BioRemediaton Brown Bag

8/7/2019 BioRemediaton Brown Bag

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Richard E. Woodward Senior Scientist, Environmental Services

Litigation SupportHouston, TX

A brown bag seminar for

Bioremediation: A ConceptualBioremediation: A ConceptualOverview with ExamplesOverview with Examples

J. Connor Consulting, Inc. 16225 Park Ten Place, Suite 700

Houston, Texas 77084



ObjectivesObjectives

s

Define bioremediationDefine bioremediations Position bioremediation in the scheme of remedialPosition bioremediation in the scheme of remedial

actionsactions Physical > Chemical > BiologicalPhysical > Chemical > Biological

s List seminal concepts of bioremediationList seminal concepts of bioremediation Source controlSource control

Von Liebig’s Law of the minimumVon Liebig’s Law of the minimum

s Give three examples of implementationGive three examples of implementation Pits, Ponds, and Lagoons: traditional wastewater approachPits, Ponds, and Lagoons: traditional wastewater approach

In situ treatment: surge vs circulationIn situ treatment: surge vs circulation Permeable reactive barrier in flow pathPermeable reactive barrier in flow path

s Define intrinsic bioremediation: Natural attenuationDefine intrinsic bioremediation: Natural attenuation



Beyond the ScopeBeyond the Scope

s Health effects and toxicologyHealth effects and toxicology

s Site characterization, assessment andSite characterization, assessment anddelineationdelineation

s Engineering design considerationsEngineering design considerations

s Specific regulatory requirements & issuesSpecific regulatory requirements & issues

s Detailed degradation reaction chemistryDetailed degradation reaction chemistry

s Fate and transportFate and transport

s In situ chemical oxidation treatmentIn situ chemical oxidation treatment



What is In Situ Bioremediation?What is In Situ Bioremediation?

s Optimization of site conditions to stimulateOptimization of site conditions to stimulatemicrobes to biodegrade organicmicrobes to biodegrade organiccontamination.contamination.

s Delivery of substrates, nutrients and inDelivery of substrates, nutrients and insome cases microbessome cases microbes

s Engineered delivery; extraction, injection,Engineered delivery; extraction, injection,circulation or permeable barrierscirculation or permeable barriers

s

Generally refers to microbial activity butGenerally refers to microbial activity buttechnically phytoremediation is a subset of technically phytoremediation is a subset of bioremediationbioremediation





When is in situ bioremediationappropriate?

s After the source is controlled.

s For low concentrations of contamination.

s For degradable, organic compounds.

s For biologically compatible, subsurfaceconditions.

s For porous soils hydraulic conductivity suitable for injection and

redistribution of amendments.



In situ bioremediation is appropriate afterthe source is controlled and receptors

protected. Source ControlSource Control

s Limits variablesLimits variables Changes in contaminant concentrations andChanges in contaminant concentrations and

other constituentsother constituents

s Limits toxicityLimits toxicity Inhibition of biological activityInhibition of biological activity

s Enables progress monitoring, modeling andEnables progress monitoring, modeling andmass balancemass balance

s Reduces treatment timeReduces treatment time





Source Control Technologies

s

Physical processesPhysical processes Excavation and treatment or disposalExcavation and treatment or disposal

Physical extractionPhysical extraction

» Soil vapor extractionSoil vapor extraction

» Dual phase, free product removalDual phase, free product removal

Physical barriers for containment & isolationPhysical barriers for containment & isolation Thermal treatmentThermal treatment

Hydraulic containmentHydraulic containment

s Chemical ProcessesChemical Processes

Chemical oxidation: hydrogen proxide, ozone,Chemical oxidation: hydrogen proxide, ozone,Fenton’s reagent, persulfate, permanganateFenton’s reagent, persulfate, permanganate



Source Control TechnologiesSource Control Technologies



Free-Product Removal

Skimming Methodss Continuous belt separation

s Spiral pump at the interface

s

Smart pumps

Multi-phase extraction

s Two-Phase Extraction (TPE) Vapor and liquid extracted together

s Dual-Phase Extraction (DPE) Gas and liquid extracted separately



Dual Phase Extracton SystemDual Phase Extracton System



Mobile Dual Phase ExtractionMobile Dual Phase ExtractionSystemSystem





Remediation Technology Sequencing

*Application range (ppb of Total VOC's insoil or groundwater)

Technology ≥100,00010,000-100,000

1,000-10,000

500-1,000

<500

Excavation/Disposal/Treatment X

In-Situ Thermal Desorption X

Biopile Treatment X

Soil Vapor Extraction/Thermal

Oxidation X X

Chemical Oxidation X

Air Sparging X

Ex-Situ Groundwater Bioremediation X X

Bioventing X

In-Situ Groundwater Bioremediation X XGranular Activated Carbon X

Monitored Natural Attenuation X

* Approximate ranges based on cost and progress.

Technology selection and sequence tends to be site-specific, depending onhydrogeology, receptors, chemicals present, etc.



Classic approaches to in situbioremediation

s Completely mixed liquorCompletely mixed liquor Traditional wastewater treatmentTraditional wastewater treatment

s Surge production/injectionSurge production/injection

s Circulation via flanking wellsCirculation via flanking wells

s Permeable reactive barriersPermeable reactive barriers



Liebig’s Law of the Minimum:satisfying growth limiting factors

s The yield potential of a crop isThe yield potential of a crop islike a barrel with staves of like a barrel with staves of unequal length.unequal length.

s The capacity of the barrel isThe capacity of the barrel is

limited by the length of thelimited by the length of theshortest stave (in this case,shortest stave (in this case,nitrogen), and can only benitrogen), and can only beincreased by lengthening thatincreased by lengthening thatstave.stave.

s When that stave isWhen that stave islengthened, another onelengthened, another onebecomes the limiting factor.becomes the limiting factor.



Bioremediation Limiting Factors

s BiodegradableBiodegradable

s Indigenous organismsIndigenous organisms

s

Augment w/cultured organismsAugment w/cultured organismss OptimizeOptimize

Electron acceptorsElectron acceptors» OO22, NO, NO33, Mn, Mn+4+4 , FE, FE+3+3 , SO, SO44, CO, CO22

Supplemental carbon (e.g., propane)Supplemental carbon (e.g., propane)

Nutrients (e.g., N, P, K)Nutrients (e.g., N, P, K)

pHpH

Reduce toxic factorsReduce toxic factors



Pit, Pond, Lagoon RemediationPit, Pond, Lagoon Remediation

Like conventionalwastewater treatment

systems, remediation uses a

completely mixed and

aerated approach







Subsurface ventilationSubsurface ventilation

Courtesy Air Situ LLC, Houston, TX



Saturated zone bioremediation isappropriate for porous soils with good

hydraulic conductivity









MW-090

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

un-96

p-96

c-96

ar-97

un-97

p-97

c-97

ar-98

un-98

p-98

c-98

ar-99

un-99

p-99

c-99

ar-00

un-00

p-00

c-00

ar-01

un-01

p-01

c-01

Log10 [C

ONCENTRATION (ppb)]

BENZENE

TERT-BUTYL ALCOHOL

EISB at Frontier Park Site:EISB at Frontier Park Site:MW-89 Progress Benzene and TBAMW-89 Progress Benzene and TBA





Port HuenemePort Hueneme

Scaled-up BioScaled-up BioBarrier Barrier

Winner of 2001 NGWAOutstanding Project in Ground

Water Remediation Award



Port HuenemeMTBE

Bio-Barrier

99.9% MTBE

reduction

66% lower O&M Costs

compared toconventional Pump

&Treat systems





Monitored Natural AttenuationMonitored Natural Attenuation

s Begins when active treatment yields diminishingBegins when active treatment yields diminishingreturns and monitoring efforts are reasonablereturns and monitoring efforts are reasonable

s Characterized by reduction of contaminantCharacterized by reduction of contaminantconcentration, mass, toxicity or mobilityconcentration, mass, toxicity or mobility

s Monitor/model:Monitor/model: Decreasing contaminant concentrationsDecreasing contaminant concentrations

Physical, chemical, biological processesPhysical, chemical, biological processes





Fulfillment of ObjectivesFulfillment of Objectives

s

Define bioremediationDefine bioremediations Position bioremediation in the scheme of remedialPosition bioremediation in the scheme of remedial

actionsactions Physical > Chemical > BiologicalPhysical > Chemical > Biological

s List seminal concepts of bioremediationList seminal concepts of bioremediation Source controlSource control

Von Liebig’s Law of the minimumVon Liebig’s Law of the minimum

s Give three examples of implementationGive three examples of implementation Pits, Ponds, and Lagoons: traditional wastewater approachPits, Ponds, and Lagoons: traditional wastewater approach

In situ treatment: surge vs circulationIn situ treatment: surge vs circulation Permeable reactive barrier in flow pathPermeable reactive barrier in flow path

s Define intrinsic bioremediation: Natural attenuationDefine intrinsic bioremediation: Natural attenuation



Discussion and Questions?Discussion and Questions?

Documents

BioRemediaton Brown Bag