
8,4247676
1631,1608
0,95879537
Ozone layer depletion
kg CFC-11 eq
0,0032677954
0 7,4895882E-6
1,8146207E-7
2,7234659E-8
3,9018619E-8
8,6636506E-8
2,1064318E-8
0,0033635474
4,1907098E-7
1,4424286E-7
3,9175802E-5
2,2724195E-8
Respiratory organics
kg C2H4 eq
1,9012395
0 0,044262659
0,00080256159
0,00020811223
0,00020676292
0,0005032146
7,5035894E-5
0,13496178
0,0011027083
0,0010624108
2,0285982
0,00013290211
Aquatic ecotoxicity
kg TEG water
1213879
1360223,2
6843,4341
78,502263
19,761383
24,03442
44,339813
11,906484
61319,621
302,44513
136,5358
-11196,278
5,115595
Terrestrial ecotoxicity
kg TEG soil
1399171
1377884,7
1847,5565
119,99507
35,128566
51,394803
53,02276
10,287302
54869,963
286,10846
334,89269
-17283,211
1,2719048
Terre kg - 0 30,5 0,058 0,009 0,013 0,028 0,001 5,425 0,022 0,046 5,918 0,008
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strial acid/nutri
SO2 eq
24,068457
21749
427627
0734028
176016
467363
2906796
9381 113722
51243 1317 153727
Land occupation
m2org.arable
2547,4295
1861,4953
8,1199965
0,031097691
0,018562232
0,0073069587
0,022930443
0,013327486
253,4083
0,14597741
0,053600709
458,41827
0,00074190423
Aquatic acidification
kg SO2 eq
-6,3411227
0 5,6143514
0,009381161
0,0016245096
0,0021360493
0,0049422062
0,00032891134
1,1691927
0,0060199227
0,0081945706
1,1059599
0,0012141039
Aquatic eutrophication
kg PO4 P-lim
78,977209
0 0,010669829
0,00014520279
3,7088488E-5
3,9015126E-5
9,224191E-5
1,1844751E-5
80,479978
0,00024573414
0,00021095149
0,090969124
1,2200458E-5
Global warming
kg CO2 eq
-25266,386
-24805,294
203,95616
1,1168847
0,2044387
0,24094003
0,62722904
0,10463869
311,16316
2,2591632
0,9754437
279,71416
0,12858474
Non-renewable energy
MJ primary
-13810,04
0 917,01347
16,661489
2,8431305
3,6441495
8,7590255
1,8668426
5122,8813
36,989426
14,496015
3414,9816
1,9769614
Mineral extraction
MJ surplus
-131,25237
0 2,8456159
0,12419856
0,04731119
0,025828495
0,13447599
0,0025938517
13,951051
0,060209002
0,16195228
21,106166
0,0050573442
Renewable energy
MJ 11596,367
0 83,213901
0,38287228
0,1883809
0,090040298
0,31724229
0,026672318
10683,107
0,44508117
0,61071948
1491,3203
0,014404198
Internal cost
euro 11952,5
11952,5
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Soil fertility nutritional value
kJ 28635,607
28635,607
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Employment
p 0,0711
0,0711
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Landscape
p 0,79677419
0,79677419
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wood chipping, forwarder with terrain chipper, in forest {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Tillage, ploughing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Hoeing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Tillage, harrowing, by rotary harrow {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Phosphate fertiliser, as P2O5 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Potassium chloride, as K2O {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate phosphate, as N, at regional storehouse/RER U
Triple superphosphate, as P2O5, at regional storehouse/RER U
Potassium sulphate, as K2O, at regional storehouse/RER U
Magnesium oxide, at plant/RER U
2,4784835
0,012997492
0,0037128781
0,010437654
-3,1494473
-0,32867764
-0,11547785
-0,68156207
-0,45437472
-0,022718736
-10,006922
-0,56845055
-2,8266507
-0,87928847
2,084 0,064 0,019 0,030 - - - - - - - - - -
61
BIOREM PROJECT
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2147 872131
580364
281608
1,0406058
0,64944782
0,052162736
0,22519426
0,15012951
0,0075064754
8,3994728
2,3287024
3,7954379
11,939568
0,21041554
0,0030978224
0,00047972443
0,0016845311
-0,13461443
-0,037852855
-0,0029905041
-0,029131489
-0,019420993
-0,00097104965
-2,2064453
-0,18048175
-0,5076926
-0,11364093
2035,3146
8,7515288
1,6881725
4,9912177
-587,23917
-247,69791
-21,556757
-127,0826
-84,721732
-4,2360866
-20493,673
-2471,7772
-4489,3614
-427,09707
4,7245342E-5
1,8146207E-7
2,7234659E-8
8,6636506E-8
-1,1046974E-5
-1,5572739E-6
-3,1453589E-7
-2,3906411E-6
-1,5937608E-6
-7,9688038E-8
-0,0001363219
-5,631931E-6
-3,1529807E-5
-4,3301532E-7
0,10371952
0,00080256159
0,00020811223
0,0005032146
-0,021570941
-0,003485509
-0,0010216
-0,0046681001
-0,0031120668
-0,00015560334
-0,27868366
-0,017184316
-0,082710064
-0,0033184042
13113,292
78,502263
19,761383
44,339813
-4461,5311
-4012,7158
-194,97477
-965,50604
-643,67069
-32,183535
-44084,26
-21454,734
-16632,555
-124707,43
5470,1602
119,99507
35,128566
53,02276
-1372,2678
-305,82088
-61,689403
-296,9682
-197,9788
-9,89894
-15103,793
-1060,9935
-5738,7549
-570,27789
3,8796341
0,058427627
0,0090734028
0,028467363
-3,8581409
-0,36026932
-0,047922579
-0,83492825
-0,55661883
-0,027830942
-54,311655
-2,0386171
-7,7928055
-0,2683044
3,4899159
0,031097691
0,018562232
0,022930443
-1,706323
-1,945982
-0,24335918
-0,36926005
-0,24617337
-0,012308668
-17,838216
-1,8108698
-13,617057
-0,078927435
0,83132113
0,009381161
0,0016245096
0,0049422062
-0,78250075
-0,14507847
-0,013834837
-0,16933855
-0,11289237
-0,0056446183
-8,7432327
-0,99497456
-4,0782198
-0,066020463
0,025155419
0,00014520279
3,7088488E-5
9,224191E-5
-0,014453805
-0,029474136
-0,00081878461
-0,0031279029
-0,0020852686
-0,00010426343
-0,20303979
-1,2632354
-0,084167282
-0,030125829
270,34553
1,1168847
0,2044387
0,62722904
-123,51531
-11,767636
-2,4619347
-26,729562
-17,819708
-0,89098541
-986,00367
-59,637888
-256,15108
-48,899242
4112,9431
16,661489
2,8431305
8,7590255
-1245,6852
-214,99752
-43,875825
-269,57486
-179,71657
-8,9858286
-20020,615
-984,06224
-4400,3915
-125,45571
10,559489
0,12419856
0,04731119
0,13447599
-9,1280177
-2,3988167
-0,58344189
-1,9753659
-1,3169106
-0,065845529
-93,474791
-11,111934
-60,11309
-0,41409172
38,16562
0,38287228
0,1883809
0,31724229
-24,186061
-19,410706
-2,1454469
-5,2340301
-3,4893534
-0,17446767
-456,80597
-45,435814
-138,60838
-6,9139598
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tabella 5-2 La tabella della caratterizzazione per single score del processo *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R.(v.lim. produttività) Dall’analisi dei risultati della caratterizzazione si nota che:
• l’energia rinnovabile è 11596,367 MJ • il costo vale 11952, 5€
62
BIOREM PROJECT
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Figure 5-3 Il diagramma della valutazione per single score del processo *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R.(v.lim. produttività) SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 16/03/2015 Time:
11.03.53
Project LIFE recupero terreni degradati
Calculation: Analyse
Results: Impact assessment
Product: 90 m2 *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R.(v.lim. produttività) (of project LIFE recupero
terreni degradati)
Method: IMPACT 2002+060514 (da 080513) 091014 L.use 060315 V2.10 /
IMPACT 2002+ En.rinn.+costi
Indicator: Single score
Skip categories: Never
Default units: No
Exclude infrastructure processes: No
Exclude long-term emissions: No
Per impact category: Yes
Sorted on item: Impact category
Sort order: Ascending
Impact category
Unit Total *Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R.(v.lim. produttività)
Compost, at plant/CH U (41.41% di umidità ER)
Tillage, ploughing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Hoeing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Fertilising, by broadcaster {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Tillage, harrowing, by rotary harrow {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Transport, freight, loryy >32 metric ton, EURO6 {RoW}| transport, freight, lorry >32 metric ton, EURO6 |
Vivaio
Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Planting {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Power sawing, with catalytic converter {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Excavation, hydraulic digger {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
63
BIOREM PROJECT
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Alloc Def, U
Total Pt -1,6847607
-1,3896359
0,066103256
0,00063676691
0,00011885146
0,00015189165
0,00033928554
4,5471351E-5
0,14812774
0,00094671285
0,000652857
0,10506253
6,3495878E-5
Carcinogens
Pt -0,00047398104
0 0,00018928936
5,1314097E-6
1,4658443E-6
1,200881E-6
4,120786E-6
3,189647E-7
0,0017427978
6,5672067E-6
6,4182969E-6
0,0040933976
5,4068659E-7
Non-carcinogens
Pt 0,17177961
0,17493063
0,00044585775
2,5611517E-5
7,7303276E-6
1,094874E-5
1,1955179E-5
9,8429214E-7
0,0089714759
2,6553821E-5
7,182219E-5
-0,0023057499
2,7157105E-7
Respiratory inorganics
Pt -0,21814621
0 0,034684194
0,00030575507
4,7348801E-5
5,9785767E-5
0,00016626322
1,410192E-5
0,019090159
0,00026107292
0,00017738372
0,024846172
3,5151962E-5
Ionizing radiation
Pt -0,00061185298
0 6,2035036E-5
2,5913277E-7
4,9986789E-8
5,8279168E-8
1,4778996E-7
2,8835198E-8
7,3056549E-5
5,533668E-7
2,4945737E-7
4,8298671E-5
2,8389931E-8
Ozone layer depletion
Pt 0,00048379711
0 1,1088335E-6
2,6865459E-8
4,0320913E-9
5,7767065E-9
1,2826535E-8
3,1185722E-9
0,00049797319
6,2043458E-8
2,1355155E-8
5,7999774E-6
3,364317E-9
Respiratory organics
Pt 0,00057099925
0 1,3293404E-5
2,4103332E-7
6,2502345E-8
6,2097107E-8
1,5113044E-7
2,253553E-8
4,0533072E-5
3,311764E-7
3,1907383E-7
0,00060924889
3,9914491E-8
Aquatic ecotoxicity
Pt 0,0044483809
0,004984674
2,5078449E-5
2,8767939E-7
7,2417563E-8
8,8076536E-8
1,6248768E-7
4,3632502E-8
0,00022471188
1,1083404E-6
5,0034908E-7
-4,1029879E-5
1,874661E-8
Terrestrial ecotoxicity
Pt 0,80792329
0,79563196
0,0010668345
6,9288755E-5
2,0284288E-5
2,9676901E-5
3,0616932E-5
5,9401969E-6
0,031683563
0,00016520761
0,00019337709
-0,0099798445
7,3443596E-7
Terrestrial acid/nutri
Pt -0,0018272772
0 0,0023172112
4,4358254E-6
6,8885274E-7
1,0003231E-6
2,1612422E-6
9,7988394E-8
0,00041193722
1,6788738E-6
3,5312237E-6
0,00044930456
6,1903096E-7
Land occupation
Pt 0,20269896
0,14811918
0,00064610812
2,4744433E-6
1,4769968E-6
5,8141471E-7
1,8245754E-6
1,0604681E-6
0,020163699
1,1615422E-5
4,2650085E-6
0,036476342
5,903332E-8
Aquatic acidification
Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Aquatic eutrophication
Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Global warming
Pt -2,551905
-2,5053346
0,020599573
0,00011280535
2,0648309E-5
2,4334943E-5
6,3350133E-5
1,0568508E-5
0,03142748
0,00022817548
9,8519814E-5
0,028251131
1,2987059E-5
Non-renewable energy
Pt -0,090870062
0 0,0060339486
0,0001096326
1,8707799E-5
2,3978504E-5
5,7634388E-5
1,2283824E-5
0,033708559
0,00024339042
9,5383781E-5
0,022470579
1,3008406E-5
Mineral extraction
Pt -0,0008636406
0 1,8724152E-5
8,1722652E-7
3,1130763E-7
1,699515E-7
8,8485204E-7
1,7067544E-8
9,1797917E-5
3,9617524E-7
1,065646E-6
0,00013887857
3,3277325E-8
Renewable energy
Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Internal cost
Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Soil Pt - - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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fertility nutritional value
3,4409012E-9
3,4409012E-9
Employment
Pt -2,7618086E-9
-2,7618086E-9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Landscape
Pt -0,0079677419
-0,0079677419
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wood chipping, forwarder with terrain chipper, in forest {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Tillage, ploughing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Hoeing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Tillage, harrowing, by rotary harrow {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Phosphate fertiliser, as P2O5 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Potassium chloride, as K2O {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate phosphate, as N, at regional storehouse/RER U
Triple superphosphate, as P2O5, at regional storehouse/RER U
Potassium sulphate, as K2O, at regional storehouse/RER U
Magnesium oxide, at plant/RER U
0,080884247
0,00063676691
0,00011885146
0,00033928554
-0,036935317
-0,0071233401
-0,00096287451
-0,0079930568
-0,0053287045
-0,00026643523
-0,47211644
-0,032598337
-0,1131573
-0,022870946
0,00097850528
5,1314097E-6
1,4658443E-6
4,120786E-6
-0,0012434018
-0,00012976193
-4,5590656E-5
-0,00026908071
-0,00017938714
-8,9693569E-6
-0,0039507326
-0,00022442428
-0,0011159617
-0,00034714309
0,00082284795
2,5611517E-5
7,7303276E-6
1,1955179E-5
-0,00041083118
-0,000256402
-2,0593848E-5
-8,8906695E-5
-5,927113E-5
-2,9635565E-6
-0,0033161119
-0,00091937172
-0,0014984389
-0,0047137416
0,020768014
0,00030575507
4,7348801E-5
0,00016626322
-0,013286444
-0,0037360767
-0,00029516276
-0,002875278
-0,001916852
-9,58426E-5
-0,21777615
-0,017813549
-0,05010926
-0,011216359
6,0265665E-5
2,5913277E-7
4,9986789E-8
1,4778996E-7
-1,7388152E-5
-7,3343352E-6
-6,3829558E-7
-3,7629157E-6
-2,5086105E-6
-1,2543052E-7
-0,00060681765
-7,3189321E-5
-0,00013292999
-1,2646344E-5
6,9946728E-6
2,6865459E-8
4,0320913E-9
1,2826535E-8
-1,6355044E-6
-2,305544E-7
-4,6567039E-8
-3,5393442E-7
-2,3595628E-7
-1,1797814E-8
-2,0182457E-5
-8,3380738E-7
-4,6679879E-6
-6,4107919E-8
3,1150082E-5
2,4103332E-7
6,2502345E-8
1,5113044E-7
-6,4784007E-6
-1,0468029E-6
-3,0681713E-7
-1,4019705E-6
-9,3464701E-7
-4,673235E-8
-8,3697063E-5
-5,1609656E-6
-2,4840313E-5
-9,9661634E-7
4,8054968E-5
2,8767939E-7
7,2417563E-8
1,6248768E-7
-1,6349727E-5
-1,4704998E-5
-7,1450453E-7
-3,5381934E-6
-2,3587956E-6
-1,1793978E-7
-0,00016155118
-7,8623019E-5
-6,0951662E-5
-0,00045700286
0,0031586346
6,9288755E-5
2,0284288E-5
3,0616932E-5
-0,0007923886
-0,00017659015
-3,5621312E-5
-0,00017147835
-0,0001143189
-5,7159449E-6
-0,0087213833
-0,00061264946
-0,0033137292
-0,00032929556
0,00029454182
4,4358254E-6
6,8885274E-7
2,1612422E-6
-0,00029291006
-2,7351647E-5
-3,6382822E-6
-6,3387753E-5
-4,2258502E-5
-2,1129251E-6
-0,0041233408
-0,00015477181
-0,0005916298
-2,036967E-5
0,00027769261
2,4744433E-6
1,4769968E-6
1,8245754E-6
-0,00013577212
-0,00015484179
-1,936409E-5
-2,9382022E-5
-1,9588015E-5
-9,7940074E-7
-0,0014193868
-0,00014409091
-0,0010835092
-6,280256E-6
65
BIOREM PROJECT
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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,027304898
0,00011280535
2,0648309E-5
6,3350133E-5
-0,012475046
-0,0011885312
-0,0002486554
-0,0026996858
-0,0017997905
-8,9989526E-5
-0,09958637
-0,0060234267
-0,025871259
-0,0049388234
0,027063166
0,0001096326
1,8707799E-5
5,7634388E-5
-0,0081966088
-0,0014146837
-0,00028870293
-0,0017738026
-0,001182535
-5,9126752E-5
-0,13173565
-0,0064751296
-0,028954576
-0,00082549858
6,9481437E-5
8,1722652E-7
3,1130763E-7
8,8485204E-7
-6,0062356E-5
-1,5784214E-5
-3,8390476E-6
-1,2997907E-5
-8,6652716E-6
-4,3326358E-7
-0,00061506412
-7,3116527E-5
-0,00039554414
-2,7247235E-6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tabella 5-3 The table of the valuation of the process Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R. From the Analysis of the results of the evaluation can be seen that:
• It has an advantage that is worth -1.6848Pt and is due to -82.48% to the direct emissions in the process itself (heavy metals, land occupation, CO2 avoided), 3.92% for the production of compost, to 0.04% at 'plowing, for the 0.007% to hoeing, for the 0.009% to the shedding of compost on the ground, for 0.02% to mixing the compost with the ground, for the 0.003% to transport the compost, for the 8.79% to the nursery, for 0056 to transport the plant nursery, for 0.04% at planting, for 24.6% at the cutting of trees,for 0.004% to the extraction of the roots, for 4.8% to the chipping wood of the forest, for 0.04 % to plowing, for the 0.007% to hoeing, for 0.02% to harrowing, for -2.19% to the product avoided because the N content in the organic material, for -0.42% to product avoided because of P2O5 content in the organic material, for -0.06% to product avoided because of the K2O content in the organic material, for -0.47% to nitrogen fixed by the ground due to the rain in the form of NH4, for -0.32% to nitrogen fixed by symbiotic bacteria, for the -0016% to nitrogen fixed by bacteria in the soil, for-28.02% to nitrogen content in the wood, for -1.93% to P2O5 content in the wood, for -6.72% to K2O5 content in wood and for-1.36% to the MgO content
• in addition, the advantage is due to -2.75% in the Human Health, to 60.14% in Ecosystem quality, for -151.47% to Climate change, for -5.44% at Resources for the -2.04E-7% in Soil fertility, for the -1.64E-7% to Employment rate increase, for -0.47% to Landscape quality.
• • The advantage in Climate change (Global warming) (-2.5519Pt) due to the capture of the organic carbon (-2.5053Pt) is -98.17% of total damage in the same category.
5.4 Conclusions From Analysis of the results can be seen that: • The process produces an advantage (-1.6848Pt) mainly due to the capture of CO2
and nitrogen content in the wood. • The maximum damage is produced in the ecotoxicity of the land because of the
heavy metals contained in the compost.
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6 Comparison between the tree different recovery mode To compare the three recovery processes, taking into account that with the planting, the recovery of the ground agriculture can take place after 30 (natural forest) +1 (landfill) = 31 years, while the recovery with only the organic material takes place after 1 year (burial of organic carbon), assuming that both the cultivation of wheat and is made according to the same criteria of management, were created three new processes that consider the increase in wheat production of 243.6kg / ha obtained with 1t / ha organic carbon [1]. As was done for the definition of the indicator Fertility of the soil, they make the assumption that this increase represents the maximum value obtainable by adding organic carbon to the soil, that it is reduced linearly in time and which is canceled after a time in years equal to the weight in tons of organic carbon added. This last hypothesis assumes then that with 1t / ha of organic carbon increased production last only one year. The comparison was done for 1kg of increase in production of wheat.
6.1 Emilia Romagna The processes compared to 1kg of increase of wheat for the sites in Emilia - Romagna are the following:
• *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con mat. organico in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produttività) which has as functional unit: 243,6*mt/(2*mt)*(2*mt-mt))/1E4*A = 32.081kg where: 243.6 twheat/ ha is the increase of productivity of the wheat which is reached by the intake of 1t / ha of organic carbon mt = OCm2/1E3*1E4= 29.266 t/ha : this is the mass of organic carbon made for hectare of soil, assumed as reset of years of overproduction. The supply of organic carbon to 90m2 worth: 263.39kg A=90m2 it is area of land. In this process it has been considered the fixing of the nitrogen from the air in the ground and from the bacteria contained in it, even during the 31 years of production of the wheat and the increase of employment for the cultivation of wheat during 31 years old. The calculation of overproduction is done by of the report (see the definition of the indicator Soil fertility): (243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A 4 Where tprod is the production time that is 31 years. But since the reset time is less than the time of production, in the report tprod is replaced with mt. *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con mat. organico in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produttività)
(243,6*mt/(2*mt)*(2*mt-mt))/1E4*A=32.081
kg Increase in production in the first 30 years +1 -1 Indicates the initial year that coincides with the year in which it was buried compost -during the first 29,266 years there is overproduction in the remaining overproduction vanishes
*Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno)
90 m2 First year
*Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. (v.lim.produttività) (30 anni)
90 m2 30 years of which the last has no increase in productivity because it is assumed that the effect of the organic carbon terms to 30th year
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Input parameters t 1 time employment before coverage with wheat:
years moITm2 22,5 Weight of the organic material in the Italian
sites: kg / m2 A 90 Land degraded: m2
Calculated parameters OCm2 0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/90=2.9266 Mass of organic carbon for m2:
kg/m2 moIT moITm2*90=2025 Total weight of organic carbon in a
m2 tprod 30+t=31 Time of production of the wheat:
years mt OCm2/1E3*1E4=29.266 Mass of Co conferred in the ground
t / ha = years of overproduction OC OCm2*A=263.39 Mass of Co conferred in 90m2 of
land Tabella 6-1 The process *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con mat. organico in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produttività)
• *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con piantumazione in E.R. .(valore
limite di aumento di produttività) which has as functional unit: (243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A= 2.1905kg where: 243.6tfrumento / ha it is the increase of productivity of the wheat which is reached by the intake of 1t / ha of organic carbon mt=OC/1E3/A*1E4 = 751.68 kg organic carbon content in the compost OC=0,33*Ptot*0,484 = 5305.7 kg of organic carbon tprod= 1-year productivity in wheat after 30 growth forest. *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con piantumazione in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produzione)
(243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A=2.1905
kg Increas of production of wheat land rec. with planting in ER (limit value of production increase) life time= t + tprod = 31 years Production time: 1 year
*Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim. produttività)
90 m2
Input parameters t 30 time employment before coverage with wheat: years moITm2 22,5 Weight organic material in Italy: kg / m2 frazagfog 0,15 Mass fraction of pine needles and leaves that fall to the ground
each year crid520 0,082 Rate of reduction of the mass of needles and leaves calculated
on the basis of the final size of the trees and bushes relative to the period from 5 to 20 years. A 30-year pine with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg. A 12.5 years pine tree with a height of 10.41m, a diameter of 0.25 has a pruning of 33.6kg (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning).It is assumed that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 33.6 / 408.3 = 0.082. It assumes that for the mastic is worth the same ratio
crid05 0,0044 Coefficient of mass reduction of needles and leaves calculated based on the final size of the trees and bushes for the period from 0 to 5 years. At 30, a pine tree with a
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height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg At 2.5 years, the pine has a height of 2.08m, a diameter of 0.05 and a pruning of 1.8kg (assuming the minimum value table) (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and research Unit for monitoring and forest planning). It is assumed that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 1.8 / 408.3 = 0.0044. It is assumed that for the mastic is worth the same ratio
Npin 15 Number of pines remained Nlent 12 Number of bushes remained tprod 1 Time of productivity:years A 90 Area of degradated land:m2
Calculated parameters OCm2 0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/90=2.9266 Mass of organic carbon in a m2: kg/m2 Ptrpinus (15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20)*500=29453 Weight of the trunks of pine trees: kg Pramipinus (15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5)*500=2761.2 Weight of the branches of the pines: kg Pag 9*15=135 Weight of the needles: kg Ptrlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500=5.8905 Weight of the trunks of mastic: kg Pramilent 12*10*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4*500=117.81 Weight of the branches of mastic: kg Pfog 1,245*7,0686*12=105.6 Weight of the leaves of the mastic: kg Pradpinus 15*0,0206*500=154.5 Weight of the roots of the pines:kg Pradlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)
^2)*4)*500*0,0081965=0.14484 Weight of the rotts of mastic:kg
Ptot Ptrpinus+Pramipinus+Pag+Ptrlent+Pramilent+Pfog+Pradpinus+Pradlent+Pagfog2030+Pagfog520+Pagfog05=33219
Total weight of plants during their life cycle
Nhr Ptot/17500=1.8982 Number of hours needed to chip the wood: hr it is assumed that are chipped 35m3 / hr = 35 * 500 = 17500kg / hr
Pagfog2030 (Pag+Pfog)*frazagfog*10=360.91 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 20th to 30th year: kg
Pagfog520 (Pag/15*(15+19,5)+Pfog/12*(12+55,5/2))*frazagfog*15*crid520 =121.83
Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg
Pagfog05 (Pag/15*54+Pfog/12*67,5)*frazagfog*5*crid05=3.5641
Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg
Npiante Npin+Nlent=27 Number of planta remained mt OC/1E3/A*1E4=589.53 Mass of Co conferred in the ground t /
ha = years of overproduction OC 0,33*Ptot*0,484=5305.7 Organic carbon due to the planting in
the area: kg moIT moITm2*A=2025 Total mass of organic carbon (90m2):
kg Tabella 6-2 The process *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con piantumazione in E.R. .(valore limite di aumento di produttività)
• *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in E.R. .(valore limite di aumento di produttività) which has as functional unit: (243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A= 2.1909kg where: mt=OC/1E3/A*1E4 0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141) = 263.39 kg of organic carbon content in compost OC= OCpiante+OCm2*A= 6765.1 kg of organic carbon due to the burial of the organic material and the forest tprod =1-year productivity in wheat after 30 growth forest. *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con mat.
(243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A=2.1909
kg A=90m2, time of life t+tprod Time of production: 1 year Durationof the overproduction:
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organico e piantumazione in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produzione)
751.68 year
*Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R.(v.lim. produttività)
90 m2
Input parameters t 30 time employment before coverage with wheat: years moITm2 22,5 Weight of organic matter in italian sites:kg/m2 frazagfog 0,15 Mass fraction of pine needles and leaves that fall to the ground
each year crid520 0,082 Rate of reduction of the mass of needles and leaves calculated on
the basis of the final size of the trees and bushes relative to the period from 5 to 20 years. At 30, a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg. At 12.5 years, a pine tree with a height of 10.41me and diameter of 0.25, has a pruning of 33.6kg (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) .It assumes that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 33.6 / 408.3 = 0.082. It is assumed that the mastic is worth the same ratio
crid05 0,0044 Coefficient of mass reduction of needles and leaves calculated based on the final size of the trees and bushes for the period from 0 to 5 years. At 30, a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg. At 2.5 years a pine tree with a height of 2.08 and diameter of 0.05 has a pruning of 1.8kg (assuming the minimum value of the table (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning. it is assumed that the ratio of the masses of dead branches is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 1.8 / 408.3 = 0.0044. it is assumed that the mastic is worth the same ratio
fda 0,22145 growth factor organic carbon in the compost: 29.266kgC / = 0.325178kgC 90m2 / m2. Average production of wheat: 5.5t / ha (Technique and Technology, 2008, 4) = 0.55kgf / m2. Increase in production of wheat by the immigration of 1t / ha in the soil: 0.2436kgf / m2 / 1kgC / m2. Growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.4429 = 00:55. This value is valid if the growth of the forest to happen at the same time to grow wheat. To take into account that the growth of the wood takes place in 30 years and the nutrients are reduced because they are used by plants. It is assumed that the growth factor is half that calculated: growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.55 / 2 = 0.4429 / 2 = 0.22145
Npin 15 Number of pines remained Nlent 12 Number of bushes remained tprod 1 Time of productivity of wheat:years A 90 Area of degradated soil:m2
Calculated parameters OCm2 0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/90=2.9266 Mass of organic carbon in a m2:
kg/m2 Ptrpinus (15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20)*500*(1+fda)=35975 Weight of the trunks of pine trees:
kg Pramipinus (15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5)*500*(1+fda)=3372.6 Weight of the branches of the
pines: kg Pag 9*15*(1+fda)=164.9 Weight of the needles: kg Ptrlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*(1+fda)=7.195 Weight of the trunks of mastic: kg Pramilent 12*10*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4*500*(1+fda)=143.9 Weight of the branches of mastic:
kg
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Pfog 1,245*7,0686*12*(1+fda)=128.99 Weight of the leaves of the mastic: kg
Pradpinus 15*0,0206*500*(1+fda)=188.71 Weight of the roots of the pines:kg
Pradlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,0081965*(1+fda)=0.17692
Weight of the rotts of mastic:kg
Ptot Ptrpinus+Pramipinus+Pag+Ptrlent+Pramilent+Pfog+Pradpinus+Pradlent+Pagfog2030+Pagfog520+Pagfog05=40707
Total weight of plants during their life cycle
Nhr Ptot/17500=2.3261 Number of hours needed to chip the wood: hr it is assumed that are chipped 35m3 / hr = 35 * 500 = 17500kg / hr
Pagfog2030 (Pag+Pfog)*frazagfog*10*(1+fda)=538.45 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 20th to 30th year: kg
Pagfog520 (Pag/15*(15+19,5)+Pfog/12*(12+55,5/2))*frazagfog*15*crid520*(1+fda)=181.76
Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg
Pagfog05 (Pag/15*54+Pfog/12*67,5)*frazagfog*5*crid05*(1+fda)=5.3174
Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg
moIT moITm2*90=2025 Total weight of organic matter: kg Npiante Npin+Nlent=27 Number of plants remained OCpiante 0,33*Ptot*0,484=6501.7 Organic carbon due to the
planting: kg OC OCpiante+OCm2*A=6765.1 Total organic carbon: kg mt (OC/1E3)/A*1E4=751.68 Mass of organic carbon
conferred: t/ha=year of overproduction
Tabella 6-3 The process *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produzione)
Figure 6-1 Il diagramma del damage assessment della valutazione del confronto tra le tre modalità di recupero dei terreni in Emilia Romagna
SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 16/03/2015 Time:
13.16.22
Project LIFE recupero terreni degradati
Calculation: Compare
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Results: Impact assessment
Product 1: 1 kg *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.
con mat. organico in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produttività)
(of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)
Product 2: 1 kg *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.
con piantumazione in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produzione) (of
project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)
Product 3: 1 kg *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con
mat. organico e piantumazione in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di
produzione) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)
Method: IMPACT 2002+060514 (da 080513) 091014 L.use 060315 V2.10 /
IMPACT 2002+ En.rinn.+costi
Indicator: Damage assessment
Skip categories: Never
Exclude infrastructure processes: No
Exclude long-term emissions: No
Per impact category: Yes
Sorted on item: Impact category
Sort order: Ascending
Impact category Unit *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con mat. organico in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produttività)
*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con piantumazione in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produzione)
*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produzione)
Carcinogens DALY -2,8419123E-7 5,2158885E-6 -1,5343026E-6 Non-carcinogens DALY 3,8992437E-5 -3,7251998E-6 0,00055606004 Respiratory inorganics
DALY 7,0394515E-6 -0,0005983065 -0,00070615127
Ionizing radiation DALY 1,0861594E-8 -1,6442136E-6 -1,9806017E-6 Ozone layer depletion DALY 9,7470483E-11 1,5801051E-6 1,5660778E-6 Respiratory organics DALY 4,720145E-9 1,8804704E-6 1,848356E-6 Aquatic ecotoxicity PDF*m2*yr 2,1329792 -2,4959244 27,813029 Terrestrial ecotoxicity
PDF*m2*yr 341,87475 87,545866 5051,4546
Terrestrial acid/nutri PDF*m2*yr 0,91900083 -18,613409 -11,424857 Land occupation PDF*m2*yr 98,701338 1268,2061 1267,3537 Aquatic acidification ? 0 0 0 Aquatic eutrophication
? 0 0 0
Global warming kg CO2 eq -27,01466 -9031,2302 -11532,204 Non-renewable energy
MJ primary 4,0523447 -4240,3581 -6303,2439
Mineral extraction MJ primary -0,064747085 -42,723388 -59,90683 Renewable energy MJ 1,9193775 5327,8672 5292,8688 Internal cost euro 344,21176 5173,5746 5455,417 Soil fertility nutritional value
DALY -1,1873567E-11 -1,1138386E-11 -1,1138386E-11
Employment p -1,3512614E-10 -1,2607886E-9 -1,2605578E-9 Landscape p -0,043639448 -0,36373406 -0,36366746 Tabella 6-4 The table del damage assessment of the valuation of the comparison between the three methods of recovery of land in Emilia Romagna
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Figure 6-2 Il diagramma della valutazione del confronto tra le tre modalità di recupero dei terreni in Emilia Romagna SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 16/03/2015 Time:
13.16.37
Project LIFE recupero terreni degradati
Calculation: Compare
Results: Impact assessment
Product 1: 1 kg *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.
con mat. organico in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produttività)
(of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)
Product 2: 1 kg *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.
con piantumazione in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produzione) (of
project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)
Product 3: 1 kg *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con
mat. organico e piantumazione in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di
produzione) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)
Method: IMPACT 2002+060514 (da 080513) 091014 L.use 060315 V2.10 /
IMPACT 2002+ En.rinn.+costi
Indicator: Weighting
Skip categories: Never
Default units: Yes
Exclude infrastructure processes: No
Exclude long-term emissions: No
Per impact category: Yes
Sorted on item: Impact category
Sort order: Ascending
Impact category Unit *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con mat. organico in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produttività)
*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con piantumazione in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produzione)
*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produzione)
Total Pt 0,035698847 -0,93044028 -0,76896648 Carcinogens Pt -4,0070963E-5 0,00073544027 -0,00021633667 Non-carcinogens Pt 0,0054979337 -0,00052525318 0,078404465 Respiratory Pt 0,00099256266 -0,084361217 -0,099567329
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inorganics Ionizing radiation Pt 1,5314848E-6 -0,00023183412 -0,00027926484 Ozone layer depletion Pt 1,3743338E-8 0,00022279481 0,00022081697 Respiratory organics Pt 6,6554044E-7 0,00026514633 0,00026061819 Aquatic ecotoxicity Pt 0,00015570748 -0,00018220248 0,0020303511 Terrestrial ecotoxicity Pt 0,024956857 0,0063908482 0,36875619 Terrestrial acid/nutri Pt 6,7087061E-5 -0,0013587788 -0,00083401455 Land occupation Pt 0,0072051977 0,092579048 0,092516823 Aquatic acidification Pt 0 0 0 Aquatic eutrophication
Pt 0 0 0
Global warming Pt -0,0027284807 -0,91215425 -1,1647526 Non-renewable energy
Pt 2,6664428E-5 -0,027901556 -0,041475345
Mineral extraction Pt -4,2603582E-7 -0,00028111989 -0,00039418694 Renewable energy Pt 0 0 0 Internal cost Pt 0 0 0 Soil fertility nutritional value
Pt -1,674173E-9 -1,5705125E-9 -1,5705125E-9
Employment Pt -1,3512614E-10 -1,2607886E-9 -1,2605578E-9 Landscape Pt -0,00043639448 -0,0036373406 -0,0036366746
Tabella 6-5 The table of the valuation of the comparison between the three methods of recovery of land in Basilicata The comparison shows that the recovery mode that produces the damage is only with organic material (Pt 0.035698847). The maximum advantage you have with just planting (-0.93044028). With the organic material and planting it has an advantage worth -0,76896648Pt. In this case the damage due to the compost is less than the advantage due to the absorption of CO2. Furthermore, the part of the damage due to the compost is greater with the mode of the organic material + planting compared to that with the mode of the organic material but by a factor approximately equal to that of the increase in wheat production in the two cases applies: 32,081 / 2.1909 = 30913.
6.2 Basilicata Processes compared for 1kg of the wheat productivity increase in Basilicata are the following:
• *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con mat. organico in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di produttività) which has as functional unit: 243,6*mt/(2*mt)*(2*mt-mt))/1E4*A = 49.236kg where: 243.6t wheat / ha is the increase of productivity of the wheat which is reached by the intake of 1t / ha of organic carbon mt = OCm2/1E3*1E4= 56.25 t/ha this is the mass of organic carbon made for hectare of soil, assumed as reset of years of overproduction. The supply of organic carbon to 90m2 worth: 0,25*moIT = 506.25kg A=90m2 is area of land. In this process it has been considered the fixing of the nitrogen from the air in the ground and from the bacteria contained in it, even during the 31 years of production of the wheat and the increase of employment for the cultivation of wheat during 31 years old. The calculation of overproduction is done by of the report (see the definition of the indicator Soil fertility): (243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A 4
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Where tprod is the production time that is 31 years. But since the reset time is less than the time of production, in the report tprod is replaced with mt. *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con mat. organico in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di produttività)
(243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A=49.236
kg Increase in production in the first 30 years +1 -1 Indicates the initial year that coincides with the year in which it was buried compost Time of increasing of production: 56.25anni
*Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in Basilicata (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno)
90 m2 First year
*Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in Basilicata (v.lim.produttività) (30 anni)
90 m2 30 years later
Input parameters t 1 time employment before coverage with
wheat: years moITm2 22,5 Weight of the organic material in the Italian
sites: kg / m2 A 90 Land degraded: m2
Calculated parameters OCm2 0,25*moIT/90=5.625 Mass of organic carbon for m2: kg/m2 moIT moITm2*90=2025 Total weight of organic carbon in a m2 tprod 30+t=31 Time of production of the wheat: years mt OCm2/1E3*1E4=56.25 Mass of Co conferred in the ground t / ha
= years of overproduction OC OCm2*A=506.25 Mass of Co conferred in 90m2 of land
Tabella 6-6 The process *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con mat. organico in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di produttività)
• *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con piantumazione in Basilicata (valore
limite di aumento di produttività) which has as functional unit: (243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A= 2.1905kg dove: 243.6tfrumento / ha it is the increase of productivity of the wheat which is reached by the intake of 1t / ha of organic carbon mt=OC/1E3/A*1E4 = 589.53t/ha = years of reset of overproduction OC=0,33*Ptot*0,484 = 5305.7 kg of organic carbon tprod=1-year productivity in wheat after 30 growth forest. *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con piantumazione in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di produzione)
(243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A=2.1905
kg Functional unit: the increase of productivity in Basilicata (243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A During 1 year, the first after the burial Tempo di vita: t+tprod=31 anni
*Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in Basilicata (v.lim. produttività)
90 m2
Input parameters t 30 time employment before coverage with wheat: years moIT 22,5 Weight organic material in Italy: kg / m2 frazagfog 0,15 Mass fraction of pine needles and leaves that fall to
the ground each year
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crid520 0,082 Rate of reduction of the mass of needles and leaves calculated on the basis of the final size of the trees and bushes relative to the period from 5 to 20 years. A 30-year pine with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg. A 12.5 years pine tree with a height of 10.41m, a diameter of 0.25 has a pruning of 33.6kg (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning).It is assumed that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 33.6 / 408.3 = 0.082. It assumes that for the mastic is worth the same ratio
crid05 0,0044 Coefficient of mass reduction of needles and leaves calculated based on the final size of the trees and bushes for the period from 0 to 5 years. At 30, a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg At 2.5 years, the pine has a height of 2.08m, a diameter of 0.05 and a pruning of 1.8kg (assuming the minimum value table) (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and research Unit for monitoring and forest planning). It is assumed that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 1.8 / 408.3 = 0.0044. It is assumed that for the mastic is worth the same ratio
Npin 15 Number of pines remained Nlent 12 Number of bushes remained tprod 1 Time of productivity:years A 90 Area of degradated land:m2
Calculated parameters OCm2 0,25*moIT=5.625 Mass of organic carbon in a
m2: kg/m2 Ptrpinus (15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20)*500=29453 Weight of the trunks of pine
trees: kg Pramipinus (15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5)*500=2761.2 Weight of the branches of the
pines: kg Pag 9*15=135 Weight of the needles: kg Ptrlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500=5.8905 Weight of the trunks of
mastic: kg Pramilent 12*10*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4*500=117.81 Weight of the branches of
mastic: kg Pfog 1,245*7,0686*12=105.6 Weight of the leaves of the
mastic: kg Pradpinus 15*0,0206*500=154.5 Weight of the roots of the
pines:kg Pradlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*
500*0,0081965=0.14484 Weight of the rotts of mastic:kg
Ptot Ptrpinus+Pramipinus+Pag+Ptrlent+Pramilent+Pfog+Pradpinus+Pradlent+Pagfog2030+Pagfog520+Pagfog05=33219
Total weight of plants during their life cycle
Nhr Ptot/17500=1.8982 Number of hours needed to chip the wood: hr it is assumed that are chipped 35m3 / hr = 35 * 500 = 17500kg / hr
Pagfog2030 (Pag+Pfog)*frazagfog*10=360.91 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 20th to 30th year: kg
Pagfog520 (Pag/15*(15+19,5)+Pfog/12*(12+55,5/2))*frazagfog*15*crid520 =121.83
Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg
Pagfog05 (Pag/15*54+Pfog/12*67,5)*frazagfog*5*crid05=3.5641 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground
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from the 5th to 20th year: kg Npiante Npin+Nlent=27 Number of planta remained mt OC/1E3/A*1E4=589.53 Mass of Co conferred in the
ground t / ha = years of overproduction
OC 0,33*Ptot*0,484=5305.7 Organic carbon due to the planting in the area: kg
Tabella 6-7 The process *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con piantumazione in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di produttività)
• *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in
Basilicata .(valore limite di aumento di produttività) which has a functional unit: (243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A= 2.191kg dove: mt=OC/1E3/A*1E4 = 778.66t/ha = year of reset of overproduction OC= OCpiante+OCm2*A= 700.9 kg of organic carbon due to the burial of the organic material and the forest tprod =1-year productivity in wheat after 30 growth forest.
*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produzione)
(243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A=2.1909
kg A=90m2, time of life t+tprod Time of production: 1 year Durationof the overproduction: 751.68 year
*Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R.(v.lim. produttività)
90 m2
Input parameters t 30 time employment before coverage with wheat: years moITm2 22,5 Weight of organic matter in italian sites:kg/m2 frazagfog 0,15 Mass fraction of pine needles and leaves that fall to the ground
each year crid520 0,082 Rate of reduction of the mass of needles and leaves calculated on
the basis of the final size of the trees and bushes relative to the period from 5 to 20 years. At 30, a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg. At 12.5 years, a pine tree with a height of 10.41me and diameter of 0.25, has a pruning of 33.6kg (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) .It assumes that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 33.6 / 408.3 = 0.082. It is assumed that the mastic is worth the same ratio
crid05 0,0044 Coefficient of mass reduction of needles and leaves calculated based on the final size of the trees and bushes for the period from 0 to 5 years. At 30, a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg. At 2.5 years a pine tree with a height of 2.08 and diameter of 0.05 has a pruning of 1.8kg (assuming the minimum value of the table (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning. it is assumed that the ratio of the masses of dead branches is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 1.8 / 408.3 = 0.0044. it is assumed that the mastic is worth the same ratio
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fda 0,22145 growth factor organic carbon in the compost: 29.266kgC / = 0.325178kgC 90m2 / m2. Average production of wheat: 5.5t / ha (Technique and Technology, 2008, 4) = 0.55kgf / m2. Increase in production of wheat by the immigration of 1t / ha in the soil: 0.2436kgf / m2 / 1kgC / m2. Growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.4429 = 00:55. This value is valid if the growth of the forest to happen at the same time to grow wheat. To take into account that the growth of the wood takes place in 30 years and the nutrients are reduced because they are used by plants. It is assumed that the growth factor is half that calculated: growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.55 / 2 = 0.4429 / 2 = 0.22145
Npin 15 Number of pines remained Nlent 12 Number of bushes remained tprod 1 Time of productivity of wheat:years A 90 Area of degradated soil:m2
Calculated parameters OCm2 0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/90=2.9266 Mass of organic carbon in a m2: kg/m2 Ptrpinus (15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20)*500*(1+fda)=35975 Weight of the trunks of pine trees: kg Pramipinus (15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5)*500*(1+fda)=337
2.6 Weight of the branches of the pines: kg
Pag 9*15*(1+fda)=164.9 Weight of the needles: kg Ptrlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*(1+fda)=7.195 Weight of the trunks of mastic: kg Pramilent 12*10*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4*500*(1+fda)=143.
9 Weight of the branches of mastic: kg
Pfog 1,245*7,0686*12*(1+fda)=128.99 Weight of the leaves of the mastic: kg Pradpinus 15*0,0206*500*(1+fda)=188.71 Weight of the roots of the pines:kg Pradlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)
^2)*4)*500*0,0081965*(1+fda)=0.17692 Weight of the rotts of mastic:kg
Ptot Ptrpinus+Pramipinus+Pag+Ptrlent+Pramilent+Pfog+Pradpinus+Pradlent+Pagfog2030+Pagfog520+Pagfog05=40707
Total weight of plants during their life cycle
Nhr Ptot/17500=2.3261 Number of hours needed to chip the wood: hr it is assumed that are chipped 35m3 / hr = 35 * 500 = 17500kg / hr
Pagfog2030 (Pag+Pfog)*frazagfog*10*(1+fda)=538.45 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 20th to 30th year: kg
Pagfog520 (Pag/15*(15+19,5)+Pfog/12*(12+55,5/2))*frazagfog*15*crid520*(1+fda)=181.76
Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg
Pagfog05 (Pag/15*54+Pfog/12*67,5)*frazagfog*5*crid05*(1+fda)=5.3174
Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg
moIT moITm2*90=2025 Total weight of organic matter: kg Npiante Npin+Nlent=27 Number of plants remained OCpiante 0,33*Ptot*0,484=6501.7 Organic carbon due to the planting: kg OC OCpiante+OCm2*A=6765.1 Total organic carbon: kg mt (OC/1E3)/A*1E4=751.68 Mass of organic carbon conferred:
t/ha=year of overproduction Tabella 6-8 The process *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in E.R.(valore limite di aumento di produzione) In processes in which we consider the organic material made, it was considered the mixture of manure humified with the composition shown in the table. Also the CO2 avoided is calculated on the basis of the organic carbon content of the manure.
Emissions to air
Carbon dioxide, fossil
-0,25*moIT/12*44 kg
Emissions to
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soil Cadmium agricultural 3*moIT mg The content of
heavy metals was taken from the Italian Association for Organic Agriculture FERTILEXPO 2004. The substance was considered as such
Copper agricultural 320*moIT mg Nickel agricultural 30*moIT mg Lead agricultural 30*moIT mg Zinc agricultural 450*moIT mg Mercury agricultural 1*moIT mg Organic carbon
agricultural OCm2*90 kg
Molybdenum agricultural 1,3*MoIT mg Selenium agricultural 1*MoIT mg Arsenic agricultural 3*MoIT mg Calcium agricultural 0,06*moIT/(40+16)*40 kg Magnesium agricultural 0,006*moIT/(24,305+16)*24,305 kg Sulfur agricultural 0,03*moIT/(32,065+2*16)*32,065 kg
Tabella 6-9 The CO2 avoided and composition of the manure used as organic material in the sites of Basilicata
Tabella 6-10 The diagramm of the damage assessment the comparison between the three methods of recovery of land in Basilicata
SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 13/03/2015 Time: 17.24.12
Project LIFE recupero terreni degradati
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Calculation: Compare
Results: Impact assessment
Product 1: 1 kg *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.
con mat. organico in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di
produttività) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)
Product 2: 1 kg *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.
con piantumazione in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di
produzione) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)
Product 3: 1 kg *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con
mat. organico e piantumazione in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento
di produttività) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)
Method: IMPACT 2002+060514 (da 080513) 091014 L.use 060315 V2.10 /
IMPACT 2002+ En.rinn.+costi
Indicator: Damage assessment
Skip categories: Never
Exclude infrastructure processes: No
Exclude long-term emissions: No
Per impact category: Yes
Sorted on item: Impact category
Sort order: Ascending
Impact category Unit *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con mat. organico in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di produttività)
*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con piantumazione in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di produzione)
*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di produttività)
Carcinogens DALY 1,3279006E-5 5,2158885E-6 0,00030118549 Non-carcinogens DALY 0,00032531326 -3,7251998E-6 0,0072959485 Respiratory inorganics
DALY -9,9678323E-6 -0,0005983065 -0,0010281781
Ionizing radiation DALY -1,6693603E-8 -1,6442136E-6 -2,5048279E-6 Ozone layer depletion
DALY -1,0914288E-9 1,5801051E-6 1,5411499E-6
Respiratory organics DALY -3,0263617E-9 1,8804704E-6 1,7186614E-6 Aquatic ecotoxicity PDF*m2*yr 14,912541 -2,4959244 331,7267 Terrestrial ecotoxicity
PDF*m2*yr 1642,1991 87,545866 36953,097
Terrestrial acid/nutri PDF*m2*yr -0,35771699 -18,613409 -32,837142 Land occupation PDF*m2*yr 63,71917 1268,2061 1254,6913 Aquatic acidification ? 0 0 0 Aquatic eutrophication
? 0 0 0
Global warming kg CO2 eq -49,598379 -9031,2302 -12245,57 Non-renewable energy
MJ primary -128,81255 -4240,3581 -9166,0359
Mineral extraction MJ primary -1,0642805 -42,723388 -82,707493 Renewable energy MJ -4,6312801 5327,8672 5161,9038 Internal cost euro 218,6121 5050,3173 5451,1835 Soil fertility nutritional value
DALY -1,1402904E-11 -1,1138386E-11 -1,1138386E-11
Employment p -8,8044371E-11 -1,2607886E-9 -1,2605287E-9 Landscape p -0,028434229 -0,36373406 -0,36365907 Tabella 6-11 The table of the damage assessment of the comparison between the three methods of recovery of land in Basilicata
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Figure 6-3 The diagram of the evaluation of the comparison between the three methods of recovery of land in Basilicata SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 13/03/2015 Time:
17.23.11
Project LIFE recupero terreni degradati
Calculation: Compare
Results: Impact assessment
Product 1: 1 kg *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.
con mat. organico in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di
produttività) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)
Product 2: 1 kg *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.
con piantumazione in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di
produzione) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)
Product 3: 1 kg *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con
mat. organico e piantumazione in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento
di produttività) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)
Method: IMPACT 2002+060514 (da 080513) 091014 L.use 060315 V2.10 /
IMPACT 2002+ En.rinn.+costi
Indicator: Single score
Skip categories: Never
Default units: No
Exclude infrastructure processes: No
Exclude long-term emissions: No
Per impact category: Yes
Sorted on item: Impact category
Sort order: Ascending
Impact category Unit *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con mat. organico in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di produttività)
*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con piantumazione in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di produzione)
*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in Basilicata (valore limite di aumento di produttività)
Total Pt 0,16577928 -0,93044028 2,4360208 Carcinogens Pt 0,0018723398 0,00073544027 0,042467154 Non-carcinogens Pt 0,04586917 -0,00052525318 1,0287287 Respiratory Pt -0,0014054644 -0,084361217 -0,14497311
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inorganics Ionizing radiation Pt -2,3537981E-6 -0,00023183412 -0,00035318073 Ozone layer depletion Pt -1,5389146E-7 0,00022279481 0,00021730214 Respiratory organics Pt -4,2671699E-7 0,00026514633 0,00024233125 Aquatic ecotoxicity Pt 0,0010886155 -0,00018220248 0,024216049 Terrestrial ecotoxicity Pt 0,11988054 0,0063908482 2,6975761 Terrestrial acid/nutri Pt -2,611334E-5 -0,0013587788 -0,0023971114 Land occupation Pt 0,0046514994 0,092579048 0,091592464 Aquatic acidification Pt 0 0 0 Aquatic eutrophication
Pt 0 0 0
Global warming Pt -0,0050094363 -0,91215425 -1,2368026 Non-renewable energy
Pt -0,00084758661 -0,027901556 -0,060312516
Mineral extraction Pt -7,0029658E-6 -0,00028111989 -0,00054421531 Renewable energy Pt 0 0 0 Internal cost Pt 0 0 0 Soil fertility nutritional value
Pt -1,6078094E-9 -1,5705125E-9 -1,5705125E-9
Employment Pt -8,8044371E-11 -1,2607886E-9 -1,2605287E-9 Landscape Pt -0,00028434229 -0,0036373406 -0,0036365907
Tabella 6-12 The table of the evaluation of the comparison between the three methods of recovery of land in Basilicata The comparison shows that the recovery mode that produces an advantage, is what provides the only planting (-0.93044028). The other two recovery modes produce damage that is greater for the mode with organic material + piantumazione (2,4360208Pt) that for the mode with only organic material (0,16577928Pt). This is due to the fact that the advantage represented by the capture of CO2 (global warming) is not enough to balance the damage due to the manure. This is in fact greater than that which is obtained with the mode of the only organic by a factor that is approximately equal to the ratio between the increase in wheat production in the two cases: 49,236 / 2,191 = 22,472. This difference in the relationship between Emilia-Romagna and Basilicata is due to the fact that the organic carbon of the manure is greater than that of compost (0,222 moit * * (1-.4141) = 263.39kg for compost in ER. 0.25 * moit = 506.25kg for manure in Basilicata.
6.3 Spain The processes compared to 1kg increase of wheat for sites in Spain are the following:
• *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con mat. organico in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produttività) which has as functional unit: 243,6*mt/(2*mt)*(2*mt-mt))/1E4*A = 21.434kg where: 243.6tfrumento / ha is the increase of productivity of the wheat which is reached by the intake of 1t / ha of organic carbon mt = OCm2/1E3*1E4= 19.553 t/ha this is the mass of organic carbon made for hectare of soil, assumed as reset of years of overproduction. The supply of organic carbon to 90m2 worth: 0,25*moIT = 175.98kg A=90m2 è is area of land. In this process it has been considered the fixing of the nitrogen from the air in the ground and from the bacteria contained in it, even during the 31 years of production of the wheat and the increase of employment for the cultivation of wheat during 31 years old. The calculation of overproduction is done by of the report (see the definition of the indicator Soil fertility): (243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A 4
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Where tprod is the production time that is 31 years. But since the reset time is less than the time of production, in the report tprod is replaced with mt. *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con mat. organico in Spagna.(valore limite di aumento di produttività)
(243,6*mt/(2*mt)*(2*mt-mt))/1E4*A=21.434
kg Increase in production in the first 30 years +1 -1 Indicates the initial year that coincides with the year in which it was buried compost Time of increasing of production: 19,533 years
*Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in Spagna (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno)
90 m2 First year
*Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in Spagna (v.lim.produttività) (30 anni)
90 m2 30 years later
Input parameters t 1 time employment before coverage with
wheat: years moITm2 22,5 Weight of the organic material in the
Spanish sites: kg / m2 A 90 Land degraded: m2 hu 0,392 Humidity of compost in Spain
Calculated parameters OCm2 0,268*moES*(1-hu)/90=1.9553 Mass of organic carbon for m2: kg/m2 moES moESm2*90=1080 Total weight of organic carbon in a m2 tprod 30+t=31 Time of production of the wheat: years mt OCm2/1E3*1E4=19.553 Mass of Co conferred in the ground t / ha =
years of overproduction OC OCm2*A=175.98 Mass of Co conferred in 90m2 of land
Tabella 6-13 The process *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con mat. organico in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produttività)
• *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con piantumazione in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produttività) which has as functional unit: (243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A= 2.1905kg where: 243.6tfrumento / ha it is the increase of productivity of the wheat which is reached by the intake of 1t / ha of organic carbon mt=OC/1E3/A*1E4 = 589.53t/ha = years of reset of overproduction OC=0,33*Ptot*0,484 = 5305.7 kg of organic carbon tprod=1-year productivity in wheat after 30 growth forest.
*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con piantumazione in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produzione)
(243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A=2.1905
kg A = 90m2 in Spain, life time t + tprod Production time: 1 year duration of overproduction: 709.53 years
*Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in Spagna (v.lim. produttività)
90 m2
Input parameters t 30 time employment before coverage with wheat: years moITm2 12 Weight organic material in Italy: kg / m2 frazagfog 0,15 Mass fraction of pine needles and leaves that fall to the ground
each year crid520 0,082 Rate of reduction of the mass of needles and leaves calculated on
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the basis of the final size of the trees and bushes relative to the period from 5 to 20 years. A 30-year pine with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg. A 12.5 years pine tree with a height of 10.41m, a diameter of 0.25 has a pruning of 33.6kg (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning).It is assumed that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 33.6 / 408.3 = 0.082. It assumes that for the mastic is worth the same ratio
crid05 0,0044 Coefficient of mass reduction of needles and leaves calculated based on the final size of the trees and bushes for the period from 0 to 5 years. At 30, a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg At 2.5 years, the pine has a height of 2.08m, a diameter of 0.05 and a pruning of 1.8kg (assuming the minimum value table) (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and research Unit for monitoring and forest planning). It is assumed that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 1.8 / 408.3 = 0.0044. It is assumed that for the mastic is worth the same ratio
Npin 15 Number of pines remained Nlent 12 Number of bushes remained tprod 1 Time of productivity:years A 90 Area of degradated land:m2 hu 0.392 Humidity of compost in Spain
Calculated parameters
OCm2 0,268*moES*(1-hu)/90=1.9553 Mass of organic carbon in a m2: kg/m2
Ptrpinus (15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20)*500=29453 Weight of the trunks of pine trees: kg
Pramipinus (15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5)*500=2761.2 Weight of the branches of the pines: kg
Pag 9*15=135 Weight of the needles: kg Ptrlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500=5.8905 Weight of the trunks of
mastic: kg Pramilent 12*10*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4*500=117.81 Weight of the branches of
mastic: kg Pfog 1,245*7,0686*12=105.6 Weight of the leaves of the
mastic: kg Pradpinus 15*0,0206*500=154.5 Weight of the roots of the
pines:kg Pradlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500
*0,0081965=0.14484 Weight of the rotts of mastic:kg
Ptot Ptrpinus+Pramipinus+Pag+Ptrlent+Pramilent+Pfog+Pradpinus+Pradlent+Pagfog2030+Pagfog520+Pagfog05=33219
Total weight of plants during their life cycle
Nhr Ptot/17500=1.8982 Number of hours needed to chip the wood: hr it is assumed that are chipped 35m3 / hr = 35 * 500 = 17500kg / hr
Pagfog2030 (Pag+Pfog)*frazagfog*10=360.91 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 20th to 30th year: kg
Pagfog520 (Pag/15*(15+19,5)+Pfog/12*(12+55,5/2))*frazagfog*15*crid520 =121.83
Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg
Pagfog05 (Pag/15*54+Pfog/12*67,5)*frazagfog*5*crid05=3.5641 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg
Npiante Npin+Nlent=27 Number of planta remained mt OC/1E3/A*1E4=589.53 Mass of Co conferred in the
ground t / ha = years of overproduction
OC 0,33*Ptot*0,484=5305.7 Organic carbon due to the
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planting in the area: kg moES moESm2*A=1080 Total mass of organic carbon
(90m2): kg Tabella 6-14 The process *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con piantumazione in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produttività)
• *Incremento della produzione frumento rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in
Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produttività) which has a functional unit: (243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A= 2.1909kg dove: mt=OC/1E3/A*1E4 = 741.6t/ha = year of reset of overproduction OC= OCpiante+OCm2*A= 6677.7 kg of organic carbon due to the burial of the organic material and the forest tprod =1-year productivity in wheat after 30 growth forest.
*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produzione)
(243,6*tprod/(2*mt)*(2*mt-tprod))/1E4*A=2.1909
kg A=90m2, time of life t+tprod Time of production: 1 year Durationof the overproduction: 751.68 year
*Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in Spagna (v.lim. produttività)
90 m2
Input parameters t 30 time employment before coverage with wheat: years moESm2 12 Weight of organic matter in spanish sites:kg/m2 frazagfog 0,15 Mass fraction of pine needles and leaves that fall to the ground
each year crid520 0,082 Rate of reduction of the mass of needles and leaves calculated on
the basis of the final size of the trees and bushes relative to the period from 5 to 20 years. At 30, a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg. At 12.5 years, a pine tree with a height of 10.41me and diameter of 0.25, has a pruning of 33.6kg (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) .It assumes that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 33.6 / 408.3 = 0.082. It is assumed that the mastic is worth the same ratio
crid05 0,0044 Coefficient of mass reduction of needles and leaves calculated based on the final size of the trees and bushes for the period from 0 to 5 years. At 30, a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg. At 2.5 years a pine tree with a height of 2.08 and diameter of 0.05 has a pruning of 1.8kg (assuming the minimum value of the table (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning. it is assumed that the ratio of the masses of dead branches is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 1.8 / 408.3 = 0.0044. it is assumed that the mastic is worth the same ratio
fda 0,22145 growth factor organic carbon in the compost: 29.266kgC / = 0.325178kgC 90m2 / m2. Average production of wheat: 5.5t / ha (Technique and Technology, 2008, 4) = 0.55kgf / m2. Increase in production of wheat by the immigration of 1t / ha
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in the soil: 0.2436kgf / m2 / 1kgC / m2. Growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.4429 = 00:55. This value is valid if the growth of the forest to happen at the same time to grow wheat. To take into account that the growth of the wood takes place in 30 years and the nutrients are reduced because they are used by plants. It is assumed that the growth factor is half that calculated: growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.55 / 2 = 0.4429 / 2 = 0.22145
Npin 15 Number of pines remained Nlent 12 Number of bushes remained tprod 1 Time of productivity of wheat:years A 90 Area of degradated soil:m2 hu 0.392 humidity of compost in Spain
Calculated parameters OCm2 0,268*moES*(1-hu)/90=1.9553 Mass of organic carbon in a m2:
kg/m2 Ptrpinus (15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20)*500*(1+fda)=35975 Weight of the trunks of pine trees: kg Pramipinus (15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5)*500*(1+fda)=3372.6 Weight of the branches of the pines:
kg Pag 9*15*(1+fda)=164.9 Weight of the needles: kg Ptrlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*(1+fda)=7.195 Weight of the trunks of mastic: kg Pramilent 12*10*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4*500*(1+fda)=143.9 Weight of the branches of mastic: kg Pfog 1,245*7,0686*12*(1+fda)=128.99 Weight of the leaves of the mastic:
kg Pradpinus 15*0,0206*500*(1+fda)=188.71 Weight of the roots of the pines:kg Pradlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)
*4)*500*0,0081965*(1+fda)=0.17692 Weight of the rotts of mastic:kg
Ptot Ptrpinus+Pramipinus+Pag+Ptrlent+Pramilent+Pfog+Pradpinus+Pradlent+Pagfog2030+Pagfog520+Pagfog05=40707
Total weight of plants during their life cycle
Nhr Ptot/17500=2.3261 Number of hours needed to chip the wood: hr it is assumed that are chipped 35m3 / hr = 35 * 500 = 17500kg / hr
Pagfog2030 (Pag+Pfog)*frazagfog*10*(1+fda)=538.45 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 20th to 30th year: kg
Pagfog520 (Pag/15*(15+19,5)+Pfog/12*(12+55,5/2))*frazagfog*15*crid520*(1+fda)=181.76
Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg
Pagfog05 (Pag/15*54+Pfog/12*67,5)*frazagfog*5*crid05*(1+fda)=5.3174
Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg
moIT moITm2*90=2025 Total weight of organic matter: kg Npiante Npin+Nlent=27 Number of plants remained OCpiante 0,33*Ptot*0,484=6501.7 Organic carbon due to the planting:
kg OC OCpiante+OCm2*A=6677.7 Total organic carbon: kg mt (OC/1E3)/A*1E4=741.96 Mass of organic carbon conferred:
t/ha=year of overproduction Tabella 6-15 The process *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produzione)
In processes in which we consider the organic material made, it was considered the mixture of manure humified with the composition shown in the table. Also the CO2 avoided is calculated on the basis of the organic carbon content of the manure.
Emissions to air Carbon dioxide, fossil
-0,268*moES*(1-hu)/12*44
kg
VOC, volatile organic compounds
0,473*moES*(1-hu)
kg
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Emissions to water
Emissions to soil
Cadmium agricultural 0,49*moES*(1-hu) mg Copper agricultural 23,6*moES*(1-hu) mg Nickel agricultural 5,53*moES*(1-hu) mg Lead agricultural 6,09*moES*(1-hu) mg Zinc agricultural 74*moES*(1-hu) mg Chromium agricultural 16*moES*(1-hu) mg Organic carbon agricultural OCm2*90 kg Arsenic agricultural 0,49*moES*(1-hu) mg Beryllium agricultural 0,49*moES*(1-hu) mg Missing
bismuth that is unique among the heavy metals to be non-toxic
Cobalt agricultural 3,37*moES*(1-hu) mg Lithium agricultural 6,5*moES*(1-hu) mg Molybdenum agricultural 0,58*moES*(1-hu) mg Antimony agricultural 0,49*moES*(1-hu) mg Selenium agricultural 0,49*moES*(1-hu) mg Strontium agricultural 195*moES*(1-hu) mg Titanium agricultural 76,1*moES*(1-hu) mg Thallium agricultural 0,632*moES*(1-
hu) mg
Vanadium agricultural 22,6*moES*(1-hu) mg Phosphorus, total
agricultural 0,0053*moES*(1-hu)
kg
Potassium agricultural 0,0378*moES*(1-hu)
kg
Calcium agricultural 0,0743*moES*(1-hu)
kg
Magnesium agricultural 0,0091*moES*(1-hu)
kg
Sodium agricultural 0,002*moES*(1-hu)
kg
Sulfur agricultural 0,00263*moES*(1-hu)
kg
Aluminium agricultural 0,0045*moES*(1-hu)
kg
Iron agricultural 17002*moES*(1-hu)
mg
Manganese agricultural 272*moES*(1-hu) mg Boron agricultural 44,8*moES*(1-hu) mg Ammonia agricultural 5526*moES*(1-hu) mg
Tabella 6-16 The CO2 avoided and composition of the manure used as organic material in the sites of Spain
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Figure 6-4 The diagram of the damage assessment of the recovery mode in Spain SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 13/03/2015 Time:
18.43.25
Project LIFE recupero terreni degradati
Calculation: Compare
Results: Impact assessment
Product 1: 1 kg *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.
con mat. organico in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di
produttività) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)
Product 2: 1 kg *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.
con piantumazione in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produzione)
(of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)
Product 3: 1 kg *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con
mat. organico e piantumazione in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di
produttività) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)
Method: IMPACT 2002+060514 (da 080513) 091014 L.use 060315 V2.10 /
IMPACT 2002+ En.rinn.+costi
Indicator: Damage assessment
Skip categories: Never
Exclude infrastructure processes: No
Exclude long-term emissions: No
Per impact category: Yes
Sorted on item: Impact category
Sort order: Ascending
Impact category Unit *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con mat. organico in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produttività)
*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con piantumazione in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produzione)
*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produttività)
Carcinogens DALY 1,1287798E-6 5,2158885E-6 5,1993234E-7 Non-carcinogens DALY 4,5703328E-5 -3,7251998E-6 0,0004400143 Respiratory inorganics
DALY 2,6630003E-6 -0,0005983065 -0,00085920504
Ionizing radiation DALY 7,8348111E-10 -1,6442136E-6 -2,2791952E-6 Ozone layer depletion DALY -2,4755459E-10 1,5801051E-6 1,5444559E-6
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Respiratory organics DALY 9,3641431E-6 1,8804704E-6 9,1425752E-5 Aquatic ecotoxicity PDF*m2*yr 25,126663 -2,4959244 242,68407 Terrestrial ecotoxicity
PDF*m2*yr 993,08627 87,545866 9827,1873
Terrestrial acid/nutri PDF*m2*yr 0,64490315 -18,613409 -21,324861 Land occupation PDF*m2*yr 147,20747 2577,2905 1034,8633 Aquatic acidification ? 0 0 0 Aquatic eutrophication
? 0 0 0
Global warming kg CO2 eq -31,095325 -9031,2302 -11563,949 Non-renewable energy
MJ primary -44,377593 -4240,3581 -8272,0345
Mineral extraction MJ primary -0,56119585 -42,723388 -73,968151 Renewable energy MJ -1,468823 5327,8672 4570,9573 Internal cost euro 506,36957 5173,5746 5369,1996 Soil fertility nutritional value
DALY -2,3357793E-11 -1,1138386E-11 -1,1138386E-11
Employment p -2,0224545E-10 -1,2607886E-9 -1,2605688E-9 Landscape p -0,065315855 -0,36373406 -0,36367063
Tabella 6-17 The diagram of the valuation of the methods of recovery in Spain
Figure 6-5 The diagram of the evaluation of the comparison between the three methods of recovery of land in Spain SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 13/03/2015 Time:
18.43.34
Project LIFE recupero terreni degradati
Calculation: Compare
Results: Impact assessment
Product 1: 1 kg *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.
con mat. organico in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di
produttività) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)
Product 2: 1 kg *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.
con piantumazione in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produzione)
(of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)
Product 3: 1 kg *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con
mat. organico e piantumazione in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di
produttività) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)
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Method: IMPACT 2002+060514 (da 080513) 091014 L.use 060315 V2.10 /
IMPACT 2002+ En.rinn.+costi
Indicator: Single score
Skip categories: Never
Default units: No
Exclude infrastructure processes: No
Exclude long-term emissions: No
Per impact category: Yes
Sorted on item: Impact category
Sort order: Ascending
Impact category Unit *Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con mat. organico in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produttività)
*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec. con piantumazione in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produzione)
*Incremento della produzione frumento terreno rec.con mat. organico e piantumazione in Spagna (valore limite di aumento di produttività)
Total Pt 0,08933251 -0,83487712 -0,46366849 Carcinogens Pt 0,00015915795 0,00073544027 7,3310461E-5 Non-carcinogens Pt 0,0064441692 -0,00052525318 0,062042016 Respiratory inorganics
Pt 0,00037548305 -0,084361217 -0,12114791
Ionizing radiation Pt 1,1047084E-7 -0,00023183412 -0,00032136652 Ozone layer depletion Pt -3,4905197E-8 0,00022279481 0,00021776828 Respiratory organics Pt 0,0013203442 0,00026514633 0,012891031 Aquatic ecotoxicity Pt 0,0018342464 -0,00018220248 0,017715937 Terrestrial ecotoxicity Pt 0,072495298 0,0063908482 0,71738467 Terrestrial acid/nutri Pt 4,707793E-5 -0,0013587788 -0,0015567148 Land occupation Pt 0,010746145 0,1881422 0,075545021 Aquatic acidification Pt 0 0 0 Aquatic eutrophication
Pt 0 0 0
Global warming Pt -0,0031406278 -0,91215425 -1,1679588 Non-renewable energy
Pt -0,00029200456 -0,027901556 -0,054429987
Mineral extraction Pt -3,6926687E-6 -0,00028111989 -0,00048671043 Renewable energy Pt 0 0 0 Internal cost Pt 0 0 0 Soil fertility nutritional value
Pt -3,2934488E-9 -1,5705125E-9 -1,5705125E-9
Employment Pt -2,0224545E-10 -1,2607886E-9 -1,2605688E-9 Landscape Pt -0,00065315855 -0,0036373406 -0,0036367063 Tabella 6-18 The table of the valuation of the comparison between the three methods of recovery of land in Spain The comparison shows that the recovery mode that produces a benefit is what provides the only planting (-0,83487712Pt). Even the way with organic material and planting produces an advantage (-0,46366849Pt), while the mode with only organic material produces damage (0,08933251Pt). In the case of recovery with organic material + planting the advantage represented by the capture of CO2 (Global warming) is greater than the damage due to the compost. This is in fact less than that which is obtained with the mode of the only organic by a factor that is approximately equal to the ratio between the increase in wheat production in the two cases: 21,434 / 2.1909 = 9,783.
7 The recovery of land with the objective of growth of a natural forest
The study is done only for the test site in Emilia-Romagna considering a life of 100 years.
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7.1 Land with only organic matter The process is Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R.(100 anni) (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno),reported in table, was obtained from Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. with the following changes: • is considered nitrogen fixation (100 years) directly from the soil in the form of NH4 from the atmosphere through the rain, by the bacteria symbiotic and non-symbiotic for all 100 years. • The occupation of land is as natural forest. However, since it requires to form 70, in the first 70 years is considered as cultivated forest because it is believed requires human activity. • It is assumed that the natural forest is renewed every 40 years. His occupation is that of a natural forest and thus with zero damage. • It is assumed that the mass of wood, pruning clippings and leaves is equal to 1.5 times that produced in land planted in 30 years. In 100 years, it is (1.5 + 1.5 / 40 * 30) times that produced in soils planted in 30 years• It is assumed that the evolution in the forest during the 70 years, has the same die-offs in production planted in the 30 years considered in land planted. •The fossil CO2 avoided is equal to 33% of the CO2 absorbed in 100 years: -0.33*Ptot*0.484/12*44*(1.5 + 1.5 / 40 * 30). •The Carbon trapped is one that corresponds to fossil CO2 avoided •The natural landscape is being formed for the first 70 years, and natural landscape over the next 30 years. To take account of the fact that we consider only 30 years instead of 40 for a natural forest, we take as UF Landscape 1/40 * 30. •It is not considered the Soil fertility
**Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R.(100 anni)
90 m2 Functional Unit: Area: 90m2 You make the following assumptions: -i nutrients assume as synthetic fertilizers avoided -The organic carbon and total comes from fossil CO2 trapped in the ground -that the occupation due to the shedding of compost corresponds to that of a cultivation by plowing -which is the transformation from degraded land to natural forest -is considered that the formation of a natural forest requires 70 years with a renewal every 40 years following total It is assumed that after 70 years there is the formation of a broad-leaved forest that renews itself every 40 years. It is assumed that the deciduous forest absorb a mass of CO2 equal to 1.5 that produced after the first 30 years (P) (increased production of wood). In the remaining 30 years, the mass of CO2 is supposed to be equal a1.5P / 40 * 30
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/13,62=19.399 kg C=0.222*moIT*(1-0,4141) C/N=13.62 N=0.222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/13.62 N%=0.222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/13.62/(moIT*(1-0,4141))= 0.222/13.62=0.016% Considering all the nitrogen content in the compost as fertilizer nitrogen synthesis that avoids producing
Phosphate fertiliser, as P2O5 {GLO}| market for
0,005*moIT*(1-0,4141)=5.9322 kg Phosphorus in pruning: 2% / ha production of shoots per ha: 2009kg / ha Contents of N, P2O5, K2O in a compost
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| Alloc Def, U ACV humidity at 40.2%: (from All About
compost, publications sector agriculture province of Pavia) N = 1.6% SS (equal to that used in É.R. P2O5=0.5% s.s=0.005*moIT*(1-0,4141)
Potassium chloride, as K2O {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,004*moIT*(1-0,4141)=4.7458 kg K2O=0.4% s.s=0.004*moIT*(1-0,4141) Contents of N, P2O5, K2O in a compost ACV humidity at 40.2%: (from All About compost, publications sector agriculture province of Pavia)
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,75*20*0,009*t=13.5 kg by: Nitrogen in the soil, Department of Agronomy and agro management (University of Pisa) Atmospheric N2 set by the ground due to the rain in the form of NH4: 20kg / (ha * a) N2, and then 20/28 * 18kgNH4 / ha -a part (supposedly half) of NH4 in the soil remains immobilized in the organic substance: 1/2 * 20/28 * 18kgNH4 / ha and it is as a nitrogen fertilizer synthesis avoided -a part (supposedly half) of NH4 is nitrified: 1/2 * 20/28 * (14 + 36) kgNO3 / ha -of the latter part ,one part (supposedly 1/4) is denitrified and back into the atmosphere, a portion (it is assumed 1/4) is leached, a part is absorbed by the plant (it is assumed 1/4) that the return after 30 years, a part is immobilized by the organic substance (assumes 1/4). The last two parts are represented as a nitrogen fertilizer synthesis avoided. Total: 20 * (1/2 + 2/4 * 1/2) = 0.75 * 20kgN2 / (ha * a) Area: 90m2 = 0.009ha
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
10*0,009*t=9 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by bacteria: is supposed to be fixed by the symbiotic bacteria of plants 10kg / (ha * a) the minimum value for infected plants is 40 kg / (ha * a) (bean) is reduced by a factor of 4, this minimum value this nitrogen is fixed biologically 90% from the plant. The rest remains in the ground
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,5*0,009*t=0.45 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by bacteria: is supposed that 0.5kg / (ha * a) of N is fixed by symbiotic bacteria Assumes the minimum value because the amount of N already present is low, low energy substrate (organic substance) This nitrogen is fixed biologically everything from the plant
Occupation, forest
90*tforcolt=6300 m2a Occupation as natural forest in training that we consider as a cultivated forest: Duration 70 years
Transformation, from shrub land, sclerophyllous
90 m2 Transformation of degraded land to temperate forest
Transformation, to forest
90 m2 Transformation from the temperate forest to arable land
Occupation, forest, natural
90*(t-tforcolt)=2700 m2a Occupation as natural forest or temperate forest (null damage)
Carbon dioxide, in air
((15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20+12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*0,454/12*44)*(1+fda)*(1,5+(1,5/40*30))=1.5723E5
kg Calculation ofCO2 absorbed from the trunks of the plants that remain after 30 years -1 Plant trees Pinus halepensis number of plants = 108/2 = 54 (0.6 plants per m2) Hmax = 20m
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Dmax = 0.6m Dmin = 0.4m DMED = 0.5m -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) Number of bushes = 135/2 = 67.5 (0.75 plants per m2) H = 3.5m Trunk height: 0.5m Dmax = 0.1m -Suppose that at the end of life remain 15 plants (90 / (3.1416 * (4/2) ^ 2) = 7.12 , plantsof different heights with a hat average of 4m diameter (assuming 15 plants taking into account the different heights) number bushes: 90 / (3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 = 12.7 It assumes12 bushes C content in wood: 0.454kgC / kglegno wood density: 500 kg / m3
Carbon dioxide, in air
(15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,454/12*44*(1+fda)*(1,5+(1,5/40*30))=14800
kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by thehats of plants that remain after 30 years -suppose 6 branches located in the last 5m stem Pinus halepensis dmax = 0.25m length 5m Vp = 6 * 3.1416 * ((0.25 / 4) ^ 2) * 5 -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) suppose 10 branches diameter 0.05m length = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes
Carbon dioxide, in air
(9*15+1,245*7,0686*12)*0,458/12*44*(1+fda)*(1,5+(1,5/40*30))=1295.5
kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by pine needles and leaves of the bushes that remain after 30 years -suppose that at the end of life the Pinus halepensis has 30kg of wet needles with 70%.of humidity The needles are dry: 30kg * (1-0.7) = 9kg -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) suppose 4358,94873kg / a / ha (Boschiero dataof an apple orchard) npiante / ha = 3500 4358,94873kg / a / ha / 3500p / ha = 1.245kg / p Vmelo: 3m3 Vcespuglio: 3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 * 3 = 21.2 Vcespuglio / Vmelo = 7.0686 So the total dry weight of the leaves of the bush is worth: 1.245kg / p * 7.0686 * 12 diameter 0.05m H = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes C content in the leaves: 0.458kgC / kglegno
Carbon dioxide, in air
15*0,0206*500+(12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,0081965*(1+fda)*(1,5+(1,5/40*30))=154.96
kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by the roots of plants and bushes that remain after 30 years -for the maritime pine of D = 0.6m and H = 22m the volume of roots: 20.6dm3 (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and
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Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) -Supponse That at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes -radici as a fraction of the trunk: 0.0206 / 3.1416 * (0.5 / 2) ^ 2 * 20 = 0.0081965 C content in the roots: 0.454kgC / kglegno
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Ptrpinus/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Ptrlent/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=7797.3
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pramipinus/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pramilent/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=786.2
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramipinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramilent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pag/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pfog/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=85.443
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pag / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pfog / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pradpinus/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pradlent/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=40.956
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Ptrpinus/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Ptrlent/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2=3144.8
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pramipinus/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pramilent/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2=34.177
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramipinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramilent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pag/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pfog/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pag / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest
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life (30 years) (Pfog / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pradpinus/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pradlent/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2=163.82
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
Pagfog05+Pagfog520+Pagfog2030=725.83 kg Weight of pine needles and leavesof mastic fallen on the ground from 0 to 30 years
Compost, at plant/CH U (41.41% di umidità ER)
moIT kg Humidity of the compost process: 50% Humidity of the compost used: 41.41% 1 / 0.5 * (1-0.4141) dry matter: moit * (1-0.4141)
Tillage, ploughing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 plowing for introducing the organic material
Hoeing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 Hoeing
Fertilising, by broadcaster {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 harrowing, by rotary harrow
Tillage, harrowing, by rotary harrow {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 transport of organic material from the production to the land to be recovered: 50-80km
Transport, freight, loryy >32 metric ton, EURO6 {RoW}| transport, freight, lorry >32 metric ton, EURO6 | Alloc Def, U
moIT*(50+80)/2=1.3163E5 kgkm Humidity of the compost process: 50% Humidity of the compost used: 41.41% 1 / 0.5 * (1-0.4141) dry matter: moit * (1-0.4141)
Carbon dioxide, fossil
-0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/12*44=-965.77 kg
Carbon dioxide, fossil
-0,33*Ptot*0,484/12*44*(1,5)=-35759 kg
Cadmium 0,0009*moIT*(1-0,4141) =1.0678 mg Copper 46,08*moIT*(1-0,4141)=54672 mg Nickel 11,36*moIT*(1-0,4141)=13478 mg Lead 12,76*moIT*(1-0,4141)=15139 mg Zinc 120*moIT*(1-0,4141)=1.4237E5 mg Mercury 0,21*moIT*(1-0,4141)=249.15 mg Chromium VI 0,009*moIT*(1-0,4141)=10.678 mg Chromium 35,65*moIT*(1-0,4141)=42297 mg Organic carbon OCm2*90=263.39 kg Organic carbon 0,33*Ptot*(1,5)=20150 kg Organic carbon remaining on the ground Numero locali occupati
0,5/20000*90*70=0.1575 p To treat cultivated forest are estimated to have 0.5 workers needed for 20ha of forest throughout the year. Duration of cultivated forest: 70 years. Allocation: 0.5 / 20 000 * 90 * 70/100
Paesaggio naturale in formazione
1/100*70=0.7 p In the first 70 years it has a natural forest in training: 1/100 * 30
Paesaggio naturale
1/100*30=0.3 p After the first 70 years, the forest renews itself and the landscape in the last 30 years is natural: 1/100 * 30
Euro 1000/10000*90=9 p Cost of renting the property: 1000 € / ha Euro 20/100*moITm2*90=405 p Purchase cost of compost: 20 € / q
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Euro 1,5*130*10*0,2=390 p Cost to transport the compost:
gasoline cost: 1.5 € / l, consumption of 10 l / km, liters of gasoline consumed to make 65 * 2 = 130km. trucker gain: 20%. Total: 130 * 1.5 * 10 * 0.2
Euro 3000/((90*1+180*2)*6)*90=100 p Cost of tillage: 3000 € for the Italian sites. it is assumed that these sites are 6 for each site are from 270m2 to work. where it is needed the planting processing are two, 3000 / ((90 * 180 * 1 + 2) * 6) * 90
Euro 613840*0,3/10*6/2/3/4=4603.8 p Cost analysis: € 613,840 if it had been done in private laboratories. Hypothesis: 613,840 * 0.3 (30%) because they were made at CNR and CEBAS Hypothesis: 6 experiments in Italy and four in Spain Cost analysis for E.R .: 613840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2 Cost for single experiment in É.R. where three experiments were made with four different solutions for each experiment: 613840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2/3/4
Euro 1400*12*2/50000*90*tforcolt=4233.6 p Cost of workers for 70 years € 1400 * 12 * 2/50000 * 90 * 70
Input parameters t 100 Time of occupation:years moITm2 22,5 Weight of organic matter in italian sites:kg/m2 frazagfog 0,15 Mass fraction of pine needles and leaves that fall
to the ground each year crid520 0,082 Rate of reduction of the mass of needles and
leaves calculated on the basis of the final size of the trees and bushes relative to the period from 5 to 20 years. At 30, a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg. At 12.5 years, a pine tree with a height of 10.41me and diameter of 0.25, has a pruning of 33.6kg (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) .It assumes that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 33.6 / 408.3 = 0.082. It is assumed that the mastic is worth the same ratio
crid05 0,0044 Coefficient of mass reduction of needles and leaves calculated based on the final size of the trees and bushes for the period from 0 to 5 years. At 30, a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg. At 2.5 years a pine tree with a height of 2.08 and diameter of 0.05 has a pruning of 1.8kg (assuming the minimum value of the table (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning. it is assumed that the ratio of the masses of dead branches is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 1.8 / 408.3 = 0.0044. it is assumed that the mastic is worth the same ratio
fda 0,22145 growth factor organic carbon in the compost: 29.266kgC / = 0.325178kgC 90m2 / m2. Average production of wheat: 5.5t / ha (Technique and Technology, 2008, 4) = 0.55kgf / m2. Increase in production of wheat by the immigration of 1t / ha in the
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soil: 0.2436kgf / m2 / 1kgC / m2. Growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.4429 = 00:55. This value is valid if the growth of the forest to happen at the same time to grow wheat. To take into account that the growth of the wood takes place in 30 years and the nutrients are reduced because they are used by plants. It is assumed that the growth factor is half that calculated: growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.55 / 2 = 0.4429 / 2 = 0.22145
tforcolt 70 time of cultivated forest: years
Calculated parameters
OCm2 0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/90=2.9266 Mass of organic carbon in a m2: kg/m2 moIT moITm2*90=2025 Weight of the trunks of pine trees: kg Ptrpinus (15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20)*500*(1+fda)=35975 Weight of the branches of the pines: kg Pramipinus (15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5)*500*(1+fda)= 3372.6 Weight of the needles: kg Pag 9*15*(1+fda)=164.9 Weight of the trunks of mastic: kg Ptrlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*(1+fda)=7.195 Weight of the branches of mastic: kg Pramilent 12*10*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4*500*(1+fda)=143.9 Weight of the leaves of the mastic: kg Pfog 1,245*7,0686*12*(1+fda)=128.99 Weight of the roots of the pines:kg Pradpinus 15*0,0206*500*(1+fda)=188.71 Weight of the rotts of mastic:kg Pradlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)
*4)*500*0,0081965*(1+fda)=0.17692 Total weight of plants during their life cycle
Ptot Ptrpinus+Pramipinus+Pag+Ptrlent+Pramilent+Pfog+Pradpinus+Pradlent+Pagfog2030+Pagfog520+Pagfog05=40707
Number of hours needed to chip the wood: hr it is assumed that are chipped 35m3 / hr = 35 * 500 = 17500kg / hr
Nhr Ptot/1000=40,707 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 20th to 30th year: kg
Pagfog2030 (Pag+Pfog)*frazagfog*10*(1+fda)=538.45 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg
Pagfog520 (Pag/15*(15+19,5)+Pfog/12*(12+55,5/2))*frazagfog*15*crid520*(1+fda)=181.76
Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg
Pagfog05 (Pag/15*54+Pfog/12*67,5)*frazagfog*5*crid05*(1+fda)=5.3174
Mass of organic carbon in a m2: kg/m2
Tabella 7-1 The process **Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R.(100 anni)
7.1.1 LCA calculation
Figure 7-1 The diagramm of the damage assessment of the process Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R.(100 anni)
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Figure 7-2 The diagrammo f the valuation of Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R.(100 anni) SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 14/03/2015 Time:
14.16.43
Project LIFE recupero terreni degradati
Calculation: Analyse
Results: Impact assessment
Product: 90 m2 **Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R.(100 anni) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)
Method: IMPACT 2002+060514 (da 080513) 091014 L.use 060315 V2.10 /
IMPACT 2002+ En.rinn.+costi
Indicator: Single score
Skip categories: Never
Default units: No
Exclude infrastructure processes: No
Exclude long-term emissions: No
Per impact category: Yes
Sorted on item: Impact category
Sort order: Ascending
Impact category
Unit
Total
**Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R.(100 anni)
Compost, at plant/CH U (41.41% di umidità ER)
Tillage, ploughing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Hoeing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Fertilising, by broadcaster {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Tillage, harrowing, by rotary harrow {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Transport, freight, loryy >32 metric ton, EURO6 {RoW}| transport, freight, lorry >32 metric
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Phosphate fertiliser, as P2O5 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Potassium chloride, as K2O {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
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ton, EURO6 | Alloc Def, U
Total
Pt
-2,4515172
-2,43456
0,066103256
0,00063676692
0,00011885146
0,00015189166
0,00033928554
0,0045471351
-0,036935317
-0,0071233401
-0,00096287451
-0,025784054
-0,017189369
-0,00085946847
Carcinogens
Pt
-0,0026612535
0 0,00018928936
5,1314097E-6
1,4658443E-6
1,200881E-6
4,1207859E-6
3,189647E-5
-0,0012434018
-0,00012976193
-4,5590656E-5
-0,00086800227
-0,00057866818
-2,8933409E-5
Non-carcinogens
Pt
0,17435579
0,17493063
0,00044585775
2,5611518E-5
7,7303276E-6
1,0948741E-5
1,1955179E-5
9,8429214E-5
-0,00041083117
-0,000256402
-2,0593848E-5
-0,00028679579
-0,00019119719
-9,5598596E-6
Respiratory inorganics
Pt
0,0035882012
0 0,034684194
0,00030575508
4,7348801E-5
5,9785767E-5
0,00016626321
0,001410192
-0,013286444
-0,0037360767
-0,00029516276
-0,0092750903
-0,0061833935
-0,00030916968
Ionizing radiation
Pt
1,9437616E-5
0 6,2035035E-5
2,5913277E-7
4,9986788E-8
5,8279169E-8
1,4778996E-7
2,8835198E-6
-1,7388152E-5
-7,3343352E-6
-6,3829558E-7
-1,2138438E-5
-8,0922919E-6
-4,0461459E-7
Ozone layer depletion
Pt
-2,383365E-6
0 1,1088335E-6
2,6865459E-8
4,0320913E-9
5,7767065E-9
1,2826535E-8
3,1185722E-7
-1,6355044E-6
-2,305544E-7
-4,6567038E-8
-1,1417239E-6
-7,6114929E-7
-3,8057464E-8
Respiratory organics
Pt
5,4347452E-7
0 1,3293404E-5
2,4103333E-7
6,2502345E-8
6,2097108E-8
1,5113044E-7
2,253553E-6
-6,4784007E-6
-1,0468029E-6
-3,0681712E-7
-4,5224855E-6
-3,0149903E-6
-1,5074952E-7
Aquatic ecotoxicity
Pt
0,0049635541
0,004984674
2,5078449E-5
2,8767939E-7
7,2417563E-8
8,8076537E-8
1,6248768E-7
4,3632502E-6
-1,6349727E-5
-1,4704998E-5
-7,1450452E-7
-1,1413527E-5
-7,6090181E-6
-3,8045091E-7
Terrestrial ecotoxicity
Pt
0,79549771
0,79563196
0,0010668345
6,9288756E-5
2,0284288E-5
2,9676901E-5
3,0616932E-5
0,00059401969
-0,0007923886
-0,00017659015
-3,5621312E-5
-0,00055315596
-0,00036877064
-1,8438532E-5
Terrestrial acid/nutri
Pt
0,001663786
0 0,0023172112
4,4358255E-6
6,8885274E-7
1,0003231E-6
2,1612422E-6
9,7988394E-6
-0,00029291006
-2,7351647E-5
-3,6382822E-6
-0,00020447662
-0,00013631775
-6,8158874E-6
Land occupation
Pt
0,30801081
0,3077234
0,00064610812
2,4744433E-6
1,4769968E-6
5,8141471E-7
1,8245753E-6
0,00010604681
-0,00013577212
-0,00015484179
-1,936409E-5
-9,4780716E-5
-6,3187144E-5
-3,1593572E-6
Aquatic
Pt
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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acidification Aquatic eutrophication
Pt
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Global warming
Pt
-3,7160701
-3,7092307
0,020599573
0,00011280535
2,0648309E-5
2,4334943E-5
6,3350132E-5
0,0010568508
-0,012475046
-0,0011885312
-0,0002486554
-0,0087086638
-0,0058057759
-0,00029028879
Non-renewable energy
Pt
-0,012155016
0 0,0060339486
0,0001096326
1,8707799E-5
2,3978504E-5
5,7634388E-5
0,0012283824
-0,0081966088
-0,0014146837
-0,00028870293
-0,0057219438
-0,0038146292
-0,00019073146
Mineral extraction
Pt
-0,00012835022
0 1,8724152E-5
8,1722653E-7
3,1130763E-7
1,699515E-7
8,8485203E-7
1,7067544E-6
-6,0062356E-5
-1,5784214E-5
-3,8390476E-6
-4,1928733E-5
-2,7952489E-5
-1,3976244E-6
Renewable energy
Pt
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Internal cost
Pt
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Soil fertility nutritional value
Pt
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Employment
Pt
-6,1179E-9
-6,1179E-9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Landscape
Pt
-0,0086
-0,0086
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tabella 7-2 The table of the valuation of the process Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R.(100 anni) From Analysis of the results can be seen that the advantage is -2,4515172Pt, due to -151.58% Global warming due to the absorption of CO2 by the forest in 100 years. The maximum damage is due to the 45.28% in Ecosystem quality because of the heavy metals contained in the compost. The advantage due to Employment is -6,1179E-9pt, that due to the Landscape is -0,0086Pt
7.2 Degradated land without interventation The process is **Recupero terreni degradati in E.R.(100 anni), reported in table, and is obtained from Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R. (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno) with the following changes: • the nutrients contained in the compost are not considered • The occupation of land is as natural forest taken as grown to account for that becomes natural after 100 years.
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• It is not considered the compost, the soil tillage, transportation of compost and emissions from the compost • It is assumed that plants of natural forest are considered in the same planting • It is assumed that the natural forest is formed in 100 years and then be renewed every 40 years. • It is assumed that after 100 years the mass of wood, pruning clippings and leaves is equal to 1.5 times that produced in land planted in 30 years. In 100 years, it is worth (1.5) times that produced in soils planted in 30 years • It is assumed that the evolution in the forest during the 100 years present the same die-offs in production planted in the 30 years considered in land planted. • The fossil CO2 avoided is equal to 33% of the CO2 absorbed in 100 years: -0.33 * * Ptot 0.484 / 12 * 44 * (1.5). • The Carbon trapped is one that corresponds to fossil CO2 avoided • The natural landscape is in training for the entire period. • It is not considered the Soil fertility **Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni)
90 m2 The following assumptions are considered: -i nutrients assume as synthetic fertilizers avoided -The organic carbon and total comes from fossil CO2 trapped in the ground -that the occupation due to the shedding of compost corresponds to that of a cultivation by plowing -which is the transformation from degraded land to natural forest -you considers that the formation of a natural forest requires 70 years with a total renovation every 40 years It is assumed that after 100 years there is the formation of a broad-leaved forest that renews itself every 40 years. It is assumed that the deciduous forest absorb a mass of CO2 equivalent to that produced by 1.5 pines (greater produz wood) .There is considered organic carbon until it falls on the ground to end the life of the plant
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,75*20*0,009*t=13.5 kg by: Nitrogen in the soil, Department of Agronomy and agro management (University of Pisa) Atmospheric N2 set by the ground due to the rain in the form of NH4: 20kg / (ha * a) N2, and then 20/28 * 18kgNH4 / ha -a part (supposedly half) of NH4 in the soil remains immobilized in the organic substance: 1/2 * 20/28 * 18kgNH4 / ha and it is as a nitrogen fertilizer synthesis avoided -a part (supposedly half) of NH4 is nitrified: 1/2 * 20/28 * (14 + 36) kgNO3 / ha -of the latter part ,one part (supposedly 1/4) is denitrified and back into the atmosphere, a portion (it is assumed 1/4) is leached, a part is absorbed by the plant (it is assumed 1/4) that the return after 30 years, a part is immobilized by the organic substance (assumes 1/4). The last two parts are represented as a nitrogen fertilizer synthesis avoided. Total: 20 * (1/2 + 2/4 * 1/2) = 0.75 * 20kgN2 / (ha * a) Area: 90m2 = 0.009ha
Ammonium nitrate, as N
10*0,009*t=9 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by bacteria: is supposed to be fixed by the symbiotic
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{GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
bacteria of plants 10kg / (ha * a) the minimum value for infected plants is 40 kg / (ha * a) (bean) is reduced by a factor of 4, this minimum value this nitrogen is fixed biologically 90% from the plant. The rest remains in the ground
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,5*0,009*t=0.45 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by bacteria: is supposed that 0.5kg / (ha * a) of N is fixed by symbiotic bacteria Assumes the minimum value because the amount of N already present is low, low energy substrate (organic substance) This nitrogen is fixed biologically everything from the plant
Occupation, forest, natural
90*t=9000 m2a Occupation as natural forest at the end of 100 years. To take account of what is considered a cultivated forest: life 100 years
Transformation, from shrub land, sclerophyllous
90 m2 transformation of degraded land to temperate forest
Transformation, to forest
90 m2 Transformation from the temperate forest to temperate forest
Carbon dioxide, in air
((15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20+12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*0,454/12*44)*1,5=73558
kg Calculation ofCO2 absorbed from the trunks of the plants that remain after 30 years -1 Plant trees Pinus halepensis number of plants = 108/2 = 54 (0.6 plants per m2) Hmax = 20m Dmax = 0.6m Dmin = 0.4m DMED = 0.5m -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) Number of bushes = 135/2 = 67.5 (0.75 plants per m2) H = 3.5m Trunk height: 0.5m Dmax = 0.1m -Suppose that at the end of life remain 15 plants (90 / (3.1416 * (4/2) ^ 2) = 7.12 , plantsof different heights with a hat average of 4m diameter (assuming 15 plants taking into account the different heights) number bushes: 90 / (3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 = 12.7 It assumes12 bushes C content in wood: 0.454kgC / kglegno wood density: 500 kg / m3
Carbon dioxide, in air
(15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,454/12*44*(1,5)=6924.1
kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by thehats of plants that remain after 30 years -suppose 6 branches located in the last 5m stem Pinus halepensis dmax = 0.25m length 5m Vp = 6 * 3.1416 * ((0.25 / 4) ^ 2) * 5 -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) suppose 10 branches diameter 0.05m length = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes
Carbon dioxide, in air
(9*15+1,245*7,0686*12)*0,458/12*44*(1,5)=606.8
kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by pine needles and leaves of the bushes that remain after 30 years -suppose that at the end of life the Pinus halepensis has 30kg of wet needles with 70%.of humidity The needles are dry: 30kg * (1-0.7) = 9kg -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus)
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suppose 4358,94873kg / a / ha (Boschiero dataof an apple orchard) npiante / ha = 3500 4358,94873kg / a / ha / 3500p / ha = 1.245kg / p Vmelo: 3m3 Vcespuglio: 3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 * 3 = 21.2 Vcespuglio / Vmelo = 7.0686 So the total dry weight of the leaves of the bush is worth: 1.245kg / p * 7.0686 * 12 diameter 0.05m H = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes C content in the leaves: 0.458kgC / kglegno
Carbon dioxide, in air
15*0,0206*500+(12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,0081965*(1,5)=154.72
kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by the roots of plants and bushes that remain after 30 years -for the maritime pine of D = 0.6m and H = 22m the volume of roots: 20.6dm3 (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) -Supponse That at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes -radici as a fraction of the trunk: 0.0206 / 3.1416 * (0.5 / 2) ^ 2 * 20 = 0.0081965 C content in the roots: 0.454kgC / kglegno
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Ptrpinus/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Ptrlent/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=7797.3
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pramipinus/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pramilent/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=786.2
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramipinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramilent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pag/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pfog/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=85.443
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pag / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pfog / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pradpinus/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pradlent/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=40.956
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Ptrpinus/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Ptrlent/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2=31189
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years)
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(Ptrlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2 Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pramipinus/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pramilent/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2=3144.8
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramipinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramilent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pag/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pfog/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2=341.77
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pag / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pfog / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pradpinus/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pradlent/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2=163.82
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
Pagfog05+Pagfog520+Pagfog2030=725.53
kg Weight of pine needles and leaves of mastic, fallen on the ground from 0 to 30 years. It is assumed that the evolution in the forest during the 100 years present the same die-offs in production planted in 30 years
Carbon dioxide, fossil
-0,33*Ptot*0,484/12*44*(1,5)=-35759 kg CO2 absorbed by plants that is then removed from the atmosphere
Organic carbon 0,33*Ptot*(1,5)=20150 kg Organic carbon remaining on the ground Paesaggio naturale in formazione
1 kg The landscape is natural in education for 100 years
Euro 1000/10000*90=9 p Cost of renting the property: 1000 € / ha Euro 613840*0,3/10*6/2/3/4=4603.8 p in private laboratories.
Hypothesis: 613,840 * 0.3 (30%) because they were made at CNR and CEBAS Hypothesis: 6 experiments in Italy and four in Spain Cost analysis for E.R .: 613840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2 Fee for single experiment in É.R. where three experiments were made with four different solutions for each experiment: 613840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2/3/4
Input parameters t 100 Time of occupation:years moITm2 22,5 Weight of organic matter in italian sites:kg/m2 frazagfog 0,15 Mass fraction of pine needles and leaves that fall to the ground each
year crid520 0,082 Rate of reduction of the mass of needles and leaves calculated on the
basis of the final size of the trees and bushes relative to the period from 5 to 20 years. At 30, a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg. At 12.5 years, a pine tree with a height of 10.41me and diameter of 0.25, has a pruning of 33.6kg (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) .It assumes that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 33.6 / 408.3 = 0.082. It is assumed that the mastic is worth the same ratio
crid05 0,0044 Coefficient of mass reduction of needles and leaves calculated based on the final size of the trees and bushes for the period from 0 to 5 years. At 30, a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3kg. At 2.5 years a pine
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tree with a height of 2.08 and diameter of 0.05 has a pruning of 1.8kg (assuming the minimum value of the table (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning. it is assumed that the ratio of the masses of dead branches is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 1.8 / 408.3 = 0.0044. it is assumed that the mastic is worth the same ratio
fda 0,22145 growth factor organic carbon in the compost: 29.266kgC / = 0.325178kgC 90m2 / m2. Average production of wheat: 5.5t / ha (Technique and Technology, 2008, 4) = 0.55kgf / m2. Increase in production of wheat by the immigration of 1t / ha in the soil: 0.2436kgf / m2 / 1kgC / m2. Growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.4429 = 00:55. This value is valid if the growth of the forest to happen at the same time to grow wheat. To take into account that the growth of the wood takes place in 30 years and the nutrients are reduced because they are used by plants. It is assumed that the growth factor is half that calculated: growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.55 / 2 = 0.4429 / 2 = 0.22145
Calculated parameters
OCm2 0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/90=2.9266 Mass of organic carbon in a m2: kg/m2 moIT moITm2*90=2025 Weight of the trunks of pine trees: kg Ptrpinus (15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20)*500*(1+fda)=35975 Weight of the branches of the pines: kg Pramipinus (15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5)*500*(1+fda)=3372.6 Weight of the needles: kg Pag 9*15*(1+fda)=164.9 Weight of the trunks of mastic: kg Ptrlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*(1+fda)=7.195 Weight of the branches of mastic: kg Pramilent 12*10*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4*500*(1+fda)=143.9 Weight of the leaves of the mastic: kg Pfog 1,245*7,0686*12*(1+fda)=128.99 Weight of the roots of the pines:kg Pradpinus 15*0,0206*500*(1+fda)=188.71 Weight of the rotts of mastic:kg Pradlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*
500*0,0081965*(1+fda)=0.17692 Total weight of plants during their life cycle
Ptot Ptrpinus+Pramipinus+Pag+Ptrlent+Pramilent+Pfog+Pradpinus+Pradlent+Pagfog2030+Pagfog520+Pagfog05=40707
Number of hours needed to chip the wood: hr it is assumed that are chipped 35m3 / hr = 35 * 500 = 17500kg / hr
Nhr Ptot/1000=40.707 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 20th to 30th year: kg
Pagfog2030 (Pag+Pfog)*frazagfog*10*(1+fda)=538.45 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg
Pagfog520 (Pag/15*(15+19,5)+Pfog/12*(12+55,5/2))*frazagfog*15*crid520*(1+fda)=181.76
Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg
Pagfog05 (Pag/15*54+Pfog/12*67,5)*frazagfog*5*crid05*(1+fda)=5.3174
Mass of organic carbon in a m2: kg/m2
Ptot100 Pagfog2030+Pagfog520+Pagfog05=725.53 total weight of the organic material of the plants that is left on the ground in 100 years: kg
Tabella 7-3 The process**Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni)
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7.2.1 LCA calculation
Figure 7-3 The diagrammo f the damage assessment of the process **Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni)
Figure 7-4 The diagrammo f the valuation of the process **Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni)ni) SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 14/03/2015 Time:
15.28.43
Project LIFE recupero terreni degradati
Calculation: Analyse
Results: Impact assessment
Product: 90 m2 **Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)
Method: IMPACT 2002+060514 (da 080513) 091014 L.use 060315 V2.10 /
IMPACT 2002+ En.rinn.+costi
Indicator: Single score
Skip categories: Never
Default units: No
Exclude infrastructure processes: No
Exclude long-term emissions: No
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Per impact category: Yes
Sorted on item: Impact category
Sort order: Ascending
Impact category
Unit Total **Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni)
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Total Pt -3,65961 -3,6157771 -0,025784054 -0,017189369 -0,00085946847
Carcinogens Pt -0,0014756039 0 -0,00086800228
-0,00057866819
-2,8933409E-5
Non-carcinogens
Pt -0,00048755284
0 -0,00028679579
-0,00019119719
-9,5598596E-6
Respiratory inorganics
Pt -0,015767654 0 -0,0092750903 -0,0061833936 -0,00030916968
Ionizing radiation
Pt -2,0635344E-5 0 -1,2138438E-5 -8,0922919E-6 -4,046146E-7
Ozone layer depletion
Pt -1,9409307E-6 0 -1,1417239E-6 -7,6114929E-7 -3,8057465E-8
Respiratory organics
Pt -7,6882254E-6 0 -4,5224855E-6 -3,0149904E-6 -1,5074952E-7
Aquatic ecotoxicity
Pt -1,9402996E-5 0 -1,1413527E-5 -7,6090182E-6 -3,8045091E-7
Terrestrial ecotoxicity
Pt -0,00094036513
0 -0,00055315596
-0,00036877064
-1,8438532E-5
Terrestrial acid/nutri
Pt -0,00034761026
0 -0,00020447662
-0,00013631775
-6,8158874E-6
Land occupation
Pt 0,0037498542 0,0039109814 -9,4780716E-5 -6,3187144E-5 -3,1593572E-6
Aquatic acidification
Pt 0 0 0 0 0
Aquatic eutrophication
Pt 0 0 0 0 0
Global warming
Pt -3,6264928 -3,6116881 -0,0087086638 -0,0058057759 -0,00029028879
Non-renewable energy
Pt -0,0097273045 0 -0,0057219438 -0,0038146292 -0,00019073146
Mineral extraction
Pt -7,1278847E-5 0 -4,1928733E-5 -2,7952489E-5 -1,3976244E-6
Renewable energy
Pt 0 0 0 0 0
Internal cost Pt 0 0 0 0 0 Soil fertility nutritional value
Pt 0 0 0 0 0
Employment Pt 0 0 0 0 0 Landscape Pt -0,008 -0,008 0 0 0 Tabella 7-4 The table of the valuation of the process **Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni) Analysis of the results can be seen that the advantage is -3,65961Pt due for 99,095% to Global warming. The benefit due to the Landscape is -0,008Pt
7.3 Land with planting The process is Recupero terreni degradati con sola piantumazione in E.R.(100 anni), reported in the following table, is obtained from Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim.produttività) (1 anno) with the following changes: • the land occupation takes place as forest, for the first 30 years is considered cultivated. • It is assumed that the natural forest, formed in the first 30 years, is renewed every 40
years.
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• It is assumed that the mass of wood, pruning clippings and leaves during subsequent cycles 40 years is equal to 1.5 times that produced in the first 30 years. In 100 years, it is (1 + 1.5 + 1.5 / 40 * 30) times that produced in soils planted in 30 years
• It is assumed that the evolution in the forest during the cycles of 40 years following the first 30 years, has the same die-offs in production planted in 30 years.
• The fossil CO2 avoided is equal to 33% of the CO2 absorbed in 100 years: -0.33*Ptot 0.484/12*44*(1 + 1.5 + 1.5 / 40 * 30).
• The Carbon trapped is one that corresponds to fossil CO2 avoided. • Among the tillage do not consider those for the burial of the wood chips and later. • The natural landscape is in training for 30 years and then natural for the whole
remaining period. • It is not considered the soil fertility **Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (100anni)
90 m2 by: Nitrogen in the soil, Department of Agronomy and agro management (University of Pisa) Atmospheric N2 set by the ground due to the rain in the form of NH4: 20kg / (ha * a) N2, and then 20/28 * 18kgNH4 / ha -a part (supposedly half) of NH4 in the soil remains immobilized in the organic substance: 1/2 * 20/28 * 18kgNH4 / ha and it is as a nitrogen fertilizer synthesis avoided -a part (supposedly half) of NH4 is nitrified: 1/2 * 20/28 * (14 + 36) kgNO3 / ha -of the latter part one part (supposedly 1/4) is denitrified and back into the atmosphere, a portion (it is assumed 1/4) is leached, a part is absorbed by the plant (it is assumed 1/4) that the return after 30 years, a part is immobilized by the organic substance (assumes 1/4). The last two parts are represented as a nitrogen fertilizer synthesis avoided. Total: 20 * (1/2 + 2/4 * 1/2) = 0.75 * 20kgN2 / (ha * a) Area: 90m2 = 0.009ha
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,75*20*0,009*t=13.5 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by bacteria: is supposed to be fixed by the symbiotic bacteria of plants 10kg / (ha * a) the minimum value for infected plants is 40 kg / (ha * a) (bean) is reduced by a factor of 4 this minimum value Such biologically fixed nitrogen is 90% from the plant. The rest remains in the ground
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
10*0,009*t=9 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by bacteria: is supposed to be fixed by non symbiotic bacteria 0.5kg / (ha * a) Assumes the minimum value because the amount of N already present is low, low energy substrate (organic substance) This nitrogen is fixed biologically everything from the plant
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,5*0,009*t=0.45 kg Amount of N spared with the decomposition of the vine pruning on site in 30 years. 13.75kg / ha of N in the stolons (from Plant Health Consortium) 13.75 / 2900 = 0.0047kgN / kgpotUnità Given www.caebinternational.it: 2900kg / (ha * a) prunings of a vineyard
Occupation, forest
90*t=9000 m2a Occupation as cultivated forest: 30-year
Transformation, from shrub land,
90 m2 Transformation of degraded land to temperate forest
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sclerophyllous Transformation, to forest
90 m2 Transformation from the temperate forest to forest cultivation
Carbon dioxide, in air
((15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20+12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*0,454/12*44)*(1+1,5+1,5/40*30)=1.7776E5
kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed from the trunks of the plants that remain after 30 years -1 Plant trees Pinus halepensis n plants = 108/2 = 54 (0.6 plants for m2) Hmax = 20m Dmax = 0.6m Dmin = 0.4m DMED = 0.5m hat: -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) n bushes = 135/2 = 67.5 (0.75 plants for m2) H = 3.5m Trunk height: 0.5m Dmax = 0.1m -Supponiamo That at the end of life remain 15 plants (90 / (3.1416 * (4/2) ^ 2) = 7.12 of different heights with a hat average of 4m diameter (assuming 15 plants taking into account the different heights) number bushes: 90 / (3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 = 12.7) assume 12 bushes C content in wood: 0.454kgC / kglegno wood density: 500 kg / m3
Carbon dioxide, in air
((15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,454/12*44)*(1+1,5+1,5/40*30)=16733
kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by the hats of the plants that remain after 30 years -suppose 6 branches located in the last 5m stem Pinus halepensis dmax = 0.25m length 5m Vp = 6 * 3.1416 * ((0.25 / 4) ^ 2) * 5 -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) suppose 10 branches diameter 0.05m length = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes
Carbon dioxide, in air
(9*15+1,245*7,0686*12)*0,458/12*44*(1+1,5+1,5/40*30)=1464.7
kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by pine needles and leaves of the bushes that remain after 30 years -suppose that the end of life the Pinus halepensis ports 30kg of needles with humidity of 70%. The needles are dry: 30kg * (1-0.7) = 9kg -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) suppose 4358,94873kg / a / ha (Boschiero datum to an apple orchard) npiante / ha = 3500 4358,94873kg / a / ha / 3500p / ha = 1.245kg / p Vmelo: 3m3 Vcespuglio: 3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 * 3 = 21.2 Vcespuglio / Vmelo = 7.0686 So the total dry weight of the leaves of the bush is worth: 1.245kg / p * 7.0686 * 12 diameter 0.05m H = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes C content in the leaves: 0.458kgC / kglegno
Carbon dioxide, in air
15*0,0206*500+(12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,0081965*(1+1,5+1,5/40*30)=155.03
kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed from the roots of plants and bushes that remain after 30 years -for the maritime pine of D = 0.6m and H = 22m the volume of roots: 20.6dm3 (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA
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and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes -radici as a fraction of the trunk: 0.0206 / 3.1416 * (0.5 / 2) ^ 2 * 20 = 0.0081965 C content in the roots: 0.454kgC / kglegno
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Ptrpinus/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Ptrlent/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=6383.6
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pramipinus/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pramilent/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=643.66
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramipinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramilent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pag/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pfog/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=69.952
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pag / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pfog / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pradpinus/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pradlent/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=33.531
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Ptrpinus/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Ptrlent/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2=25535
kg It is assumed that after 20 years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrpinus / 15) / 30 * 20 * (54-15) / 2 It is assumed that after 20 years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrlent / 12) / 30 * 20 * (67.5 to 12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pramipinus/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pramilent/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2=2574.6
kg It is assumed that after 20 years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramipinus / 15) / 30 * 20 * (54-15) / 2 It is assumed that after 20 years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramilent / 12) / 30 * 20 * (67.5 to 12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pag/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pfog/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2=279.81
kg It is assumed that after 20 years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pag / 15) / 30 * 20 * (54-15) / 2 It is assumed that after 20 years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pfog / 12) / 30 * 20 * (67.5 to 12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pradpinus/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pradlent/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2=134.12
kg It is assumed that after 20 years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradpinus / 15) / 30 * 20 * (54-15) / 2 It is assumed that after 20 years die (67.5-12) / 2 of
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the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradlent / 12) / 30 * 20 * (67.5 to 12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
Pagfog05+Pagfog520+Pagfog2030=486.3
kg Weight of pine needles and leaves fallen on the ground mastic from 0 to 30 years
Tillage, ploughing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 Calculation of CO2 absorbed by the hats of the plants that remain after 30 years -suppose 6 branches located in the last 5m stem Pinus halepensis dmax = 0.25m length 5m Vp = 6 * 3.1416 * ((0.25 / 4) ^ 2) * 5 -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) suppose 10 branches diameter 0.05m length = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes
Hoeing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 Calculation of CO2 absorbed by pine needles and leaves of the bushes that remain after 30 years -suppose that the end of life the Pinus halepensis ports 30kg of needles with humidity of 70%. The needles are dry: 30kg * (1-0.7) = 9kg -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) suppose 4358,94873kg / a / ha (Boschiero datum to an apple orchard) npiante / ha = 3500 4358,94873kg / a / ha / 3500p / ha = 1.245kg / p Vmelo: 3m3 Vcespuglio: 3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 * 3 = 21.2 Vcespuglio / Vmelo = 7.0686 So the total dry weight of the leaves of the bush is worth: 1.245kg / p * 7.0686 * 12 diameter 0.05m H = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes C content in the leaves: 0.458kgC / kglegno
Tillage, harrowing, by rotary harrow {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 Calculation of CO2 absorbed from the roots of plants and bushes that remain after 30 years -for the maritime pine of D = 0.6m and H = 22m the volume of roots: 20.6dm3 (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes -radici as a fraction of the trunk: 0.0206 / 3.1416 * (0.5 / 2) ^ 2 * 20 = 0.0081965 C content in the roots: 0.454kgC / kglegno
Vivaio 90 m2 It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6 {GLO}| market for |
(800*3,1416*((0,05/2)^2)*1,5*54+6*800*3,1416*(0,01/2)^2*0,4*67,5)*100=13741
kgkm It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramipinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2
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Alloc Def, U of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the
end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramilent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Planting {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pag / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pfog / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, fossil
-0,33*Ptot*0,484/12*44*(1+1,5+1,5/40 *30) =70522
kg CO2 captured by plants during their lifetime
Organic carbon 0,33*Ptot*0,484*(1+1,5+1,5/40*30)=19233
kg Organic carbon from the wood that remains on the ground. It is considering that one third of the carbon is transformed again in CO2 after the burial. In wood the C / N ratio is 200-1500 in the needles: 80-130 litter of conifers: 30-40 The nitrogen that you could calculate knowing the organic carbon is present in the soil before planting net of different fixations. (Nieder 2003)
Paesaggio naturale in formazione
1/100*30=0.3 p The first 30 years of formation of natural forest are considered cultivated forest
Paesaggio naturale
1/100*70=0.7 p After the planting has formed a natural landscape for 70 years. 100 years on, we have: 1/100 * 70
Numero locali occupati
0,5/20000*90/*tforcolt=0.0675 p To treat cultivated forest is estimated to be 0.5 workers needed for 20ha of forest throughout the year Allocation: 0.5 / 20 000 * 90 * 30
Euro 1000/10000*90*t=900 p Cost of renting the property: 1000 € / (ha * a) Euro 1,5*200*10*0,2=600 p Cost for the transport of the plants from the nursery:
1.5 € / l, consumption of 10 l / km, liters of fuel consumed to make 100 * 2 = 200km. trucker gain: 20%. Total: 130 * 1.5 * 10 * 0.2
Euro 3000/((90*1+180*2)*6)*90=100 p Cost of tillage: 3000 € for the Italian sites, it is assumed that these sites are 6. For each site are from 270m2 to work.Where is planned the planting machining is 2, 3000 / ((90 * 180 * 1 + 2) * 6) * 90
Euro 25*54+15*67,5=2362 p Cost of the plants of the nursery: 25 € / pine and 15 € / mastic
Euro 25*1,5*Npiante=1012.5 p Cost cutting plant before chipping: 25 € / h Euro 0,5*Npiante*60=810 p Cost for the eradication of Npiante roots: 60 € / h
and 0.5h / strain Euro 200*Nhr=6643.8 p Cost for chipping: 200 € / h Euro 1400*12* tforcolt *0,5/20000*90=1134 p Cost of the worker for the maintenance of the
forest: € 1,400 / month * 12m / a * 1st allocation 0.5 / 20 000 * 90 * t
Euro 613840*0,3/10*6/2/3/4=4603.8 p Cost of the worker for cultivation: € 1,400 / month * 12m / a * 1st allocation 2/50000 * 90
Input parameters t 100 time employment before coverage with grass: years moIT 22,5 Weight organic material in Italy: kg / m2 frazagfog 0,15 Mass fraction of pine needles and leaves that fall to the
ground each year crid520 0,082 Coefficiente di riduzione della massa di aghi e di foglie
calcolata sulla base della dimensione finale degli alberi e dei cespugli relativa al periodo da 5 a 20 anni: a 30 anni un pino con una altezza di 25m e un diametro di 0.6 ha una ramaglia di 408.3kg a 12.5 anni il pino ha una altezza di 10.41m e un
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diametro di 0.25 ha una ramaglia di 33.6kg (Stima del volume e della fitomassa delle principali specie forestali italiane, CRA e Unità di ricerca per il monitoraggio e la pianificazione forestale) si assume che il rapporto tra le masse della ramaglia sia uguale al rapporto tra le masse degli aghi di pino: 33.6/408.3=0.082 si assume che per il lentisco valga la stessa frazione
crid05 0,0044 Rate of reduction of the mass of needles and leaves calculated on the basis of the final size of the trees and bushes relative to the period from 5 to 20 years. A pine of 30 years with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a prunings of 408.3kg. A pine of 12.5 years with a height of 10.41and a diameter of 0.25 has a prunings of 33.6kg (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning). It is assumed that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 33.6 / 408.3 = 0.082 assumes that the mastic is worth the same ratio.
Npin 15 Number of pines remained Nlent 12 Number of bushes remained tforcolt 30 time of cultivated forest: years
Calculated parameters
OCm2 0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/90 Mass of organic carbon to m2 kg / m2 Ptrpinus (15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20)*500 Weight of trunks of pines:kg Pramipinus (15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5)*500 Weight of brunches of pines.kg Pag 9*15 Weight of needles of pines:kg Ptrlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500 Weight of trunks of mastics:kg Pramilent 12*10*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4*500 Weight of brunches of mastic:kg Pfog 1,245*7,0686*12 Weight of leale of mastics:kg Pradpinus 15*0,0206*500 Weight of roots of pines:kg Pradlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)
*4)*500*0,0081965 Weight of roots of mastics:kg
Ptot Ptrpinus+Pramipinus+Pag+Ptrlent+Pramilent+Pfog+Pradpinus+Pradlent+Pagfog2030+Pagfog520+Pagfog05
Total weight of plants during their life cycle
Nhr Ptot/1000 Number of hours needed to chip the wood: hr, it is assumed to be chipped 35m3 / hr = 35 * 500 = 17500kg / hr
Pagfog2030 (Pag+Pfog)*frazagfog*10 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 20th to 30th year: kg
Pagfog520 (Pag/15*(15+19,5)+Pfog/12*(12+55,5/2))*frazagfog*15*crid520
Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg
Pagfog05 (Pag/15*54+Pfog/12*67,5)*frazagfog*5*crid05 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg
Npiante Npin+Nlent Number of plants remained Tabella 7-5 The process **Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (100anni)
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7.3.1 LCA calculation
Figure 7-5 The diagramm of valuation of**Recupero terreni degradati con sola piantumazione in E.R.(100 anni)
Figure 7-6 The diagrammo f valuation of **Recupero terreni degradati con sola piantumazione in E.R.(100 anni) SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 17/03/2015 Time:
19.52.14
Project LIFE recupero terreni degradati
Calculation: Analyse
Results: Impact assessment
Product: 90 m2 **Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in
E.R. (100anni) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)
Method: IMPACT 2002+060514 (da 080513) 091014 L.use 060315 V2.10 /
IMPACT 2002+ En.rinn.+costi
Indicator: Single score
Skip categories: Never
Default units: Yes
Exclude infrastructure processes: No
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Exclude long-term emissions: No
Per impact category: Yes
Sorted on item: Impact category
Sort order: Ascending
Impact category Unit Total **Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (100anni) Tillage, ploughing {GLO}| market for
| Alloc Def, U Hoeing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U Tillage,
harrowing, by rotary harrow {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U Vivaio
Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6 {GLO}| market
for | Alloc Def, U Planting {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Total Pt
-6,5863983
-6,6933876
0,00063676691
0,00011885146
0,00033928554
0,14812774
0,00094671285
0,000652857
-0,025784054
-0,017189369
-0,00085946847
Carcinogens
Pt
0,00029089749
0 5,1314097E-6
1,4658443E-6
4,1207859E-6
0,0017427978
6,5672067E-6
6,4182969E-6
-0,00086800228
-0,00057866819
-2,8933409E-5
Non-carcinogens
Pt
0,0086275961
0 2,5611517E-5
7,7303276E-6
1,1955179E-5
0,0089714759
2,6553821E-5
7,182219E-5
-0,00028679579
-0,00019119719
-9,5598596E-6
Respiratory inorganics
Pt
0,0042803288
0 0,00030575507
4,7348801E-5
0,00016626321
0,019090159
0,00026107292
0,00017738372
-0,0092750903
-0,0061833935
-0,00030916968
Ionizing radiation
Pt
5,3680939E-5
0 2,5913277E-7
4,9986788E-8
1,4778996E-7
7,3056549E-5
5,5336681E-7
2,4945737E-7
-1,2138438E-5
-8,0922919E-6
-4,0461459E-7
Ozone layer depletion
Pt
0,00049615938
0 2,6865459E-8
4,0320913E-9
1,2826535E-8
0,00049797319
6,2043458E-8
2,1355155E-8
-1,1417239E-6
-7,6114929E-7
-3,8057464E-8
Respiratory organics
Pt
3,3949763E-5
0 2,4103332E-7
6,2502345E-8
1,5113044E-7
4,0533072E-5
3,311764E-7
3,1907383E-7
-4,5224855E-6
-3,0149903E-6
-1,5074952E-7
Aquatic ecotoxicity
Pt
0,00020744016
0 2,8767939E-7
7,2417563E-8
1,6248768E-7
0,00022471188
1,1083404E-6
5,0034908E-7
-1,1413527E-5
-7,6090181E-6
-3,8045091E-7
Terrestrial ecotoxicity
Pt
0,031221972
0 6,9288756E-5
2,0284288E-5
3,0616932E-5
0,031683563
0,00016520761
0,00019337709
-0,00055315596
-0,00036877064
-1,8438532E-5
Terrestrial acid/nutri
Pt
7,6822982E-5
0 4,4358255E-6
6,8885274E-7
2,1612422E-6
0,00041193722
1,6788738E-6
3,5312237E-6
-0,00020447662
-0,00013631775
-6,8158874E-6
Land occupation
Pt
0,45795296
0,43792873
2,4744433E-6
1,4769968E-6
1,8245753E-6
0,020163699
1,1615422E-5
4,2650085E-6
-9,4780716E-5
-6,3187144E-5
-3,1593572E-6
Aquatic acidification
Pt
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Aquatic eutrophicati
Pt
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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on Global warming
Pt
-7,1055701
-7,1227163
0,00011280535
2,0648309E-5
6,3350132E-5
0,03142748
0,00022817548
9,8519814E-5
-0,0087086638
-0,0058057759
-0,00029028879
Non-renewable energy
Pt
0,024506004
0 0,0001096326
1,8707799E-5
5,7634387E-5
0,033708559
0,00024339042
9,5383781E-5
-0,0057219438
-0,0038146292
-0,00019073146
Mineral extraction
Pt
2,3994278E-5
0 8,1722652E-7
3,1130763E-7
8,8485203E-7
9,1797916E-5
3,9617524E-7
1,065646E-6
-4,1928733E-5
-2,7952489E-5
-1,3976244E-6
Renewable energy
Pt
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Internal cost
Pt
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Soil fertility nutritional value
Pt
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Employment
Pt
-2,6219702E-9
-2,6219702E-9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Landscape
Pt
-0,0086
-0,0086
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tabella 7-6 The table of the valuation of **Recupero terreni degradati con sola piantumazione in E.R.(100 anni) From the analysis of the results can be seen that the advantage is the -6,5863983Pt for -107.88% due to Global warming. The maximum damage is due for 7:43% in Ecosystem quality because of Land occupation. In Landscape it has an advantage of -0.0086Pt and in Employment it has an advantage of -2,6219702E-9 Pt.
7.4 Land with organic matter and plantation The process ,Recupero terreni degradati con materiale organico e piantumazione in E.R.(100 anni), reported in the following table, is obtained from Recupero terreni degradati con materiale organico e piantumazione in E.R. (v.lim. produttività) through the following changes:
• After the first thirty years, the land occupation is as natural forest • It is assumed that the forest is formed in 30 years (cultivated forest) and to be renewed every 40 years (natural forest). • It is assumed that the mass of wood, pruning clippings and leaves during subsequent cycles 40 years is equal to 1.5 times that produced in the first 30 years. In 100 years, it is (1 + 1.5 + 1.5 / 40 * 30) times that produced in soils planted in 30 years • It is assumed that the evolution in the forest during the cycles of 40 years following the first 30 years, has the same die-offs in production planted in 30 years. • The fossil CO2 avoided is equal to 33% of the CO2 absorbed in 100 years: -0.33 * * Ptot 0.484 / 12 * 44 * (1 + 1.5 + 1.5 / 40 * 30). • The Carbon trapped is one that corresponds to fossil CO2 avoided. • Among the tillage are not considerat burial of the wood chips and the subsequent ones.
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• The landscape is natural in training for 30 years and natural landscape for the remaining period.
**Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico e piantumazione in E.R. (100anni)
90 m2 Recovering degraded land by planting in ER Functional Unit: Area: 90m2 for a time t + tprod = 31years We make the following assumptions: -i nutrients assume as synthetic fertilizers avoided -the organic carbon and total comes from fossil CO2 trapped in the ground -which is the transformation from arable land to forest -The Emissions of heavy metals and fertilizers are not considered because they are the ones that have been absorbed by plants -Si Consider the enrichment of the soil with N fixed from the atmosphere in the form of NH4 +, not fixed by bacteria symbiotic and symbiotic bacteria. Humic substances have a slow degradability until 5E3anni: for wood from 10 to 100 years for the pine needles from 1 to 10 years (Nieder 2003)
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/13,62=19.339 C=0.222*moIT*(1-0,4141) C/N=13.62 N=0.222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/13.62 N%=0.222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/13.62/(moIT*(1-0,4141))= 0.222/13.62=0.016% it is considering all the nitrogen content in the compost as synthetic fertilizer nitrogen that prevents production
Phosphate fertiliser, as P2O5 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,005*moIT*(1-0,4141)=5.9322 Phosphorus in pruning: 2% / ha production of sticks to it: 2009kg / ha Contents of N, P2O5, K2O in a compost ACV humidity at 40.2%: (Tutto sul compost, pubblicazioni settore agricoltura provincia di Pavia) N = 1.6% ss (equal to that used in É.R. P2O5 = 0.5% ss = 0.005 *moit * (1-.4141) K2O = 0.4% ss = 0.004* moit * (1-.4141)
Potassium chloride, as K2O {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,004*moIT*(1-0,4141)=4.7458
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,75*20*0,009*t=13.5 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by the bacteria: is supposed to be fixed by symbiotic bacteria of plants 10kg / (ha * a) of atmospheric nitrogen the minimum value for infected plants is 40kg / (ha * a) (bean) It is reduced by a factor of 4 the minimum value Such nitrogen is fixed biologically for 90% by the plant. The rest remains in the ground
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
10*0,009*t=9 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by the bacteria: It is supposed to be fixed by symbiotic bacteria 0.5kg / (ha * a) of atmospheric nitrogen It assumes the minimum value because the amount of N already present is low, low energy substrate (organic substance) This nitrogen is fixed biologically everything from plant
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,5*0,009*t=0.45 kg Atmospheric N2 fixed by the bacteria: It is supposed to be fixed by symbiotic bacteria 0.5kg / (ha * a) of atmospheric nitrogen It assumes the minimum value because the amount of N already present is low, low energy substrate (organic substance) This nitrogen is fixed biologically everything from plant
Occupation, forest
90*t=9000 m2a Occupation as cultivated forest: 30-year
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Transformation, from shrub land, sclerophyllous
90 m2 Transformation of degraded land to temperate forest
Transformation, to forest
90 m2 Transformation from the temperate forest to forest cultivation
Carbon dioxide, in air
((15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20+12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*0,454/12*44)*(1+fda)*(1+1,5+(1,5/40*30))
kg Calculation ofCO2 absorbed from the trunks of the plants that remain after 30 years -1 Plant trees Pinus halepensis number of plants = 108/2 = 54 (0.6 plants per m2) Hmax = 20m Dmax = 0.6m Dmin = 0.4m DMED = 0.5m -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) Number of bushes = 135/2 = 67.5 (0.75 plants per m2) H = 3.5m Trunk height: 0.5m Dmax = 0.1m -Suppose that at the end of life remain 15 plants (90 / (3.1416 * (4/2) ^ 2) = 7.12 , plantsof different heights with a hat average of 4m diameter (assuming 15 plants taking into account the different heights) number bushes: 90 / (3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 = 12.7 It assumes12 bushes C content in wood: 0.454kgC / kglegno wood density: 500 kg / m3
Carbon dioxide, in air
(15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,454/12*44*(1+fda)*(1+1,5+(1,5/40*30))=20439
kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by thehats of plants that remain after 30 years -suppose 6 branches located in the last 5m stem Pinus halepensis dmax = 0.25m length 5m Vp = 6 * 3.1416 * ((0.25 / 4) ^ 2) * 5 -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) suppose 10 branches diameter 0.05m length = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes
Carbon dioxide, in air
(9*15+1,245*7,0686*12)*0,458/12*44*(1+fda)*(1+1,5+(1,5/40*30))=1789.1
kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by pine needles and leaves of the bushes that remain after 30 years -suppose that at the end of life the Pinus halepensis has 30kg of wet needles with 70%.of humidity The needles are dry: 30kg * (1-0.7) = 9kg -1 Bush (Pistacia lentiscus) suppose 4358,94873kg / a / ha (Boschiero dataof an apple orchard) npiante / ha = 3500 4358,94873kg / a / ha / 3500p / ha = 1.245kg / p Vmelo: 3m3 Vcespuglio: 3.1416 * (3/2) ^ 2 * 3 = 21.2 Vcespuglio / Vmelo = 7.0686 So the total dry weight of the leaves of the bush is worth: 1.245kg / p * 7.0686 * 12 diameter 0.05m H = 4m Vc = 12 * 3.1416 * ((0.05 / 4) ^ 2) * 4 -Suppose that at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes C content in the leaves: 0.458kgC / kglegno
Carbon dioxide, in air
15*0,0206*500+(12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4)*500*0,0081965*(1+fda)*(1+1,5+(1,5/40*30
kg Calculation of CO2 absorbed by the roots of plants and bushes that remain after 30 years -for the maritime pine of D = 0.6m and H = 22m the
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))=155.14 volume of roots: 20.6dm3 (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) -Supponse That at end of life remain 15 plants of different heights with a hat average diameter of 4m and 12 bushes -radici as a fraction of the trunk: 0.0206 / 3.1416 * (0.5 / 2) ^ 2 * 20 = 0.0081965 C content in the roots: 0.454kgC / kglegno
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Ptrpinus/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Ptrlent/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=7797.3
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pramipinus/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pramilent/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=786.2
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramipinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramilent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pag/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pfog/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2=85.443
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pag / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pfog / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pradpinus/15)/30*5*(54-15)/2+(Pradlent/12)/30*5*(67,5-12)/2 =40.956
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Ptrpinus/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Ptrlent/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2=31189
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Ptrlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pramipinus/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pramilent/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2 =3144.8
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramipinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pramilent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pag/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pfog/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2 =341.77
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pag / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2 It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pfog / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
(Pradpinus/15)/30*20*(54-15)/2+(Pradlent/12)/30*20*(67,5-12)/2 = 163.82
kg It is supposed that after five years die 19.5 pines of total 39 disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradpinus / 15) / 30 * 5 * (54-15) / 2
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It is supposed that after five years die (67.5-12) / 2 of the total of 55.5 mastic disappeared before the end of the forest life (30 years) (Pradlent / 12) / 30 * 5 * (67,5-12) / 2
Carbon dioxide, in air
Pagfog05+Pagfog520+Pagfog2030 = 725.53
kg Weight of pine needles and leavesof mastic fallen on the ground from 0 to 30 years
Compost, at plant/CH U (41.41% di umidità ER)
moIT=2025 kg Humidity of the compost process: 50% Humidity of the compost used: 41.41% 1 / 0.5 * (1-0.4141) dry matter: moit * (1-0.4141)
Tillage, ploughing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 plowing for introducing the organic material
Hoeing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 Hoeing
Fertilising, by broadcaster {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 Fertilising
Tillage, harrowing, by rotary harrow {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
90 m2 transport of organic material from the production to the land to be recovered: 50-80km
Transport, freight, loryy >32 metric ton, EURO6 {RoW}| transport, freight, lorry >32 metric ton, EURO6 | Alloc Def, U
20,25*(50+80)/2=1316.3 kgkm
Vivaio 90 m2 nursery Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
(800*3,1416*((0,05/2)^2)*1,5*54+6*800*3,1416*(0,01/2)^2*0,4*67,5)*100=13741
kgkm
the transport of the plants from the nursery to the planting: 100km weight of 54 pines to 0 years: weight to 5 years / 5 D = 0.03m, H = 1.5m Density: 800kg / m3 P = 3.1416 * 800 * (0.05 / 2) ^ 2 * 1.5 = 2.3562kg weight of 67.5 mastic to 0 years: 6 branches D = 0.01 H = 0.4m P = 4 * 800 * 3.1416 * (0.01 / 2) ^ 2 * 0.6 = 0.1508kg
Planting {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
m2 Planting
Carbon dioxide, fossil
-0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/12*44=-965.77
kg CO2 absorbed from compost
Carbon dioxide, fossil
-0,33*Ptot*0,484/12*44*(1+1,5+1,5/40 *30) =-86418
kg CO2 absorbed from plants during their life
Cadmium 0,0009*moIT*(1-0,4141) =1.0678 mg Copper 46,08*moIT*(1-0,4141)=54672 mg Nickel 11,36*moIT*(1-0,4141)=13478 mg Lead 12,76*moIT*(1-0,4141)=15139 mg Zinc 120*moIT*(1-0,4141)=1.4237E5 mg Mercury 0,21*moIT*(1-0,4141)=249.15 mg Chromium VI 0,009*moIT*(1-0,4141)=10.678 mg Chromium 35,65*moIT*(1-0,4141)=42297 mg Organic carbon OCm2*90=263.39 kg Organic carbon 0,33*Ptot*(1,5)=48695 kg Organic carbon that remains in the soil Numero locali occupati
0,5/20000*90*30=0.000675 p To treat cultivated forest, it is estimated that 0.5 workers needed for 20ha of forest throughout the year. Duration of cultivated forest: 30 years. Allocation: 0.5 / 20 000 * 90 * 30
Paesaggio naturale in
1/100*30=0.3 p In the first 30 years it has a natural forest in training: 1/100 * 30
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formazione Paesaggio naturale
1/100*70=0.7 p After the first 30 years, the forest renews itself and the landscape in the last 70 years is natural: 1/100 * 70
Euro 1000/10000*90=9 p Cost of renting the property: 1000 € / (ha * a) Euro 20/100*moITm2*90=405 p Purchase cost of compost: 20 € / q Euro 1,5*130*10*0,2=390 p Cost to transport the compost:
gasoline cost: 1.5 € / l, consumption of 10 l / km, liters of gasoline consumed to make 65 * 2 = 130km. trucker gain: 20%. Total: 130 * 1.5 * 10 * 0.2
Euro 25*54+15*67,5=2362.5 p Cost of the plants from the nursery: 25 € / pine and 15 € / mastic
Euro 1,5*200*10*0,2=600 p Cost for the transport of the plants from the nursery: 1.5 € / l, consumption of 10 l / km, liters of fuel consumed to make 100 * 2 = 200km. trucker gain: 20%. Total: 130 * 1.5 * 10 * 0.2
Euro 3000/((90*1+180*2)*6)*90=100 p Cost of tillage: 3000 € for the Italian sites, it is assumed that these sites are 6 for each site we need to work 270m2. where isplanned the planting is considered 2 machining 3000 / ((90 * 180 * 1 + 2 ) * 6) * 90
Euro 613840*0,3/10*6/2/3/4=4603.8 p Cost analysis: € 613,840 if it had been done in private laboratories. Hypothesis: 613,840 * 0.3 (30%) because they were made at CNR and CEBAS Hypothesis: 6 experiments in Italy and 4 in Spain Cost analysis for E.R .: 613840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2 Fee for single experiment in É.R. where they were made three experiments with 4 different solutions for each experiment: 613840 * 0.3 / 10 * 6/2/3/4
Euro 1400*12*tforcolt*0,5/20000*90=1134
p Cost of the worker for cultivation: € 1,400 / month * 12m / a * 1st allocation 2/50000 * 90
Input parameters t 100 Time pf occupation:year moITm2 22,5 Peso organic material in Italy: kg / m2 frazagfog 0,15 Mass fraction of pine needles and leaves that fall
to the ground each year crid520 0,082 Rate of reduction of the mass of needles and
leaves calculated on the basis of the final size of the trees and bushes relative to the period from 5 to 20 years to 30 years a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a brushwood 408.3 kg. at 12.5 years, the pine has a height of 0.25 10.41me diameter has a pruning of 33.6kg (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning) takes on .si that the ratio of the masses of brushwood is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 33.6 / 408.3 = 0.082.It assumes that the mastic is worth the same ratio
crid05 0,0044 Coefficient of mass reduction of needles and leaves calculated based on the final size of the trees and bushes for the period from 0 to 5 years to 30 years a pine tree with a height of 25m and a diameter of 0.6 has a pruning of 408.3 kg. 2.5 years, the pine has a height of 0.05 2.08me diameter has a pruning of 1.8kg (assuming the minimum value of the table (Estimated volume and phytomass of the main forest species Italian, CRA and Research Unit for monitoring and forest planning). assumes that the ratio of the
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masses of dead branches is equal to the ratio of the masses of pine needles: 1.8 / 408.3 = 0.0044. assumes that the mastic valgalo same ratio
fda 0,22145 growth factor organic carbon in the compost: 29.266kgC / = 0.325178kgC 90m2 / m2 average production of wheat: 5.5t / ha (Technique and Technology, 2008, 4) = 0.55kgf / m2 increase in wheat production because of 'entering 1t / ha in the soil: 0.2436kgf / m2 / 1kgC / m2 growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.4429 = 12:55 this value is valid if the growth of the forest to happen at the same time to grow wheat. To take into account that the growth of the wood takes place in 30 years, and then the nutrients are reduced, because used by plants, it is assumed that the growth factor is half that calculated: growth factor: 0.2436 / 0.55 / 2 = 0, 4429/2 = 0.22145
tforcolt 30 time of cultivated forest: years
Calculated parameters
OCm2 0,222*moIT*(1-0,4141)/90=2.9266 Mass of organic carbon to m2 kg / m2
moIT moITm2*90=2025 Total mass of organic carbon in italy Ptrpinus (15*3,1416*(0,5/2)^2*20)*500*(1+fda)=35975 Weight of trunks of pines:kg Pramipinus (15*6*3,1416*((0,25/4)^2)*5)*500*(1+fda)= 3372.6 Weight of brunches of pines.kg Pag 9*15*(1+fda)=164.9 Weight of needles of pines:kg Ptrlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5)*500*(1+fda)=7.195 Weight of trunks of mastics:kg Pramilent 12*10*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)*4*500*(1+fda)=143.9 Weight of brunches of mastic:kg Pfog 1,245*7,0686*12*(1+fda)=128.99 Weight of leale of mastics:kg Pradpinus 15*0,0206*500*(1+fda)=188.71 Weight of roots of pines:kg Pradlent (12*3,1416*((0,1/4)^2)*0,5+12*3,1416*((0,05/4)^2)
*4)*500*0,0081965*(1+fda)=0.17692 Weight of roots of mastics:kg
Ptot Ptrpinus+Pramipinus+Pag+Ptrlent+Pramilent+Pfog+Pradpinus+Pradlent+Pagfog2030+Pagfog520+Pagfog05=40707
Total weight of plants during their life cycle
Nhr Ptot/1000=40,707 Number of hours needed to chip the wood: hr, it is assumed to be chipped 35m3 / hr = 35 * 500 = 17500kg / hr
Pagfog2030 (Pag+Pfog)*frazagfog*10*(1+fda)=538.45 Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 20th to 30th year: kg
Pagfog520 (Pag/15*(15+19,5)+Pfog/12*(12+55,5/2))*frazagfog*15*crid520*(1+fda)=181.76
Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg
Pagfog05 (Pag/15*54+Pfog/12*67,5)*frazagfog*5*crid05*(1+fda)=5.3174
Mass of pine needles and leaves falling on the ground from the 5th to 20th year: kg
Tabella 7-7 The process **Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico e piantumazione in E.R.(100 anni)
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7.4.1 Calculation of the LCA
Figure 7-7 The diagrammo f the damage assessment of the process Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R. (100 anni)
Figure 7-8 The diagrammo f the valuation of the process Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R. (100 anni) SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 17/03/2015 Time:
19.26.46
Project LIFE recupero terreni degradati
Calculation: Analyse
Results: Impact assessment
Product: 90 m2 **Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R. (100 anni) (of project LIFE recupero terreni
degradati)
Method: IMPACT 2002+060514 (da 080513) 091014 L.use 060315 V2.10 /
IMPACT 2002+ En.rinn.+costi
Indicator: Single score
Skip categories: Never
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Default units: Yes
Exclude infrastructure processes: No
Exclude long-term emissions: No
Per impact category: Yes
Sorted on item: Impact category
Sort order: Ascending
Impact category
Unit Total **Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R. (100 anni)
Compost, at plant/CH U (41.41% di umidità ER)
Tillage, ploughing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Hoeing {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Fertilising, by broadcaster {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Tillage, harrowing, by rotary harrow {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Transport, freight, loryy >32 metric ton, EURO6 {RoW}| transport, freight, lorry >32 metric ton, EURO6 | Alloc Def, U
Total Pt -7,5972568
-7,7255252
0,066103256
0,00063676691
0,00011885146
0,00015189166
0,00033928554
4,5471351E-5
Carcinogens
Pt -0,00093704768
0 0,00018928936
5,1314097E-6
1,4658443E-6
1,200881E-6
4,1207859E-6
3,189647E-7
Non-carcinogens
Pt 0,18332819
0,17493063
0,00044585775
2,5611517E-5
7,7303276E-6
1,094874E-5
1,1955179E-5
9,8429214E-7
Respiratory inorganics
Pt 0,021720726
0 0,034684194
0,00030575507
4,7348801E-5
5,9785767E-5
0,00016626322
1,410192E-5
Ionizing radiation
Pt 9,0442305E-5
0 6,2035035E-5
2,5913277E-7
4,9986788E-8
5,8279168E-8
1,4778996E-7
2,8835198E-8
Ozone layer depletion
Pt 0,00049536449
0 1,1088335E-6
2,6865459E-8
4,0320913E-9
5,7767065E-9
1,2826535E-8
3,1185722E-9
Respiratory organics
Pt 3,9495779E-5
0 1,3293404E-5
2,4103332E-7
6,2502345E-8
6,2097107E-8
1,5113044E-7
2,253553E-8
Aquatic ecotoxicity
Pt 0,0051855551
0,004984674
2,5078449E-5
2,8767939E-7
7,2417563E-8
8,8076537E-8
1,6248768E-7
4,3632502E-8
Terrestrial ecotoxicity
Pt 0,82695178
0,79563196
0,0010668345
6,9288755E-5
2,0284288E-5
2,9676901E-5
3,0616932E-5
5,9401969E-6
Terrestrial acid/nutri
Pt 0,0020712325
0 0,0023172112
4,4358255E-6
6,8885274E-7
1,0003231E-6
2,1612422E-6
9,7988394E-8
Land occupation
Pt 0,15447831
0,13411631
0,00064610813
2,4744433E-6
1,4769968E-6
5,8141471E-7
1,8245753E-6
1,0604681E-6
Aquatic acidification
Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Aquatic eutrophication
Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Global warming
Pt -8,8019203
-8,8257888
0,020599573
0,00011280535
2,0648309E-5
2,4334943E-5
6,3350132E-5
1,0568508E-5
Non-renewable energy
Pt 0,020676219
0 0,0060339486
0,0001096326
1,8707799E-5
2,3978504E-5
5,7634387E-5
1,2283824E-5
Mineral extraction
Pt -3,6780168E-5
0 1,8724152E-5
8,1722653E-7
3,1130763E-7
1,699515E-7
8,8485203E-7
1,7067544E-8
Renewable energy
Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Internal cost
Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Soil fertility nutritional value
Pt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Employment
Pt -2,6219702E-9
-2,6219702E-9
0 0 0 0 0 0
Landscape
Pt -0,0094 -0,0094 0 0 0 0 0 0
Vivaio Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO6 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Planting {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Phosphate fertiliser, as P2O5 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Potassium chloride, as K2O {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
Ammonium nitrate, as N {GLO}| market for | Alloc Def, U
0,14812774
0,00094671285
0,000652857
-0,036935317
-0,0071233401
-0,00096287451
-0,025784054
-0,017189369
-0,00085946847
0,0017427978
6,5672067E-6
6,4182969E-6
-0,0012434018
-0,00012976193
-4,5590656E-5
-0,00086800228
-0,00057866819
-2,8933409E-5
0,0089714759
2,6553821E-5
7,182219E-5
-0,00041083117
-0,000256402
-2,0593848E-5
-0,00028679579
-0,00019119719
-9,5598596E-6
0,019090159
0,00026107292
0,00017738372
-0,013286444
-0,0037360767
-0,00029516276
-0,0092750903
-0,0061833935
-0,00030916968
7,3056549E-5
5,533668E-7
2,4945737E-7
-1,7388152E-5
-7,3343352E-6
-6,3829558E-7
-1,2138438E-5
-8,0922919E-6
-4,0461459E-7
0,00049797319
6,2043458E-8
2,1355155E-8
-1,6355044E-6
-2,305544E-7
-4,6567038E-8
-1,1417239E-6
-7,6114929E-7
-3,8057464E-8
4,0533072E-5
3,311764E-7
3,1907383E-7
-6,4784007E-6
-1,0468029E-6
-3,0681713E-7
-4,5224855E-6
-3,0149903E-6
-1,5074952E-7
0,00022471188
1,1083404E-6
5,0034908E-7
-1,6349727E-5
-1,4704998E-5
-7,1450453E-7
-1,1413527E-5
-7,6090181E-6
-3,804509E-7
0,031683563
0,00016520761
0,00019337709
-0,0007923886
-0,00017659015
-3,5621312E-5
-0,00055315596
-0,00036877064
-1,8438532E-5
0,00041193722
1,6788738E-6
3,5312237E-6
-0,00029291006
-2,7351647E-5
-3,6382822E-6
-0,00020447662
-0,00013631775
-6,8158874E-6
0,020163699
1,1615422E-5
4,2650084E-6
-0,00013577212
-0,00015484179
-1,936409E-5
-9,4780715E-5
-6,3187143E-5
-3,1593572E-6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,03142748
0,00022817548
9,8519814E-5
-0,012475046
-0,0011885312
-0,0002486554
-0,0087086638
-0,0058057759
-0,00029028879
0,033708559
0,00024339042
9,538378E-5
-0,0081966088
-0,0014146837
-0,00028870293
-0,0057219438
-0,0038146292
-0,00019073146
9,1797917E-5
3,9617524E-7
1,065646E-6
-6,0062356E-5
-1,5784214E-5
-3,8390476E-6
-4,1928733E-5
-2,7952489E-5
-1,3976244E-6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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Tabella 7-8 The table of the valuation of the process Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R. (100 anni) Analysis of the results can be seen that the advantage is -7,5972568Pt, due for the 115.86% to Global warming. The advantage due to Landscape is -0,0094Pt, that due to Employment is -2,6219702E-9Pt.
7.5 Comparison of different methods of recovery of land in Emilia-Romagna with the aim of recreating the natural forest
Figure 7-9 The diagramm of the damage assessment of the comparison between the processes Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R. (100 anni), Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R.(100 anni), Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni), Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni)
Figure 7-10 The diagramm of the valuation of the comparison between the processes Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R. (100 anni), Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R.(100 anni), Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni), Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni)
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SimaPro 8.0.4.28 Impact assessment Date: 17/03/2015 Time:
19.38.21
Project LIFE recupero terreni degradati
Calculation: Compare
Results: Impact assessment
Product 1: 90 m2 **Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico +
piantumazione in E.R. (100 anni) (of project LIFE recupero terreni
degradati)
Product 2: 90 m2 **Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in
E.R.(100 anni) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)
Product 3: 90 m2 **Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in
E.R. (100anni) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)
Product 4: 90 m2 **Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in
E.R.(100 anni) (of project LIFE recupero terreni degradati)
Method: IMPACT 2002+060514 (da 080513) 091014 L.use 060315 V2.10 /
IMPACT 2002+ En.rinn.+costi
Indicator: Single score
Skip categories: Never
Default units: Yes
Exclude infrastructure processes: No
Exclude long-term emissions: No
Per impact category: Yes
Sorted on item: Impact category
Sort order: Ascending
Impact category Unit **Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R. (100 anni)
**Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R.(100 anni)
**Recupero terreni degradati con piantumazione in E.R. (100anni)
**Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni)
Total Pt -7,5972568 -2,4515172 -6,5863983 -3,65961 Carcinogens Pt -0,00093704769 -0,0026612535 0,00029089749 -0,0014756039 Non-carcinogens
Pt 0,18332819 0,17435579 0,0086275961 -0,00048755284
Respiratory inorganics
Pt 0,021720726 0,0035882012 0,0042803288 -0,015767654
Ionizing radiation
Pt 9,0442305E-5 1,9437616E-5 5,3680939E-5 -2,0635344E-5
Ozone layer depletion
Pt 0,00049536449 -2,383365E-6 0,00049615938 -1,9409307E-6
Respiratory organics
Pt 3,9495779E-5 5,4347454E-7 3,3949763E-5 -7,6882254E-6
Aquatic ecotoxicity
Pt 0,0051855551 0,0049635541 0,00020744016 -1,9402996E-5
Terrestrial ecotoxicity
Pt 0,82695178 0,79549771 0,031221972 -0,00094036513
Terrestrial acid/nutri
Pt 0,0020712325 0,001663786 7,6822982E-5 -0,00034761026
Land occupation
Pt 0,15447831 0,30801081 0,45795296 0,0037498542
Aquatic acidification
Pt 0 0 0 0
Aquatic eutrophication
Pt 0 0 0 0
Global warming Pt -8,8019203 -3,7160701 -7,1055701 -3,6264928 Non-renewable energy
Pt 0,020676219 -0,012155016 0,024506004 -0,0097273045
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Mineral extraction
Pt -3,6780167E-5 -0,00012835022 2,3994278E-5 -7,1278847E-5
Renewable energy
Pt 0 0 0 0
Internal cost Pt 0 0 0 0 Soil fertility nutritional value
Pt 0 0 0 0
Employment Pt -2,6219702E-9 -6,1179304E-9 -2,6219702E-9 0 Landscape Pt -0,0094 -0,0086 -0,0086 -0,008 Tabella 7-9 The table of the valuation of the comparison between the processes Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico + piantumazione in E.R. (100 anni), Recupero terreni degradati con mat. organico in E.R.(100 anni), Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni), Recupero terreni degradati senza interventi in E.R.(100 anni) Analysis of the results can be seen that the most advantageous mode of action, is the one with organic material and planting (-7,5972568Pt) ,followed by single planting (-6,5863983Pt),from that without interventions (-3,65961Pt), the only organic material (-2,4515172Pt). This result depends essentially on the amount of organic carbon that is captured by the forest during its growth.
7.6 Conclusions The study on the use of recovery with only natural purpose, results that the environmental benefit depends on the amount of organic carbon that is captured by the forest during its growth.
7.7 Bibliography [1] Innovative System for the Biochemical Restoration and monitoring of Degraded Soils – Progetto BIOREM – LIFE+ 2011. [2] Neri e al. ‘Verso la certificazione energetica degli edifici’ Alinea editrice, Firenze, 2007 [3] Neri e al. ‘Analisi ambientale della gestione dei rifiuti con il Metodo del Life Cycle4 Assessment’, Lcarifiuti.net, CNR Area Ricerca Bologna, 2010 [4] Neri e al. ‘Analisi ambientale dei prodotti agroalimentari con il Metodo del Life Cycle4 Assessment’ ARPA Sicilia, 2010 [5] Sebastien Humbert, IMPACT 2002+: User Guide, Draft for version Q2.21, november 2012 [6] Ecoinvent, Copyright © 1998 - 2014 Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories. All Rights reserved.Realised with TYPO3 by ifu Hamburg GmbH, internet.ifu.com. [7] Mark Goedkoop, SimaPro 8.0.4, Pré Consultans, Nederland
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Assessment of the socioeconomic impact
of the project actions on the local economy
and population
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8 Description of the activities and results achieved
In order to monitor the sustainability of the project a set of environmental indicators was
developed.
The principles considered for the definition of these indicators were orderliness (indicators
had to be able to analyse systematically the main environmental aspects) and
multidimensionality (indicators had to be able to recognize the relationships among
different aspects, places and phenomena of sustainability).
The collection of the necessary data for the calculation of the defined indicators were
performed through the elaboration and distribution of ad-hoc questionnaires addressed to
the partners and to different stakeholders.The project phases progressed according to the
schedule of the project.
9 Constrains and main problems experienced
In general, the main constrain regarding the development of these indicators was that the
aspects to be analysed were very complex and interconnected each other.
10 Environmental Criteria and Indicators
In order to assess the environmental benefits of the project, the main environmental
indicators were defined as follow: soil fertility [kgofwheat/ha (overproduction)], global
warming [kg CO2 eq], non-renewable energy [MJ], mineral extraction [MJ], Renewable
energy [MJ]. With respect to the new indicator soil fertility, the following considerations
were done.
10.1 Soil fertility
This indicator is based on the increase in the soil fertility data (Project LIFE BIOREM).
With an increase of 1t/ha = 0.1kg/m2 carbon organic wheat production increases
0.02436kg /m2.
The increase can also be written as:
0.2436kg/m2/1kgC/m2
Il valore nutrizionale di 0.2436kg di grano vale:
13070kJ/kg*0.2436kg.
The increase of nutritional value for 1 t / ha of organic carbon is:
13070kJ/kg*0.2436kg/1kgC/m2 = 3183,852kJ/kgC/m2.
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10.1.1 Soil fertility nutritional value
The calculationof the increase inproductivity ofwheat was carried out as follows:
Substance: increase in wheat production
Wheat energy content: 13070 kJ / kgf
Characterization factor: 13070 kJ / kg / kgf
Increase wheat production: EF * AB / 2 * BD * (2BD-EF) = ipf [kg] (input data)
Characterization = increase of energy: 13070kJ / kg * Ipf kg = Ie [kJ]
10.1.2 Soil fertility
Daily requirement: 2000 kcal=8372kJ/(day*people)
Number ofpersons/day=IekJ/8372kJ/(day*people) =npg[people*day]
With an increasein productivityofwheatfeed0.2436kg0:38peopleinaday of life
Factor of damage assessment: npgpeople *day / 0.384E9 people =9.895833333E-10 day
/kgC =2,711187215E-12 DALY/kgC (o year/kgC)
Damage assessment: Ie kJ / 8372kJ/( day * people)/ 0.384E9 people /365 = 8,522101286E-
16
A
F
D
E
B D’
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10.2 Deliverable
The calculated environmental indicators are reported in Figure 1.
INDICATORS UNIT SCENARIO 1
SCENARIO 2
SCENARIO 3
EMILIA ROMAGNA
Global warming kg CO2eq
-27,01466 -9031,2302 -11532,204
Non-renewable energy
MJ 4,0523447 -4240,3581 -6303,2439
Mineral extraction MJ -0,064747085 -42,723388 -59,90683 Renewable energy MJ 1,9193775 5327,8672 5292,8688 Soil fertility nutritionalvalue
DALY -1,1873567E-11 -1,1138386E-11 -1,1138386E-11
SPAIN
Global warming kg CO2eq
-31,095325 -9031,2302 -11563,949
Non-renewable energy
MJ -44,377593 -4240,3581 -8272,0345
Mineral extraction MJ -0,56119585 -42,723388 -73,968151 Renewable energy MJ -1,468823 5327,8672 4570,9573 Soil fertility nutritional value
DALY -2,3357793E-11 -1,1138386E-11 -1,1138386E-11
BASILICATA
Global warming kg CO2eq
-49,598379 -9031,2302 -12245,57
Non-renewable energy
MJ -128,81255 -4240,3581 -9166,0359
Mineral extraction MJ -1,0642805 -42,723388 -82,707493 Renewable energy MJ -4,6312801 5327,8672 5161,9038 Soil fertility nutritional value
DALY -1,1402904E-11 -1,1138386E-11 -1,1138386E-11
Table 1–Environmental indicators. SCENARIO 1 -Increased wheat production: soil recovery with organic matter (limit value of increased productivity); SCENARIO 2 -Increased wheat production: soil recovery byplanting (limit value of increased productivity); SCENARIO 3 Increased wheat production: soil recovery with organic matter andplanting (limit value of increased productivity
11 Socio-Economic Criteria and Indicators
In order to assess the environmental benefits of the project, the main environmental
indicators were defined as follow: Employment rate [person/year]; Landscape [amount];
Internal cost [€]
11.1 Employment rate
This indicator is defined as the amount of direct labor in person-years required for the
operations and management considered in the project and includes indirect jobs as soil
analysis, environmental analysis, material supply, biomass transportation.
The employment rate increase was calculated as follow:
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-1/25744000 = -3,88440025E-8 (increasein the employment ratewhere25744000is
theworkforce(Italy -January 2015)
11.2 Landscape quality
The indicator Landscape that highlight a cultural issue, takes into account the following
aspects:
natural landscape, natural landscape in training, agricultural landscape (benefit for man but
not for the environment losing biodiversity), cityscape (human aggregation), living
landscape extra urban, landscape of degraded soils, industrial landscape. The indicator
ranges from -1 to 1 , being the negative value a benefit and the following value were
obtained:
- natural landscape: -1
- natural landscape in training: -0.8
- agricultural landscape: -0.7 (benefit for man but not for the environment losing
biodiversity)
- cityscape: -0.5 (human aggregation)
- living landscape Extra urban: -0.3
- landscape of degraded soils: 0
- industrial landscape: +0.5
11.3 Internal cost
This indicator measures the economic impact of the considered scenarios and is measured
in € (Euro). The costs considered are the following:
- Rent for land in Italy: € 10,000 / ha. For Spain it is assumed the same value.
- Cost for transportation: gasoline cost: 1.5 €/l, consumption of 10 l/km, liters of
gasoline consumed to make round trip. Gain hauler: 20%. Total: 130*10*1.5*0.2
- Cost for compost: 20 €/q
- Cost for tillage: 3000 € for the Italian and Spanish sites (5 experiments in Italy and
5 in Spain).
- Cost for the plants from nursery: 25 €/pine and 15 €/mastic.
- Cost for cutting plant before chipping: 25 €/h
- Cost for the extirpation of the roots: 60 €/h and 0.5h/strain
- Cost for chipping: 200 € /h
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- Labour costs: 1400 €/month
- Cost for measuring soil characteristics.
- Cost analysis: € 613,840 if it had been done in private laboratories.
11.4 Deliverables
The calculated socio-economic indicators are reported in Figure 1.
INDICATORS UNIT SCENARIO 1
SCENARIO 2
SCENARIO 3
EMILIA
ROMAGNA
Internal cost euro 344,21176 5173,5746 5455,417
Employment p -1,3512614E-10 -1,2607886E-9 -1,2605578E-9
Landscape p -0,043639448 -0,36373406 -0,36366746
SPAIN
Internal cost euro 506,36957 5173,5746 5369,1996
Employment p -2,0224545E-10 -1,2607886E-9 -1,2605688E-9
Landscape p -0,065315855 -0,36373406 -0,36367063
BASILICATA
Internal cost euro 218,6121 5050,3173 5451,1835
Employment p -8,8044371E-11 -1,2607886E-9 -1,2605287E-9
Landscape p -0,028434229 -0,36373406 -0,36365907
Table 2– Socio-economic indicators. SCENARIO 1 - Increased wheat production: soil recovery with organic matter (limit value of increased productivity); SCENARIO 2 - Increased wheat production: soil recovery by planting (limit value of increased productivity); SCENARIO 3 Increased wheat production: soil recovery with organic matter andplanting (limit value of increased productivity.
12 Main Final Results
The indicators calculated for Action C.4 reported in Table 3 can be summarized in
integrated manner, considering in addition to the social and economic issues, the
environmental indicators calculated with LCA methodology.
The negative values are representative of benefits that the three considered scenarios
provide with respect to the standard situation (status quo).
TOTAL SCENARIO
1
SCENARIO
2
SCENARIO
3
EMILIA
ROMAGNA
Pt 0,035698847 -0,93044028 -0,76896648
SPAGNA Pt 0,08933251 -0,83487712 -0,46366849
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BASILICATA Pt 0,16577928 -0,93044028 2,4360208
Table 3– Overallresults. SCENARIO 1 - Increased wheat production: soil recovery with organic matter (limit value of increased productivity); SCENARIO 2 - Increased wheat production: soil recovery by planting (limit value of increased productivity); SCENARIO 3 Increased wheat production: soil recovery with organic matter and planting (limit value of increased productivity).
SCENARIO 1
SCENARIO 2
SCENARIO 3
EMILIA
ROMAGNA
Soil fertility/Resources -6,38062E-05 5,57262E-08 3,75097E-08
Soil fertility/Internal cost
-4,86379E-12 -3,03564E-13 -2,87881E-13
Soil fertility/Employment
12,38970491 1,245658868 1,24588694
Soil fertility/Landscape 3,83638E-08 4,31775E-09 4,31854E-09
BASILICATA
Soil fertility/Resources 1,88138E-06 5,57262E-08 2,58067E-08
Soil fertility/Internal cost
-7,35462E-12 -3,03564E-13 -2,88105E-13
Soil fertility/Employment
18,2613537 1,245658868 1,245915702
Soil fertility/Landscape 5,65449E-06 4,31775E-09 4,31864E-07
SPAGNA
Soil fertility/Resources 1,11379E-05 5,57262E-08 2,85981E-08
Soil fertility/Internal cost
-6,50404E-12 -3,03564E-13 -2,92504E-13
Soil fertility/Employment
16,2844148 1,245658868 1,245876068
Soil fertility/Landscape 5,04234E-06 4,31775E-07 4,3185E-07
Table 4 – Results related to the Soil fertility indicator with respect to 4 different
indicators expressed in eco-point (Pt) except for the internal cost indicator misured in
€.
SCENARIO 1 - Increased wheat production: soil recovery with organic matter (limit value
of increased productivity); SCENARIO 2 - Increased wheat production: soil recovery by
planting (limit value of increased productivity); SCENARIO 3 Increased wheat
production: soil recovery with organic matter and planting (limit value of increased
productivity.
The ratio are related to the Soil fertility indicator with respect to 4 different indicators
expressed in eco-point (Pt) except for the internal cost indicator measured in €.
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For each considered scenario and region, the most favorable values are reported in bold
and the following criteria were used:
1. Since soil fertility always presents an advantage (negative value), if the ratio is
negative it means that the denominator is positive and therefore is a damage (as in
the case of internal costs). Consequently the most advantageous condition is
represented by the maximum ratio in absolute terms, that is the one that has the
minimum denominator.
2. If the ratio is positive it means that the denominator is negative and is therefore an
advantage. Then, among the positive values the most advantageous condition is
represented by the minimum ratio in absolute value, that is the one that has the
maximum denominator.
It is however necessary to remind that considering the whole set of environmental and
socio-economic indicators the overall comparative results are those reported in Table 3.
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13 Monitoring analyses and costs Chemical and physical analysis have been carried out in the BIOREM project in order to
evaluate soil quality and restoration. This set of parameters are easy and fast to determine
and also quite economic. The cost is about 30 € for each parameter for soil sample in
triplicate. However, chemico-physical parameters are not sensitive enough and they change
very slowly. In contrast, biological indicators offer certain advantages over
physicochemical methods, since are very sensitive even to small changes occurring in soil
and they offered a high resolution picture of changes in soil under BIOREM remediation
strategy.
The cost of enzyme activities carried out on soil (total enzyme activity) are similar to that
of chemico-physical analysis, averagely 30€ for each analysis for soil sample in triplicate,
slightly higher, about 35€, the extracellular enzyme activities conducted on soil extract that
need a further step consisting in the extraction of the enzyme from the soil.
The humic-bound enzymes represent another paramount parameters useful for soil
monitoring, since they are considered a constitutive fraction of SOM capable of conferring
resilience and resistance to stressed soils in extreme environments. This biochemical
component of SOM was used also to assess soil response to different management
practices. The methodology to isolate, purify and characterise these enzymatically active
fractions of SOM (extracellular humic–enzyme complexes) is based on three steps: (1)
pyrophosphate extraction of humic matter, (2) ultrafiltration (UF) of the various
components of the organic extracts on molecular mass exclusion membranes, followed by
(3) the analytical isoelectric focussing technique (IEF). Mainly due to the long procedure,
the cost of this analysis is about 80 € for each sample resulting more expensive with
respect to the previous analyses.
Moreover, new "OMICs" technologies have been applied in this project and benefit the
understanding of the processes taking place at the microbial community level after
remediation strategy application. Genomic tools based on bacterial (16S) and fungal (18S)
gene pyrosequencing (DNA and RNA methods) have been successfully used to evaluate
the effects of compost and plants on the structure of the microbial community.
However, these technologies need long procedures for DNA-RNA extraction and
quantification and sophisticated and expensive instrument for microbial identification,
making them more expensive of the previous biochemical tests with a cost ranging around
200 € for sample.
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In addition, BIOREM explored the frontiers of environmental metaproteomics with the aim
to understand the functional response of specific microbial populations. Metaproteomics is
an appropriate approach for unraveling functional insights within the microbial
community. For this purpose, proteins were categorized in functional groups related to
cellular metabolism. However, proteomic represents an expensive approach, in terms of
both time and cost due to the long procedure and expensive apparatus necessary (400-500
€ for sample). Still in its infancy, proteomics is starting to provide insights into this
functionality, coupled to microbial phylogeny, thanks to the application of state-of-the-art
mass spectrometers.
Traditional physical-chemical analysis
Costs €
Total organic C and Total N
30*2 =60
Macro and micronutrients P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, S, Se
30*8= 240
Metals and metalloids Al, Fe, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, As, Be, Bi, B, Li, Mo, Sb, Sr, Ti, Tl, V
30*19= 570
pH and electrical conductivity
30
Cationic exchange Capacity (CEC)
30
Water-holding capacity 30 Tot 960 BIOREM monitoring analysis
β-glucosidase activity assay
30
Phosphatase activity assay
30
Dehydrogenase activity assay
30
Extracellular β-glucosidase activity
35
Total humic matter 30 Fractionated humic matter thorough isoelectric focusing
50
β-glucosidase activity on stable humic matter
80
Stabile isotope probing 40
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Proteomic 400 Genomic 200 Tot 925
On the basis of their relevance on soil quality and fertility, soil results related to the soil
organic matter sequestration processes have been statistically treated by PCA analysis in
order to assess the correlations between different variables and identify the most important
parameters that characterize the behaviour of soil under different treatments.
Soil properties at the end of the experimentation can be summarized in two independent
PCs, which explained 76% of the total variance. The first PC (PC1, 50.5% of the total
variance) represented the effect of compost treatments, since TOC, humic C,
dehydrogenase activity and extracellular β-glucosidase activity were positively correlated
on this PC (parameters denoting significance on the same PC with the same sign). The
significant loadings on the second PC (25.5% of the total variance) included total
phosphatase and β-glucosidase activities. The positive correlation of these parameters on
PC2 indicated that phosphorus and carbon cycles were positively affected by the
treatments.
Principal components (PCs) and component loadings.
PC 1 PC 2
humic bound b-glucosidase activity 0,479 0,591
Dehydrogenase activity 0,818* 0,319
tot b-glucosidase activity 0,455 0,719*
tot phosphatase -0,221 0,890*
extr b-glucosidase activity 0,904* 0,052
TOC 0,866* 0,026
humic C 0,904* 0,146
Var. Sp. 3,54 1,79
Prp.Tot. 0,505 0,255
Among these parameters that have been proposed to monitor soil health, soil enzyme
activities (dehydrogenase, -glucosidase and phosphatase activities) together with the
TOC and humic C, have great potential to provide a unique integrative functional
assessment of soil health.
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The PCA plot diagrams allowed a better comprehension of the relationships between soil
environments, variables and their changes over time in the orthogonal space defined by the
components 1 (PC1) and 2 (PC2).
All organically treated soils are shifted towards positive values of PC1 with respect to
control and plant treatments; this separations along the PC1 axis might have been mainly
associated with the effects of compost treatments on soil microbial activity, organic carbon
and humic carbon content (parameters significant on the PC1). The positive correlation of
these parameters on PC1 indicated that microbial metabolism (dehydrogenase activity) and
the carbon cycle (extracellular β-glucosidase activity) were positively affected by the
quantity (TOC) and quality (humic C) of organic matter. In addition, all treatments are
shifted towards positive values of PC2 with respect to control, indicating the positive effect
of the different treatments on the activation of phosphorus and carbon cycles.
Even if it is less evident, plant treatments, shifted away from the control towards positive
values on the PC1 axis. This behaviour indicates the efficiency of the plants alone or in
combination with compost in soil quality recovery.
The effect of sampling depth was generally not important, since surface samples were near
to sub-surface samples in the plot, with a slight shift of sub-surface samples along negative
values of both PC 1 and PC2 axes.
Abaran
1C
Fontanelle
6C 1P 6P 1OM 6OM 1OM+P 6OM+P
Boqueron
2C
Fusetto
7C 2P 7P 2OM 7OM 2OM+P 7OM+P
Cartagena
3C
Albicocco
8C 3P 8P 3OM 8OM 3OM+P 8OM+P
Santomera Entrada
4C
Tebano
9C 4P 9P 4OM 9OM 4OM+P 9OM+P
Santomera Canas
5C
Imola
10C 5P 10P 5OM 10OM 5OM+P 10OM+P
C= control P= Plant
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OM= organic matter OM+P= organic matter plus plant p=20-40 cm depth s=0-20 cm depth Biplot of factor scores at the final sampling time (T3), in each treatment (C, control; P, plant; OM, compost and OM+P, compost plus plant ) and at each depth (0-20 and 20-40 cm).
Scatterplot
1Cs
2Cs
3Cs
4Cs5Cs
6Cs7Cs
8Cs
9Cs
10Cs
1Cp
2Cp3Cp
4Cp
5Cp
6Cp
7Cp
8Cp
9Cp10Cp
2Ps
3Ps4Ps
5Ps
6Ps
7Ps 8Ps
9Ps10Ps
1Pp
2Pp
3Pp4Pp
5Pp6Pp
7Pp8Pp
9Pp
10Pp
1OMs
2OMs
3OMs
4OMs5OMs
6OMs
7OMs8OMs
9OMs
10OMs
1OMp2OMp
3OMp
4OMp
5OMp
6OMp
7OMp
8OMp
9OMp10OMp
1OM+Ps
2OM+Ps
3OM+Ps
4OM+Ps
5OM+Ps
6OM+Ps
7OM+Ps
8OM+Ps
9OM+Ps10OM+Ps
1OM+Pp2OM+Pp
3OM+Pp
4OM+Pp
5OM+Pp6OM+Pp
7OM+Pp8OM+Pp
9OM+Pp
10OM+Pp
-2,5 -2,0 -1,5 -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5
PC1
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
PC2
0-20 cm C
20-40 cm C
0-20 cm P
20-40 cm P
0-20 cm OM
20-40 cm OM
0-20 cm OM+P
20-40 cm OM+P
As reported above, the effect of plant treatment, especially in Spanish soils, is not very
evident, while organically treated soils showed a marked change with respect to control
soils.
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14 Assessing the socio-economic impact of the use of manure compost in the economy and population of Spain
15 A) Introduction:
There is a great variety of definitions regarding the terms Compost and Composting. In reality, they are both variations of the same concept that try to provide concise information from diverse viewpoints. In simple terms, the compost is nothing more than a mixture of organic waste with a variable degree of decomposition which, once added to the soil cultivation, exerts a beneficial role as organic fertilizer. Beyond this simple definition are the mechanisms by which these mixtures acquire their properties and the way the production process should be controlled so that the desired effect is optimal Whatever the case, compost production has boomed in recent years because, besides being a material of great agronomic value, the very process by which it is obtained, in itself represents a system of dealing with bio-waste that is economicaland respectful to the environment, while directly involving the society and making it responsible for the waste it generates. Perhaps the fact that composting is a biotransformation process is the key to properly defining the term compost from a scientific and technical standpoint. Biotransformation implies that the decomposition of the organic materials is mediated by living beings. In this case, living beings are microorganisms that, through enzymatic oxidation-reduction reactions,obtain the nutrients and energy necessary for the maintenance of their biological activities from their own organic remains. As a result of this decomposition, part of organic matter is mineralized completely to CO2 and H2O. The rest of the materials are partially transformed into compounds with different degree of humification. In addition, during the microbial action, chemical energy necessary for microorganisms is generated, part of which dissipates in the form of heat. There are other key circumstances that should be considered in this process: the biotransformation of organic matter should occur under aerobic conditions; that is, in the presence of significant concentrations of oxygen. This is an essential requirement in order for the final material to be called compost, because even though organic matter is also transformed in anaerobic conditions, the material obtained is not compost. All those nutritional factors (for the composition of the raw materials) and environmental factors (moisture, pH, temperature, concentration of oxygen, etc.) which have a direct influence on the biological activity of microorganisms must be scrupulously controlled so that the process runs optimally. In the light of these considerations, it can be said that the compost is a stable material, similar to hummus, obtained by the biological transformation of organic matter, under controlled aerobic conditions. In accordance with this definition, the compost should not be considered only as a simple system for treatment of bio-waste that allows its stabilization, since, through adequate control of the conditions under which it runs, the process leads to the enhancement of organic matter from waste, giving it properties which allow it to decisively contribute to the fertility of the soil. The supply of compost and mixtures of waste for agriculture, nurseries, landscaping, and improvement and recovery of soil, comes from the following production sectors:
● Composting plants that process the organic fraction of the RSU. ● Companies that are dedicated to composting and mixing different types of waste, including
those from agriculture, cattle farming and agri-food industries. The compost produces positive effects in the soil both in its physical/chemical and biological properties. Its incorporation in the soil allows improving its structure, reducing the problems of compaction and susceptibility to erosion. It also increases the capacity for retention of water and gas exchange, thus promoting radical development.
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It also improves the biological activity of the soil since it provides food to the microorganisms that inhabit it and feed on humus. As a result of the improvement in the ventilation and other properties, the bacterial flora is increased and diversified. Its use as a fertilizer is related to its ability to deliver nutrients slowly, in accordance with the mineralization caused by micro-organisms who in simple terms release nutrients contained in the humus and organic matter. In addition, the compost acts as a suppressor of diseases through biological mechanisms such as competition between beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms, parasitism and antibiosis. Agriculture and forestry depend on the soil for the supply of water and nutrients, as well as for its physical support. Its capacity for filtration, retention, storage and transformation convert the soil into one of the main elements for protecting the water and the exchange of gases with the atmosphere. Furthermore, it serves as a habitat and a genetic reserve, an element of the landscape and cultural heritage as well as a source of raw materials.
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16 A.1. Current regulations and definitions
The Law 22/2011 of waste y contaminated soils defines "Compost" as the "organic amendment obtained from the biological, thermophilic and aerobic treatment of biodegradable waste collected separately". According to this definition, organic material obtained from the plants by mechanical biological treatment of mixed waste is not to be considered compost but rather should be referred as biostabilized material. It can be seen that the last regulation gives emphasizes on the differences between processes that originate different biotransformed materials in order provide a clear identity to the compost and at the same time linking it to processes that are based on organic materials separated in origin. The same law defines "Biowaste" as biodegradable residue of gardens and parks, waste from food and cooking from households, restaurants, catering services and retail establishments, as well as comparable waste from plants that process food. With this new regulation, environmental authorities, without prejudice for the measures derived from actions at the community level, promote measures which may include in plans and programs for management of waste intended to promote:
a) The separate collection of bio-waste destined for composting or anaerobic digestion, in particular of the plant fraction, bio-waste of large generators andbio-waste generated in households.
b) Household and community composting. c) The treatment of bio-waste collected separately so as to achieve a high degree of
protection of the environment carried out in specific facilities without letting it mix with waste throughout the process. Where appropriate, the authorization of such facilities shall include the technical requirements for the proper treatment of bio-waste and the quality of the obtained materials.
d) The use of compost produced from bio-waste and environmentally safe in agriculture, gardening or the regeneration of degraded areas, in replacement of other organic amendments and mineral fertilizers.
Other applicable laws prior to the publication of theLaw 22/2011 on Waste and Contaminated Soil: Urban household waste Specific legislation The national legislation applicable to such waste is: -Law 10/1998 of April 21st, on waste. -Law 11/1997 of April 24th, on packages and packaging waste, and the regulations that carry it out; approved by Royal Decree 782/1998 and subsequent amendments to both. -Royal Decree 653/2003, of May 30th, on waste incineration. -Royal Decree 1481/2001, of December 27th, which regulates the disposal of waste through a landfill deposit. -Law 16/2002, of July 1st, on integrated pollution prevention and control Sludge from urban waste water treatment plants (urban WWTP). Legislation specifies Sludge from urban sewage treatment plants is regulated by the norms of waste with the particularity that their application as fertilizer or organic amendment must conform to the following provisions: -Royal Decree 1310/1990 of October 29th, which regulates the use of sewage sludge in the agricultural sector. This Royal Decree establishes a series of controls on the part of the autonomous regions for the monitoring and use of sludge in the agriculture and creates the National Registry of Sludge (RNL)
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-Order of October 26th, 1993. on the use of sewage sludge in agriculture establishes the requirements for the provision of information to the RNL on sludge production and quantities intended for agricultural soils. -Royal Decree 824/2005, of July 8th, on fertilizer products. Regulates the organic amendments prepared with organic waste including sewage sludge. Description of Current situation Data from the national registry of sludge indicates that in the year 2006 1.064.972 t m s of sludge was generated, which means that the production of sludge has increased 55% in the period 1997-2006. The autonomous regions that produce the most sludge are Cataluña, Madrid and Valencia. The amounts to be used for agricultural recovery in recent years went up from 606,119 tm (2001) to 687,037 t m s. (2006), which, in percentage terms, is a substantial increase. The planning and management of sludge in Spain are different in all autonomous regions: some have specific plans, others apply standards of waste management or include them in the plans of urban waste, and others apply the Royal Decree 1310/1990 through their Ministries of Agriculture, waste services or sanitation of the Ministries of Environment. This situation is not very desirable, not only for ecological reasons, but also for reasons of administrative efficiency because there is some confusion with regard to the competent department. The remaining legal framework connected to the subject-matter of soils and compost was configured by the following directives:
-Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC - Incineration Directive 2000/76/EC - Directive on Agricultural Application of sewage sludge 86/278/EC - Regulation 1774/2002 on Waste and animal by-products and related norms
Other directives with an indirect but important link with the subject-matter of soils and compost are:
- Directive 91/968 Wastewater treatments - DIR 96/61/EC IPPC - Directive 2001/77/EC on power generation by renewable sources
17 A.2. Definition and characteristics of a composting process
In order to effectively define this term, the process must be specified and well-defined. Therefore, we can indicate the following:
• It must be a controlled bioxidative process. This aspect distinguishes the composting from any
other natural process that is without any control. To be defined as "bioxidative", iit requires a
biological condition, which makes composting different from the physical and chemical processes,
as well as those not made of aerobic form
• It involves heterogeneous organic substrates in a solid state. The heterogeneity which we refer
to describes substrates that are derived from a mixture of different organic waste, or that, as in the
case of municipal solid waste, have it due to the diversity of materials that incorporates.
• Causes the step of a thermophilic stage and induces an initial production of phytotoxins. The
bioxidative processes are exothermic. Substantial amounts of heat are produced in the initial stage
of the process (30-65 °C), decreasing rapidly during the next stage of stabilization (generally
associated with a temperature between 35-40°C). An insufficient rise in temperature, or a delay in
it, would imply an unfavorable development of the process, or poor control of the factors that affect
it. The metabolic production of phytotoxins characterizes the initial stage of fresh organic matter
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decomposition. This production is less intense and of shorter duration with heterogeneous
substrates and aerobic conditions, basic requirements in the composting. A persistent phytotoxicity
would indicate a bad development process, often due to inadequate oxygenation, or a poor balance
of substrates.
• The composting process leads to the production of carbon dioxide, water, minerals and finally
a stabilized organic matter (which would be the final product "compost"). Composting should
produce a stabilized product, with a high fertilizer value to be used in agriculture. In addition, it has
to be easily handled and stored, and its direct use in the soil should not cause adverse effects.
With everything said so far, we can give the following definition of COMPOSTING: a controlled
bioxidative process, which involves numerous and varied microorganisms and requires a suitable
humidity and heterogeneous organic substrates. This process involves the step to a thermophilic
stage and a temporary production of phytotoxins, giving at the end a product of the degradation
processes of carbon dioxide, water and minerals, as well as a steady organic matter, free of
phytotoxins and ready for use without causing adverse events.
Stabilization processes of organic materials such as composting, which we could consider as "low-
cost technologies for stabilization of organic waste", must meet specific requirements in order to
develop optimally. The above-mentioned requirements range from those relating strictly to the
process itself (control of temperature, humidity and ventilation), as well as those that are specific to
the products you want to compost (particle size, macro and micronutrients in the mass, C/N ratio of
the materials, etc.). It is necessary to indicate the limited porosity that the biosolid provides,
therefore making it necessary to increase the porosity in the mass of composting through the
addition of porous material (in our case, wood shavings, as it will be indicated later.
Factors relative to the composting process
For the process of composting to be a purely biological process, there are many and very complex
factors to be involved; some of which become uncontrollable because the dynamics of the process.
However, other parameters such as temperature, aeration, moisture, pH, and the C/N ratio can and
must be controlled in order not to allow the process to run spontaneously.
Temperature: The waste is decomposed by the action of microorganisms, generating large amount
of energy that is transmitted by all the composting pile, causing a rise in temperature.
Subsequently, the temperature drops and remains stabilized around room temperature. When
excessively high temperatures are reached it is of interest to cool the mass, either by whirling it or
by forced aeration.
At the beginning of the composting process, mass is at room temperature; due to the mesophilic
population increase, the labile organic material degrades and a temperature increase occurs. At
temperatures above 40°C the mesophilic process stops and degradation enters a thermophilic phase,
reaching up to values of 60-70°C. The thermophilic phase is very important because when
temperatures of this order are reached, a pasteurization of the product takes place, destroying the
pathogenic organisms and weeds seeds and ensuring the sanitation of the product. Once easily
biodegradable materials have been consumed, the reaction slows down beginning to cool down the
mass.
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Aeration:Ensuring the presence of oxygen is essential for the development of the process of
composting, as this is an aerobic process (Jäckel et al., 2005). The amount of oxygen required
depends on the type of material, its texture, the frequency of throws or reactor type and should be
maintained between 5 and 15 %.
Moisture: The microorganisms need water for their metabolism. This also constitutes the means of
transport of the soluble nutrients and the reaction products. Optimal levels are from 40 to 60 %.
Below the lower level the microbial activity decreases considerably and above the upper level,
anaerobic problems appear from the displacement of air for water (Costa et al., 1991).
pH: This parameter is often taken as an indicative of the evolution of the composting process. In
the first moments of the process, the initial pH can suffer a decline, due to the fact that
microorganisms act on the more labile organic matter (carbohydrates, etc. ), resulting in a release of
organic acids. Subsequently there is a rise in pH, as a result of an increase in the concentration of
ammonium ion. It should be borne in mind that a large increase in pH, accompanied by strong
temperature increases, may lead to the loss of nitrogen in the form of ammonia. As the material
stabilizes, pH values are usually located between 7 and 8(Carnes and Lossin, 1970; Nogales et al.,
1982).
In general, materials can be composted within a wide range of pH values (from 3 to 11); however,
the included pH values between 5 and 8 are the ones that are optimal. While the bacteria prefer a
pH close to neutral, the fungi are best developed in acid medium
C/N Ratio: For the good development of composting, it is recommended that the source material
has an appropriate C/N ratio. It is a very important aspect since bearing in mind that the
microorganisms generally use thirty parts of carbon for one of nitrogen, theoretically this ratio
(30:1) must be considered optimal for the materials to be composted (Kiehl, 1985). However, while
the values of this ratio are useful when it comes to some organic waste, in the case of the biosolids
it’s not so convenient.
Sewage sludge is high in nitrogen, so the initial C/N ratio is less than 10. During the composting
process, as a result of the loss of nitrogen, the ratio increases and at the end remains in values
between 15 and 20.
Factors relating to the substrate
There are other types of substrate-related factors among which we could mention the particle size.
It would be ideal if the size is almost microscopic, since in this way the process would run
perfectly. If that’s not a possibility then for operational reasons, the mentioned size must be
between 1 and 3 cm.
It should also be pointed out that the substrates involved in composting should provide macro and
micronutrients in such adequate quantities that microorganisms involved can carry out their activity
in optimal conditions.
Composting systems
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There are many kinds of waste that can be used for composting: Organic fraction of municipal solid
waste (now called urban waste), sewage sludge, agricultural waste, etc. Some of them require that
they draw inert materials such as glass, plastics, metals, etc. Others need an adjustment of the mass
porosity and the chemical-biological conditioning in order for the process to run smoothly (this is
precisely the case of sewage sludge).
The biological transformation of organic matter occurs in nature in a spontaneous way, and this
depends on the particular substrate, as well as on the micro-organisms involved. The final product
will be completely different depending if the conditions are aerobic or anaerobic. This process is
slow and discontinuous, and does not occur in a homogenous manner.
Non-natural composting, in which a microbiological reaction of mineralization takes place along
with a partial reaction of humification (Adani et al., 2002), shall be subject to minimum periods of
time, that will be hard to shorten since processes depend on the biological cycles of the
microorganisms involved. Therefore, in the industrial process, which must be aimed at obtaining of
a final product useful as a fertilizer from an agricultural point of view, the composting cannot be
left to run spontaneously, but rather has to be controlled for ensuring a quick and low-cost process.
This can be achieved by directly influencing the growth and metabolism of microorganisms that
affect the composting.
Technically speaking, the most influential factor is aeration. Depending on the method adopted to
control it, various systems to carry out the composting arise (De Bertoldi et al., 1985; Stentiford,
1987). The fundamental difference between them is that they are either open (stacks exposed to air)
or closed (use of reactors or tunnels). The system that is simpler and more cost-effective is the one
in open-air because it aerates the stacks through turns.
The implementation of composting by forming stacks and periodically turning them has its
limitations as well. We must take into account that in order to utilize this system we must have
sufficient space to be able to flip the stack sideways, although it can also be done by machines that
leave it in the same place. It is also necessary to bear in mind that the turns can temporarily
interrupt the process. However, we believe that, if run well, this process has a greater advantage
over the others, because through turning it the whole mass is equally composted; achieving the
same objective through the other systems can present some problems, since the mass remains static.
a) Open systems.
Static piles
The idea of static piles with forced ventilation is perhaps the most appropriate, because it allows for
a precise control of the oxygen as well as other parameters such as temperature and humidity. Their
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installation is not expensive, since the stacks don’t have to be rolled over, with the only
disadvantage being the space of the system.
The suction system that was devised in Beltsville (Willson and Dalmat, 1983), is widely used in the
United States (U.S.A.). With this system, a flow of air over 0.2 m3/min/ton is enough to provide an
oxygen concentration of 15% to compost composed of sewage sludge and wood shavings. In order
to reduce the problems with the smell, the air can be transmitted through a stack of mature compost
which acts as a filter (Biofilters).
The process was performed at Rutgers University in New Jersey (diagram 7), is based on the
supply of air and temperature control (Finstein and Miller, 1987). The data is transmitted to a
temperature controller by means of a thermostat located in the stack. When the signal being sent
indicates a value higher than the set limit, the system is triggered, launching a fan that cools down
the mass and decreases the temperature. This system has two main advantages over the precedent:
on one hand, through the evaporation which it originates, it produces a low humidity of the final
product and ensures good stability. On the other hand, the automatic temperature control prevents it
from prolonged periods of high temperature.
Piles with turns
This composting system is among the oldest existing practices. The phytopathologist Howard
(1931) was the one that marked the first significant progress in this area, developing a technique in
Indore (India) known as Indore Method or Howard Method (which has been followed in this
project). He formed 1.5 meters high piles with layers of garbage, animal manure, straws, leaves and
mud, then compared the advantages of that system with respect to the burning and burying of
waste.
It is a system that is simple and easy to carry out; it consists of periodically turning the mass in
order to expose the material of outer part to the interior and that way composting the whole mass
alike. Currently, with good monitoring of the temperature and humidity of the mass, in order to
find the right times appropriate times for the turns, this system can give very favourable results.
Naturally, it also has its limitations, as the oxygenation of the stack is only periodically provided
with the turns. If we consider that for a good biological oxidation to occur the oxygen level should
be kept constant, then this becomes a handicap for this system (De Bertoldi et al., 1982).
System associated with turns and forced ventilation
In this system the composting mixture is flipped and subsequently aerated by forced ventilation
(SILODA System). This process has been developed for accelerated composting of solid municipal
waste
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Scheme 1: Closed and open composting systems.
Scheme 2:Static system and forced ventilation.
b) Closed systems.
Vertical reactors
Reactors usually are between 2 and 4 meters high and can be continuous (the mass is located along
the reactor) or discontinuous (the mass is separated into different floors with a height of 2 meters or
they may also be static). Vertical reactors provide the ventilation necessary for the product in every
moment. A system of forced ventilation is installed according to the temperature that the mass can
reach and the amount of oxygen that the air must possess for a good stabilization of the product.
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These reactor systems have a fundamental advantage which is the speed of the process. On the
other hand, among its drawbacks are the expensive maintenance and discharges, which tend to be
complicated is done manually.
There are two vertical composting processes:
Triga Process:A rolling bridge removes the waste from a reception pit and feeds a rotary sieve of
coarse mesh. The sieved material is carried through a pump to a mill. The ferrous material is
previously removed by a magnetic extractor. The milled product is transported to a digester
consisting of four vertical silos. The silos are loaded from the top, keeping the material in its
interior for two days, and the discharge being carried out by a thread without an end. A conveyor
belt carries the material back to the top of another digester, and so on. The top of the silos has a fan
for the aeration of the material in its interior. Then, the material passes through a magnetic
extractor and on to a vibrating sieve.
Earp-Thomas process:
It is defined as a process of bioconversion of organic residues in organic fertilizers for agriculture.
The main phases of the process are:
1. The transformation of organic waste into compost, through the use of vertical digesters and
bacterial inoculation as a means of accelerating the process.
2. The addition of chemicals to the compost in the quantities required to raise its nutrient values
and achieve the desired formulas, with the objective that these substances be incorporated in the
organic environment, preventing its loss by leaching or a combination in insoluble forms with
the soil.
3. A second inoculation of useful microorganisms into the soil, which proliferate in the middle
of the compost and intervene in the transformation of nutrients in forms that can be assimilated
by the upper floors.
The digester is a vertical metal cylinder, divided in 8 levels, with a central axis that operates a
system of plows or pallets in each one of them, which turns each time slot.
The material that enters through the top level is moved toward the center where an opening in the
floor allows the material to drop to the next level. In this compartment the inclination of the
different plows is opposite to each other in order to move the material towards the periphery where
another trap allows it to fall to the third level and so on. Due to the special design of the plows,
while they are slowly moving the material, they are also stirring it in order to have a complete
aeration in the entire mass, and ensure that the process is aerobic.
At the top of each chamber there is a nozzle for air intake and, diametrically opposite, an output for
vapors. All nozzles have occludes that regulate the entry of air and exit of steam in order to control
the temperature. On each level there is a door of record and a peephole for inspecting the inside of
the chamber. Fixed thermometers in the air chambers of each level permanently indicate the values
of the temperatures.
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The process begins on the first level of the digester (from top to bottom), where the bacteria
synthesize sugar and multiply rapidly producing reducing enzymes of starch, minerals, etc. The
development of anaerobic bacteria is inhibited immediately. Temperatures range from 32 to 38 °C.
On the second level the proteolytic bacteria produce enzymes that reduce proteins to amino acids.
Nitrites and nitrates are produced and then used by the reductive organisms of cellulose.
Temperatures range between 38 and 44 °C. On the third level, the rate of bacterial oxidation
increases. The temperature rises to the optimal limits for bacteria, which multiply and initiate the
reduction of cellulose, hemi-cellulose, alfa-cellulose, and lignin. The temperature is from 44 to 55
°C.
On the fourth and fifth level, the aerobic thermophilic organisms heat up and soften resistant
tissues, hydrolyze and disintegrate decaying bacterial bodies and organic matter. Resistant
anaerobic bacteria and spores, in the majority of cases disintegrate by their interiors being
vaporized and hydrolyzates, or are attacked in the softening condition, in such a way that the
starch, proteins and minerals contained in each organism are digested by enzymes that could not
penetrate the membranes of the cells before the intense heat.
In the last three levels, digestion continues at a slower pace, the homogenization and drying of the
product is completed, achieving a drop in temperature in the process. The lignins are of difficult
reduction and are the ones that give the "compost" its special characteristics-nutrients for the
microorganisms in the soil, which allow for a controlled and intense bacterial activity.
Horizontal reactors
The Danobiostabilizing cylinder and other similar ones can be considered as horizontal reactors of
composting (Tunnels). It should be noted that they are not considered as true reactors for
composting, because its main function is the differentiation of waste components by biological and
physico-chemical means.
PROCESS OF MATURING
The composting process, as we have extensively exhibited, is based on achieving the loss of more
labile organic matter and reaching a sanitation and stabilization of organic matter.
However, if in addition to the composting process the compost is subject a subsequent process of
maturing the content of humic substances (key for the quality of organic matter) will be improved,
as well as other lesser known aspects such as its biocontrol effect.
Scheme 3:Composting plant; System in tunnels.
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The realization of this process is extremely simple and not costly. It only consists of stackingthe
composted material in static piles without turning it. During maturation, the material stays in the
mesophilic phase and the microbial activity will be extremely slow (Goyal, 2005).
The annex I-II describes a study realized to the characterization of wastes treated by different
technologies regarding their suitability for agricultural use and especially for vegetable and cereal
cultivation under Spanish climatic conditions.
Since the co-utilization of various wastes in composting processes is a common practice for
obtaining high added value products (composts) that can be used as soil improvers and fertilizers
for crops, several composts obtained from the mixture of different kind of organic wastes have
been included in this study.
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18 B) Market
19 B.1. Current situation of the market for compost
Supply of compost and mixtures of waste destined for agriculture, nurseries, landscaping and improvement and recovery of soils, comes from the following sectors:
-Composting plants that process the organic fraction of MSW. -Companies that are dedicated to composting and mixing different types of waste, including those from agriculture, cattle farming and agri-food industries.
Apart from that, there are companies that trade treated sludge from urban sewages or apply this sludge directly to agriculture and green spaces. In the last few years, some of the companies in the sector started developing the production of mixtures of Compost + NPK, which are a result of combining organic product and inorganic formulations with different contents N-P-K. As a result of the lack of specific legislation that requires a concrete definition and characterization of raw materials, composting processes and resulting products, the market for compost and organic amendments is unorganized, and prices do not correspond with the qualities and uses.
20 B.2. Potential Supply.
The recommendations of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment regarding separate
source collection of the organic fraction becomes an objective for optimal quality and
competitiveness in the compost, this productive potential in the medium to long term will be
calculated from a policy parameter as indicated in the National Plan for Urban Waste of the
Ministry of Environment: it is considered that in 2006, 24.2% of generated MSW will be
composted, in other words. The organic fraction will be 106 kg/inhabitant per year (1.2
Kg/inhabitant/day of MSW).
On the other hand, the data offered by composting plants with separate source collection (year
2,000) shows that about 25% of the organic fraction is converted into compost, which is equivalent
to 27 kg of compost per inhabitant per year.
Nevertheless, it’s necessary to make two estimates for the total amount of production, the first in a
consideration of the short term (year 2006), with most of the compost of a lower quality (organic
fraction not separated at source) and an overall figure around 750 thousand tons (extrapolation of
the official production figures in 1998: 415.000 - 513.000 tons of composting plants) and the
second estimate, long-term, with mostly high quality compost, from separate collection at source:
1,067 thousand tons. Their breakdown by autonomous regions is contained in the attached table.
The theoretical potential for production of compost msw (medium-long term).
AUTONOMOUS REGION’S
COMPOST
Tons (in
thousands)
ANDALUCIA
ARAGON
194
32
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ASTURIAS
BALEARES
CANARIAS
CANTABRIA
CASTILLA-LA MANCHA
CASTILLA Y LEON
CATALUÑA
VALENCIA
EXTREMADURA
GALICIA
MADRID
MURCIA
NAVARRA
PAIS VASCO
LA RIOJA
CEUTA Y MELILLA
29
21
443
14
46
68
164
108
29
74
136
30
14
56
7
2
TOTAL 1.067
SEWAGE SLUDGE COMPOST
The estimated numbers of treated sludge production in late 2005, by Autonomous Community, are given in the following table:
AUTONOMOUS REGION’S TONS OF DRY
MATTER/YEAR
ANDALUCIA
ARAGON
ASTURIAS
BALEARES
CANARIAS
CANTABRIA
CASTILLA-LA MANCHA
CASTILLA Y LEON
CATALUÑA
VALENCIA
EXTREMADURA
GALICIA
MADRID
MURCIA
NAVARRA
PAIS VASCO
LA RIOJA
CEUTA Y MELILLA
312.500
41.000
36.000
29.000
54.000
18.000
56.000
81.000
200.000
130.000
36.000
90.000
342.862
37.000
11.314
63.000
8.000
2.300
TOTAL 1.547.976
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Or the purposes of using this sludge as a base for compos, this plan makes the following forecast
(reference in dry matter for sludge with 75% moisture)
Tm dry matter (max.)
Use and conservation of agricultural soils with uncomposted treated sludge
619.190 (40%)
Agricultural and soil conservation (prior
composting)
386.944 (25%)
Incineration and landfill 541.791 (35%)
Total 1.547.976
Thus, it is estimated that approximately 1 million tons of treated sludge (dry matter), or 4 million
tons of fresh sludge, will be used for agriculture and improvement of soils. Of this amount, 1.5
million tons will be subjected to composting process, combining them with other waste, in
particular forest remains and gardening.
The total volume of compost obtained from the composting process with use of treated sludge and
forest remnants is, according to previous data, 619,190 Tm
LIVESTOCK AND FOOD WASTE COMPOST
Raw materials
Waste that is potentially compostable includes the following: grape marc, olive pomace, vegetable water, slurry and manure, horticultural remains, forest residues, garden waste, meat and dairy waste.
It is necessary to point out that a big part of these raw materials is intended for mixtures with
different maturity grade but without them having had a finished composting process. It is assumed
that the regulation on quality control makes the latter productive line more and scarcer for the sake
of composting being subject to specific norms.
In the livestock sector, the modernization and intensification that has undergone in the last few
decades has also caused an increase in the waste generation and a concentration in its distribution,
in a way that constitutes as a source of contamination. This is especially true for the waste in the
atmosphere (greenhouse gases and odors) and in the waters (nitrates, organic matter, etc.). On the
other hand, the use of more environmentally friendly and less costly resources is an increasingly
dominant need, while utilization of the livestock waste for compost production has great potential.
The key approach: there is a wide dispersion of farms (manure-producing areas). Currently, the
farms are the ones responsible for their management and incorporate them to the soil, either
composted or without any treatment. This was the trend until 2-3 years ago. At present, there
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already are companies responsible for the management of waste and its subsequent recovery
(biogas, compost…), but its uncontrolled use keeps on being more profitable for the farmer in some
developments
WASTE FROM PROCESSING GRAPES
The pomace, which comes from alcohol and wine industries, is the only one considered. This
residue is obtained in the pressing of the grapes and is composed of the stem, the skins and the
kernel or seed, unless the latter is used by anoil extractor.
The grape pomace has high humic content.
Productions
- An average number of pomace per treated grapes is estimated at 150 kg.
- It is estimated that the content of dry organic matter is 75 kg per ton of grapes.
Marketing
Grape pomace is sold as a component of mulches and substrates without any processes other than
the grinding and sieving, that is, without a complete aerobic digestion.
Composting on the basis of this residue, incorporating other elements (manure), provides
identifiable compost as an organic amendment for the sector of nurseries and landscaping.
Grape wine(Tm Thousand)
Grape pomace (Tm Thousand)
Andalucía 270 40
Aragón 137 21
Asturias - -
Baleares 6 1
Canarias 28 4
Cantabria - -
Castilla-la mancha 1.998 300
Castilla y León 197 30
Cataluña 492 74
ComunidadValenciana
323 48
Extremadura 314 47
Galicia 248 37
Madrid 59 9
Murcia 86 13
Navarra 124 19
País vasco 76 11
Rioja 239 36
Ceuta y Melilla - -
TOTAL 4.597 690
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We have to take into account the success of last year (2013-2014) which has turned Spain into the
largest producer of wine in the world, ahead of its big competitors, France and Italy. Spain, despite
being the country with the largest cultivated vineyards in the world, has failed to take the
leadership of wine production up to now because of the low productivity of the soil in some
regions. (Source OEMV)
Scheme 4: Estimated wine production of the leading countries in the world
By autonomous regions, Castilla - La Mancha registered the largest increase last year. The region has gone from producing 19 million hectolitres to 31.2 million, 64.1% more than last year. It is followed in growth by Extremadura with an increase of 28.4%, slightly surpassing the 4 million hectolitres and Cataluña, whose production increased by 20.6% to 3.4 million hectolitres. Out of all the autonomous regions, only Galicia and Asturias recorded falls of production with regard to previous years
OLIVE POMACE AND ALPECHIN Olive oil extraction processes.-
By-product: OLIVE POMACEAND ALPECHIN: 1-1,5 tons per ton of processed olives
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OLIVE POMACE (modern two-phase system of extraction)
Semisolid mixture of wastewaters and solid remains of olive pulp and seed.. Its organic matter content is 95% of the total dry matter. Humidity is around 50-55%.
The pH is acidic (around 6) Its physical characteristics are unsuitable for agricultural management and application.
Vegetable water (traditional system of extraction)
-Residual water with organic matter and fertilizers -Average Composition per m3
● Dry residue: 170 kg., of which: - 150 kilograms of organic matter - 20 kg (mineral elements) - Acid pH (4 to 6). - Vegetable water carries compounds that are toxic to the plants (polyphenols and fatty acids) but their toxicity disappears in the composting process
Final parameter of calculation It is estimated that OLIVE POMACE will be progressively obtained in order to correspond with the most modern systems of extraction. The parameter estimate would be: 0.9 of waste per ton of olives. ESTIMATION OF THE VOLUME OF OLIVE POMACE AND VEGETABLE WATER BY AUTONOMOUS REGIONS (approximate averages).
Autonomous region Olives (Tm Thousand) Estimated waste (Tm Thousand)
ANDALUCIA ARAGON ASTURIAS BALEARES CANARIAS CANTABRIA CASTILLA-LA MANCHA CASTILLA Y LEON CATALUÑA COMUNIDAD VALENCIANA EXTREMADURA GALICIA MADRID MURCIA NAVARRA PAIS VASCO RIOJA CEUTA Y MELILLA
3.629 55 - 2 - -
206 8
139 62
189 -
15 13 8 - 3 -
3.266 50 - 2 - -
185 7
125 56
170 -
14 12 7 - 3 -
Total 4.329 3897
This volume of waste is destined for, on one hand, biomass plants and cogeneration power production and on the other, for composting plants where the OLIVE POMACE is combined with other materials (manure, municipal waste, other plant debris) in order to produce compost (at medium-long term). For the purpose of this second use, estimation is made that 50% of the above total will be the basis for all composting. SLURRY AND MANURE SWINE MANURE.
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For the purposes of its use as an organic fertilizer, some important traits have to be considered. - High nitrogen content that on one hand is an important nutrient, and on the other is applied
in excess to the field, generates a problem of nitrification, in addition to contamination. - It is not uncommon for the slurry to have a high concentration of heavy metals (especially
copper), as a result of the complements of the feed for the cattle. Volume of average production and composition
According to the pig case of the Annual Food Statistics of MAGRAMA and Cataluña manure management plan, an estimated gross volume of total production is 12 million tons. The average composition of slurry is the following (there have been considered fattening farms, breeding animals and closed cycle):
- Dry Matter: 5 %. - % of organic matter in dry matter: 66 %. - N total (% dry matter) :6-8% - P2O5 (% dry matter) :6-7% - K2O (% dry matter): 3-4%
OTHER MANURE AND SLURRY
These include organic waste from cattle, sheep, horses and chicken manure from poultry farms: Pondering the production of different types of exploitation and considering an average composition, has lead to the following parameters:
Manure % Dry Matter % organic matter S/dry matter
bovine sheep poultry manure
20 35 50
55 65 72
The estimate of the available manure production is derived from the data of the Annual agri-food statistics of MAPA. It is taken as a reference for the possibility of making compost, in combination with other wastes, although for the most part it is reemployed on the farm or in local composting who often have incomplete character
Poultry Manure
The main waste generated in intensive livestock farms is fundamentally related to the production of manure, mainly due to its generation and accumulation in large volumes that can pose a problem of management. The poultry manure is considered as the faeces accumulated in the agricultural accommodations, which may or may not be mixed with other organic materials used in the preparation of the beds. As in the case of semi-intensive productions or the generation of wet manure which have been diluted in water in the processes of extraction and cleaning. The management of such waste is one of the main problems that are faced by the sector, especially in cases of farms in the outskirts of towns. Poultry manure can be seen as a by-product with multiple potential uses, although in Spain it’s generally treated as a waste delivered to external agents. It should be noted that there are developments in other countries toward a scenario in which this waste disposal is an additional cost to the expenses inherent to the production of eggs.
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In consequence, the problem for poultry farms is caused by the generated volumes and its subsequent management. Currently the majority of the chicken manure which is generated in poultry production is intended for use as compost. Therefore, it is transferred to an agent, then sold or is intended for personal consumption, in those cases in which the producer himself possesses agricultural land.
Revaluation as organic fertilizer
The agronomic value of the poultry manure as organic fertilizer is the preferred one for its management. In Spain, this use may be more advised due to the existence of large agricultural areas with soils poor in organic matter and threatened by desertification. The summary of these productions is as follows
Manure ProductionTmThousand bovine Sheep, goats equine poultry others
35.121 13.840 2.504 6.107 1.078
TOTAL 58.650 ESTIMATION OF THE VOLUME OF SLURRY AND MANURE BY AUTONOMOUS REGIONS (approximate averages).
Autonomous Region Slurry (Tm Thousand) OthersManures ( thousand Tm Tm)
ANDALUCIA ARAGON ASTURIAS BALEARES CANARIAS CANTABRIA CASTILLA-LA MANCHA CASTILLA Y LEON CATALUÑA COMUNIDAD VALENCIANA EXTREMADURA GALICIA MADRID MURCIA NAVARRA PAIS VASCO RIOJA CEUTA Y MELILLA
1.246 1.820
30 60 52 25
686 1.714 3.535 695 460 647 30
972 240 25 73 -
6.458 5.049 2.367 814 528
2.137 4.132 11.382 6.798 1.083 4.281 8.234 790 606
1.381 1.959 651
-
Total 12.310 58.650 For the purposes of a transformation by way of compost, 50% of manure is used.
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An assumption is made that 90% of the other manures have a direct agricultural use and only 10% will be included in the compost processing plants. ORGANIC MATTER (dry) AVAILABLE FOR PRODUCING COMPOST AND FERTILIZERS
In accordance with the data shown above, and considering the different types of slurry and manures produced, following parameters are applied:
- Pig slurry: 5% of dry matter. o or 66% of organic matter S / dry. mat.
- Other livestock waste: 25% of dry matter. o or 60% of organic matter S / dry. mat.
Therefore, 34 kg of dry organic matter is obtained per ton of pig slurry and 150 Kg of dry organic matter per ton of other cattle remains. Considering the total volumes of waste reach the following figures of availability of dry organic matter to produce fertilizers:
- From pig slurry: 412,000 t. - From other livestock waste: 880,000 Tm
HORTICULTURAL AND OTHER PLANT REMAINS
Because of the importance of their concentration in some areas, waste from greenhouses and the organic remains of mushroom farms should be highlighted. Other materials that should be considered as compost ingredients are the cereal straws and the remains from fruit and vegetable farms even though there are no concrete estimates available for their volume, because of never being the main components of these finished organic products. Greenhouses
Basically, there are horticultural crops located in Almeria (60% of national total), the Canary Islands, Valencia, Murcia and Almeria.
The volume of plant debris has important figures as raw material for production of compost (an estimate is 300,000 t of green waste per year) although there are some difficulties with textile and plastic materials that are not separated at origin Mushrooms There are companies that produce compost for the cultivation of mushrooms. The used compost can be treated again giving a base for a new compost that can be marketed as an amendment. The companies that are engaged in the latter activity are concentrated in Cuenca and La Rioja, and it is estimated that they use about 400,000 t/year of waste to produce compost. FOREST AND GARDENING REMAINS The volume of these remains as organic base for fertilizers is enormous, but it must be taken into account that its use is very diverse, now and possibly in the future. Referred applications are as follows:
-Plants which use biomass in the combustion process and get electrical and/or thermal energy (cogeneration plants) -Direct use of bark, sawdust and other debris in the preparation of substrates and organic amendments -Plants for transformation and production of briquettes
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On the other hand, a feature of these remains is their high content of lignin, hardly degradable to the effects of compost suitable for the soil. The remains of forests, gardens and green spaces present a major problem in the current situation, especially in large metropolitan areas. The progressive elimination of landfill sites and the large accumulation of these remains makes the implementation of solutions to eliminate those materials very urgent. The rules for their management prepared by the Public Agencies consider important the employment of these residues in the production of compost, according to the cases with organic fraction of MSW, sewage sludge and other organic waste. MEAT AND DAIRY WASTE Meat companies (slaughterhouses, quartering rooms, various products) provide waste of very diverse application in a composting process, but today, with its difficult output as supply for animal consumption, such use is being considered, also taking into account its protein content (nitrogen source). It is also possible to consider remains of the dairy as a compost ingredient, although this output is less significant than that of the meat sector. The incorporation of some of this industrial waste to compost may be considered in all of the autonomous regions but especially in Cataluña, Andalusia, Castilla y León and Valencia, because of the importance of their agri-food sector. It should be taken into account that the EU is currently preparing a regulation on these types of waste which includes its use in composting and anaerobic digestion processes (methanation). POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF COMPOST (MEDIUM AND LONG-TERM) BY AUTONOMOUS REGIONS
Taking into consideration the raw materials analyzed before (organic fraction of MSW, treated
sludge available for composting, meat and agri-food waste), estimates have been made of the
potential production of compost for each Autonomous Region. Each regional monograph includes,
first, the availability of materials and then the production of compost, breaking down the organic
fraction of MSW, of treated sludge from and other waste.
The summary table is attached, with a total of 3,477 tons of compost.
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POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST
Autonomous Region O.F MSW
SLUDGE TREATED
OTHER WASTE
ANDALUCIA ARAGON ASTURIAS BALEARES CANARIAS CANTABRIA CASTILLA-LA MANCHA CASTILLA Y LEON CATALUÑA COMUNIDAD VALENCIANA EXTREMADURA GALICIA MADRID MURCIA NAVARRA PAIS VASCO RIOJA CEUTA Y MELILLA
194 32 29 21 43 14 46 68
164 108 29 74
136 30 14 56 7 2
125 16 14 11 22 6 22 32 80 51 14 37
138 14 5 26 3 1
467 216 33 14 13 30
200 184 185 64 99
122 16 50 38 30 32 -
Total 1.067 617 1.793
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AUTONOMOUS REGION OF ANDALUCIA
POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF COMPOST AVAILABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE
WASTE
MSW ORGANIC FRACTION
Parameters
- -1.2 kg. of MSW per capita and day. - -Organic compostable fraction (according to National Plan) : 24.2% - -Designed to compost: 106 kg. / capita
Availability (medium and long-term))
- -Total, for composting: 776 thousand Tm
TREATED SLUDGE
-Fresh sludge (75% humidity). ......................................1,250 thousand TM -Intended for agricultural use and soil conservation, previous composting...312, 5 thousands Tm -Dry matter to compost (25%)...78.1 thousands TM -Number of cores of population with wastewater treatment plant sludge in 2006 (with more 10,000 inhabitants.
- Almería: 9
- Cádiz: 21
- Córdoba: 13
- Granada: 14
- Huelva: 11
- Jaén: 14
- Málaga: 19
- Sevilla: 29
TOTAL ANDALUCIA: 130
AVAILABILITY OF OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
GRAPE WINE
- Parameters-150 Kg. / Tm grape - Drymatter: 50%
Availability- - 0,315 Tm dry matterper Tm of waste - 50% of waste goes to compost.
OLIVE POMACEAND OTHER OLIVE RESIDUES
Parameters -0.9 Tm grape pomace and vegetable water per Tm olive.
0,315 Tmdry matter per Tm of waste
50% of waste goes to compost
Availability - -1. 633 thousand tons of compostable waste. - - 570 thousandtons. drymatter.
SWINE SLURRY
Parameters:Dry matter:. 5%
Availability
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- 623 thousands of tons slurry. - 32 thousands of Tmdry matter.
SWINE SLURRY
Parameters: Only 10% will be used for compost. Drymatter 25%
Parameters.-
- 645 thousands tons. manure. - 162 thousands de tons. dry matter
HORTICULTURAL PLANT REMAINS AND OTHER
Parameters.
- -50 % drymatter.
Availability
- 150 thousand tons residue (dry matter).
POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST
COMPOST FROM MSW
Average parameters: organic fraction of 600 Tm and 200 Tm of forest remnants or equivalent
generate 200 Tm compost..
- 776 thousand Tm organic fractions available. - 260 thousand Tm of forest or equivalent remnants. - 194 thousand Tm compost.
COMPOST FROM SLUDGE
Average parameters250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest residues generated
400 tonnes or equivalent compost.
- 78,thousand Tm sludge (dry matter) - 312,0 thousand Tm of forest or equivalent residues - 125 thousand Tm of compost.
COMPOST FROM OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste
- 20 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace. - 570 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of alperujo. - 32 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of slurry. - 162 thousand Tm (Dry matter other manures. - 150 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste - 467 thousand Tm compost prepared total
TOTAL COMPOST: 786 thousand de Tm
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AUTONOMOUS REGION OF ARAGON
COMPOST PRODUCTION. AVAILABILITY BIO DEGRADABLE OF WASTE
MSW ORGANIC FRACTION
Parameters
- 1.2 Kg. MSW per day. - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant
Availability (Medium-Long Term)
- Total for composting: 128.000 Tm
SLUDGE TREATED
- - Fresh sludge (75% moisture) ...................... 164 thousand of Tm - - For agricultural use and Soil conservation, composting prior ..................... 41
thousand Tm - - Dry material for compost (25%) ....................... 10 thousand Tm - - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand
inhabitants) - Huesca: 5
- Teruel: 2
- Zaragoza: 4
- TOTAL ARAGON: 11
AVAILABILITY OF OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
GRAPE MARC
Parameters 150 Kg./ Tmgrape
Dry matter: 50%
Availability
- 21 thousand of Tm grape marc - 10 thousand of Tm dry matter
OLIVE POMACEAND OTHER OLIVE WASTE
Parameters
- OLIVE POMACE 0.9 Tm and Tm vegetable water/olive - 0.315 Tm per ton of dry matter waste - 50% of the waste is intended to compos -
Availability
- thousand Tm Compostable waste - 8 thousand Tm dry matter a
SWINE SLURRY
Parameters.- Drymatter: 5%
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Availability.-
- 910thousand Tm de slurry - 45 thousand Tmdry matter
OTHERS MANURES
Parameters.
- - Only 10% will be used for compost. - Dry matter: 25 %
Availability
- 505thousandTmmanure - 126thousand Tmdry matter
HORTICULTURAL PLANT REMAINS AND VARIOUS OTHER
Parameters.- 50% drymatter.
Availability.-
- 27 thousandTmresidues(dry matter).
POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST
COMPOST FROM MSW
- Average parameters: 600 Tm organic fractions and 200 Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm compost.
- 128 thousand Tm organic fraction available - 42 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - 32 thousand Tm compost.
COMPOST FROM SLUDGE
- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 Tm compost
- 10 thousand Tm sludge (dry matter) - 40 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - 16 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste - 10 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace - 8 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of olive pomace - 45 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of purines - 126 thousand (Dry matter) of other manures - 27 thousand t (dry matter) and several horticultural - 216 thousand Tm compost prepared total
TOTAL COMPOST: 264thousand Tm
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AUTONOMOUS REGION OF ASTURIAS
POTENTIAL COMPOST PRODUCTION AVAILABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE
WASTE
MSW ORGANIC FRACTION
Parameters.-
- 1.2 kg of MSW per day - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant
Availability(Medio-Largo Plazo)
- - Total for composting: 116 thousand Tm
SLUDGE TREATED
- Fresh sludge (75% moisture) ..................... 144 thousand Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior ..................... 36 thousand Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) ..................... 9 thousand Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand
inhabitants) - Asturias: 22
- TOTAL ASTURIAS 22
AVAILABILITY OF OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
SWINE SLURRY
Parameters
- Dry matter: 5 %
Availability
- 15 thousandTmslurry - 1 thousandTmdry matter
OTHERS MANURES
Paramentes.
- Only 10% will be used for compost. - Dry matter: 25%
Availability
- 236 thousandTmmanure. - 59 thousandTmdry matter
HORTICULTURAL PLANT REMAINS AND VARIOUS OTHER
Parameters.
- - 50 % dry matter.
Availability.-
- 5thousand Tmwaste (dry matter).
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POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST
COMPOST FROM MSW
- Average parameters: 600 Tm organic fractions and 200 Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm compost.
- 116 thousand Tm organic fraction available - 39 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - 29 thousand Tm compost.
COMPOST FROM SLUDGE
- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 Tm compost
- 9 thousand Tm sludge (dry matter) - 36 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - 14 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste. - 1 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of purines. - 59 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures. - 5 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural - 33 thousand of Tm total compost produced.
TOTAL COMPOST: 76 thousand Tm
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AUTONOMOUS REGION OF BALEARS
POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF COMPOST: AVAILABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE
WASTE
MSW ORGANIC FRACTION
Parameters
- 1.2 kg of MSW per capita per day - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant
Availability (Medium - Long Term)
- Total, para compostaje: 84thousandTm
SLUDGE TREATED
- Fresh sludge (75% moisture) ........................... 116thousand Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior........................ 29thousand Tm - Dry matter para compost (25%)........................... 7thousand Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand
inhabitants.
− Baleares: 15
TOTAL BALEARES 15
AVAILABILITY OF OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
GRAPE MARC
Parameters.
- 150 Kg. / Tm de grape. - Dry matter: 50 %
Availability
- 1thousand Tmgrape marc - 0,4thousand Tmdry matter
OLIVE POMACE AND OTHER WASTE
Parameters
- 0.9 Tm and dregs of pomace per Tm olive - - 0.315 Tm per ton of dry matter. residue - - 50% of the waste is intended for compost
Availability
- 1 thousand Tmof compostable waste. - 0,3 thousand Tmdry matter.
SWINE SLURRY
Parameters
- Dry matter: 5%
Availability
- 30thousand Tm de slurry - 1thousand Tmdry matter
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OTHERS MANURES
Parameters
- - Only 10% will be used for compost. Dry matter: 25%.
Availability
- 81thousand Tmmanure - 20thousand Tmdry matter
HORTICULTURAL PLANT REMAINS AND VARIOUS OTHER
Parameters
- 50% dry matter.
Availability.-
- 5thousand Tmwaste (dry matter).
POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST
COMPOST FROM MSW
- Average Parameters: 600 Tm organic fractions and 200 Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm compost.
- 84 thousand Tm organic fractions available. - 28 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - 21 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM SLUDGE
- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 Tm compost.
- 7 thousand Tm sludge (dry matter) - 28 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - 11 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste. - 0.4 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace - 0.3 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of OLIVE POMACE - 1 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of slurry - 20 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures - 5 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste. - 14 Tm compost prepared total.
TOTAL COMPOST: 46thousand Tm
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AUTONOMOUS REGION OF CANARIAS
POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF COMPOST: AVAILABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE
WASTE
MSW ORGANIC FRACTION
Parameters
- 1.2 kg of MSW per capita per day - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant
Availability (Medium - Long Term)
- Total for composting: 172 thousand Tm
SLUDGE TREATED
- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). ...................... 216 thousand Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior ................... 54 thousand of Tm - Dry material for compost (28%) .................... 14 thousand Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (more than 10 thousand).
− Las Palmas de G.C.: 13
− Sta. Cruz de Tenerife: 14
TOTAL CANARIAS: 27
AVAILABILITY OF OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
GRAPE MARC
Parameters
- 150 Kg. / Tm de grape - Dry matter: 50%
Availability
- 4thousand Tmgrape marc - 2thousand Tmdry matter
SWINE SLURRY
Parameters
- Dry matter: 5 %
Availability
- 26thousand Tm de slurry - 1thousand Tmdry matter
OTHERS MANURES
Parameters
- Only 10% will be used for compost. Dry matter: 25%
Availability
- 53thousand Tmmanure - 13thousand Tmdry matter
HORTICULTURAL PLANT REMAINS AND VARIOUS OTHER
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Parameters
- 50% dry matter.
Availability.-
- 10thousand Tmwaste (dry matter).
POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST
COMPOST FROM MSW
- Average parameters: 600 Tm organic fraction and 200 Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm compost.
- 172 thousand Tm organic fraction of available - 57 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - 43 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM SLUDGE
- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes. compost
- 14 thousand Tm sludge (dry matter) - 56 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - 22 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste. - 2 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace - 1 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of slurry - 13 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures - 10 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural residues - 13 thousand Tm compost prepared total.
TOTAL COMPOST: 78thousand Tm
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AUTONOMOUS REGION OF CANTABRIA
POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF COMPOST: AVAILABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE
WASTE
MSW ORGANIC FRACTION
Parameters
- 1.2 kg of MSW per day. - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant.
Availability (Medium - Long Term)
- Total for composting: 56 Miles of Tm
SLUDGE TREATED
- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). .................. 72 thousand of Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior .................. 18 Miles of Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) .................. 4 thousand Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand
inhabitants)
− Santander: 8
TOTAL CANTANBRA: 8
AVAILABILITY OF OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
SWINE SLURRY
Parameters
- - Dry matter: 5 %
Availability
- 12thousand Tm de slurry - 0,6thousand Tmdry matter
OTHERS MANURES
Parameters
- - Only 10% will be used for compost. Dry matter: 25 %
Availability
- 214thousand Tmmanure - 54thousand Tmdry matter
HORTICULTURAL PLANT REMAINS AND VARIOUS OTHER
Parameters
- 50 % drymatter
Availability
- 5thousand Tmresidue(dry matter).
POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST
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COMPOST FROM MSW
- Average parameters: 600 Tm organic fraction and 200 Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm compost.
- 56 thousand of Tm organic fraction of available - 18 thousand of Tm forest or equivalent residues - 14 thousand of Tm compost
COMPOST FROM SLUDGE
- Parameters means 250 tonnes of sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes of compost
- 4 thousand of Tm sludge (dry matter) - 16 thousand of Tm forest or equivalent residues - 6 thousand of Tm compost
COMPOST FROM OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
- Media parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste. - 0.6 Thousand Tm (Dry matter) of purines. - 54 thousand of Tm (Dry matter) of other manures. - 5 thousand of Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste. - 30 thousand of Tm compost prepared total.
TOTAL COMPOST: 50thousand Tm
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AUTONOMOUS REGION OF CASTILLA-LA MANCHA
POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF COMPOST: AVAILABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE
WASTE
FRACCIÓN ORGANICA RSU
Parameters.-
- 1.2 Kg Of MSW per day. - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant
Availability (Medium - Long Term)
- Total for composting: 184 thousand Tm
SLUDGE TREATED
- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). ..................... 224 thousand Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior ..................... 56 thousand Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) ..................... 14 thousand Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand
inhabitants) − Albacete: 5
− Ciudad Real: 11
− Cuenca: 2
− Guadalajara: 2
− Toledo: 3
TOTAL CASTILLA – LA MANCHA: 23
AVAILABILITY OF OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
GRAPE MARC
Parameters
- 150 Kg. / Tm de grape. - Dry matter: 50 %
Availability
- 300thousand Tmgrape marc - 150thousand Tmdry matter
OLIVE POMACE AND OTHER WASTE
Parameters
- 1.1 Tm and dregs of alperujos by Tm olive - 0.315 Tm per ton of dry matter. residue - 50% of the waste is intended to compost
Availability
- 92 thousand Tm of compostable waste - 29 thousand Tm dry matter
SWINE SLURRY
Parameters
- .Dry matter: 5 %
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Availability.-
- 343thousand Tm de slurry - 17thousand Tmdry matter
OTHERS MANURES
Parameters
- Only 10% will be used for compost. Dry matter: 25 %
Availability
- 413thousand Tmmanure - 104thousand Tmdry matter
HORTICULTURAL PLANT REMAINS AND VARIOUS OTHER
Parameters
- 50 % dry matter
Availability
- 100thousand Tm de residue (dry matter).
POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST
COMPOST FROM MSW
- Average parameters: 600 Tm organic fractions and 200 Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm compost.
- 184 thousand Tm organic fraction of available - 62 thousand Tm forest or other equivalent - 46 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM SLUDGE
- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes of compost.
- 14 thousand of Tm sludge (dry matter) - 56 thousand of Tm forest or equivalent residues - 22 thousand of Tm compost
COMPOST FROM OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
- 150 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace. - 29 Miles of Tm (Dry matter) of olive pomace. - 17 Miles of Tm (dry matter) of purines. - 104 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures - 100 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural residues - 200 thousand Tm compost prepared total.
TOTAL COMPOST: 268 thousandTm
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BIOREM PROJECT
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AUTONOMOUS REGION OF CASTILLA Y LEON
POTENTIAL COMPOST PRODUCTION. AVAILABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE
WASTE
MSW ORGANIC FRACTION
Parameters
- 1.2 kg of MSW per day. - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2%. - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant.
Availability
- Total for composting: 272 thousand Tm
SLUDGE TREATED
- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). ....................... 324 thousand Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior 81 thousand Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) ....................... 20 thousand Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand
inhabitants) − Avila: 1
− Burgos: 3
− León: 7
− Palencia: 1
− Salamanca: 3
− Segovia: 1
− Soria: 1
− Valladolid: 3
− Zamora: 3
TOTAL CASTILLA Y LEON: 23
AVAILABILITY OF OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
GRAPE MARC
Parameters
- 150 Kg. / Tm ofgrape. - Dry matter: 50 %
Availability
- 30thousand Tmgrape marc. - 15thousand Tmdry matter
OLIVE POMACE AND OTHER WASTE
Parameters
- 0.9 Tm olive pomace and vegetable water per Tm olive. - 0.315 Tm of dry matter. residue - 50% of the waste is intended to compost.
Availability
- 3thousand Tmof compostable waste. - 0.2ThousandTmdry matter
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BIOREM PROJECT
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SWINE SLURRY
Parameters
- Dry matter: 5 %
Availability
- 857thousand Tm de slurry - 43thousand Tm dry matter
OTHERS MANURES
Parameters
- Only 10% will be used for compost. Dry matter: 25 %
Availability.-
- 1.138thousand Tmmanure - 284thousand Tmdry matter
HORTICULTURAL PLANT REMAINS AND VARIOUS OTHER
Parameters
- - 50 % dry matter.
Availability
- 27thousand Tmofwaste (dry matter). POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST
COMPOST FROM MSW
- Average parameters: 600 Tm organic fractions and 200 Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm compost.
- 272 thousand Tm organic fraction of available - 90 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - 68 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM SLUDGE
- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes compost.
- 20 thousand Tm sludge (dry matter). - 80 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues. - 32 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste. - 15 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace. - 0.2 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of alperujo - 43 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of purines. - 284 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures. - 27 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste. - 184 thousand Tm compost prepared total.
TOTAL COMPOST: 284thousand Tm
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BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
AUTONOMOUS REGION OF CATALUÑA
POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF COMPOST: AVAILABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE
WASTE
MSW ORGANIC FRACTION
Parameters
- 1.2 kg of MSW per day. - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant
Availability.-
- Total for composting: 656 Miles of Tm
SLUDGE TREATED
- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). ....................... 800 thousand Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior....................... 200 thousand Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) ....................... 50 thousand Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand
inhabitants − Barcelona: 57
− Gerona: 12
− Lérida: 4
− Tarragona: 10
TOTAL CATALUÑA: 83
AVAILABILITY OF OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
GRAPE MARC
Parameters
- 150 Kg. / Tm de grape. - Dry matter: 50 %
Availability.-
- 74thousand Tmgrape marc. - 37thousand Tmdry matter
OLIVE POMACE AND OTHER WASTE
Parameters
- 0,9 Tm de alperujos y alpechines por Tm de aceituna. - 0,315 Tmdry matter/ Tmof waste. - 50 % de los residuos se destina a compost.
Availability
- 62thousand Tmof compostable waste. - 20thousand Tmdry matter
SWINE SLURRY
Parameters
- Dry matter: 5 %
Availability
- 1.768thousand Tm de slurry.
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- 88thousand Tmof dry matter.
OTHERS MANURES
Parameters
- Only 10% will be used for compost. Dry matter: 25 %
Availability
- 680thousand Tmmanure - 170thousand Tmdry matter
HORTICULTURAL PLANT REMAINS AND VARIOUS OTHER
Parameters
- 50 % dry matter.
Availability
- 54thousand Tm waste(dry matter). POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST
COMPOST FROM MSW
- Average parameters: 600 Tm organic fractions and 200 Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm compost.
- 656 thousand Tm organic fraction of available - 218 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - 164 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM SLUDGE
- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes compost
- 50 thousand Tm sludge (dry matter). - 200 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues. - 80 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste - 37 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace. - 20 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of olive pomace - 88 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of purines. - 170 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures. - 54 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste - 185 thousand Tm compost prepared total.
TOTAL COMPOST: 429thousand Tm
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BIOREM PROJECT
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AUTONOMOUS REGION OF VALENCIA
POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF COMPOST: AVAILABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE
WASTE
MSW ORGANIC FRACTION
Parameters
- 1.2 kg of MSW per day. - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant
Availability
Total for composting: 432 thousand of Tm
SLUDGE TREATED
- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). ....................... 520 thousand of Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting....................... 130 thousand of Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) ....................... 32 thousand of Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (more than 10 thousand
inhabitants). − Alicante: 26
− Castellón: 9
− Valencia: 39
TOTAL VALENCIA: 74
AVAILABILITY OF OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
GRAPE MARC
Parameters
- 150 Kg. / Tm de grape. - Dry matter: 50 %
Availability
- 48thousand Tmgrape marc - 24thousand Tmdry matter.
OLIVE POMACE AND OTHER WASTE
Parameters
- 0.9 Tm and dregs of pomace per Tm olive. - 0.315 Tm / ton of dry matter. waste - 50% of the waste is intended to compost
Availability
- 28thousand Tmof compostable waste - 7thousand Tmdry matter
SWINE SLURRY
Parameters
- Dry matter: 5 %
Availability
183
BIOREM PROJECT
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- 348thousand Tmofslurry. - 17thousand Tmdry matter
OTHERS MANURES
Parameters
- Only 10% will be used for compost. Dry matter: 25 %
Availability
- 108thousand Tmmanure - 27thousand Tmdry matter
HORTICULTURAL PLANT REMAINS AND VARIOUS OTHER
Parameters
- 50 % dry matter.
Availability
- 54thousand Tmresidues (dry matter).
POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST
COMPOST FROM MSW
- Average parameters: 600 Tm organic fractions and 200 Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm compost.
- 432 thousand Tm organic fraction of available - 144 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - 108 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM SLUDGE
- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes Compost
- 32 thousand Tm sludge (dry matter) - 128 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - 51 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste - 24 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace. - 7 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of alperujos - 17 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of purines. - 27 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures. - 54 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste - 64 thousand Tm compost prepared total.
TOTAL COMPOST: 213thousand Tm
184
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
AUTONOMOUS REGION OF EXTREMADURA
POTENTIAL OF COMPOST. AVAILABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE WASTE
MSW ORGANIC FRACTION
Parameters
- 1.2 kg of MSW per day - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant
Availability
- Total for composting: 116 Miles of Tm
SLUDGE TREATED
- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). ....................... 144 thousand Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior.......... 36 thousand Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) ....................... 9 Miles Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand
inhabitants) -− Badajoz: 11
− Cáceres: 4
TOTAL EXTREMADURA: 15
AVAILABILITY OF OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
GRAPE MARC
Parameters
- 150 kg / ton of grapes - Dry matter: 50%
Availability
- 47thousand Tmgrape marc. - 24thousand Tmdry matter
OLIVE POMACE AND OTHER WASTE
Parameters.
- 0.9 Tm and dregs of pomace per Tm olive - 0.315 Tm per ton of dry matter. residue - 50% of the waste is intended to compost
Availability
- 85thousand Tmof compostable waste. - 28thousand Tmdry matter
SWINE SLURRY
Parameters
- Dry matter: 5 %
Availability
- 230thousand Tmofslurry. - 12thousand Tmdry matter
OTHERS MANURES
185
BIOREM PROJECT
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Parameters
- - Only 10% will be used for compost. Dry matter: 25 %
Availability
- 428thousand Tmmanure - 107thousand Tmdry matter
HORTICULTURAL PLANT REMAINS AND VARIOUS OTHER
Parameters
- - 50 % dry matter.
Availability
- 27thousand Tm de waste (dry matter).
POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST
COMPOST FROM MSW
- Average parameters: 600 Tm organic fractions and 200 Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm compost.
- 116 thousand Tm organic fraction of available - 38 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - 29 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM SLUDGE
- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes. compost
- 9 thousand Tm sludge (dry matter). - 36 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues. - 14 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste. - 24 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace. - 28 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of olive pomace - 12 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of purines. - 107 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures. - 27 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste - 99 thousand Tm compost prepared total.
TOTAL COMPOST: 142thousand Tm
186
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
AUTONOMOUS REGION OF GALICIA
POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF COMPOST: AVAILABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE
WASTE
MSW ORGANIC FRACTION
Parameters
- 1.2 kg of MSW per day. - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant
Availability
- Total for composting: 296 thousand Tm
SLUDGE TREATED
- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). ....................... 360 thousand Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior....................... 90 thousand Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) ....................... 23 thousand Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (covering more than 10
thousand inhabitants) − La Coruña: 26
− Lugo: 7
− Orense: 4
− Pontevedra: 25
TOTAL GALICIA: 62
AVAILABILITY OF OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
GRAPE MARC
Parameters
- 150 Kg. / Tm de grape. - Dry matter: 50 %
Availability
- 37thousand Tmgrape marc - 18thousand Tmdry matter
SWINE SLURRY
Parameters
- Dry matter: 5 %
Availability
- 323thousand Tmofslurry. - 16thousand Tmdry matter.
OTHERS MANURES
Parameters
- Only 10% will be used for compost. Dry matter: 25 %
Availability
- 823thousand Tmmanure - 206thousand Tmdry matter
187
BIOREM PROJECT
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HORTICULTURAL PLANT REMAINS AND VARIOUS OTHER
Parameters
- 50 % dry matter
Availability.-
- 5thousand Tmwaste (dry matter).
POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST
COMPOST FROM MSW
- Average parameters: 600 Tm organic fraction and 200 Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm compost.
- 296 thousand Tm organic fraction of available - 99 thousand Tm forest residues or equivalent - 74 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM SLUDGE
- - Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes. compost.
- 23 thousand Tm sludge (dry matter). - 92 thousand Tm forest residues or equivalent. - 37 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste. - 18 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace. - 16 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of purines. - 206 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures. - 5 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste. - 122 thousand Tm compost prepared total.
TOTAL COMPOST: 233thousand Tm
188
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
AUTONOMOUS REGION OF MADRID
POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF COMPOST: AVAILABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE
WASTE
MSW ORGANIC FRACTION
Parameters
- 1.2 kg of MSW per day - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant
Availability
- Total for composting: 544 thousand Tm
SLUDGE TREATED
- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). ....................... 1,372 thousand of Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior....................... 343 thousand Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) ....................... 86 thousand Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand
inhabitants) − Madrid: 29
TOTAL MADRID: 29
AVAILABILITY OF OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
GRAPE MARC
Parameters
- 150 kg / ton of grapes. - Dry matter: 50%
Availability
- 9thousand Tmgrape marc. - 5thousand Tmdry matter
OLIVE POMACE AND OTHER WASTE
Parameters
- 0.9 Tm and dregs of pomace per Tm olive. - 0.315 Tm per ton of dry matter. residue - 50% of the waste is intended to compost.
Availability
- 7thousand Tmof compostable waste - 2thousand Tmdry matter
SWINE SLURRY
Parameters
- Dry matter: 5 %
Availability
- 15thousand Tm de slurry. - 1thousand Tmdry matter.
189
BIOREM PROJECT
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OTHERS MANURES
Parameters
- Only 10% will be used for compost. Dry matter: 25 %
Availability
- 79thousand Tmmanure - 20thousand Tmdry matter
HORTICULTURAL PLANT REMAINS AND VARIOUS OTHER
Parameters
- 50 % dry matter.
Availability
- 4thousand Tmwaste (dry matter). POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST
COMPOST FROM MSW
- Average parameters: 600 Tm organic fractions and 200 Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm compost
- 544 thousand Tm organic fraction of available - 182 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - 136 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM SLUDGE
- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes. compost
- 86 thousand Tm sludge (dry matter). - 344 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues. - 138 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste. - 5 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace - 2 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of olive pomace - 1 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of purines. - 20 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures. - 4 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste. - 16 thousand Tm compost prepared total.
TOTAL COMPOST: 290thousand Tm
190
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
AUTONOMOUS REGION OF MURCIA
PRODUCCIÓN POTENCIAL DE COMPOST.AVAILABILITYOF WASTE
BIODEGRADABLES
ORGANIC FRACTION MSW
Parameters
- 1.2 kg of MSW per day. - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant
Availability
- Total for composting: 120 thousand Tm
SLUDGE TREATED
- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). ....................... 148 thousand Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior....................... 37 thousand Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) ....................... 9 thousand Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand
inhabitants) − Murcia: 24
TOTAL MURCIA: 24
AVAILABILITY OF OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
GRAPE MARC
Parameters
- 150 Kg. / Tm de grape. - Dry matter: 50 %
Availability.-
- 13thousand Tmgrape marc - 6thousand Tmdry matter
OLIVE POMACE AND OTHER WASTE
Parameters.
- -. 0.9 Tm and dregs of pomace per Tm olive - - 0.315 Tm per ton of dry matter. residue - - 50% of the waste is intended to compost
Availability
- 6thousand Tmof compostable waste - 2thousand Tmdry matter
SWINE SLURRY
Parameters
- Dry matter: 5 %
Availability
- 486thousand Tm de slurry - 24thousand Tmdry matter
191
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
OTHERS MANURES
Parameters
- Only 10% will be used for compost. Dry matter: 25 %
Availability
- 60thousand Tmmanure - 15thousand Tmdry matter
HORTICULTURAL PLANT REMAINS AND VARIOUS OTHER
Parámetro.
- 50 % dry matter
Availability
- 54thousand Tmwaste (dry matter).
POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST
COMPOST FROM MSW
- Average parameters: 600 Tm organic fractions and 200 Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm compost
- - 120 thousand Tm organic fraction of available - - 40 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - - 30 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM SLUDGE
- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 Tm compost.
- 9 thousand Tm Sludge (dry matter). - 36 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues. - 14 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste. - - 6 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace. - - 2 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of olive pomace - - 24 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of purines. - - 15 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures. - - 54 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste. - - 50 thousand Tm compost prepared total.
TOTAL COMPOST: 94thousand Tm
192
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
AUTONOMOUS REGION OF NAVARRA
POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF COMPOST: AVAILABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE
WASTE
ORGANIC FRACTION MSW
Parameters.-
- 1.2 kg of MSW per day - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant
Availability.-
- Total for composting: 56 thousand Tm
SLUDGE TREATED
- - Fresh sludge (75% moisture)........................ 44 thousand Tm - - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior....................... 11 thousand Tm - - Dry material for compost (25%) ....................... 3 thousand Tm - - Number of villages in WWTP sludge, 2006 (with over 10 thousand inhabitants)
− Navarra: 7
TOTAL NAVARRA: 7
AVAILABILITY OF OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
GRAPE MARC
Parameters
- 150 kg / ton of grapes. - Dry matter: 50%
Availability
- 19thousand Tmgrape marc - 9thousand Tmdry matter
OLIVE POMACE AND OTHER WASTE
Parameters
- 0.9 Tm and dregs of pomace per Tm olive - 0.315 Tm per ton of dry matter. residue - 50% of the waste is intended to compost
Availability
- 3 thousand Tm of compostable waste - 0.2 thousand Tm dry matter
SWINE SLURRY
- Parameters.- Dry matter: 5 %
Availability
- 120thousand Tmslurry - 6thousand Tmdry matter
OTHERS MANURES
Parameters
- Only 10% will be used for compost. Dry matter: 25 %
193
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Availability.-
- 138thousand Tmmanure - 35thousand Tmdry matter
HORTICULTURAL PLANT REMAINS AND VARIOUS OTHER
Parameter
- 50 % dry matter.
Availability
- 27thousand Tmwaste (dry matter)
POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST
COMPOST FROM MSW
- Average parameters: 600 Tm organic fractions and 200 Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm compost.
- 56 thousand Tm organic fraction of available - 18 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - 14 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM SLUDGE
- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes. compost
- 3 thousand Tm sludge (dry matter). - 12 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues. - 5 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste. - 9 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace. - 0.2 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of olive pomace - 6 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of purines. - 35 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures. - 27 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste - 38 thousand Tm compost prepared total.
TOTAL COMPOST: 57thousand Tm
194
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
AUTONOMOUS REGION OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY
POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF COMPOST: AVAILABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE
WASTE
ORGANIC FRACTION MSW
Parameters
- 1.2 kg of MSW per day - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant
Availability
- Total, para compostaje: 224thousandTm
SLUDGE TREATED
- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). ....................... 252 thousand Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior....................... 63 thousand Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) ....................... 16 thousand Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand
inhabitants) − Álava: 3
− Guipúzcoa: 19
− Vizcaya: 18
TOTAL PAIS VASCO: 40
AVAILABILITY OF OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
GRAPE MARC
Parameters
- 150 Kg. / Tm de grape. - Dry matter: 50 %
Availability
- 11thousand Tmgrape marc - 6thousand Tmdry matter
SWINE SLURRY
Parameters
- Dry matter: 5 %
Availability
- 12thousand Tm de slurry - 0,6thousand Tmdry matter
OTHERS MANURES
Parameters
- Only 10% will be used for compost. Dry matter: 25 %
Availability
- 196thousand Tmmanure - 49thousand Tmdry matter
195
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
HORTICULTURAL PLANT REMAINS AND VARIOUS OTHER
Parameters
- - 50 % dry matter
Availability
- 5thousand Tmwaste (dry matter)
POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST
COMPOST FROM MSW
- Average parameters: 600 Tm. organic fraction and 200 Tm. of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm. compost.
- 224 thousand Tm organic fraction of available - 75 thousand Tm. forest or equivalent residues - 56 thousand Tm. Compost
COMPOST FROM SLUDGE
- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm. of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes compost
- 16 thousand Tm. sludge (dry matter) - 64 thousand Tm. forest or equivalent residues - 26 thousand Tm. compost
COMPOST FROM OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste. - 6 thousand Tm. (Dry matter) of grape pomace. - 600 Tm. (Dry matter) of purines. - 49 thousand Tm. (Dry matter) of other manures. - 5 thousand Tm. (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste - 30 thousand Tm. compost prepared total
TOTAL COMPOST: 112thousand Tm
196
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
AUTONOMOUS REGION OF LA RIOJA
POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF COMPOST: AVAILABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE
WASTE
ORGANIC FRACTION MSW
Parameters
- 1.2 kg of MSW per day - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant
Availability
- Total for composting: 28 thousand Tm.
SLUDGE TREATED
- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). ....................... 32 thousand Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior.......................8 thousand Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) ....................... 2 thousand Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand
inhabitants) − Logroño: 3
TOTAL LA RIOJA: 3
AVAILABILITY OF OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
GRAPE MARC
Parameters
- 150 Kg. / Tm ofgrape - Dry matter: 50 %
Availability
- 36thousand Tmgrape marc - 18thousand Tmdry matter
OLIVE POMACE AND OTHER WASTE
Parameters
- 0.9 Tm. and dregs of pomace per Tm. olive - 0.315 Tm. per ton of dry matter waste - 50% of the waste is intended to compost
Availability
- 2thousand Tmof compostable waste - 0,8thousand Tmdry matter
SWINE SLURRY
Parameters
- Dry matter: 5 %
Availability
- 36thousand Tm de slurry - 2thousand Tmdry matter
OTHERS MANURES
197
BIOREM PROJECT
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Parameters
- Only 10% will be used for compost. Dry matter: 25 %
Availability
- 65thousand Tmmanure - 16thousand Tmdry matter
HORTICULTURAL PLANT REMAINS AND VARIOUS OTHER
Parameters
- 50 % dry matter
Availability
- 27thousand Tmwaste (dry matter).
POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST
COMPOST FROM MSW
- Average parameters: 600 Tm. organic fractions and 200 Tm. of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm compost
- 28 thousand Tm. organic fraction of available - 9 thousand Tm. forest or equivalent residues - 7 thousand Tm. compost
COMPOST FROM SLUDGE
- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes compost
- 2 thousand Tm. sludge (dry matter) - 8 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - 3 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm. of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes compost
- 2 thousand Tm. sludge (dry matter) - 8 thousand Tm. forest or equivalent residues - 3 thousand Tm. compost
TOTAL COMPOST: 42thousand Tm
198
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
CEUTA AND MELILLA
POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF COMPOST: AVAILABILITY OF BIODEGRADABLE
WASTE
ORGANIC FRACTION MSW
Parameters
- 1.2 kg of MSW per day. - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost: 106 Kg / Living
Availability
- Total for composting: 8 thousand Tm.
SLUDGE TREATED
- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). ....................... 8 thousand Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior.......................2 thousand Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) ....................... 500 Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand
inhabitants) − Ceuta: 1
− Melilla: 1
TOTAL CEUTA Y MELILLA: 2
POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST
COMPOST FROM MSW
- Average parameters: 600 Tm. organic fraction and 200 Tm. of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm. compost.
- 8 thousand Tm. organic fraction of available - 3 thousand Tm. forest or equivalent residues - 2 thousand Tm. compost
COMPOST FROM SLUDGE
- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm. of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 tonnes. compost
- 500 Tm. sludge (dry matter) - 2 thousand Tm. forest or equivalent residues. - 1 thousand Tm. compost
TOTAL COMPOST: 3thousand Tm
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21 B.3 Potential Demand
In the current situation, the demand for compost corresponds to the following types of consumption:
- Agriculture. - Companies such as nurseries and garden centre - Institutions and companies that organize and maintain gardens and green spaces. - Companies who perform works of infrastructure that requires the creation of soil
vegetation
Agriculture The findings of the interviews with organizations of farmers have been very uniform and can specify the following points:
- There is a general ignorance about the uses and applications of compost and a distrust of their comparability with organic fertilizers.
- The direct application of treated sludge to crops is loosely organized and the farmer is encounters problems with the procedures for the application and control of soil analysis
- As opposed to mixtures of peat and other organic remains that are sold by commercial houses (branded and packaged products), the compost derived from a well-elaborated fermentation with identified waste, is just a small percentage of what could potentially be offered to the market from the residues. For this reason, the farmer does not value this compost and only uses it when the price is low.
- The ecological agriculture still does not have a concrete and well known supply of compost, as it has an image linked to waste and processes that give little confidence.
- Recently, some farmers’ associations have begun to worry about the possibility of the waste composted organic fertilizer and are awaiting precise technical guidelines that allow for a development of the use of compost in agriculture.
Companies such as nurseries, garden centers and institutions that maintain green spaces Their demand for compost is growing but the adjusted downward price requirement makes the buyer not value the difference in quality properly. It is important that the Administration controls and provides good information about the content, so that the consumer appreciates such quality, for the benefit of the well-crafted compost. In general, respondents have expressed their distrust of compost which is not well-presented and require that its effectiveness be proven, especially the nurseries and gardening companies. Companies carrying out infrastructure works with creation of soil vegetation All respondents indicated that the main problem for the use of quality compost is that in each project, the batch dedicated for the creation of soil is very tight, and for the application to the field they prefer a product that essentially can be distributed without difficulty (Eg: Fresh sludge or semiliquid manure). Again, in this sector, it is also necessary to have public support for the dissemination of the use of compost, starting this work in terms of technical specifications of the projects themselves. PRICES OF THE COMPOST MSW compost The low quality compost obtained from the MSW makes its selling price rarely exceeding the 12 euros/Tm, excluding transport costs. In addition, as customers of opportunity (some farms or processors of amendments and mulch in the area), one cannot talk of a real market but
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rather specific operations without continuity and marketing applied to a significant market segment. There are, however, exceptions to this trend such as Navarra and Cataluña, who obtain a process and a degree of refinement and screening that are close in physical appearance and quality to a commercial organic amendment. The sale price to farmers (bulk) is in the range of 19-22 euro/Tm. It can be said that there is virtually no sales of compost packaging (bags) so that an important value-added step is lost. Once again, it is the lack of quality that prevents the pose of packaging, in addition to the supply from the competition of companies specializing in amendments and substrates. The average prices of compost, considering the data from composting plants, are as follows:
- -Medium-high quality compost: 20 euro/Tm - -Low quality compost: 13.2 euros/Tm
Prices of organic amendments and mulch The market for these organic products is supplied, on one hand, by companies of local nature "mantilleros" that offer little reliability in terms of composition and quality of the amendment, and, on the other hand, by companies that sell products under a brand name, with indications of formulations and with prices that are very competitive. Therefore, it is difficult to find a niche in the market and exploit cheap organic waste or very economic in its design, so industries and farms often pay for the service to the management of these residues. A sample of prices of wholesalers (bulk and packaged) is offered in the tables attached, with considerations and following conclusions: 1) In the market for amendments and products equivalent to the compost, there is a great disparity of qualities, as it is very difficult to homogenize them because of their diverse origin:wet or dry sludge(including semi-composted sludge), compost from MSW, manure, remains from forest pruning, grape marc, olive pomace, slurry, etc. Some companies limit themselves to mixing waste and leaving it to "mature", similar to mulch. It is common for them to add imported peat. Sometimes, the development is more complete and can be seen in the price of the product, higher and with detailed information and advertising (2) The prices of bulk (in euros/m3 or euros/Tm) have, in accordance with the aforementioned, a huge dispersion. The averages are as follows:
- - Bulk, by volume: 35 euros/m3 - - Bulk, by weight : 49 euros/Tm
Compared with the prices of compost purchased in MSW plants, it can be observed that the commercial product (49 euros/Tm) is significantly higher than the compost, regardless if it is of high (20 euros/Tm) or low quality (13.2 euros/Tm). That is one of the key points for the development of the supply of quality compost. 3) The prices of the packaging (wholesale), with an average of 0.06 euro/litter and equivalent to 60 euros/m3 lead, logically, to an increase of value added in the bulk.
- - Rising from 35 to 60 euros/m3. It is important to note, once again, that the packaged product due to the absence of specific regulations, does not guarantee any quality nor a significant performance.
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Average prices
- -Bulk prices to wholesalers (Ex warehouse) (€/m3): 35 €/m3 - -Bulk wholesale prices €/Tm: 49 €/Tm
Organic and assimilated amendments:
- -Packaged (whole sale) prices: 0.06 €/litter Prices of mixtures of Compost + NPK Although it's a nascent market, everything seems to point to a strong expansion of its sales, by the undoubted advantages of bringing together, in a single product and a single application, organic compounds and formulations NPK. In fact, there are already several Spanish companies, which have been launched by that line of sales and it is estimated, according to opinions of technicians, that the mixture of quality compost and NPK is an activity in which it can participate, not only promoters and fertilizer companies, but also cooperatives which have capacity of re-employment. From the point of view of achieving, from waste, the greatest possible added value, a table has been attached with average data of companies that sell mixtures of Compost + NPK. In this table, with wholesale prices, is indicated that the average price of the bulk is 101 euros/Tm while the packaged is 131 euros/Tm It signifies that in the case of mixtures of Compost + NPK, a new step of added value is presented and it indicates how the pyramid of the compost gross has an important economic multiplier.
- Average bulk: 101 euro/Tm - Average packaged: 131 euro/Tm
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22 B.3 Potential Demand and Supply-Demand imbalances.
Potentialdemand Las estimaciones de la demanda a medio-largo plazo han sido las siguientes: Agriculture A minimum estimate has been applied, corresponding with the following assumptions:
- -The market of olive groves and vineyards will demand from the market of blends of Compost - NPK an equivalent of 1 thousand kg/ha annually. Logically, it is a consumption that could expand to the extent that these products are disclosed and the farmer knows them and appreciates their usefulness.
- -The market of irrigation will demand an equivalent of 500 kg of compost per hectare per year (2 thousand Kg every 4 years).
- - In these calculations it is estimated that the dry lands will only benefit in the short-term by possible direct applications of treated sludge, and will join the demand of quality compost in a long-term horizon.
Nurseries and gardens The survey carried out to nurseries and gardening companies has led to an estimate of the consumption of compost for amendments in the range of 80 - 90 kg/inhabitant/year. This figure is lower than the one deduced from documentation in other countries of the EU but is adopted in this work as reasonable hypothesis. Three have been established, however, three levels of consumption depending on the urban and tourist characteristics of the area. They are as follows:
- High density of single-family homes in the region, strong endowment of public green spaces and high concentration of areas with tourist resorts: 80 kg/inhabitant/year. Applies to Cataluña, Madrid, Valencia, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands and Murcia.
- Region with large tourist sites and of second residence but with a predominance of nuclei with limited endowment of public green spaces: 40 kg/inhabitant/year. Applies to Andalusia
- Regions with low density of tourist sites, of second residence and predominance of nuclei with scarce endowment of green spaces: 20 kg/inhabitant/year. Applies to Aragón, Asturias, Cantabria, Castilla - La Mancha, Castile and León, Extremadura, Galicia, Navarre, Basque country and La Rioja.
Other uses of compost In accordance with references on compost use of countries in the EU, it estimated that the equivalent of 10% of employment in nurseries and gardening will be the figure used in soil recovery projects, vegetation cover of infrastructures and activities for ecological conservation of territories with eroded soils Total demand by Regions The summary of the case studies outlined in annex No. 4 is the attached table, in which have been broken down the sectors of Agriculture, Gardening and green spaces, and other uses relating to improvement and recovery of soils.
agriculture nurseries and
gardens other uses
Andalucía 1.851 280 28
Aragón 310 24 2
Asturias - 22 2
Baleares 20 57 6
Canarias 27 120 12
Cantabria 1 10 1
Castilla-la mancha 1.089 32 3
Castilla y León 297 50 5
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agriculture nurseries and
gardens other uses
Cataluña 308 480 48
ComunidadValenciana 377 320 32
Extremadura 451 20 2
Galicia 53 54 5
Madrid 52 400 40
Murcia 156 80 8
Navarra 61 10 1
País vasco 15 42 4
Rioja 61 10 1
Ceuta y Melilla - - -
TOTAL 5.129 2.011 200
ADJUSTED SUPPLY OF COMPOST AND DEGREE OF BALANCE The potential demand will require an adjustment to the demand which is carried out as follows: 1) Consideration of the two product lines that are compared in the medium term: quality compost and blends of Compost + NPK. 2) The total supply of compost calculated above applies, firstly, to the demand for compost, due to less productive and commercial effort. Due to this application, following situations will arise:
- There is a shortage of supply of quality compost. In this case, the Region will have to import compost or biodegradable waste (from other regions) and organominerals
- There is a supply-demand balance. The market will have to buy organominerals (or waste for developing them) from other regions.
- There is a surplus of supply of compost. Applies the production of organominerals, whose demand, if finally it is deficient, will require a purchase of these products from abroad.
- There is a surplus of supply and there is no market of organominerals. In that case, the compost (or perhaps waste) must be sent to other loss-making regions
The data of the adjusted Supply-Demand is presented in the following table, which shows that the northern communities (Asturias, Cantabria, Galicia, Basque country) and Ceuta-Melilla have potential excess of production and Andalusia and Castilla - La Mancha stand out in terms of the supply deficit.
Supply thousand Tm
Demand thousand Tm
Balance thousand Tm
Andalucía 786 2.158 -1.372
Aragón 264 336 -72
Asturias 76 25 51
Baleares 46 83 -37
Canarias 78 159 -81
Cantabria 50 12 38
Castilla-la mancha 268 1.124 -856
Castilla y León 284 352 -68
Cataluña 429 836 -407
ComunidadValenciana
223 729 -506
Extremadura 142 473 -331
Galicia 233 112 121
Madrid 290 492 -202
Murcia 94 244 -150
Navarra 57 72 -15
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Supply thousand Tm
Demand thousand Tm
Balance thousand Tm
País vasco 112 61 51
Rioja 42 72 -30
Ceuta y Melilla 3 - 3
TOTAL 3.477 7.340 -3.863
As we can see the potential demand exceeds, almost doubling the current supply, and should grow even more significantly in the coming years due to: - The application of the legislation on landfills and the progressive obligation of diverting organic matter from the it self -The growing implementation of clean industrial technologies that reduce the level of contamination - The widespread implementation of programs to control spill over - The adoption of programs for separation of green waste at origin, OFMSW, etc. However, we should also take into account the possible alternative ways of recovery, mainly the production of biofuels and fuels derived from waste (not to be confused with the incineration of waste). Purpose that can grow dramatically as a function of the appearance of an emerging demand for large consumers (cement, electric power generation plants with biomass, ceramic industry and other industries…) driven by the price increase in fossil fuels and the economic benefits arising from the use of recovered fuels (reduction of CO2 emissions according to Kyoto and subsidies for electric power generation) On the other hand, there is a growing demand for compost for its use in agriculture due to recognition of the need for input of organic matter to the cultivated soils, in addition with a growing demand in terms of selectivity of the components, absence of contaminants and compost quality
23 C) Plans, programs, forecasts and models on the future management of waste in the CCAA
The Autonomous Regions and Autonomous Cities have also been developing and approving strategic plans on waste management, contents and varied scopes, depending on their own policies and priorities. These are set out below
24 C.1 Andalucía
- Director Plan of Territorial Management of RU of Andalusia (1999-2008) (Decree 218/1999) approved by Decree 218/1999, of October 26 (BOJA no. 134, 18/11/ 99). - Plan for the Prevention and Management of Hazardous Waste 2004-2010, approved by Decree 134/1998, June 23 (BOJA No. 91, of 8.13.98 ), revised by Decree 99/2004, March 9 (BOJA No. 64, 01/04/ 2004). Current Model of management of RU: On the basis of generation of more than 4 thousand t/a of RU, the model is based on recovery , composting and landfill plants , infrastructures that will be reviewed in the coming years, to coincide with the contents of the directive 1999/31/EC, of spillage, and the Royal Decree 1481/2001. Predicted management model of RU in the future: Expansion of treatment facilities; promotion of recovery and minimization of disposal in landfill; implementation of energy recovery; promotion of composting and expansion of existing infrastructures (new recovery and composting plants in Granada and Málaga); creation of the market of compost; expansion of the network of collection points; sealing of
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dumps and expansion of the classification and transfer plants Planning on the subject of waste: Specific programs for specific waste, the Plan Director Territorial Director of RU and his RP Management Plan
TYPE OF WASTE RU Section 9.2. Domiciliary garbage; Territorial Director of
Urban Management Plan waste LD LD Section 9.3.5. Industrial waste, sludge and sludge;
Specific waste; Territorial Director of Urban Management Plan waste
25 C.2 Aragón
Integral Waste Management Plan of Aragon (GIRA) (2009-2015). Approved by order of April 22, 2009, the Minister of the Environment, by which the agreement of the Government of Aragon dated 14 April 2009, approving the integral waste management plan of Aragon (2009-2015). (BOA No. 94, 20/05/ 2009). This plan is currently under revision
26 C.3 Asturias
Strategic Plan for Waste of the Principality of Asturias 2014-2024
27 C.4 Baleares
Mallorca: Sectorial Plan Director of urban solid waste. Revision adopted by the Plenary Session of February 6 2006, BOIB 35 of 09/03/2006. Mallorca: Plan Sector Manager for the management of waste from construction, demolition, bulky and tires out of use of the island of Mallorca. Approved by the Plenary Session of 08/04/2002, BOIB 05.16.2002 , CONSOLIDATED TEXT BOIB 141 of 23/11/2002. Menorca: Plan Sector Manager for the management of non-hazardous waste in Menorca (BOIB no. 109, 03/08/ 2006). Ibiza and Formentera Plan Sector Manager for the management of the urban waste of Eivissa and Formentera definitively approved by Decree 46/2001, March 30.
28 C.5 Canarias
Comprehensive Plan for Waste of the Canary Islands, approved by Decree 161/2001, of July 30 (BOC no. 134, Monday 15/OCT/ 2001). Plans are being developed for the island. Plans for waste are already approved in Tenerife and Fuerteventura.
29 C.6 Cantabria
Waste Plan of Cantabria Sectorial Plans of residues of Cantabria
30 C.7 Castilla La Mancha
Urban Waste Management Plan of Castilla-La Mancha. Approved by Decree 179/2009, 11/24/2009 Plan for the Management of Sludge produced in the sewage treatment plants of Castilla-La Mancha. Approved by Decree 32/2007, 17-04 -2007 (D. O. C. M nº 83 of 20-04 -2007). The plans of sludge and hazardous waste are currently under review.
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31 C.8 Castilla León
Regional Plan of sectoral scope of urban waste and packaging waste of Castile and Leon (2004-2010). Approved by the Decree 18/2005, of 17 February In the pipeline: Comprehensive Plan for Waste of Castile and Leon
32 C.9 Cataluña
Program of Municipal Waste Management of Cataluña (PROGREMIC 2007-2012). Approved by the Decree 87/2010, June 29 Sectorial Plan of Territorial Infrastructures Municipal Waste Management in Cataluña. Approved by the Decree 16/2010, February 16, approving the sectorial plan of territorial Infrastructures of municipal waste management General program of waste management and resources of Cataluña 2013- 2020 (integrated plan for the prevention and management for all waste). Sectorial plan of territorial infrastructures of waste management of Cataluña 2013-2020
33 C10 Valencia Region
Comprehensive Plan for waste of the Valencian Region (Includes the program for the prevention of waste of the Valencian Region.)
34 C.11 Extremadura
Comprehensive Plan for Waste of Extremadura 2009-2015. Adopted by Resolution in April 12, 2010. The comprehensive plan includes a program of prevention.
35 C.12 C.A. Galicia
Urban Waste Management Plan 2010-2020 Galicia resolution of 7 February 2011, the General Secretariat of Environmental Quality and Evaluation Program for the Prevention of Industrial Waste from Galicia 2013-2016
36 C.13 C. Madrid
The waste strategy for the Region of Madrid, which includes the following regional waste plans:
• Regional Plan of urban waste from the Region of Madrid (2006-2016) • Regional Plan of sewage sludge in the Autonomous Region of Madrid (2006-2016) • Regional Plan of soils contaminated by the Region of Madrid (2006-2016) Approved by agreement of October 18 2007, the Council of Government
37 C.14 C.A.R Murcia
Strategic Plan of the waste in the Region of Murcia 2007-2012. (reference document) It is in an advanced state of processing the waste plan in the Region of Murcia 2014-2020. In developing a program for the prevention of waste in the Region of Murcia.
38 C.15 C.A. Navarra
Integrated Plan for Waste Management of Navarra The integrated waste plan includes a program of prevention.
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39 C.16 C.A. País Vasco
Plan for the prevention and non-hazardous waste management of the Basque Country 2009-2012 III. Environmental Framework Program In processing Plan for Prevention and Waste Management 2014-2020.
40 C.17 C.A. La Rioja
Plan Director of waste of La Rioja 2007-2015.Approved by Decree 62/2008, to November 14 (BOR on Friday November 21, 2008). This plan is in process of revision.
41 C.18 C.A. Ceuta
In the process of preparing a waste plan of Ceuta.
42 C.19 C.A. Melilla
Processing the Comprehensive Plan for Waste Management for the City of Melilla For the development of all these waste management plans, the guide developed by the European Commission has been followed.
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43 ANEX I:
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Summary The wastes collected include aerobically and anaerobically treated sewage sludges, thermically dried sewage sludge, alperujo (solid waste from two-phase olive oil mill) both, fresh and stabilized in pond for one year, pig slurry treated with fly larvae, digestate from the anaerobic digestion of a mixture of vegetal residues and manure for obtaining biogas,liquid and solid pig slurry, sheep manure, manure vermicompost and composts from, among others, the organic fraction of domestic organic wastes, artichoke sludge, mixing alperujo with sheep and goat manure, mushroom cultivation residues, sewage sludge and pruning residues. These organic wastes have been characterized by determining parameters such as pathogens (Salmonella and Escherichia coli), polyphenols (in alperujo residues), humidity, pH, electrical conductivity, volatile organic matter, ashes content, total C and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, S, Al, Fe, B, heavy metals and others elements. The potential phytotoxicity of these organic wastes, as well as their possible stimulant effect on plant growth has been also determined by submitting the wastes to germination tests. These assays were performed in Petri dishes in which the effect of the water extracts (1/10 w/v) obtained from the different wastes on seed germination and root and shoot elongation was evaluated. The Study analyse the suitability for agricultural use of the different characterized organic wastes, as well as the suitability of the methods/technologies used for their treatment 1. -Introduction Organic wastes are typically by-products of farming, industrial or municipal activities, and are usually called wastes because they are not primary products. They are often negatively viewed as waste products with undesirable features such as odor, excessive nitrogen and phosphorus, heavy metals, pathogens, toxins and other contaminant. However, when organic amendments are used judiciously, they play an important role in improving soil fertility. Like crop residues, which contain substantial amounts of plant nutrients, other types of organic wastes, such as those derived from the urban and industrial sectors also have the capacity to contribute to the improvement of soil quality (Cuevas, 2011). The use of organic wastes (possibly treated) of animal, vegetal or even municipal (sewage sludge) origin as soil amendments represent an “added value” from both an economic and ecological point of view. Therefore, different technologies for the stabilization treatment of organic wastes have been developed in the last decades and different types of organic wastes are being used as soil amendments. Lime treatment or high temperature aerobic or anaerobic treatment are very effective in eliminating pathogens. Also, different land application techniques are used to reduce odor and ammonia emission, such as injection into soil. By composting manures and organic residues bulk is reduced, nutrients are concentrated, odor is reduced, pathogens are killed and a stabilized product for storage and transport is obtained. Vermicomposting utilizes earthworms for stabilizing organic materials. Compared to conventional composting, vermicomposting often results in somewhat lower mass reduction, much shorter processing time, higher humus content, less phytotoxicity, retention of more N and usually greater fertilizer value (Lorimor et al., 2001). Fly larvae (Hemetiaillucens) have also been used for converting manure into a more stabilized and useful product. The type of methodology used for improving organic wastes will determine the characteristics of the resulting product, influencing in turn organic waste suitability for being used as soil amendment for agricultural purposes.
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Organic amendments affect soil properties in numerous and variable ways. These effects can be due to the intrinsic properties of the organic amendment (direct effect) or a consequence of the beneficial effect of the organic amendment on soil physical, chemical and biological properties (Steward et al., 2000; Ros et al., 2003; Tejada et al., 2009). Organic amendments add nutrients plus organic matter, offering many more opportunities for the improvement of soil quality and fertility than the sole use of mineral fertilization. The utilization of organic wastes in agriculture depends on several factors, including the characteristics of the waste such as organic matter, nutrients and heavy metal content, energy value, odor generated by the waste, benefits to the agriculture, availability and transportation costs and regulatory considerations. Although the importance of these factors can vary by type of organic waste, the considerations for their use are similar for most organic wastes. It is clear then, that knowledge as exhaustive as possible of the characteristics of the organic wastes is needed in order to accurately establish their suitability for agriculture and how they must be applied to soil for improving crop yields. In the present report, the suitability for agricultural use of different organic wastes is analyzed. 2. - Organic waste collection and characterization 2.1. - Organic waste collection
In order to evaluate from an agricultural point of view a wide range of technologies used for organic waste treatment, and to compare with the compost used in agriculture, a different organic amendment producers the study compares a representative number (25) of organic wastes (treated and untreated) and evaluate the quality, from an agricultural point of view, of the end product obtained by the different technologies used for organic waste treatment. Since co-utilization of various wastes is a common practice in composting processes to obtain high added value products (composts) that can be used as soil improvers and fertilizers for crops, several composts obtained from the mixture of different kind of organic wastes were included in this study. These composts are considered appropriate for use in Spain and all other Mediterranean countries. The report shows the different organic wastes were studied
- Table 1.Pig slurry (Liquid) (R1) - Table 2. Sewage sludge aerobically digested (R2) - Table 3. Sewage sludge submitted to anaerobic digestion (R3) - Table 4. Compost of the organic fraction of domestic wastes (R4) - Table 5. Alperujo stabilized in a pond for 1 year (R5) - Table 6. Compost from alperujo+sheep and goat manure (R6) - Table 7. Compost a mixture of sheep and goat manure (R7) - Table 8. Composted sheep manure (R8) - Table 9. Compost from pruning residues (R9) - Table 10. Compost from a mixture of green residues and manure 5% (R10) - Table 11. Compost of grape residues with microorganisms (trichoderma) inoculation (R11) - Table 12.Solid fraction pig slurry (fresh) (R12) - Table 13. Solid fraction pig slurry (dried) (R13) - Table 14.Compost of a mixture of alperujo+chickenmanure+straw leaves (R14) - Table 15.Vermicompost of manure (R15) - Table 16.Compost of alperujo+goatmanure+grapedebris+olive leaves and prune (R16) - Table 17. Fresh alperujo (R17) - Table 18. Residues from slaughterhouse industry (flour)+chicken feed treated with fly
Larvae (R18) - Table 19. Solid fraction of pig slurry treated with fly larvae (R19) - Table 20. Compost of artichoke industry sludge+ grape residues (R20)
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- Table 21. Compost of sewage sludge and prune residues (R21) - Table 22. Sewage sludge thermically dried (R22) - Table 23. Biochar from forest residues (R23) - Table 24. Compost of a mixture of 40% vegetal residues+60% pig slurry and residues from
slaughterhouse industry (R24) - Table 25. Digestate from anaerobic digestion of bagasse+manure (mixture at 50% of the
fermenter and post-fermenter residue) (Liquid) (R25) The origin and technology used for the organic waste treatment is summarized in Table 1.
Table 1. Treatment of the collected organic wastes Organicwaste Organicwastetreatment
R1 None R2, R3 Aerobic oranaerobicdigestion R4 Composting R5 Stabilized in pond for one year R6–R11, R20, R21, R24
Composting
R12, R13 Separationbycentrifuging R14 Composting R15 Vermicomposting R16 Composting R17 None R18, R19 Flylarvae R22 Thermicdried
2.2. Organic waste characterization 2.2.1. Chemical and microbiological characterization
The following parameters were determined in these wastes: pathogens (Salmonella and Escherichia coli), polyphenols (in alperujo residues), moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), volatile organic matter, total C and N, P, K, ammonium, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, S, Al, Fe, B, heavy metals and others elements. Results from these analyses are shown in the Tables 1-25 of the Annex. The methodologies used for these analyses are shown in Table 2. Except for residues R8, R13, R16, and R23 which showed pH values ranging from 9 to 9.6, and residues R17, R19, R17, R18 and R25 that showed values lower than 6, the rest of organic materials exhibited pH values between 6 and 7.7 which is a suitable pH value for plant growth. The EC values of most of the analyzed organic materials ranged from 1,100 µS/cm to 7000 µS/cm, although higher EC were found in some of them (from 9,000 to 15,000 µS/cm), the compost obtained from sewage sludge and rice straw (R17) showed a very high EC value (31,050 µS/cm). High salt content in soil is a limiting factor for plant growth.
Table 2. Methodologies used for organic waste analysis
PARAMETER METHOD Humidity Constant weight at 105ºC pH Standard methods Electrical conductivity Standard methods Volatile organic matter Ignition at 650 ºC Ashes Ignition at 650 ºC Sulphur Acid digestion and ICP Total C Elemental analyser Total N content Elemental analyser Total P Acid digestion and ICP Total K Acid digestion and ICP Ammonia Colour measurement in Spectrophotometer Anions Ionic chromatography Macro and micronutrients ICP
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Heavy metals ICP Escherichia coli Β-D-glucuronidase positive (ISO 16649) Presence of Salmonella/ 25 g Met.-Mic-E.coli-Al (ISO 6579) Water soluble Polyphenols Folin-Ciocalteumethod
Organic C and total N content in the analyzed wastes were very variable ranging from 17 to 56% (dry weight) for C and from 0.3 to 7% for N (with the exception of R23, biochar, with 75% C, and R19, compost tea, with 0.05% N) (Figure 1). The highest values of organic C (dry weight) were found in R23 (75% C) biochar obtained from forest wastes, the fresh alperujo (R17, 55% C) and the stabilized alperujo (R5, 48% C) followed by R1, R2, R3, R11, R12, R16, R18, R20 and R25 (35-43% C) and the lowest values were shown by R6, R10, and R17 (<25% C). As regard N the highest values were shown by the treated sludges (R2 and R3) and the mixture of slaughterhouse flour and chicken feed treated with fly larvae (R18) (6-7% N), followed by R12, R13, R17, R19, R20, R21 and R22 (3-4.5% N). Aerobically (R2) and anaerobically treated sewage sludge (R3) and other derived wastes (R17 and R21) showed high P content (2.5, 1.6 and 1.3%, respectively) as is usual in this type of residue which contains residual detergents rich in P. Likely, wastes derived from pig slurry (R1, R12, R13, R19) as well as R18 also showed high P contents (1.7- 4.7%). The rest of wastes showed P contents ranging between 0.1% and 0.8%. In turn, R13; R16, R1 and R7, by this order, were the wastes with the highest K contents (5.7; 4.7; 4.3 and 3.8%, respectively), which is characteristic of products containing animal manures. With regard to pathogens, presence of Salmonella in 25g was detected in the solid fraction of pig slurry (R12 and R13) and in the aerobic (R2) and anaerobic (R3) sewage sludge, whereas the presence of Escherechia coli was detected in fresh pig slurry (R1, 2.1 x 105 UFC) and in the anaerobic sewage sludge (5.2 x 105). This suggests that these treatments are not good enough to sanitize this kind of wastes. Heavy metal content was in all the studied residues below the limit established by the EU for the use of sewage sludges in agriculture (UE directive 86/278 CEE). However, it is important to mention the high Zn content detected in the solid fraction of pig slurry (R12 and R13). 2.2.2. Organic matter stability
The stability of the organic matter contained in these wastes was determined by amending an agricultural soil with the different organic wastes at a rate of 3% (w/w) and incubating the amended soil for 60 days at 28 ºC. Soil moisture was maintained at 50-60% of its water holding capacity throughout the incubation period and organic C content was measured at the beginning and end of the incubation period. The organic matter mineralization rate was different depending on the nature of the organic waste and the treatment of the waste. In general terms composts (R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R17, R19, R20, R21, R24) as well as vermicompost (R15) showed a more stabilized organic matter with low losses of Corg during the two month incubation period. Aerobically digested sewage sludge (R2) showed higher rate of organic matter mineralization than anaerobically digested (R3) or composted (R21) sewage sludge, indicating that the latter treatment techniques are more suitable than aerobic digestion for obtaining a stable end-product that can be used as soil improver increasing soil C pool. Sewage sludge thermally dried (R22) also showed a more stabilized organic matter than aerobically digested sludge. Waste treatment with fly larvae (R18 and R19) also seems less efficient than techniques such as composting or vermicomposting for stabilizing waste organic matter, which is in agreement with the high amount of ammonium found in these wastes (R18 and R19). The high rate of organic matter mineralization shown by the compost from the organic fraction of domestic wastes (R4), prune debris (R1), or horse manure (R13), are indicative of the immaturity of these commercial compost suggesting that the composting process has not been carried out adequately
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2.2.3. Phytotoxicity Assays
The potential phytotoxicity of the studied wastes was established by seed germination tests. 2ml of a water extract (1/10 w/v, and 1/20, 1/100 or 1/200 for those wastes with very high electrical conductivity) from the organic wastes, and 10 or 15 seeds (depending of the seed size) of different plant species were placed in Petri dishes and the dishes were put in a germination chamber at 28 ºC. All treatments were carried out by quintuplicate. Petri dishes with 2 ml of distilled water instead of OW extract were used as control. After germination, the number of germinated seeds was recorded and the length of the seedling roots and shoots was measured. In a first phase of the assay, seeds of 7 different plant species: cress, ryegrass, lettuce, melon, barley, wheat and maize, were assayed in 9 of these wastes: R2, R4, R5, R8, R9, R10, R11, R10 and R14. Then, given that results demonstrate that lettuce and cress were the most sensitive seeds, these two seeds were selected to be used for the phytotoxicity evaluation of the rest of the collected organic wastes. Germination index (GI) was calculated according to the following equation (Zucconi and De Bertoldi 1987): GI = % GS (LR/LRC); where GI = Germination index in percentage; % GS = Percentage of germinated seed with respect to the control; LR = Average root length in the treated seedling; and LRC = Average root length in the control seedling. Germination index is a widely accepted indicator of potential phytotoxicity for organic amendments. It combines the effect of the studied material on both, seed germination capacity and root elongation. This index was established by Zucconi and De Bertoldi (1087) using Lepidiumsativum for evaluating compost maturity; they reported that GI values lower than 50% indicated phytotoxicity, and composts are considered immature. However, the scientific community has generalized its use for any kind of organic material and with different kind of seeds. It is mentioned that GI values lower than 50% indicate phytotoxicity; IG values between 80 and 50% indicate moderate phytotoxicity and values higher than 100% indicate a bio-stimulant effect. The potential phytotoxicity of the organic materials under study differed depending on the assayed vegetal species, indicating a different sensitivity of the different seeds to salts and other possible phytotoxic compounds present in the organic waste. Table 3 shows the values of germination index (GI) obtained for cress and lettuce with the different organic wastes. No phytotoxic effect of these organic materials was observed on ryegrass, melon, barley, wheat or maize, most of them showing a stimulant effect on root and shoot elongation, suggesting that these residues may enhance the yield of this kind of crops when used at appropriate dose as soil organic amendments
Table 3. Germination index (GI) of cress and lettuce seeds in extracts of the different
organic wastes and electrical conductivity values of the assayed organic wastes
Germin Index Lm (cm)Stem EC (1/5) % Ref
OrganicWaste Cress Lettuce Cress Lettuce dS/m Moisture
1* Freshpigslurry 152.4 170.94 4.65 3.84 6.68 98.83
2 Aerobic SewageSludge** 8.92 157.65 1.79 3.71 1.88 78.31
3 AnaerobicSewageSludge 113.85 61.92 3.51 2.79 3.35 81.57
4 Compost of organic domestic wastes** 14.66 41.1 2.21 7.29 6.44 29.47
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5 Old Alperujo (stabilized in a pond for one year) 34.56 134.34 3.67 5.49 2.62 28.98
6 Compost of Alperujo+sheep and goat manure 135.42 93.24 3.22 5.5 4.00 11.37
7 Compost of sheep+goat manure⁺ 110.26 122.66 3.87 3.73 9.30 39.25
8 Compost of Sheepmanure 50.19 88.33 4.7 5.87 4.76 43.52
9 Compost of Prunedebris 89.49 57.05 3.24 5.53 5.38 28.34
10 Compost of green waste+5% manure 89.49 78.52 3.13 5.28 4.06 40.17
11 Compost of Prune debris+trichoderma 202.93 192.31 5.07 3.51 0.60 62.7
12 Solid fraction from pig slurry (fresh) 73.00 143.43 5.25 4.85 1.87 71.24
13 Dried solid fraction from pig slurry 47.3 50,00 4.83 3.33 7.12 43.7
14 Compost from 40% Alperujo+40% poultry manure+20% prune and straw 19.96 109.09 4.9 3.8 5.34 12.28
15 Vermicompost of sheepmanure 136.43 117.68 4.73 4.21 1.35 62.27
16 Compost of Alperujo+goat manure+ grape debris+olive leaves and prune⁺ 136.92 126.17 4.26 3.95 5.07 7.86
17 Fresh alperujo** 0.00 7.48 0.00 0.88 4.80 44.58
18 Res. from slaughterhouse industry (flour)+ poultry feeding+Fly larvae inoc 0.00 0.00 0.00 0,00 7.51 46.93
19 Pig Slurry+Fly larvae inoculum 59.83 111.11 6.00 4.82 3.95 19.48
20 Compost from Artichoke industry sludge+artichoke and grape residues 97.02 128.21 5.74 4.83 2.28 55.09
21 Compost of anaerobic Sewage sludge+Prune debris 112.78 147.44 4.83 4.14 6.94 49.36
22 Dried Sewage Sludge (Thermic treatment)*** 0.00 5.79 0.00 1.08 3.50 59.38
23 Biochar from forestal residues 104.99 32.63 2.29 1.28 1.10 49.55
24 Compost from 40% Garden prune+60% (pig slurry +slaughterhouse resid.) 34.12 93.24 4.63 5.63 8.71 6.94
25* Digestate from anaerobic digestion of bagasse+manure++ 97.03 97.11 3.82 2.49 14.92 91.72
Control 100 100 3.48 2.85
**Extract 1/20 for cress; ***Extract 1/20 for cress and lettuce; ⁺Extract 1/20+dil 1/5 for cress and lettuce; ++Digestate, extract 1/400 for cress and lettuce
Residues such as fresh pig manure (R1), compost of sheep and goat manure (R7), compost of prune residues inoculated with Trichoderma (R11), vermicompost of sheep manure (R15), compost of alperujo + goat manure + grape debris + olive leaves and prune (R16) and compost from anaerobic sewage sludge+prune debris (R21) showed a stimulant effect on both cress and lettuce growth, whereas the anaerobic sewage sludge (R3), the compost from alperujo + sheep and goat manure (R6) and the biochar from forest residues (R23) only showed stimulant effect on cress, and the aerobic sewage sludge (R2), the old stabilized alperujo (R5), the solid fraction from pig slurry (fresh) (R12), the compost from a mixture composed of 40% Alperujo + 40% poultry manure + 20% (prune straw) (R14), pig slurry inoculated with fly larvae (R19) and the compost of artichoke industry sludge + artichoke and grape residues (R20), showed stimulant effect only on lettuce growth Residues such as R4, R9, R13, ,R19, R17, R18, R25, R22 and R23 showed phytotoxicity for both, cress and lettuce seeds. Phytotoxicity found in composts such as the compost from the organic fraction of domestic wastes (R4), the compost from mushroom cultivation residues (R9), horse manure (R13) or compost of sewage sludge + rice hull (R17) is probably due to the high electrical conductivity exhibited for these wastes and to the lack of maturity of the end compost. It is known that the composting process improves the stability and quality or the composted material eliminating bad odors and phytotoxic compounds but during this process salts are accumulated due to the mass reduction by organic matter mineralization. This parameter (EC) should be taken into consideration for establishing the dose to be added to the soil in order to avoid negative effects on soil and plant. To obtain good quality composts the fermentation and maturation phases of the composting process must be completed, otherwise an immature compost with low degree of organic matter stabilization will be obtained. The phytotoxic effect detected in the uncomposted residues R13, R19, R17, R18, R25, R22 and R23 may be due to the presence of some phytotoxic organic compounds due to the instability of
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their organic matter along with a high ammonium content (R13, R17, R18 and R22) and high EC (R13, R18 and R25). These results suggests that, in general terms, composting and vermicomposting processes are more efficient techniques for eliminating phytotoxic compounds than the other methods assayed. Conclusions
As it has been observed the studied organic wastes are suitable products for recycling in soil used for agricultural purposes. They have an important load of organic matter that will contribute to improve soil organic quality and fertility, increasing the pool of organic C in the soil by fixing C in soil colloids thus avoiding C losses.
Although the main function of organic wastes in soil is to act as soil improvers, they can also act as fertilizers due to the considerable amount of macro and micronutrients they contain. The chemical characterization of the studied wastes (see Tables in the Annex II) has revealed that nutrient content in wastes is more closely related with the nature of the waste than with the treatment method used for its stabilization, whereas the rate of waste organic matter mineralization and the risk of phytotoxicity derived from the use of the end-product are greatly influenced by the treatment technology. In this sense composting seems to be one of the most promising and used techniques for waste treatment. Treatments such as aerobic or anaerobic digestion also help to stabilize waste organic matter, but the level of organic matter stabilization and product sanitization is lower than that reached with composting. A more stabilized end-product is obtained by anaerobic digestion or thermal drying than with anaerobic digestion treatment. Thermal drying as a follow-up process can raise the dry solids concentration from 30 up to 90% w/w, stabilize the sludge and destroy pathogens. However, investments, operation costs and energy consumption are high. A further possibility for mass reduction is drying of the sludge in a solar dryer; the technology has proved to be suitable and highly cost efficient for small to medium sized sewage treatment plants. Almost no maintenance is needed, and the achieved evaporation rates per square meter were up to three times higher than in conventional sludge beds. Therefore, solar drying could be an economic alternative to conventional drying systems, especially in areas with proper climatic conditions. The use of fly larvae is an innovative waste treatment but the ammonium content in the end-product is too high (2.5-3%) and it is not a widely used methodology.
The use of organic wastes as alternative to mineral fertilizers will help to reduce natural resources consumption and energy costs, as well as the risks of groundwater contamination derived from inorganic fertilization. At the same time these organic wastes will improve the physical and microbiological characteristics of the soils where they are applied. However, due to the fact that organic wastes act as fertilizers of gradual liberation, it is probable that they cannot cover all crop nutrient demand and organic fertilization has to be complemented in parallel with inorganic fertilization, but the reduction of such inorganic fertilization is an important goal. The effects of organic waste addition will be more noticeable after several years of adding the organic amendment to the soil.
Co-utilization of various wastes is a matter of paramount importance in waste treatment since it allows the elimination of several wastes at the same time and combines wastes with complementary characteristics in order to give a higher added value to the end product.
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44 ANEX II:
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Since the highlighted values are small, you can consider mg/100g, also in other tables Table 1.Pig slurry (Liquid) (R1)
pH 7.46
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 6675
Humidity, % 98.83
Volatileorganicmatter, % 67.89 (dryweight)
Ashes, % 32.11 (dryweight)
Organiccarbon, g/100g 36,7 (dryweight)/0,429(freshwaste)
Total nitrogen, g/100g 0.11
Total P, g/100g 0.02
Total K, g/100g 0.05
Ca, g/100g 0.07
Mg, g/100g 0.02
Na, g/100g 0.02
S, g/100g 0.02
Al, mg/kg 44.79
Fe, mg/kg 28.64
Mn, mg/kg 6.07
B, mg/kg 1.98
Ammonium, mg/kg 484.6
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5
Cu mg/kg 12.31
Cr mg/kg <0.5
Ni mg/kg <0.5
Pb mg/kg <0.5
Zn mg/kg 109.51
Otherelements, mg/kg
As <0.5
Be <0.5
Bi <0.5
Co <0.5
Li <0.5
Mo <0.5
Sb <0.5
Se <0.5
Sr <0.5
Ti <0.5
Tl <0.5
V <0.5
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g 2.1 x 10_
Salmonella 25g Absence
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Table 2. Sewage sludge aerobically digested (R2)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 6.96
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 1881.5
Humidity, % 78.31
Volatileorganicmatter, % 29.18
Ashes, % 70.82
Organiccarbon, g/100g 37.07 8.04
Total nitrogen, g/100g 6.36 1.38
Total P, g/100g 2.47 0.54
Total K, g/100g 0.54 0.12
Ca, g/100g 4.61 1.00
Mg, g/100g 0.87 0.19
Na, g/100g 0.33 0.07
S, g/100g 0.89 0.19
Al, g/100g 1.22 0.26
Fe, mg/kg 4405.8 955.63
Mn, mg/kg 130.06 28.21
B, mg/kg 69.98 15.18
Ammonium, mg/kg 14194.66 3078.9
Metals
Cd mg/kg 1.15 0.25
Cu mg/kg 271.08 58.80
Cr mg/kg 34.14 7.40
Ni mg/kg 28.51 6.18
Pb mg/kg 52.79 11.45
Zn mg/kg 673.12 146.00
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 2.87 0.62
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi <0.5 <0.5
Co <0.5 <0.5
Li 6.84 1.48
Mo 6.47 1.40
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se 7.89 1.71
Sr 1942.7 421.37
Ti 63.37 13.74
Tl 16.81 3.65
V 26.66 5.78
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g 70
Salmonella 25g Presence
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Table 3. Sewage sludge submitted to anaerobic digestion (R3)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 7.76
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 3345
Humidity, % 81.57
Volatileorganicmatter, % 67.74
Ashes, % 32.26
Organiccarbon, g/100g 36.78 6.78
Total nitrogen, g/100g 6.16 1.14
Total P, g/100g 1.63 0.30
Total K, g/100g 0.21 0.04
Ca, g/100g 2.88 0.53
Mg, g/100g 0.67 0.12
Na, g/100g 0.28 0.052
S, g/100g 4.27 0.79
Al, g/100g 0.53 0.10
Fe, mg/kg 35329.01 6511.14
Mn, mg/kg 111.44 20.54
B, mg/kg 38.16 7.03
Ammonium, mg/kg 11455.4 2111.7
Metals
Cd mg/kg 0.67 0.12
Cu mg/kg 222.6 41.02
Cr mg/kg 45.95 8.47
Ni mg/kg 33.1 6.10
Pb mg/kg 45.05 8.30
Zn mg/kg 603.44 111.21
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 1.31 0.24
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi <0.5 <0.5
Co 7.49 1.38
Li 3.73 0.69
Mo 49.76 9.17
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se 8.82 1.63
Sr 478.33 88.16
Ti 152.40 28.09
Tl 61.53 11.34
V 22.22 4.10
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g 5.2 x 10_
Salmonella 25g Presence
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Table 4. Compost of the organic fraction of domestic wastes (R4)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 7.45
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 6435
Humidity, % 29.47
Volatileorganicmatter, % 44.34
Ashes, % 55.66
Organiccarbon, g/100g 33.83 23.86
Total nitrogen, g/100g 2.79 1.96
Total P, g/100g 0.54 0.38
Total K, g/100g 1.04 0.74
Ca, g/100g 8.36 5.90
Mg, g/100g 0.8 0.56
Na, g/100g 0.83 0.59
S, g/100g 0.59 0.42
Al, g/100g 0.99 0.69
Fe, mg/kg 12183.1 8592.74
Mn, mg/kg 189.16 133.42
B, mg/kg 27.68 19.52
Ammonium, mg/kg 4057.42 2861.9
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 136.27 96.11
Cr mg/kg 80.01 56.43
Ni mg/kg 36.52 25.76
Pb mg/kg 76.11 53.68
Zn mg/kg 300.75 212.12
Otherelements, mg/kg
As <0.5 <0.5
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi 0.63 0.44
Co <0.5 <0.5
Li 11.12 7.84
Mo 1.85 1.30
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se <0.5 <0.5
Sr 270.3 190.71
Ti 90.68 63.96
Tl 18.48 13.03
V 20.64 14.56
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g 40
Salmonella 25g Absence
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Table 5. Alperujo stabilized in a pond for 1 year (R5)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 7.52
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 2620
Humidity, % 28.98
Volatileorganicmatter, % 38.24
Ashes, % 61.76
Organiccarbon, g/100g 48.2 34.23
Total nitrogen, g/100g 1.75 1.24
Total P, g/100g 0.12 0.08
Total K, g/100g 1.78 1.26
Ca, g/100g 2.90 2.06
Mg, g/100g 0.23 0.16
Na, g/100g 0.02 0.01
S, g/100g 0.15 0.11
Al, g/100g 0.68 0.48
Fe, mg/kg 4108.4 2917.81
Mn, mg/kg 80.05 56.85
B, mg/kg 38.68 27.47
Ammonium, mg/kg 1458.81 1036.0
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 27.86 19.79
Cr mg/kg 20.1 14.85
Ni mg/kg 6.32 4.49
Pb mg/kg 7.8 5.54
Zn mg/kg 35.11 24.93
Otherelements, mg/kg
As <0.5 <0.5
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi <0.5 <0.5
Co <0.5 <0.5
Li 5.11 3.63
Mo <0.5 <0.5
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se <0.5 <0.5
Sr 126.18 89.61
Ti 69.92 49.66
Tl 1.99 1.41
V 16.19 11.50
Polyphenols mg/kg 6317.94 4487
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Presence
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Table 6. Compost from alperujo+sheep and goat manure (R6)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 7.73
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 3995
Humidity, % 11.37
Volatileorganicmatter, % 72.73
Ashes, % 27.27
Organiccarbon, g/100g 17.08 15.13
Total nitrogen, g/100g 1.3 1.15
Total P, g/100g 0.17 0.15
Total K, g/100g 1.35 1.19
Ca, g/100g 15.44 13.68
Mg, g/100g 0.98 0.87
Na, g/100g 0.16 0.14
S, g/100g 0.45 0.40
Al, g/100g 2.07 1.83
Fe, mg/kg 13846.9 12272.55
Mn, mg/kg 278.47 246.81
B, mg/kg 38.74 34.33
Ammonium, mg/kg 1410.21 1249.8
Metals
Cd mg/kg 0.65 0.58
Cu mg/kg 80.89 71.69
Cr mg/kg 68.31 60.54
Ni mg/kg 16.87 14.95
Pb mg/kg 30.43 26.97
Zn mg/kg 49.77 44.11
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 1.14 1.01
Be 0.72 0.64
Bi 6.58 5.83
Co <0.5 <0.5
Li 20.25 17.95
Mo 1.08 0.96
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se <0.5 <0.5
Sr 592.47 525.11
Ti 101.79 90.22
Tl 28.63 25.37
V 43.92 38.92
Polyphenols mg/kg 548.35 486
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
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Table 7. Compost a mixture of sheep and goat manure (R7)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 7.68
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 9300
Humidity, % 39.25
Volatileorganicmatter, % 47.34
Ashes, % 52.66
Organiccarbon, g/100g 26.88 16.33
Total nitrogen, g/100g 2.18 1.32
Total P, g/100g 0.53 0.32
Total K, g/100g 3.78 2.30
Ca, g/100g 7.43 4.52
Mg, g/100g 0.91 0.55
Na, g/100g 0.2 0.120
S, g/100g 2.63 1.60
Al, g/100g 0.45 0.28
Fe, mg/kg 17002.58 10329.07
Mn, mg/kg 272.01 165.25
B, mg/kg 44.83 27.23
Ammonium, mg/kg 5526.17 3357.0
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 23.66 14.38
Cr mg/kg 16.68 10.13
Ni mg/kg 5.53 3.36
Pb mg/kg 6.09 3.70
Zn mg/kg 74.04 44.98
Otherelements, mg/kg
As <0.5 <0.5
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi <0.5 <0.5
Co 3.37 2.05
Li 6.5 3.95
Mo 0.58 0.35
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se <0.5 <0.5
Sr 195.53 118.78
Ti 76.14 46.25
Tl 63.24 38.42
V 22.64 13.76
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
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Table 8. Composted sheep manure (R8) Dryweight Wetweight pH 8.95
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 4755
Humidity, % 43.52
Volatileorganicmatter, % 51.68
Ashes, % 48.32
Organiccarbon, g/100g 27.87 15.74
Total nitrogen, g/100g 2.15 1.22
Total P, g/100g 0.56 0.32
Total K, g/100g 2.44 1.38
Ca, g/100g 11.37 6.42
Mg, g/100g 1.1 0.67
Na, g/100g 0.35 0.20
S, g/100g 0.53 0.30
Al, g/100g 1.36 0.77
Fe, mg/kg 8193.5 4627.71
Mn, mg/kg 310.85 175.57
B, mg/kg 25.42 14.36
Ammonium, mg/kg 4227.69 2387.6
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 80.51 45.47
Cr mg/kg 46.9 26.49
Ni mg/kg 13.16 7.43
Pb mg/kg 15.54 8.78
Zn mg/kg 133.92 75.64
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 1.36 0.77
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi 3.74 2.11
Co <0.5 <0.5
Li 14.89 8.41
Mo 2.00 1.13
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se <0.5 <0.5
Sr 359.42 203.00
Ti 101.08 57.09
Tl 28.8 16.32
V 34.33 19.39
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
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Table 9. Compost from pruning residues (R9)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 7.51
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 5380
Humidity, % 28.34
Volatileorganicmatter, % 75.11
Ashes, % 24.89
Organiccarbon, g/100g 18.4 13.18
Total nitrogen, g/100g 1.57 1.13
Total P, g/100g 0.24 0.17
Total K, g/100g 1.65 1.18
Ca, g/100g 7.44 5.33
Mg, g/100g 2.93 2.10
Na, g/100g 0.29 0.21
S, g/100g 0.47 0.34
Al, g/100g 1.98 1.42
Fe, mg/kg 22767.8 16315.43
Mn, mg/kg 431.53 309.24
B, mg/kg 32.01 22.94
Ammonium, mg/kg 890.51 638.1
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 170.34 122.07
Cr mg/kg 95.57 68.49
Ni mg/kg 107.04 76.70
Pb mg/kg 59.32 42.51
Zn mg/kg 171.83 123.14
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 10.66 7.64
Be 0.62 0.44
Bi 7.9 5.66
Co <0.5 <0.5
Li 16.21 11.62
Mo 1.83 1.31
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se <0.5 <0.5
Sr 183.35 131.39
Ti 321.16 230.15
Tl 70.28 50.36
V 65.82 47.17
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
226
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 10. Compost from a mixture of green residues and manure 5% (R10)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 7.46
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 4055
Humidity, % 40.17
Volatileorganicmatter, % 66.5
Ashes, % 33.5
Organiccarbon, g/100g 28.88 17.28
Total nitrogen, g/100g 1.89 1.13
Total P, g/100g 0.19 0.12
Total K, g/100g 1.7 1.01
Ca, g/100g 9.19 5.50
Mg, g/100g 1.36 0.81
Na, g/100g 0.26 0.16
S, g/100g 0.55 0.33
Al, g/100g 1.17 0.70
Fe, mg/kg 8962.1 5362.04
Mn, mg/kg 271.26 162.29
B, mg/kg 45.63 27.30
Ammonium, mg/kg 1959.48 1172.4
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 47.46 28.40
Cr mg/kg 73.18 43.79
Ni mg/kg 13.77 8.24
Pb mg/kg 34.67 20.74
Zn mg/kg 96.02 57.45
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 4.06 2.43
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi 2.33 1.39
Co <0.5 <0.5
Li 15.47 9.25
Mo 1.91 1.15
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se <0.5 <0.5
Sr 276.44 165.39
Ti 153.33 91.74
Tl 33.11 19.81
V 33.64 20.13
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
227
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 11. Compost of grape residues with microorganisms (trichoderma) inoculation (R11)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 7.79
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 599.5
Humidity, % 62.7
Volatileorganicmatter, % 76.37
Ashes, % 23.63
Organiccarbon, g/100g 43.47 16.21
Total nitrogen, g/100g 1.69 0.63
Total P, g/100g 0.09 0.04
Total K, g/100g 0.46 0.17
Ca, g/100g 4.87 1.82
Mg, g/100g 0.79 0.29
Na, g/100g 0.05 0.017
S, g/100g 0.18 0.07
Al, g/100g 0.11 0.04
Fe, mg/kg 1106.47 412.71
Mn, mg/kg 65.54 24.45
B, mg/kg 20.86 7.78
Ammonium, mg/kg 2148.87 801.5
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 9.72 3.63
Cr mg/kg 21.89 8.16
Ni mg/kg 1.61 0.60
Pb mg/kg 1.82 0.68
Zn mg/kg 62.7 23.39
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 0.82 0.31
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi <0.5 <0.5
Co <0.5 <0.5
Li 10.88 4.06
Mo <0.5 <0.5
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se 1.08 0.40
Sr 205.09 76.50
Ti 19.69 7.35
Tl 42.79 15.96
V 14.07 5.25
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
228
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 12.Solid fraction pig slurry (fresh)(R12)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 7.35
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 1865
Humidity, % 71.24
Volatileorganicmatter, % 72.62
Ashes, % 27.38
Total carbon, g/100g 42.34 12.18
Total nitrogen, g/100g 3.27 0.94
Total P, g/100g 2.5 0.85
Total K, g/100g 0.67 0.19
Ca, g/100g 5.27 1.51
Mg, g/100g 1.67 0.48
Na, g/100g 0.11 0.03
S, g/100g 0.64 0.19
Al, g/100g 0.14 0.04
Fe, mg/kg 2208.71 635.22
Mn, mg/kg 768.87 221.13
B, mg/kg 33.89 9.75
Ammonium, mg/kg 5328.22 1532.4
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 305.57 87.88
Cr mg/kg 8.56 2.46
Ni mg/kg 7.15 2.06
Pb mg/kg 2.36 0.68
Zn mg/kg 2726.04 784.01
Otherelements, mg/kg
As <0.5 <0.5
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi <0.5 <0.5
Co 1.78 0.51
Li 1.87 0.54
Mo 9.37 2.69
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se 1.62 0.46
Sr 114.02 32.79
Ti 33.21 9.55
Tl 48.14 13.85
V 26.6 7.65
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g 3.6 x 10
Salmonella 25g Absence
229
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 13. Solid fraction pig slurry (dried) (R13)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 6.6
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 7120
Humidity, % 43.7
Volatileorganicmatter, % 58.8
Ashes, % 41.2
Organiccarbon, g/100g 33.86 19.06
Total nitrogen, g/100g 3.79 2.13
Total P, g/100g 4.69 2.64
Total K, g/100g 0.99 0.56
Ca, g/100g 8.71 4.90
Mg, g/100g 2.48 1.40
Na, g/100g 0.16 0.09
S, g/100g 1.21 0.68
Al, g/100g 0.26 0.14
Fe, mg/kg 2897.12 1631.08
Mn, mg/kg 1180.71 664.74
B, mg/kg 52.9 29.78
Ammonium, mg/kg 2064.96 1162.6
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 552.51 311.07
Cr mg/kg 16.24 9.14
Ni mg/kg 14.7 8.28
Pb mg/kg 3.95 2.22
Zn mg/kg 4471.81 2517.63
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 0.67 0.38
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi 5.05 2.84
Co 1.84 1.04
Li 3.72 2.09
Mo 11.91 6.71
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se 2.68 1.51
Sr 209.62 118.02
Ti 7.48 4.21
Tl 71.95 40.51
V 44.5 25.06
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Presence
230
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 14.Compost of a mixture of alperujo+chickenmanure+straw leaves (R14)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 8.6
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 5340
Humidity, % 12.28
Volatileorganicmatter, % 51.6
Ashes, % 48.04
Organiccarbon, g/100g 30.15 26.45
Total nitrogen, g/100g 1.89 1.66
Total P, g/100g 0.84 0.74
Total K, g/100g 2.38 2.08
Ca, g/100g 8.16 7.16
Mg, g/100g 0.58 0.51
Na, g/100g 0.14 0.13
S, g/100g 0.34 0.30
Al, g/100g 1.05 0.92
Fe, mg/kg 4302.36 3774.03
Mn, mg/kg 285.4 250.36
B, mg/kg 50.94 44.69
Ammonium, mg/kg 696.04 610.6
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 95.76 84.00
Cr mg/kg 39.52 34.67
Ni mg/kg 13.37 11.72
Pb mg/kg 7.21 6.32
Zn mg/kg 156.92 137.65
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 0.9 0.79
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi 1.37 1.21
Co <0.5 <0.5
Li 6.93 6.08
Mo 1.77 1.55
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se <0.5 <0.5
Sr 118.76 104.18
Ti 56.07 49.19
Tl 17.09 14.99
V 26.7 23.42
Polyphenols mg/kg 7321.02 6422
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
231
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 15.Vermicompost of manure (R15)
Dryweith Wetweith
pH 7.33
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 1345
Humidity, % 62.27
Volatileorganicmatter, % 47.98
Ashes, % 52.02
Organiccarbon, g/100g 30.9 11.66
Total nitrogen, g/100g 2.38 0.90
Total P, g/100g 0.51 0.19
Total K, g/100g 0.57 0.22
Ca, g/100g 8.52 3.21
Mg, g/100g 1.37 0.52
Na, g/100g 0.07 0.03
S, g/100g 0.86 0.32
Al, g/100g 1.00 0.38
Fe, mg/kg 6463.38 2438.64
Mn, mg/kg 482.61 182.09
B, mg/kg 42.35 15.98
Ammonium, mg/kg 18.82 7.1
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 42.83 16.16
Cr mg/kg 50.75 19.15
Ni mg/kg 9.84 3.71
Pb mg/kg 9.94 3.75
Zn mg/kg 135.92 51.28
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 1.97 0.74
Be 0.75 0.28
Bi 6.13 2.31
Co <0.5 <0.5
Li 12.06 4.55
Mo 2.24 0.85
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se <0.5 <0.5
Sr 428.58 161.70
Ti 81.75 30.84
Tl 40.54 15.30
V 51.93 19.59
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g 60
Salmonella 25g Absence
232
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 16.Compost of alperujo+goatmanure+grapedebris+olive leaves and prune (R16)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 9.14
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 5070
Humidity, % 7.86
Volatileorganicmatter, % 64.73
Ashes, % 35.27
Organiccarbon, g/100g 38.76 35.72
Total nitrogen, g/100g 2.5 2.31
Total P, g/100g 0.39 0.35
Total K, g/100g 4.68 4.31
Ca, g/100g 6.76 6.23
Mg, g/100g 1.19 1.10
Na, g/100g 0.38 0.35
S, g/100g 0.5 0.46
Al, g/100g 0.47 0.44
Fe, mg/kg 2452.29 2259.54
Mn, mg/kg 154.04 141.94
B, mg/kg 62.89 57.94
Ammonium, mg/kg <2.5 <2.5
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 25.13 23.15
Cr mg/kg 17.44 15.79
Ni mg/kg 6.17 5.68
Pb mg/kg 4.81 4.43
Zn mg/kg 72.55 66.84
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 0.76 0.70
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi 1.66 1.53
Co <0.5 <0.5
Li 5.62 5.18
Mo 0.83 0.77
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se <0.5 <0.5
Sr 308.7 284.43
Ti 52.35 48.24
Tl 28.73 26.47
V 21.15 19.49
Polyphenols mg/kg 9146.95 8428
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
233
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 17. Fresh alperujo (R17)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 4.76
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 4795
Humidity, % 44.58
Volatileorganicmatter, % 59.76
Ashes, % 40.24
Organiccarbon, g/100g 55.44 30.72
Total nitrogen, g/100g 1.43 0.79
Total P, g/100g 0.12 0.07
Total K, g/100g 1.83 1.02
Ca, g/100g 0.4 0.22
Mg, g/100g 0.06 0.03
Na, g/100g 0.003 0.001
S, g/100g 0.12 0.07
Al, g/100g 0.05 0.03
Fe, mg/kg 441.8 244.84
Mn, mg/kg 13.71 7.60
B, mg/kg 33.59 18.61
Ammonium, mg/kg <2.5 <2.5
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 15.37 8.52
Cr mg/kg 3.14 1.74
Ni mg/kg 1.7 0.94
Pb mg/kg 0.93 0.52
Zn mg/kg 20.41 11.31
Otherelements, mg/kg
As <0.5 <0.5
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi <0.5 <0.5
Co 0.6 0.33
Li <0.5 <0.5
Mo <0.5 <0.5
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se 1.46 0.81
Sr 22.5 12.47
Ti 2.59 1.43
Tl <0.5 <0.5
V 1.57 0.87
Polyphenols mg/kg 19354.02 10726
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
234
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 18. Residues from slaughterhouse industry (flour)+chicken feed treated with fly Larvae (R18)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 5.9
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 7505
Humidity, % 46.93
Volatileorganicmatter, % 78.79
Ashes, % 21.21
Organiccarbon, g/100g 43.08 22.86
Total nitrogen, g/100g 6.97 3.70
Total P, g/100g 1.84 0.97
Total K, g/100g 0.72 0.38
Ca, g/100g 5.27 2.80
Mg, g/100g 0.15 0.08
Na, g/100g 0.35 0.187
S, g/100g 0.37 0.19
Al, g/100g 0.01 0.006
Fe, mg/kg 734.72 389.92
Mn, mg/kg 45.59 24.19
B, mg/kg 8.25 4.38
Ammonium, mg/kg 30574.5 16226.8
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 14.0 7.43
Cr mg/kg 3.13 1.66
Ni mg/kg 1.01 0.53
Pb mg/kg 2.64 1.40
Zn mg/kg 79.27 42.07
Otherelements, mg/kg
As <0.5 <0.5
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi <0.5 <0.5
Co <0.5 <0.5
Li <0.5 <0.5
Mo 0.77 0.41
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se 1.64 0.87
Sr 43.24 22.95
Ti 3.44 1.83
Tl 3.06 1.62
V 2.47 1.31
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
235
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 19. Solid fraction of pig slurry treated with fly larvae (R19)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 7.58
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 3950
Humidity, % 19.48
Volatileorganicmatter, % 62.79
Ashes, % 37.21
Organiccarbon, g/100g 31.28 25.19
Total nitrogen, g/100g 3.87 3.12
Total P, g/100g 4.28 3.45
Total K, g/100g 0.63 0.51
Ca, g/100g 3.9 3.14
Mg, g/100g 2.58 2.08
Na, g/100g 0.06 0.045
S, g/100g 0.63 0.51
Al, g/100g 0.06 0.05
Fe, mg/kg 1666.87 1342.17
Mn, mg/kg 696.55 560.86
B, mg/kg 29.36 23.64
Ammonium, mg/kg 24714.64 19899.9
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 165.79 133.50
Cr mg/kg 8.21 6.61
Ni mg/kg 5.66 4.56
Pb mg/kg 1.99 1.60
Zn mg/kg 917.29 738.60
Otherelements, mg/kg
As <0.5 <0.5
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi <0.5 <0.5
Co 2.03 1.63
Li 1.6 1.29
Mo 3.62 2.91
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se 2.7 2.17
Sr 103.41 83.27
Ti 18.01 14.50
Tl 152.65 122.91
V 44.23 35.61
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
236
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 20. Compost of artichoke industry sludge+ grape residues (R20)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 6.36
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 2280
Humidity, % 55.09
Volatileorganicmatter, % 73.39
Ashes, % 26.61
Organiccarbon, g/100g 39.33 17.66
Total nitrogen, g/100g 3.86 1.73
Total P, g/100g 0.58 0.26
Total K, g/100g 1.16 0.52
Ca, g/100g 6.81 3.06
Mg, g/100g 0.73 0.33
Na, g/100g 0.19 0.087
S, g/100g 0.87 0.39
Al, g/100g 0.18 0.08
Fe, mg/kg 3377.04 1516.63
Mn, mg/kg 83.72 37.60
B, mg/kg 54.8 24.65
Ammonium, mg/kg 6150.63 2762.5
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 34.84 15.65
Cr mg/kg 50.95 22.88
Ni mg/kg 14.55 6.53
Pb mg/kg 7.25 3.26
Zn mg/kg 162.82 73.12
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 0.91 0.41
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi <0.5 <0.5
Co 1.38 0.62
Li 4.78 2.15
Mo 2.29 1.03
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se 1.85 0.83
Sr 332.91 149.51
Ti 45.04 20.23
Tl 42.01 18.86
V 15.32 6.88
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
237
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 21. Compost of sewage sludge and prune residues (R21)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 6.06
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 6940
Humidity, % 49.36
Volatileorganicmatter, % 57.47
Ashes, % 42.53
Organiccarbon, g/100g 29.56 14.97
Total nitrogen, g/100g 3.41 1.73
Total P, g/100g 1.27 0.64
Total K, g/100g 0.66 0.34
Ca, g/100g 7.22 3.66
Mg, g/100g 0.83 0.42
Na, g/100g 0.19 0.094
S, g/100g 2.87 1.45
Al, g/100g 0.67 0.34
Fe, mg/kg 24227.37 12268.74
Mn, mg/kg 120.29 60.92
B, mg/kg 31.36 15,88
Ammonium, mg/kg 4551.57 0.64
Metals
Cd mg/kg 0.65 0.33
Cu mg/kg 154.54 78.26
Cr mg/kg 44.15 22.36
Ni mg/kg 22.8 11.54
Pb mg/kg 47.08 23.84
Zn mg/kg 411.05 208.16
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 3.13 1.58
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi <0.5 <0.5
Co 3.14 1.59
Li 5.47 2.77
Mo 30.54 15.46
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se 7.76 3.93
Sr 729.83 369.59
Ti 108.95 55.17
Tl 66.4 33.63
V 25.72 13.02
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
238
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 22. Sewage sludge thermically dried (R22)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 6.54
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 3495
Humidity, % 6.05
Volatileorganicmatter, % 59.38
Ashes, % 40.62
Organiccarbon, g/100g 33.69 31.65
Total nitrogen, g/100g 4.48 4.21
Total P, g/100g 0.64 0.61
Total K, g/100g 0.23 0.22
Ca, g/100g 2.44 2.29
Mg, g/100g 0.34 0.32
Na, g/100g 0.043 0.040
S, g/100g 0.62 0.59
Al, g/100g 0.97 0.91
Fe, mg/kg 11722.73 11013.50
Mn, mg/kg 224.63 211.04
B, mg/kg 7.35 6.91
Ammonium, mg/kg 9372.14 8805.4
Metals
Cd mg/kg 0.73 0.69
Cu mg/kg 310.79 291.99
Cr mg/kg 49.80 46.79
Ni mg/kg 25.58 24.03
Pb mg/kg 94.05 88.36
Zn mg/kg 988.51 928.71
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 5.55 5.21
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi <0.5 <0.5
Co <0.5 <0.5
Li 9.72 9.13
Mo 3.53 3.31
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se 0.98 0.92
Sr 321.45 302.00
Ti 41.19 38.70
Tl 19.87 18.67
V 23.26 21.85
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
239
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 23. Biochar from forest residues (R23)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 9.53
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 1096.5
Humidity, % 49.55
Volatileorganicmatter, % 79.55
Ashes, % 20.45
Organiccarbon, g/100g 74.92 37.80
Total nitrogen, g/100g 0.64 0.33
Total P, g/100g 0.19 0.09
Total K, g/100g 0.72 0.36
Ca, g/100g 4.92 2.48
Mg, g/100g 0.33 0.17
Na, g/100g 0.02 0.010
S, g/100g 0.07 0.03
Al, g/100g 0.11 0.05
Fe, mg/kg 826.99 417.22
Mn, mg/kg 680.94 343.53
B, mg/kg 21.85 11.02
Ammonium, mg/kg 1303.16 657.5
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.1
Cu mg/kg 13.45
Cr mg/kg 10.44
Ni mg/kg 11.65
Pb mg/kg 0.94
Zn mg/kg 35.57
Otherelements, mg/kg
As <0.1 <0.1
Be <0.5 6.79
Bi <0.5 5.27
Co 1.74 5.87
Li 3.09 0.47
Mo <0.5 17.95
Sb <0.5
Se <0.5 <0.5
Sr 307.92 <0.5
Ti 25.91 <0.5
Tl 15.54 0.88
V 5.70 1.56
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
240
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 24. Compost of a mixture of 40% vegetal residues+60% pig slurry and residues from slaughterhouse industry (R24)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 7.72
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 8705
Humidity, % 6.94
Volatileorganicmatter, % 39.65
Ashes, % 60.35
Organic carbon, Organic carbon, g/100g 27.05 25.18
Total nitrogen, g/100g 2.37 2.20
Total P, g/100g 0.82 0.77
Total K, g/100g 1.6 1.48
Ca, g/100g 9.58 8.92
Mg, g/100g 0.79 0.73
Na, g/100g 0.241 0.225
S, g/100g 0.73 0.68
Al, g/100g 0.60 0.56
Fe, mg/kg 4401.8 4096.31
Mn, mg/kg 299.28 278.51
B, mg/kg 42.07 39.15
Ammonium, mg/kg 4265.86 3970.0
Metals
Cd mg/kg 0.15 0.14
Cu mg/kg 64.44 59.97
Cr mg/kg 35.57 33.10
Ni mg/kg 11.08 10.31
Pb mg/kg 16.59 15.44
Zn mg/kg 214.92 200.01
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 1.19 1.11
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi 3.67 3.41
Co <0.5 <0.5
Li 7.61 7.08
Mo <0.5 <0.5
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se <0.5 <0.5
Sr 261.85 243.68
Ti 73.75 68.63
Tl 39.92 37.15
V 18.16 16.90
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
Table 25. Digestate from anaerobic digestion of bagasse+manure (mixture at 50% of the fermenter and post-fermenter residue) (Liquid) (R25)
pH 7.79
241
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 14920
Humidity, % 91.72
Volatileorganicmatter, % 80.41 (dryweight)
Ashes, % 19.59 (dryweight)
Organiccarbon, g/100g 41.2 8 (dryweight)/3,417fresh waste)
Total nitrogen, g/100g 0,34
Total P, g/100g 0.03
Total K, g/100g 0.35
Ca, g/100g 0.09
Mg, g/100g 0.01
Na, g/100g 0.1
S, g/100g 0.04
Al, mg/kg 115.14
Fe, mg/kg 223.28
Mn, mg/kg 7.00
B, mg/kg 6.20
Ammonium, mg/kg 5106.0
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5
Cu mg/kg 3.26
Cr mg/kg <0.5
Ni mg/kg <0.5
Pb mg/kg <0.1
Zn mg/kg 15.2
Otherelements, mg/kg
As <0.5
Be <0.5
Bi <0.5
Co <0.5
Li <0.5
Mo <0.5
Sb <0.5
Se <0.5
Sr 7.65
Ti 93.2
Tl <0.5
V <0.5
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
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45 Bibliography Adani f., Baido d., Calcatera e., Genevini p., The influence of biomass temperature on biostabilization-biodrying of municipal solid waste, Bioresource Technology, 2002, 83, 173–178. Bertoldi, M. D., G. Vallini, and A.Pera. 1985. Technological aspects of composting including model-ing and microbiology. In: J.K.R.Gasser, Editor, Composting of Agricultural and Other WastesProc. Seminar Environ. Res. Prog, Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, New York. 27-40 Carnes, R. y Lossin, R. (1970). An investigation of the pH characteristics of compost. Compost Sci. 5. Cuevas C. 2011. Enmiendas Orgánicas en suelos semiáridos, Una estrategia para favorecer ¨sumideros de carbono¨. (Organic amendments in semi-arid soils. A strategy to favour Carbon Sinks¨.) Ph D. Thesis. University of Murcia, Spain.
De Bertoldi M, Vallini G, Pera A, Zucconi F. 1982. Comparison of three windrow compost systems.BioCycle. 23(2):45–50. Finstein, M.S., F.C. Miller, J.A. Hogan, & P.F. Strom. 1987. Analysis of EPA Guidance on Composting Sludge: Part I - Biological Heat Generation and Temperature, BioCycle 28(1):20-26; Part II - Biological Process Control, BioCycle 28(2):42-47; Part III - Oxygen, Moisture, Odor, Pathogens, BioCycle 28(3):38-44; Part IV - Decomposition Rate and Facility Design and Operation, BioCycle 28(4):56-61. Goyal S, Dhull SK, Kapoor KK (2005)Chemical and biological changes during composting of different organic wastes and assessment of compost maturity.Bioresour Technol. 96: 1584-9 Howard, Albert and Yeshwant D. Wad. The Waste Products of Agriculture: Their Utilization as Humus.London: Oxford University Press, 1931. Many organic gardeners have read Howard's An Agricultural Testament, but almost none have heard of this book. It is the source of my information about the original Indore composting system Jackel, U, K. Thummes, and P. Kampfer (2005) Thermophilic methane production and oxidation in compost. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 52: 175-184 Lorimor, J., Fulhage, C., Zhang, R., Funk, T., Sheffield, R., Sepphard, C., Newton, G :L : 2001. Manure management strategies/technologies. White paper on Animal Agriculture and the Environnement for National Center for Manure and Animal Waste Management.MWPS, Ames, IA, 52p. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Dirección general de calidad y evaluación ambiental. Estudio de los mercados del compost. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Dirección general de calidad y evaluación ambiental.Plan Nacional Integrado de Residuos, 2008-2015 (PNIR). Informe de Sostenibilidad Ambiental (ISA). 2007 Ross, M., Hernández, T. and García, C. 2003.Soil microbial activity after restoration of a semi-arid soil by organic amendments. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35: 463-469
Stentiford, E.I., 1987. Recent developments in composting. In: de Bertoldi, M., Ferranti, M., L_Hermite, P., Zuicconi, F. (Eds.), Compost, Production, Quality and Use. Elsevier, London, pp. 52–60. Stewart, B.A., Robinson, C.A., Parker, D.B. 2000. Examples and case studies of beneficial reuse of beef cattle byproducts. In : J.F. Power and W.A. Dick (eds) Land application of agricultural, industrial and municipal byproducts, pgs. 387-407. SSSA BookSeries Nº 6, SSSA, Madison, WI Tejada, M., Hernández T., García C. 2009.Soil restoration using composted plant residues: effect on soil properties. Soil and Tillage Research, 45: 109-117 Wilson G.B., Dalmat, D. (1983). Sewage Sludge Composting in the USA, Bio-Cycle, 24: 20-231 Zucconi, F. & De Bertoldi, M., 1987. Compost specifications for the production and characterization of compost from municipal solid waste.En: ”Compost: production, quality and use”. Ed. De Bertoldi, M.P. Ferranti, P. L’Hermite, F. Zucconi. Elsevier Applied Science. Publisher.30-50.
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46 Assessing the socio-economic impact of the use of manure compost in the local economy and population. Study on a Murcia Region
47 A) Introduction:
There is a great variety of definitions regarding the terms Compost and Composting. In reality, they are both variations of the same concept that try to provide concise information from diverse viewpoints. In simple terms, the compost is nothing more than a mixture of organic waste with a variable degree of decomposition which, once added to the soil cultivation, exerts a beneficial role as organic fertilizer. Beyond this simple definition are the mechanisms by which these mixtures acquire their properties and the way the production process should be controlled so that the desired effect is optimal Whatever the case, compost production has boomed in recent years because, besides being a material of great agronomic value, the very process by which it is obtained, in itself represents a system of dealing with bio-waste that is economicaland respectful to the environment, while directly involving the society and making it responsible for the waste it generates. Perhaps the fact that composting is a biotransformation process is the key to properly defining the term compost from a scientific and technical standpoint. Biotransformation implies that the decomposition of the organic materials is mediated by living beings. In this case, living beings are microorganisms that, through enzymatic oxidation-reduction reactions,obtain the nutrients and energy necessary for the maintenance of their biological activities from their own organic remains. As a result of this decomposition, part of organic matter is mineralized completely to CO2 and H2O. The rest of the materials are partially transformed into compounds with different degree of humification. In addition, during the microbial action, chemical energy necessary for microorganisms is generated, part of which dissipates in the form of heat. There are other key circumstances that should be considered in this process: the biotransformation of organic matter should occur under aerobic conditions; that is, in the presence of significant concentrations of oxygen. This is an essential requirement in order for the final material to be called compost, because even though organic matter is also transformed in anaerobic conditions, the material obtained is not compost. All those nutritional factors (for the composition of the raw materials) and environmental factors (moisture, pH, temperature, concentration of oxygen, etc.) which have a direct influence on the biological activity of microorganisms must be scrupulously controlled so that the process runs optimally. In the light of these considerations, it can be said that the compost is a stable material, similar to hummus, obtained by the biological transformation of organic matter, under controlled aerobic conditions. In accordance with this definition, the compost should not be considered only as a simple system for treatment of bio-waste that allows its stabilization, since, through adequate control of the conditions under which it runs, the process leads to the enhancement of organic matter from waste, giving it properties which allow it to decisively contribute to the fertility of the soil. The supply of compost and mixtures of waste for agriculture, nurseries, landscaping, and improvement and recovery of soil, comes from the following production sectors:
● Composting plants that process the organic fraction of the RSU. ● Companies that are dedicated to composting and mixing different types of waste, including
those from agriculture, cattle farming and agri-food industries. The compost produces positive effects in the soil both in its physical/chemical and biological properties. Its incorporation in the soil allows improving its structure, reducing the problems of
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compaction and susceptibility to erosion. It also increases the capacity for retention of water and gas exchange, thus promoting radical development. It also improves the biological activity of the soil since it provides food to the microorganisms that inhabit it and feed on humus. As a result of the improvement in the ventilation and other properties, the bacterial flora is increased and diversified. Its use as a fertilizer is related to its ability to deliver nutrients slowly, in accordance with the mineralization caused by micro-organisms who in simple terms release nutrients contained in the humus and organic matter. In addition, the compost acts as a suppressor of diseases through biological mechanisms such as competition between beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms, parasitism and antibiosis. Agriculture and forestry depend on the soil for the supply of water and nutrients, as well as for its physical support. Its capacity for filtration, retention, storage and transformation convert the soil into one of the main elements for protecting the water and the exchange of gases with the atmosphere. Furthermore, it serves as a habitat and a genetic reserve, an element of the landscape and cultural heritage as well as a source of raw materials.
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48 A.1. Current regulations and definitions
TheLaw 22/2011 of waste y contaminated soilsdefines "Compost" as the "organic amendment obtained from the biological, thermophilic and aerobic treatment of biodegradable waste collected separately". According to this definition, organic material obtained from the plants by mechanical biological treatment of mixed waste is not to be considered compost but rather should be referred as biostabilized material. It can be seen that the last regulation gives emphasizes on the differences between processes that originate different biotransformed materials in order provide a clear identity to the compost and at the same time linking it to processes that are based on organic materials separated in origin. The same law defines "Biowaste" as biodegradable residue of gardens and parks, waste from food and cooking from households, restaurants, catering services and retail establishments, as well as comparable waste from plants that process food. With this new regulation, environmental authorities, without prejudice for the measures derived from actions at the community level, promote measures which may include in plans and programs for management of waste intended to promote:
e) The separate collection of bio-waste destined for composting or anaerobic digestion, in particular of the plant fraction, bio-waste of large generators andbio-waste generated in households.
f) Household and community composting. g) The treatment of bio-waste collected separately so as to achieve a high degree of
protection of the environment carried out in specific facilities without letting it mix with waste throughout the process. Where appropriate, the authorization of such facilities shall include the technical requirements for the proper treatment of bio-waste and the quality of the obtained materials.
h) The use of compost produced from bio-waste and environmentally safe in agriculture, gardening or the regeneration of degraded areas, in replacement of other organic amendments and mineral fertilizers.
Other applicable laws prior to the publication of theLaw 22/2011 on Waste and Contaminated Soil: Urban household waste Specific legislation The national legislation applicable to such waste is: -Law 10/1998 of April 21st, on waste. -Law 11/1997 of April 24th, on packages and packaging waste, and the regulations that carry it out; approved by Royal Decree 782/1998 and subsequent amendments to both. -Royal Decree 653/2003, of May 30th, on waste incineration. -Royal Decree 1481/2001, of December 27th, which regulates the disposal of waste through a landfill deposit. -Law 16/2002, of July 1st, on integrated pollution prevention and control Sludge from urban waste water treatment plants (urban WWTP). Legislation specifies Sludge from urban sewage treatment plants is regulated by the norms of waste with the particularity that their application as fertilizer or organic amendment must conform to the following provisions: -Royal Decree 1310/1990 of October 29th, which regulates the use of sewage sludge in the agricultural sector. This Royal Decree establishes a series of controls on the part of the autonomous regions for the monitoring and use of sludge in the agriculture and creates the National Registry of Sludge (RNL)
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-Order of October 26th, 1993. on the use of sewage sludge in agriculture establishes the requirements for the provision of information to the RNL on sludge production and quantities intended for agricultural soils. -Royal Decree 824/2005, of July 8th, on fertilizer products. Regulates the organic amendments prepared with organic waste including sewage sludge. Description of Current situation Data from the national registry of sludge indicates that in the year 2006 1.064.972 t m s of sludge was generated, which means that the production of sludge has increased 55% in the period 1997-2006. The autonomous regions that produce the most sludge are Cataluña, Madrid and Valencia. The amounts to be used for agricultural recovery in recent years went up from 606,119 tm (2001) to 687,037 t m s. (2006), which, in percentage terms, is a substantial increase. The planning and management of sludge in Spain are different in all autonomous regions: some have specific plans, others apply standards of waste management or include them in the plans of urban waste, and others apply the Royal Decree 1310/1990 through their Ministries of Agriculture, waste services or sanitation of the Ministries of Environment. This situation is not very desirable, not only for ecological reasons, but also for reasons of administrative efficiency because there is some confusion with regard to the competent department. The remaining legal framework connected to the subject-matter of soils and compost was configured by the following directives:
-Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC - Incineration Directive 2000/76/EC - Directive on Agricultural Application of sewage sludge 86/278/EC - Regulation 1774/2002 on Waste and animal by-products and related norms
Other directives with an indirect but important link with the subject-matter of soils and compost are:
- Directive 91/968 Wastewater treatments - DIR 96/61/EC IPPC - Directive 2001/77/EC on power generation by renewable sources
The annex I-II describes a comparative study realized to the characterization of wastes treated by composting process frequently used in Murcia regarding their suitability for agricultural use and especially for vegetable and cereal cultivation under Spanish climatic conditions. Since the co-utilization of various wastes in composting processes is a common practice for obtaining high added value products (composts) that can be used as soil improvers and fertilizers for crops, several composts obtained from the mixture of different kind of organic wastes have been included in this study.
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49 B)Market
50 B.1.Current situation of the market for compost
Supply of compost and mixtures of waste destined for agriculture, nurseries, landscaping and improvement and recovery of soils, comes from the following sectors:
-Composting plants that process the organic fraction of MSW. -Companies that are dedicated to composting and mixing different types of waste, including those from agriculture, cattle farming and agri-food industries.
Apart from that, there are companies that trade treated sludge from urban sewages or apply this sludge directly to agriculture and green spaces. In the last few years, some of the companies in the sector started developing the production of mixtures of Compost + NPK, which are a result of combining organic product and inorganic formulations with different contents N-P-K. As a result of the lack of specific legislation that requires a concrete definition and characterization of raw materials, composting processes and resulting products, the market for compost and organic amendments is unorganized, and prices do not correspond with the qualities and uses.
51 B.2.Potential Supply.
The recommendations of the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment regarding separate
source collection of the organic fraction becomes an objective for optimal quality and
competitiveness in the compost, this productive potential in the medium to long term will be
calculated from a policy parameter as indicated in the National Plan for Urban Waste of the
Ministry of Environment: it is considered that in 2006, 24.2% of generated MSW will be
composted, in other words. The organic fraction will be 106 kg/inhabitant per year (1.2
Kg/inhabitant/day of MSW).
On the other hand, the data offered by composting plants with separate source collection (year
2,000) shows that about 25% of the organic fraction is converted into compost, which is equivalent
to 27 kg of compost per inhabitant per year.
Nevertheless, it’s necessary to make two estimates for the total amount of production, the first in a
consideration of the short term (year 2006), with most of the compost of a lower quality (organic
fraction not separated at source) and an overall figure around 750 thousand tons (extrapolation of
the official production figures in 1998: 415.000 - 513.000 tons of composting plants) and the
second estimate, long-term, with mostly high quality compost, from separate collection at source:
1,067 thousand tons. Their breakdown by Murcia regions is contained in the attached table.
The theoretical potential for production of compost msw (medium-long term).
AUTONOMOUS REGION’S
COMPOST
Tons (in
thousands)
MURCIA 30
TOTAL 30
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SEWAGE SLUDGE COMPOST
The estimated numbers of treated sludge production in late 2005, by Murcia Region, are given in the following table:
AUTONOMOUS REGION’S TONS OF DRY
MATTER/YEAR
MURCIA 37.000
TOTAL 37.000
Or the purposes of using this sludge as a base for compos, this plan makes the following forecast
(reference in dry matter for sludge with 75% moisture)
Tm dry matter (max.)
Use and conservation of agricultural soils with uncomposted treated sludge
14.800 (40%)
Agricultural and soil conservation (prior
composting)
9.250 (25%)
Incineration and landfill 12.950 (35%)
Total 37.000
Thus, it is estimated that approximately 37.000 tons of treated sludge (dry matter), or 65.000 tons
of fresh sludge, will be used for agriculture and improvement of soils. Of this amount, 10.000 tons
will be subjected to composting process, combining them with other waste, in particular forest
remains and gardening.
The total volume of compost obtained from the composting process with use of treated sludge and
forest remnants is, according to previous data, 37.000 Tm
LIVESTOCK AND FOOD WASTE COMPOST
Raw materials
Waste that is potentially compostable includes the following: grape marc, olive pomace, vegetable water, slurry and manure, horticultural remains, forest residues, garden waste, meat and dairy waste.
It is necessary to point out that a big part of these raw materials is intended for mixtures with
different maturity grade but without them having had a finished composting process. It is assumed
that the regulation on quality control makes the latter productive line more and scarcer for the sake
of composting being subject to specific norms.
In the livestock sector, the modernization and intensification that has undergone in the last few
decades has also caused an increase in the waste generation and a concentration in its distribution,
in a way that constitutes as a source of contamination. This is especially true for the waste in the
atmosphere (greenhouse gases and odours) and in the waters (nitrates, organic matter, etc.). On the
other hand, the use of more environmentally friendly and less costly resources is an increasingly
dominant need, while utilization of the livestock waste for compost production has great potential.
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The key approach: there is a wide dispersion of farms (manure-producing areas). Currently, the
farms are the ones responsible for their management and incorporate them to the soil, either
composted or without any treatment. This was the trend until 2-3 years ago. At present, there
already are companies responsible for the management of waste and its subsequent recovery
(biogas, compost…), but its uncontrolled use keeps on being more profitable for the farmer in some
developments
WASTE FROM PROCESSING GRAPES
The pomace, which comes from alcohol and wine industries, is the only one considered. This
residue is obtained in the pressing of the grapes and is composed of the stem, the skins and the
kernel or seed, unless the latter is used by anoil extractor.
The grape pomace has high humic content.
Productions
- An average number of pomace per treated grapes is estimated at 150 kg.
- It is estimated that the content of dry organic matter is 75 kg per ton of grapes.
Marketing
Grape pomace is sold as a component of mulches and substrates without any processes other than
the grinding and sieving, that is, without a complete aerobic digestion.
Composting on the basis of this residue, incorporating other elements (manure), provides
identifiable compost as an organic amendment for the sector of nurseries and landscaping.
Grape wine(Tm Thousand)
Grape pomace (Tm Thousand)
Murcia 86 13
TOTAL 4.597 690
We have to take into account the success of last year (2013-2014) which has turned Spain into the
largest producer of wine in the world, ahead of its big competitors, France and Italy. Spain, despite
being the country with the largest cultivated vineyards in the world, has failed to take the
leadership of wine production up to now because of the low productivity of the soil in some
regions. (Source OEMV)
Scheme 4: Estimated wine production of the leading countries in the world
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Murcia Region registered the largest increase last year. The region has gone from producing 668.602,91 hectolitresmore than last year
OLIVE POMACE AND ALPECHIN Olive oil extraction processes.-
By-product: OLIVE POMACEAND ALPECHIN: 1-1,5 tons per ton of processed olives OLIVE POMACE (modern two-phase system of extraction)
Semisolid mixture of wastewaters and solid remains of olive pulp and seed.. Its organic matter content is 95% of the total dry matter. Humidity is around 50-55%.
The pH is acidic (around 6) Its physical characteristics are unsuitable for agricultural management and application.
Vegetable water (traditional system of extraction)
-Residual water with organic matter and fertilizers -Average Composition per m3
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● Dry residue: 170 kg., of which: - 150 kilograms of organic matter - 20 kg (mineral elements) - Acid pH (4 to 6). - Vegetable water carries compounds that are toxic to the plants (polyphenols and fatty acids) but their toxicity disappears in the composting process
Final parameter of calculation It is estimated that OLIVE POMACE will be progressively obtained in order to correspond with the most modern systems of extraction. The parameter estimate would be: 0.9 of waste per ton of olives. ESTIMATION OF THE VOLUME OF OLIVE POMACE AND VEGETABLE WATER BY AUTONOMOUS REGIONS (approximate averages).
Autonomous region Olives (Tm Thousand) Estimated waste (Tm Thousand)
MURCIA 8 7 Total 8 7
This volume of waste is destined for, on one hand, biomass plants and cogeneration power production and on the other, for composting plants where the OLIVE POMACE is combined with other materials (manure, municipal waste, other plant debris) in order to produce compost (at medium-long term). For the purpose of this second use, estimation is made that 50% of the above total will be the basis for all composting. SLURRY AND MANURE SWINE MANURE.
For the purposes of its use as an organic fertilizer, some important traits have to be considered. - High nitrogen content that on one hand is an important nutrient, and on the other is applied
in excess to the field, generates a problem of nitrification, in addition to contamination. - It is not uncommon for the slurry to have a high concentration of heavy metals (especially
copper), as a result of the complements of the feed for the cattle. Volume of average production and composition
According to the pig case of the Annual Food Statistics of MAGRAMA, Murcia manure management plan, an estimated gross volume of total production is 972 thousand tons. The average composition of slurry is the following (there have been considered fattening farms, breeding animals and closed cycle):
- Dry Matter: 5 %. - % of organic matter in dry matter: 66 %. - N total (% dry matter):6-8% - P2O5 (% dry matter):6-7% - K2O (% dry matter): 3-4%
OTHER MANURE AND SLURRY
These include organic waste from cattle, sheep, horses and chicken manure from poultry farms: Pondering the production of different types of exploitation and considering an average composition, has lead to the following parameters:
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Manure % Dry Matter % organic matter
S/dry matter bovine sheep poultry manure
20 35 50
55 65 72
The estimate of the available manure production is derived from the data of the Annual agri-food statistics of MAPA. It is taken as a reference for the possibility of making compost, in combination with other wastes, although for the most part it is reemployed on the farm or in local composting who often have incomplete character
Poultry Manure
The main waste generated in intensive livestock farms is fundamentally related to the production of manure, mainly due to its generation and accumulation in large volumes that can pose a problem of management. The poultry manure is considered as the faeces accumulated in the agricultural accommodations, which may or may not be mixed with other organic materials used in the preparation of the beds. As in the case of semi-intensive productions or the generation of wet manure which have been diluted in water in the processes of extraction and cleaning. The management of such waste is one of the main problems that are faced by the sector, especially in cases of farms in the outskirts of towns. Poultry manure can be seen as a by-product with multiple potential uses, although in Spain it’s generally treated as a waste delivered to external agents. It should be noted that there are developments in other countries toward a scenario in which this waste disposal is an additional cost to the expenses inherent to the production of eggs. In consequence, the problem for poultry farms is caused by the generated volumes and its subsequent management. Currently the majority of the chicken manure which is generated in poultry production is intended for use as compost. Therefore, it is transferred to an agent, then sold or is intended for personal consumption, in those cases in which the producer himself possesses agricultural land.
Revaluation as organic fertilizer
The agronomic value of the poultry manure as organic fertilizer is the preferred one for its management. In Murcia, this use may be more advised due to the existence of large agricultural areas with soils poor in organic matter and threatened by desertification. The summary of these productions is as follows
Manure ProductionTmThousand bovine Sheep, goats
200 95
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equine poultry others
45 900 600
TOTAL 1.840 ESTIMATION OF THE VOLUME OF SLURRY AND MANURE BY AUTONOMOUS REGIONS (approximate averages).
Autonomous Region Slurry (Tm Thousand)
OthersManures ( thousand Tm Tm)
MURCIA 972 606 Total 972 606
For the purposes of a transformation by way of compost, 50% of manure is used. An assumption is made that 90% of the other manures have a direct agricultural use and only 10% will be included in the compost processing plants. ORGANIC MATTER (dry) AVAILABLE FOR PRODUCING COMPOST AND FERTILIZERS
In accordance with the data shown above, and considering the different types of slurry and manures produced, following parameters are applied:
- Pig slurry: 5% of dry matter. o or 66% of organic matter S / dry. mat.
- Other livestock waste: 25% of dry matter. o or 60% of organic matter S / dry. mat.
Therefore, 34 kg of dry organic matter is obtained per ton of pig slurry and 150 Kg of dry organic matter per ton of other cattle remains. Considering the total volumes of waste reach the following figures of availability of dry organic matter to produce fertilizers:
- From pig slurry: 412,000 t. - From other livestock waste: 880,000 Tm
HORTICULTURAL AND OTHER PLANT REMAINS
Because of the importance of their concentration in some areas, waste from greenhouses and the organic remains of mushroom farms should be highlighted. Other materials that should be considered as compost ingredients are the cereal straws and the remains from fruit and vegetable farms even though there are no concrete estimates available for their volume, because of never being the main components of these finished organic products. Greenhouses
Murcia is the second producer region with 3.280.632 Million Tons.
The volume of plant debris has important figures as raw material for production of compost (an estimate is 190,000 t of green waste per year) although there are some difficulties with textile and plastic materials that are not separated at origin POTENTIAL PRODUCTION OF COMPOST (MEDIUM AND LONG-TERM) BY AUTONOMOUS REGIONS
Taking into consideration the raw materials analyzed before (organic fraction of MSW, treated
sludge available for composting, meat and agri-food waste), estimates have been made of the
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potential production of compost for Autonomous Region. Murcia monograph includes, first, the
availability of materials and then the production of compost, breaking down the organic fraction of
MSW, of treated sludge from and other waste.
The summary table is attached, with a total of 38 tons of compost.
POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST
Autonomous Region O.F MSW
SLUDGE TREATED
OTHER WASTE
MURCIA 14 5 38 Total 14 5 38
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AUTONOMOUS REGION OF MURCIA
PRODUCCIÓN POTENCIAL DE COMPOST.AVAILABILITYOF WASTE
BIODEGRADABLES
ORGANIC FRACTION MSW
Parameters
- 1.2 kg of MSW per day. - Compostable organic fraction (According to National Plan): 24.2% - Destined to compost 106 kg / inhabitant
Availability
- Total for composting: 120 thousand Tm
SLUDGE TREATED
- Fresh sludge (75% moisture). ....................... 148 thousand Tm - For agricultural and soil conservation, composting prior....................... 37 thousand Tm - Dry material for compost (25%) ....................... 9 thousand Tm - Number of villages with sludge treatment plant in the year 2006 (over 10 thousand
inhabitants) − Murcia: 24
TOTAL MURCIA: 24
AVAILABILITY OF OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
GRAPE MARC
Parameters
- 150 Kg. / Tm de grape. - Dry matter: 50 %
Availability.-
- 13thousand Tmgrape marc - 6thousand Tmdry matter
OLIVE POMACE AND OTHER WASTE
Parameters.
- -. 0.9 Tm and dregs of pomace per Tm olive - - 0.315 Tm per ton of dry matter. residue - - 50% of the waste is intended to compost
Availability
- 6thousand Tmof compostable waste - 2thousand Tmdry matter
SWINE SLURRY
Parameters
- Dry matter: 5 %
Availability
- 486thousand Tm de slurry - 24thousand Tmdry matter
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OTHERS MANURES
Parameters
- Only 10% will be used for compost. Dry matter: 25 %
Availability
- 60thousand Tmmanure - 15thousand Tmdry matter
HORTICULTURAL PLANT REMAINS AND VARIOUS OTHER
Parámetro.
- 50 % dry matter
Availability
- 54thousand Tmwaste (dry matter).
POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF COMPOST
COMPOST FROM MSW
- Average parameters: 600 Tm organic fractions and 200 Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 200 Tm compost
- - 120 thousand Tm organic fraction of available - - 40 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues - - 30 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM SLUDGE
- Average parameters: 250 Tm sludge (dry matter) and 1 thousand Tm of forest remnants or equivalent generate 400 Tm compost.
- 9 thousand Tm Sludge (dry matter). - 36 thousand Tm forest or equivalent residues. - 14 thousand Tm compost
COMPOST FROM OTHER ORGANIC WASTE
- Average parameters: 50% of compost on the dry matter of other waste. - - 6 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of grape pomace. - - 2 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of olive pomace - - 24 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of purines. - - 15 thousand Tm (Dry matter) of other manures. - - 54 thousand Tm (Dry matter) and several horticultural waste. - - 50 thousand Tm compost prepared total.
TOTAL COMPOST: 94thousand Tm
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52 B.3 Potential Demand
In the current situation, the demand for compost corresponds to the following types of consumption:
- Agriculture. - Companies such as nurseries and garden centre - Institutions and companies that organize and maintain gardens and green spaces. - Companies who perform works of infrastructure that requires the creation of soil
vegetation
Agriculture The findings of the interviews with organizations of farmers have been very uniform and can specify the following points:
- There is a general ignorance about the uses and applications of compost and a distrust of their comparability with organic fertilizers.
- The direct application of treated sludge to crops is loosely organized and the farmer is encounters problems with the procedures for the application and control of soil analysis
- As opposed to mixtures of peat and other organic remains that are sold by commercial houses (branded and packaged products), the compost derived from a well-elaborated fermentation with identified waste, is just a small percentage of what could potentially be offered to the market from the residues. For this reason, the farmer does not value this compost and only uses it when the price is low.
- The ecological agriculture still does not have a concrete and well known supply of compost, as it has an image linked to waste and processes that give little confidence.
- Recently, some farmers’ associations have begun to worry about the possibility of the waste composted organic fertilizer and are awaiting precise technical guidelines that allow for a development of the use of compost in agriculture.
Companies such as nurseries, garden centers and institutions that maintain green spaces Their demand for compost is growing but the adjusted downward price requirement makes the buyer not value the difference in quality properly. It is important that the Administration controls and provides good information about the content, so that the consumer appreciates such quality, for the benefit of the well-crafted compost. In general, respondents have expressed their distrust of compost which is not well-presented and require that its effectiveness be proven, especially the nurseries and gardening companies. Companies carrying out infrastructure works with creation of soil vegetation All respondents indicated that the main problem for the use of quality compost is that in each project, the batch dedicated for the creation of soil is very tight, and for the application to the field they prefer a product that essentially can be distributed without difficulty (Eg: Fresh sludge or semiliquid manure). Again, in this sector, it is also necessary to have public support for the dissemination of the use of compost, starting this work in terms of technical specifications of the projects themselves. PRICES OF THE COMPOST MSW compost The low quality compost obtained from the MSW makes its selling price rarely exceeding the 12 euros/Tm, excluding transport costs. In addition, as customers of opportunity (some farms or processors of amendments and mulch in the area), one cannot talk of a real market but
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rather specific operations without continuity and marketing applied to a significant market segment. It can be said that there is virtually no sales of compost packaging (bags) so that an important value-added step is lost. Once again, it is the lack of quality that prevents the pose of packaging, in addition to the supply from the competition of companies specializing in amendments and substrates. The average prices of compost, considering the data from composting plants, are as follows:
- -Medium-high quality compost: 20 euro/Tm - -Low quality compost: 13.2 euros/Tm
Prices of organic amendments and mulch The market for these organic products is supplied, on one hand, by companies of local nature "mantilleros" that offer little reliability in terms of composition and quality of the amendment, and, on the other hand, by companies that sell products under a brand name, with indications of formulations and with prices that are very competitive. Therefore, it is difficult to find a niche in the market and exploit cheap organic waste or very economic in its design, so industries and farms often pay for the service to the management of these residues. A sample of prices of wholesalers (bulk and packaged) is offered in the tables attached, with considerations and following conclusions: 1) In the market for amendments and products equivalent to the compost, there is a great disparity of qualities, as it is very difficult to homogenize them because of their diverse origin:wet or dry sludge(including semi-composted sludge), compost from MSW, manure, remains from forest pruning, grape marc, olive pomace, slurry, etc. Some companies limit themselves to mixing waste and leaving it to "mature", similar to mulch. It is common for them to add imported peat. Sometimes, the development is more complete and can be seen in the price of the product, higher and with detailed information and advertising (2) The prices of bulk (in euros/m3 or euros/Tm) have, in accordance with the aforementioned, a huge dispersion. The averages are as follows:
- - Bulk, by volume: 35 euros/m3 - - Bulk, by weight : 49 euros/Tm
Compared with the prices of compost purchased in MSW plants, it can be observed that the commercial product (49 euros/Tm) is significantly higher than the compost, regardless if it is of high (20 euros/Tm) or low quality (13.2 euros/Tm). That is one of the key points for the development of the supply of quality compost. 3) The prices of the packaging (wholesale), with an average of 0.06 euro/litter and equivalent to 60 euros/m3 lead, logically, to an increase of value added in the bulk.
- - Rising from 35 to 60 euros/m3. It is important to note, once again, that the packaged product due to the absence of specific regulations, does not guarantee any quality or a significant performance. Average prices
- -Bulk prices to wholesalers (Ex warehouse) (€/m3): 35 €/m3 - -Bulk wholesale prices €/Tm: 49 €/Tm
Organic and assimilated amendments:
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- -Packaged (whole sale) prices: 0.06 €/litter Prices of mixtures of Compost + NPK Although it's a nascent market, everything seems to point to a strong expansion of its sales, by the undoubted advantages of bringing together, in a single product and a single application, organic compounds and formulations NPK. In fact, there are already several Spanish companies, which have been launched by that line of sales and it is estimated, according to opinions of technicians, that the mixture of quality compost and NPK is an activity in which it can participate, not only promoters and fertilizer companies, but also cooperatives which have capacity of re-employment. From the point of view of achieving, from waste, the greatest possible added value, a table has been attached with average data of companies that sell mixtures of Compost + NPK. In this table, with wholesale prices, is indicated that the average price of the bulk is 101 euros/Tm while the packaged is 131 euros/Tm it signifies that in the case of mixtures of Compost + NPK, a new step of added value is presented and it indicates how the pyramid of the compost gross has an important economic multiplier.
- Average bulk: 101 euro/Tm - Average packaged: 131 euro/Tm
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53 B.3 Potential Demand and Supply-Demand imbalances.
Potential demand Estimates of the demand in the medium-long term have been the following: Agriculture A minimum estimate has been applied, corresponding with the following assumptions:
- The market of olive groves and vineyards will demand from the market of blends of Compost - NPK an equivalent of 1 thousand kg/ha annually. Logically, it is a consumption that could expand to the extent that these products are disclosed and the farmer knows them and appreciates their usefulness.
- The market of irrigation will demand an equivalent of 500 kg of compost per hectare per year (2 thousand Kg every 4 years).
- In these calculations it is estimated that the dry lands will only benefit in the short-term by possible direct applications of treated sludge, and will join the demand of quality compost in a long-term horizon.
Nurseries and gardens The survey carried out to nurseries and gardening companies has led to an estimate of the consumption of compost for amendments in the range of 80 - 90 kg/inhabitant/year. This figure is lower than the one deduced from documentation in other countries of the EU but is adopted in this work as reasonable hypothesis. Three have been established, however, three levels of consumption depending on the urban and tourist characteristics of the area. They are as follows:
- High density of single-family homes in the region, strong endowment of public green spaces and high concentration of areas with tourist resorts: 80 kg/inhabitant/year. Applies to Murcia.
Other uses of compost In accordance with references on compost use of countries in the EU, it estimated that the equivalent of 10% of employment in nurseries and gardening will be the figure used in soil recovery projects, vegetation cover of infrastructures and activities for ecological conservation of territories with eroded soils Murcia total demand The summary of the case studies outlined in annex No. 4 is the attached table, in which have been broken down the sectors of Agriculture, Gardening and green spaces, and other uses relating to improvement and recovery of soils.
agriculture nurseries and gardens other uses
Murcia 156 80 8
TOTAL 156 80 8
ADJUSTED SUPPLY OF COMPOST AND DEGREE OF BALANCE The potential demand will require an adjustment to the demand which is carried out as follows: 1) Consideration of the two product lines that are compared in the medium term: quality compost and blends of Compost + NPK. 2) The total supply of compost calculated above applies, firstly, to the demand for compost, due to less productive and commercial effort. Due to this application, following situations will arise:
- There is a shortage of supply of quality compost. In this case, the Region will have to import compost or biodegradable waste (from other regions) and organominerals
- There is a supply-demand balance. The market will have to buy organominerals (or waste for developing them) from other regions.
- There is a surplus of supply of compost. Applies the production of organominerals, whose demand, if finally it is deficient, will require a purchase of these products from abroad.
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- There is a surplus of supply and there is no market of organominerals. In that case, the compost (or perhaps waste) must be sent to other loss-making regions
The data of the adjusted Supply-Demand is presented in the following table
Supply thousand Tm
Demand thousand Tm
Balance thousand Tm
Murcia 94 244 -150
TOTAL 94 244 -150
However, we should also take into account the possible alternative ways of recovery, mainly the production of biofuels and fuels derived from waste (not to be confused with the incineration of waste). On the other hand, there is a growing demand for compost for its use in agriculture due to recognition of the need for input of organic matter to the cultivated soils, in addition with a growing demand in terms of selectivity of the components, absence of contaminants and compost quality
54 C)Plans and program on the future management of waste in the Murcia Region
Strategic Plan of the waste in the Region of Murcia 2007-2012. (reference document) It is in an advanced state of processing the waste plan in the Region of Murcia 2014-2020. In developing a program for the prevention of waste in the Region of Murcia.
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55 ANEX I:
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Summary The wastes collected include, manure vermicompost and composts from, among others, the organic fraction of domestic organic wastes, artichoke sludge, mixing alperujo with sheep and goat manure, mushroom cultivation residues, sewage sludge and pruning residues. These organic wastes have been characterized by determining parameters such as pathogens (Salmonella and Escherichia coli), polyphenols (in alperujo residues), humidity, pH, electrical conductivity, volatile organic matter, ashes content, total C and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, S, Al, Fe, B, heavy metals and others elements. The potential phytotoxicity of these organic wastes, as well as their possible stimulant effect on plant growth has been also determined by submitting the wastes to germination tests. These assays were performed in Petri dishes in which the effect of the water extracts (1/10 w/v) obtained from the different wastes on seed germination and root and shoot elongation was evaluated. The Study analyse the suitability for agricultural use of the different characterized organic wastes, as well as the suitability of the compost methods used for their treatment. 1. - Introduction Organic wastes are typically by-products of farming, industrial or municipal activities, and are usually called wastes because they are not primary products. They are often negatively viewed as waste products with undesirable features such as odor, excessive nitrogen and phosphorus, heavy metals, pathogens, toxins and other contaminant. However, when organic amendments are used judiciously, they play an important role in improving soil fertility Like crop residues, which contain substantial amounts of plant nutrients, other types of organic wastes, such as those derived from the urban and industrial sectors also have the capacity to contribute to the improvement of soil quality (Cuevas, 2011). The use of organic wastes (possibly treated) of animal, vegetal or even municipal (sewage sludge) origin as soil amendments represent an “added value” from both an economic and ecological point of view. Therefore, different technologies for the stabilization treatment of organic wastes have been developed in the last decades and different types of organic wastes are being used as soil amendments. Lime treatment or high temperature aerobic or anaerobic treatment are very effective in eliminating pathogens. Also, different land application techniques are used to reduce odor and ammonia emission, such as injection into soil. By composting manures and organic residues bulk is reduced, nutrients are concentrated, odor is reduced, pathogens are killed and a stabilized product for storage and transport is obtained. Vermicomposting utilizes earthworms for stabilizing organic materials. Compared to conventional composting, vermicomposting often results in somewhat lower mass reduction, much shorter processing time, higher humus content, less phytotoxicity, retention of more N and usually greater fertilizer value (Lorimor et al., 2001). Fly larvae (Hemetiaillucens) have also been used for converting manure into a more stabilized and useful product. The type of methodology used for improving organic wastes will determine the characteristics of the resulting product, influencing in turn organic waste suitability for being used as soil amendment for agricultural purposes. Organic amendments affect soil properties in numerous and variable ways. These effects can be due to the intrinsic properties of the organic amendment (direct effect) or a consequence of the beneficial effect of the organic amendment on soil physical, chemical and biological properties (Steward et al., 2000; Ros et al., 2003; Tejada et al., 2009). Organic amendments add nutrients plus organic matter, offering many more opportunities for the improvement of
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soil quality and fertility than the sole use of mineral fertilization. The utilization of organic wastes in agriculture depends on several factors, including the characteristics of the waste such as organic matter, nutrients and heavy metal content, energy value, odor generated by the waste, benefits to the agriculture, availability and transportation costs and regulatory considerations. Although the importance of these factors can vary by type of organic waste, the considerations for their use are similar for most organic wastes. It is clear then, that knowledge as exhaustive as possible of the characteristics of the organic wastes is needed in order to accurately establish their suitability for agriculture and how they must be applied to soil for improving crop yields. In the present study, the suitability for agricultural use of different organic wastes is analyzed. 2. - Organic waste collection and characterization 2.1. - Organic waste collection
Since co-utilization of various wastes is a common practice in composting processes to obtain high added value products (composts) that can be used as soil improvers and fertilizers for crops, several composts obtained from the mixture of different kind of organic wastes were included in this study. These composts are considered appropriate for use in Spain and all other Mediterranean countries. The report shows the different organic wastes were studied
- Table 1.Pig slurry (Liquid) (R1) - Table 2. Compost of the organic fraction of domestic wastes (R2) - Table 3. Compost from alperujo+sheep and goat manure (R3) - Table 4. Compost a mixture of sheep and goat manure (R2) - Table 5. Composted sheep manure (R5) - Table 6. Compost from pruning residues (R3) - Table 7. Compost from a mixture of green residues and manure 5% (R4) - Table 8. Compost of grape residues with microorganisms (trichoderma) inoculation (R5) - Table 9.Vermicompost of manure (R6) - Table 10.Compost of alperujo+goatmanure+grapedebris+olive leaves and prune (R7) - Table 11. Compost of artichoke industry sludge+ grape residues (R8) - Table 12. Compost of sewage sludge and prune residues (R12) - Table 13. Biochar from forest residues (R13) - Table 14. Compost of a mixture of 40% vegetal residues+60% pig slurry and residues from
slaughterhouse industry (R14) The origin and technology used for the organic waste treatment is summarized in Table 1.
Table 1. Treatment of the collected organic wastes Organicwaste Organicwastetreatment
R1 None R2 Composting R3–R5, R8, R12, R14 Composting R14 Composting R6 Vermicomposting R7 Composting
2.2. Organic waste characterization 2.2.1. Chemical and microbiological characterization
The following parameters were determined in these wastes: pathogens (Salmonella and Escherichia coli), polyphenols (in alperujo residues), moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), volatile organic matter, total C and N, P, K, ammonium, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, S, Al, Fe, B, heavy
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metals and others elements. Results from these analyses are shown in the Tables 1-14 of the Annex. The methodologies used for these analyses are shown in Table 2. Except for residues R5, R10, and R13 which showed pH values ranging from 9 to 9.6, showed values lower than 6, the rest of organic materials exhibited pH values between 6 and 7.7 which is a suitable pH value for plant growth. The EC values of most of the analyzed organic materials ranged from 1,100 µS/cm to 7000 µS/cm, although higher EC were found in some of them (from 9,000 to 15,000 µS/cm). High salt content in soil is a limiting factor for plant growth.
Table 2. Methodologies used for organic waste analysis
PARAMETER METHOD Humidity Constant weight at 105ºC pH Standard methods Electrical conductivity Standard methods Volatile organic matter Ignition at 650 ºC Ashes Ignition at 650 ºC Sulphur Acid digestion and ICP Total C Elemental analyser Total N content Elemental analyser Total P Acid digestion and ICP Total K Acid digestion and ICP Ammonia Colour measurement in Spectrophotometer Anions Ionic chromatography Macro and micronutrients ICP Heavy metals ICP Escherichia coli Β-D-glucuronidase positive (ISO 16649) Presence of Salmonella/ 25 g Met.-Mic-E.coli-Al (ISO 6579) Water soluble Polyphenols Folin-Ciocalteumethod
Organic C and total N content in the analyzed wastes were very variable ranging from 17 to 56% (dry weight) for C and from 0.3 to 7% for N (with the exception of R13, biochar, with 75% C, and R19, compost tea, with 0.05% N) (Figure 1). The highest values of organic C (dry weight) were found in R13 (75% C) biochar obtained from forest wastes, the fresh alperujo (R17, 55% C) and the stabilized alperujo (R5, 48% C) followed by R1, R2, R3, R8, R12, R10, R18, R11 and R25 (35-43% C) and the lowest values were shown by R3, R7, and R17 (<25% C). As regard N the highest values were shown by, R11 and, R12 (3-4.5% N). Other derived wastes (R12) showed high P content (2.5, 1.6 and 1.3%, respectively) as is usual in this type of residue which contains residual detergents rich in P. Likely, wastes derived from pig slurry (R1). The rest of wastes showed P contents ranging between 0.1% and 0.8%. In turn, R10, R1 and R4, by this order, were the wastes with the highest K contents (5.7; 4.7; 4.3 and 3.8%, respectively), which is characteristic of products containing animal manures. With regard to pathogens, presence of Escherechia coli was detected in fresh pig slurry (R1, 2.1 x 105 UFC) and in the anaerobic sewage sludge (5.2 x 105). This suggests that these treatments are not good enough to sanitize this kind of wastes. Heavy metal content was in all the studied residues below the limit established by the EU for the use of sewage sludges in agriculture (UE directive 86/278 CEE). 2.2.2. Organic matter stability
The stability of the organic matter contained in these wastes was determined by amending an agricultural soil with the different organic wastes at a rate of 3% (w/w) and incubating the amended soil for 60 days at 28 ºC. Soil moisture was maintained at 50-60% of its water holding capacity throughout the incubation period and organic C content was measured at the beginning and end of the incubation period. The organic matter mineralization rate was different depending on the nature of the organic waste and the treatment of the waste. In general terms composts (R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R14, R10, R11,
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R12, R14) as well as vermicompost (R9) showed a more stabilized organic matter with low losses of Corg during the two month incubation period. The high rate of organic matter mineralization shown by the compost from the organic fraction of domestic wastes (R2), prune debris (R1), are indicative of the immaturity of these commercial compost suggesting that the composting process has not been carried out adequately
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2.2.3. Phytotoxicity Assays
The potential phytotoxicity of the studied wastes was established by seed germination tests. 2ml of a water extract (1/10 w/v, and 1/20, 1/100 or 1/200 for those wastes with very high electrical conductivity) from the organic wastes, and 10 or 15 seeds (depending of the seed size) of different plant species were placed in Petri dishes and the dishes were put in a germination chamber at 28 ºC. All treatments were carried out by quintuplicate. Petri dishes with 2 ml of distilled water instead of OW extract were used as control. After germination, the number of germinated seeds was recorded and the length of the seedling roots and shoots was measured. In a first phase of the assay, seeds of 7 different plant species: cress, ryegrass, lettuce, melon, barley, wheat and maize, were assayed in 9 of these wastes: R5, R6, R7, R8, and R14. Then, given that results demonstrate that lettuce and cress were the most sensitive seeds, these two seeds were selected to be used for the phytotoxicity evaluation of the rest of the collected organic wastes. Germination index (GI) was calculated according to the following equation (Zucconi and De Bertoldi 1987): GI = % GS (LR/LRC); where GI = Germination index in percentage; % GS = Percentage of germinated seed with respect to the control; LR = Average root length in the treated seedling; and LRC = Average root length in the control seedling. Germination index is a widely accepted indicator of potential phytotoxicity for organic amendments. It combines the effect of the studied material on both, seed germination capacity and root elongation. This index was established by Zucconi and De Bertoldi (1087) using Lepidiumsativum for evaluating compost maturity; they reported that GI values lower than 50% indicated phytotoxicity, and composts are considered immature. However, the scientific community has generalized its use for any kind of organic material and with different kind of seeds. It is mentioned that GI values lower than 50% indicate phytotoxicity; IG values between 80 and 50% indicate moderate phytotoxicity and values higher than 100% indicate a bio-stimulant effect. The potential phytotoxicity of the organic materials under study differed depending on the assayed vegetal species, indicating a different sensitivity of the different seeds to salts and other possible phytotoxic compounds present in the organic waste. Table 3 shows the values of germination index (GI) obtained for cress and lettuce with the different organic wastes. No phytotoxic effect of these organic materials was observed on ryegrass, melon, barley, wheat or maize, most of them showing a stimulant effect on root and shoot elongation, suggesting that these residues may enhance the yield of this kind of crops when used at appropriate dose as soil organic amendments
Table 3. Germination index (GI) of cress and lettuce seeds in extracts of the different
organic wastes and electrical conductivity values of the assayed organic wastes
Germin Index Lm (cm)Stem EC (1/5) % Ref
OrganicWaste Cress Lettuce Cress Lettuce dS/m Moisture
1* Freshpigslurry 152.4 170.94 4.65 3.84 6.68 98.83
2 Compost of organic domestic wastes** 14.66 41.1 2.21 7.29 6.44 29.47
3 Compost of Alperujo+sheep and goat manure 135.42 93.24 3.22 5.5 4.00 11.37
4 Compost of sheep+goat manure⁺ 110.26 122.66 3.87 3.73 9.30 39.25
5 Compost of Sheepmanure 50.19 88.33 4.7 5.87 4.76 43.52
6 Compost of Prunedebris 89.49 57.05 3.24 5.53 5.38 28.34
7 Compost of green waste+5% manure 89.49 78.52 3.13 5.28 4.06 40.17
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8 Compost of Prune debris+trichoderma 202.93 192.31 5.07 3.51 0.60 62.7
9 Compost from 40% Alperujo+40% poultry manure+20% prune and straw 19.96 109.09 4.9 3.8 5.34 12.28
10 Vermicompost of sheepmanure 136.43 117.68 4.73 4.21 1.35 62.27
11 Compost of Alperujo+goat manure+ grape debris+olive leaves and prune⁺ 136.92 126.17 4.26 3.95 5.07 7.86
12 Compost from Artichoke industry sludge+artichoke and grape residues 97.02 128.21 5.74 4.83 2.28 55.09
13 Compost of anaerobic Sewage sludge+Prune debris 112.78 147.44 4.83 4.14 6.94 49.36
14 Biochar from forestal residues 104.99 32.63 2.29 1.28 1.10 49.55
15 Compost from 40% Garden prune+60% (pig slurry +slaughterhouse resid.) 34.12 93.24 4.63 5.63 8.71 6.94
Control 100 100 3.48 2.85
**Extract 1/20 for cress ⁺Extract 1/20+dil 1/5 for cress and lettuce
Residues such as fresh pig manure (R1), compost of sheep and goat manure (R4), compost of prune residues inoculated with Trichoderma (R8), vermicompost of sheep manure (R9), compost of alperujo + goat manure + grape debris + olive leaves and prune (R10) and compost from anaerobic sewage sludge+prune debris (R12) showed a stimulant effect on both cress and lettuce growth, whereas the compost from alperujo + sheep and goat manure (R3) and the biochar from forest residues (R13) only showed stimulant effect on cress, and the compost from a mixture composed of 40% Alperujo + 40% poultry manure + 20% (prune straw) (R14), the compost of artichoke industry sludge + artichoke and grape residues (R11), showed stimulant effect only on lettuce growth Residues such as R2, R6, R13, and R25 showed phytotoxicity for both, cress and lettuce seeds.Phytotoxicity found in composts such as the compost from the organic fraction of domestic wastes (R2), the compost from mushroom cultivation residues (R6), is probably due to the high electrical conductivity exhibited for these wastes and to the lack of maturity of the end compost. It is known that the composting process improves the stability and quality or the composted material eliminating bad odors and phytotoxic compounds but during this process salts are accumulated due to the mass reduction by organic matter mineralization. This parameter (EC) should be taken into consideration for establishing the dose to be added to the soil in order to avoid negative effects on soil and plant. To obtain good quality composts the fermentation and maturation phases of the composting process must be completed, otherwise an immature compost with low degree of organic matter stabilization will be obtained. These results suggests that, in general terms, composting and vermicomposting processes are
efficient techniques for eliminating phytotoxic compounds
Conclusions
As it has been observed the studied organic wastes are suitable products for recycling in soil used for agricultural purposes. They have an important load of organic matter that will contribute to improve soil organic quality and fertility, increasing the pool of organic C in the soil by fixing C in soil colloids thus avoiding C losses. Although the main function of organic wastes in soil is to act as soil improvers, they can also act as fertilizers due to the considerable amount of macro and micronutrients they contain. The chemical characterization of the studied wastes (see Tables in the Annex II) has revealed that nutrient content in wastes is closely related with the nature of the waste, whereas the rate of waste organic matter mineralization and the risk of phytotoxicity derived from the use of the end-product are greatly influenced by other factors. In this sense the composting seems to be one of the most promising and used techniques for waste
treatment in Murcia
The use of organic wastes as alternative to mineral fertilizers will help to reduce natural resources consumption and energy costs, as well as the risks of groundwater contamination derived from inorganic fertilization. At the same time these organic wastes will improve the
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physical and microbiological characteristics of the soils where they are applied. However, due to the fact that organic wastes act as fertilizers of gradual liberation, it is probable that they cannot cover all crop nutrient demand and organic fertilization has to be complemented in parallel with inorganic fertilization, but the reduction of such inorganic fertilization is an important goal. The effects of organic waste addition will be more noticeable after several years of adding the organic amendment to the soil. Co-utilization of various wastes is a matter of paramount importance in waste treatment since it allows the elimination of several wastes at the same time and combines wastes with complementary characteristics in order to give a higher added value to the end product.
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56 ANEX II:
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Since the highlighted values are small, you can consider mg/100g, also in other tables Table 1.Pig slurry (Liquid) (R1)
pH 7.46
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 6675
Humidity, % 98.83
Volatileorganicmatter, % 67.89 (dryweight)
Ashes, % 32.11 (dryweight)
Organiccarbon, g/100g 36,7 (dryweight)/0,429(freshwaste)
Total nitrogen, g/100g 0.11
Total P, g/100g 0.02
Total K, g/100g 0.05
Ca, g/100g 0.07
Mg, g/100g 0.02
Na, g/100g 0.02
S, g/100g 0.02
Al, mg/kg 44.79
Fe, mg/kg 28.64
Mn, mg/kg 6.07
B, mg/kg 1.98
Ammonium, mg/kg 484.6
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5
Cu mg/kg 12.31
Cr mg/kg <0.5
Ni mg/kg <0.5
Pb mg/kg <0.5
Zn mg/kg 109.51
Otherelements, mg/kg
As <0.5
Be <0.5
Bi <0.5
Co <0.5
Li <0.5
Mo <0.5
Sb <0.5
Se <0.5
Sr <0.5
Ti <0.5
Tl <0.5
V <0.5
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g 2.1 x 10_
Salmonella 25g Absence
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Table 2. Compost of the organic fraction of domestic wastes (R2)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 7.45
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 6435
Humidity, % 29.47
Volatileorganicmatter, % 44.34
Ashes, % 55.66
Organiccarbon, g/100g 33.83 23.86
Total nitrogen, g/100g 2.79 1.96
Total P, g/100g 0.54 0.38
Total K, g/100g 1.04 0.74
Ca, g/100g 8.36 5.90
Mg, g/100g 0.8 0.56
Na, g/100g 0.83 0.59
S, g/100g 0.59 0.42
Al, g/100g 0.99 0.69
Fe, mg/kg 12183.1 8592.74
Mn, mg/kg 189.16 133.42
B, mg/kg 27.68 19.52
Ammonium, mg/kg 4057.42 2861.9
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 136.27 96.11
Cr mg/kg 80.01 56.43
Ni mg/kg 36.52 25.76
Pb mg/kg 76.11 53.68
Zn mg/kg 300.75 212.12
Otherelements, mg/kg
As <0.5 <0.5
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi 0.63 0.44
Co <0.5 <0.5
Li 11.12 7.84
Mo 1.85 1.30
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se <0.5 <0.5
Sr 270.3 190.71
Ti 90.68 63.96
Tl 18.48 13.03
V 20.64 14.56
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g 40
Salmonella 25g Absence
274
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 3. Compost from alperujo+sheep and goat manure (R3)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 7.73
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 3995
Humidity, % 11.37
Volatileorganicmatter, % 72.73
Ashes, % 27.27
Organiccarbon, g/100g 17.08 15.13
Total nitrogen, g/100g 1.3 1.15
Total P, g/100g 0.17 0.15
Total K, g/100g 1.35 1.19
Ca, g/100g 15.44 13.68
Mg, g/100g 0.98 0.87
Na, g/100g 0.16 0.14
S, g/100g 0.45 0.40
Al, g/100g 2.07 1.83
Fe, mg/kg 13846.9 12272.55
Mn, mg/kg 278.47 246.81
B, mg/kg 38.74 34.33
Ammonium, mg/kg 1410.21 1249.8
Metals
Cd mg/kg 0.65 0.58
Cu mg/kg 80.89 71.69
Cr mg/kg 68.31 60.54
Ni mg/kg 16.87 14.95
Pb mg/kg 30.43 26.97
Zn mg/kg 49.77 44.11
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 1.14 1.01
Be 0.72 0.64
Bi 6.58 5.83
Co <0.5 <0.5
Li 20.25 17.95
Mo 1.08 0.96
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se <0.5 <0.5
Sr 592.47 525.11
Ti 101.79 90.22
Tl 28.63 25.37
V 43.92 38.92
Polyphenols mg/kg 548.35 486
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
275
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 4. Compost a mixture of sheep and goat manure (R4)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 7.68
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 9300
Humidity, % 39.25
Volatileorganicmatter, % 47.34
Ashes, % 52.66
Organiccarbon, g/100g 26.88 16.33
Total nitrogen, g/100g 2.18 1.32
Total P, g/100g 0.53 0.32
Total K, g/100g 3.78 2.30
Ca, g/100g 7.43 4.52
Mg, g/100g 0.91 0.55
Na, g/100g 0.2 0.120
S, g/100g 2.63 1.60
Al, g/100g 0.45 0.28
Fe, mg/kg 17002.58 10329.07
Mn, mg/kg 272.01 165.25
B, mg/kg 44.83 27.23
Ammonium, mg/kg 5526.17 3357.0
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 23.66 14.38
Cr mg/kg 16.68 10.13
Ni mg/kg 5.53 3.36
Pb mg/kg 6.09 3.70
Zn mg/kg 74.04 44.98
Otherelements, mg/kg
As <0.5 <0.5
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi <0.5 <0.5
Co 3.37 2.05
Li 6.5 3.95
Mo 0.58 0.35
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se <0.5 <0.5
Sr 195.53 118.78
Ti 76.14 46.25
Tl 63.24 38.42
V 22.64 13.76
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
276
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 5. Composted sheep manure (R5) Dryweight Wetweight pH 8.95
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 4755
Humidity, % 43.52
Volatileorganicmatter, % 51.68
Ashes, % 48.32
Organiccarbon, g/100g 27.87 15.74
Total nitrogen, g/100g 2.15 1.22
Total P, g/100g 0.56 0.32
Total K, g/100g 2.44 1.38
Ca, g/100g 11.37 6.42
Mg, g/100g 1.1 0.67
Na, g/100g 0.35 0.20
S, g/100g 0.53 0.30
Al, g/100g 1.36 0.77
Fe, mg/kg 8193.5 4627.71
Mn, mg/kg 310.85 175.57
B, mg/kg 25.42 14.36
Ammonium, mg/kg 4227.69 2387.6
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 80.51 45.47
Cr mg/kg 46.9 26.49
Ni mg/kg 13.16 7.43
Pb mg/kg 15.54 8.78
Zn mg/kg 133.92 75.64
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 1.36 0.77
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi 3.74 2.11
Co <0.5 <0.5
Li 14.89 8.41
Mo 2.00 1.13
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se <0.5 <0.5
Sr 359.42 203.00
Ti 101.08 57.09
Tl 28.8 16.32
V 34.33 19.39
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
277
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 6. Compost from pruning residues (R6)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 7.51
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 5380
Humidity, % 28.34
Volatileorganicmatter, % 75.11
Ashes, % 24.89
Organiccarbon, g/100g 18.4 13.18
Total nitrogen, g/100g 1.57 1.13
Total P, g/100g 0.24 0.17
Total K, g/100g 1.65 1.18
Ca, g/100g 7.44 5.33
Mg, g/100g 2.93 2.10
Na, g/100g 0.29 0.21
S, g/100g 0.47 0.34
Al, g/100g 1.98 1.42
Fe, mg/kg 22767.8 16315.43
Mn, mg/kg 431.53 309.24
B, mg/kg 32.01 22.94
Ammonium, mg/kg 890.51 638.1
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 170.34 122.07
Cr mg/kg 95.57 68.49
Ni mg/kg 107.04 76.70
Pb mg/kg 59.32 42.51
Zn mg/kg 171.83 123.14
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 10.66 7.64
Be 0.62 0.44
Bi 7.9 5.66
Co <0.5 <0.5
Li 16.21 11.62
Mo 1.83 1.31
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se <0.5 <0.5
Sr 183.35 131.39
Ti 321.16 230.15
Tl 70.28 50.36
V 65.82 47.17
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
278
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 7. Compost from a mixture of green residues and manure 5% (R7)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 7.46
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 4055
Humidity, % 40.17
Volatileorganicmatter, % 66.5
Ashes, % 33.5
Organiccarbon, g/100g 28.88 17.28
Total nitrogen, g/100g 1.89 1.13
Total P, g/100g 0.19 0.12
Total K, g/100g 1.7 1.01
Ca, g/100g 9.19 5.50
Mg, g/100g 1.36 0.81
Na, g/100g 0.26 0.16
S, g/100g 0.55 0.33
Al, g/100g 1.17 0.70
Fe, mg/kg 8962.1 5362.04
Mn, mg/kg 271.26 162.29
B, mg/kg 45.63 27.30
Ammonium, mg/kg 1959.48 1172.4
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 47.46 28.40
Cr mg/kg 73.18 43.79
Ni mg/kg 13.77 8.24
Pb mg/kg 34.67 20.74
Zn mg/kg 96.02 57.45
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 4.06 2.43
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi 2.33 1.39
Co <0.5 <0.5
Li 15.47 9.25
Mo 1.91 1.15
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se <0.5 <0.5
Sr 276.44 165.39
Ti 153.33 91.74
Tl 33.11 19.81
V 33.64 20.13
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
279
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 8. Compost of grape residues with microorganisms (trichoderma) inoculation (R8)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 7.79
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 599.5
Humidity, % 62.7
Volatileorganicmatter, % 76.37
Ashes, % 23.63
Organiccarbon, g/100g 43.47 16.21
Total nitrogen, g/100g 1.69 0.63
Total P, g/100g 0.09 0.04
Total K, g/100g 0.46 0.17
Ca, g/100g 4.87 1.82
Mg, g/100g 0.79 0.29
Na, g/100g 0.05 0.017
S, g/100g 0.18 0.07
Al, g/100g 0.11 0.04
Fe, mg/kg 1106.47 412.71
Mn, mg/kg 65.54 24.45
B, mg/kg 20.86 7.78
Ammonium, mg/kg 2148.87 801.5
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 9.72 3.63
Cr mg/kg 21.89 8.16
Ni mg/kg 1.61 0.60
Pb mg/kg 1.82 0.68
Zn mg/kg 62.7 23.39
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 0.82 0.31
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi <0.5 <0.5
Co <0.5 <0.5
Li 10.88 4.06
Mo <0.5 <0.5
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se 1.08 0.40
Sr 205.09 76.50
Ti 19.69 7.35
Tl 42.79 15.96
V 14.07 5.25
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
280
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 9.Vermicompost of manure (R9)
Dryweith Wetweith
pH 7.33
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 1345
Humidity, % 62.27
Volatileorganicmatter, % 47.98
Ashes, % 52.02
Organiccarbon, g/100g 30.9 11.66
Total nitrogen, g/100g 2.38 0.90
Total P, g/100g 0.51 0.19
Total K, g/100g 0.57 0.22
Ca, g/100g 8.52 3.21
Mg, g/100g 1.37 0.52
Na, g/100g 0.07 0.03
S, g/100g 0.86 0.32
Al, g/100g 1.00 0.38
Fe, mg/kg 6463.38 2438.64
Mn, mg/kg 482.61 182.09
B, mg/kg 42.35 15.98
Ammonium, mg/kg 18.82 7.1
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 42.83 16.16
Cr mg/kg 50.75 19.15
Ni mg/kg 9.84 3.71
Pb mg/kg 9.94 3.75
Zn mg/kg 135.92 51.28
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 1.97 0.74
Be 0.75 0.28
Bi 6.13 2.31
Co <0.5 <0.5
Li 12.06 4.55
Mo 2.24 0.85
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se <0.5 <0.5
Sr 428.58 161.70
Ti 81.75 30.84
Tl 40.54 15.30
V 51.93 19.59
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g 60
Salmonella 25g Absence
281
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 10.Compost of alperujo+goatmanure+grapedebris+olive leaves and prune (R10)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 9.14
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 5070
Humidity, % 7.86
Volatileorganicmatter, % 64.73
Ashes, % 35.27
Organiccarbon, g/100g 38.76 35.72
Total nitrogen, g/100g 2.5 2.31
Total P, g/100g 0.39 0.35
Total K, g/100g 4.68 4.31
Ca, g/100g 6.76 6.23
Mg, g/100g 1.19 1.10
Na, g/100g 0.38 0.35
S, g/100g 0.5 0.46
Al, g/100g 0.47 0.44
Fe, mg/kg 2452.29 2259.54
Mn, mg/kg 154.04 141.94
B, mg/kg 62.89 57.94
Ammonium, mg/kg <2.5 <2.5
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 25.13 23.15
Cr mg/kg 17.44 15.79
Ni mg/kg 6.17 5.68
Pb mg/kg 4.81 4.43
Zn mg/kg 72.55 66.84
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 0.76 0.70
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi 1.66 1.53
Co <0.5 <0.5
Li 5.62 5.18
Mo 0.83 0.77
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se <0.5 <0.5
Sr 308.7 284.43
Ti 52.35 48.24
Tl 28.73 26.47
V 21.15 19.49
Polyphenols mg/kg 9146.95 8428
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
282
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 11. Compost of artichoke industry sludge+ grape residues (R11
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 6.36
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 2280
Humidity, % 55.09
Volatileorganicmatter, % 73.39
Ashes, % 26.61
Organiccarbon, g/100g 39.33 17.66
Total nitrogen, g/100g 3.86 1.73
Total P, g/100g 0.58 0.26
Total K, g/100g 1.16 0.52
Ca, g/100g 6.81 3.06
Mg, g/100g 0.73 0.33
Na, g/100g 0.19 0.087
S, g/100g 0.87 0.39
Al, g/100g 0.18 0.08
Fe, mg/kg 3377.04 1516.63
Mn, mg/kg 83.72 37.60
B, mg/kg 54.8 24.65
Ammonium, mg/kg 6150.63 2762.5
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.5 <0.5
Cu mg/kg 34.84 15.65
Cr mg/kg 50.95 22.88
Ni mg/kg 14.55 6.53
Pb mg/kg 7.25 3.26
Zn mg/kg 162.82 73.12
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 0.91 0.41
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi <0.5 <0.5
Co 1.38 0.62
Li 4.78 2.15
Mo 2.29 1.03
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se 1.85 0.83
Sr 332.91 149.51
Ti 45.04 20.23
Tl 42.01 18.86
V 15.32 6.88
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
283
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 12. Compost of sewage sludge and prune residues (R12)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 6.06
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 6940
Humidity, % 49.36
Volatileorganicmatter, % 57.47
Ashes, % 42.53
Organiccarbon, g/100g 29.56 14.97
Total nitrogen, g/100g 3.41 1.73
Total P, g/100g 1.27 0.64
Total K, g/100g 0.66 0.34
Ca, g/100g 7.22 3.66
Mg, g/100g 0.83 0.42
Na, g/100g 0.19 0.094
S, g/100g 2.87 1.45
Al, g/100g 0.67 0.34
Fe, mg/kg 24227.37 12268.74
Mn, mg/kg 120.29 60.92
B, mg/kg 31.36 15,88
Ammonium, mg/kg 4551.57 0.64
Metals
Cd mg/kg 0.65 0.33
Cu mg/kg 154.54 78.26
Cr mg/kg 44.15 22.36
Ni mg/kg 22.8 11.54
Pb mg/kg 47.08 23.84
Zn mg/kg 411.05 208.16
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 3.13 1.58
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi <0.5 <0.5
Co 3.14 1.59
Li 5.47 2.77
Mo 30.54 15.46
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se 7.76 3.93
Sr 729.83 369.59
Ti 108.95 55.17
Tl 66.4 33.63
V 25.72 13.02
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
284
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 13. Biochar from forest residues (R13)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 9.53
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 1096.5
Humidity, % 49.55
Volatileorganicmatter, % 79.55
Ashes, % 20.45
Organiccarbon, g/100g 74.92 37.80
Total nitrogen, g/100g 0.64 0.33
Total P, g/100g 0.19 0.09
Total K, g/100g 0.72 0.36
Ca, g/100g 4.92 2.48
Mg, g/100g 0.33 0.17
Na, g/100g 0.02 0.010
S, g/100g 0.07 0.03
Al, g/100g 0.11 0.05
Fe, mg/kg 826.99 417.22
Mn, mg/kg 680.94 343.53
B, mg/kg 21.85 11.02
Ammonium, mg/kg 1303.16 657.5
Metals
Cd mg/kg <0.1
Cu mg/kg 13.45
Cr mg/kg 10.44
Ni mg/kg 11.65
Pb mg/kg 0.94
Zn mg/kg 35.57
Otherelements, mg/kg
As <0.1 <0.1
Be <0.5 6.79
Bi <0.5 5.27
Co 1.74 5.87
Li 3.09 0.47
Mo <0.5 17.95
Sb <0.5
Se <0.5 <0.5
Sr 307.92 <0.5
Ti 25.91 <0.5
Tl 15.54 0.88
V 5.70 1.56
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
285
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
Table 14. Compost of a mixture of 40% vegetal residues+60% pig slurry and residues from slaughterhouse industry (R14)
Dryweight Wetweight
pH 7.72
Electricalconductivity, µS/cm 8705
Humidity, % 6.94
Volatileorganicmatter, % 39.65
Ashes, % 60.35
Organic carbon, Organic carbon, g/100g 27.05 25.18
Total nitrogen, g/100g 2.37 2.20
Total P, g/100g 0.82 0.77
Total K, g/100g 1.6 1.48
Ca, g/100g 9.58 8.92
Mg, g/100g 0.79 0.73
Na, g/100g 0.241 0.225
S, g/100g 0.73 0.68
Al, g/100g 0.60 0.56
Fe, mg/kg 4401.8 4096.31
Mn, mg/kg 299.28 278.51
B, mg/kg 42.07 39.15
Ammonium, mg/kg 4265.86 3970.0
Metals
Cd mg/kg 0.15 0.14
Cu mg/kg 64.44 59.97
Cr mg/kg 35.57 33.10
Ni mg/kg 11.08 10.31
Pb mg/kg 16.59 15.44
Zn mg/kg 214.92 200.01
Otherelements, mg/kg
As 1.19 1.11
Be <0.5 <0.5
Bi 3.67 3.41
Co <0.5 <0.5
Li 7.61 7.08
Mo <0.5 <0.5
Sb <0.5 <0.5
Se <0.5 <0.5
Sr 261.85 243.68
Ti 73.75 68.63
Tl 39.92 37.15
V 18.16 16.90
Pathogens
EscherechiaColiufc/g <10
Salmonella 25g Absence
286
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113
57 Bibliography
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De Bertoldi M, Vallini G, Pera A, Zucconi F. 1982. Comparison of three windrow compost systems.BioCycle. 23(2):45–50. Finstein, M.S., F.C. Miller, J.A. Hogan, & P.F. Strom. 1987. Analysis of EPA Guidance on Composting Sludge: Part I - Biological Heat Generation and Temperature, BioCycle 28(1):20-26; Part II - Biological Process Control, BioCycle 28(2):42-47; Part III - Oxygen, Moisture, Odor, Pathogens, BioCycle 28(3):38-44; Part IV - Decomposition Rate and Facility Design and Operation, BioCycle 28(4):56-61. Goyal S, Dhull SK, Kapoor KK (2005)Chemical and biological changes during composting of different organic wastes and assessment of compost maturity.Bioresour Technol. 96: 1584-9 Howard, Albert and Yeshwant D. Wad. The Waste Products of Agriculture: Their Utilization as Humus.London: Oxford University Press, 1931. Many organic gardeners have read Howard's An Agricultural Testament, but almost none have heard of this book. It is the source of my information about the original Indore composting system Jackel, U, K. Thummes, and P. Kampfer (2005) Thermophilic methane production and oxidation in compost. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 52: 175-184 Lorimor, J., Fulhage, C., Zhang, R., Funk, T., Sheffield, R., Sepphard, C., Newton, G :L : 2001. Manure management strategies/technologies. White paper on Animal Agriculture and the Environnement for National Center for Manure and Animal Waste Management.MWPS, Ames, IA, 52p. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Dirección general de calidad y evaluación ambiental. Estudio de los mercados del compost. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Dirección general de calidad y evaluación ambiental.Plan Nacional Integrado de Residuos, 2008-2015 (PNIR). Informe de Sostenibilidad Ambiental (ISA). 2007 Ross, M., Hernández, T. and García, C. 2003.Soil microbial activity after restoration of a semi-arid soil by organic amendments. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 35: 463-469
Stentiford, E.I., 1987. Recent developments in composting. In: de Bertoldi, M., Ferranti, M., L_Hermite, P., Zuicconi, F. (Eds.), Compost, Production, Quality and Use. Elsevier, London, pp. 52–60. Stewart, B.A., Robinson, C.A., Parker, D.B. 2000. Examples and case studies of beneficial reuse of beef cattle byproducts. In : J.F. Power and W.A. Dick (eds) Land application of agricultural, industrial and municipal byproducts, pgs. 387-407. SSSA BookSeries Nº 6, SSSA, Madison, WI Tejada, M., Hernández T., García C. 2009.Soil restoration using composted plant residues: effect on soil properties. Soil and Tillage Research, 45: 109-117 Wilson G.B., Dalmat, D. (1983). Sewage Sludge Composting in the USA, Bio-Cycle, 24: 20-231 Zucconi, F. & De Bertoldi, M., 1987. Compost specifications for the production and characterization of compost from municipal solid waste.En: ”Compost: production, quality and use”. Ed. De Bertoldi, M.P. Ferranti, P. L’Hermite, F. Zucconi. Elsevier Applied Science. Publisher.30-50.
287
BIOREM PROJECT
LIFE11 ENV/IT/113