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Feldafing, 3rd of December 2015
Melanie Zenker
C.A.R.M.E.N. e.V.
Quality standards, sustainable supply chain
management and characteristics of solid biofuels
BIORES – TRAINING OF TRAINERS
• European and international standards
• Supply chain management
• Woody bioenergy fuel qualities and heating value in
comparison to fossil fuels
CONTENT
OVERVIEW ON SOLID BIOFUELS
Reference:
Holzabsatzfonds
Solid biofuels
Energy f
crops
Woody
Biomassg
Stalk
Biomassg
Cereal
plantsg
Miscanthusgf
Energy
grass
SRC
Wood
Residual
materials
Stalk biomass
Woody
Biomassg
Residues
from
inventory
Residues
from
processing
Residues
after usage
k
Untreated
waste wood
Treated
waste wood
Industrial
wastewood
Sawmill
residue
Forest
residues
Small
wood
Roadside
wood
Landscape
maintenance
wood
Strawg
Hayg
Roadside
grassg
OVERVIEW ON EUROPEAN ANDINTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
European standards (EN)
If dated, the (draft) standard is published and publicly
available
International standards (ISO)
If dated, the (draft) standard is published and publicly
available
Terminology Terminology
EN 14588:2010 Solid biofuels – Terminology, definitions and
descriptions
ISO/DIS
16559:2014
Solid biofuels -- Terminology, definitions and
descriptions
Fuel specifications and classes Fuel specifications and classes
EN 14961-1:2010 Solid biofuels – Fuel specifications and
classes – Part 1: General requirements
ISO/DIS 17225-
1:2014
Solid biofuels -- Fuel specifications and
classes -- Part 1: General requirements
EN 14961-2:2011 Solid biofuels – Fuel specifications and
classes – Part 2: Wood pellets for non-
industrial use
ISO/DIS 17225-
2:2014
Solid biofuels -- Fuel specifications and
classes -- Part 2: Graded wood pellets
EN 14961-3:2011 Solid biofuels – Fuel specifications and
classes – Part 3: Wood briquettes for non-
industrial use
ISO/DIS 17225-
3:2014
Solid biofuels -- Fuel specifications and
classes -- Part 3: Graded wood briquettes
EN 14961-4:2011 Solid biofuels – Fuel specifications and
classes – Part 4: Wood chips for non-
industrial use
ISO/DIS 17225-
4:2014
Solid biofuels -- Fuel specifications and
classes -- Part 4: Graded wood chips
EN 14961-5:2011 Solid biofuels – Fuel specifications and
classes – Part 5: Firewood for non-industrial
use
ISO/DIS 17225-
5:2014
Solid biofuels -- Fuel specifications and
classes -- Part 5: Graded firewood
EN 14961-6:2012 Solid biofuels – Fuel specifications and
classes – Part 6: Non-woody pellets for non-
industrial use
ISO/DIS 17225-
6:2014
Solid biofuels -- Fuel specifications and
classes -- Part 6: Graded non-woody pellets
ISO/DIS 17225-
7:2014
Solid biofuels -- Fuel specifications and
classes -- Part 7: Graded non-woody
briquettes
References: http://www.solidstandards.eu/; www.iso.org
European standards (EN)
If dated, the (draft) standard is published and publicly
available
International standards (ISO)
If dated, the (draft) standard is published and
publicly available
Sustainability criteria
ISO 13065 Sustainability Criteria for bioenergy
Fuel quality assurance Fuel quality assurance
EN 15234-1:2011 Solid biofuels – Fuel quality assurance –
Part 1: General requirements
EN 15234-2:2012 Solid biofuels – Fuel quality assurance –
Part 2: Wood pellets for non-industrial use
EN 15234-3:2012 Solid biofuels – Fuel quality assurance –
Part 3: Wood briquettes for non-industrial
use
EN 15234-4:2012 Solid biofuels – Fuel quality assurance –
Part 4: Wood chips for non-industrial use
EN 15234-5:2012 Solid biofuels – Fuel quality assurance –
Part 5: Firewood for non-industrial use
EN 15234-6:2012 Solid biofuels – Fuel quality assurance –
Part 6: Non-woody pellets for non-
industrial use
Sample and sample preparation Sample and sample preparation
EN 14778:2011 Solid biofuels – Sampling ISO/NP 18135 Solid biofuels -- Sampling
EN 14780:2011 Solid biofuels – Sample preparation ISO/NP 14780 Solid biofuels -- Sample preparation
OVERVIEW ON EUROPEAN ANDINTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
References: http://www.solidstandards.eu/; www.iso.org
European standards (EN)
If dated, the (draft) standard is published and publicly
available
International standards (ISO)
If dated, the (draft) standard is published and publicly
available
Physical and mechanical properties Physical and mechanical properties
EN 14774-
1:2009
Solid biofuels – Determination of moisture
content – Oven dry method – Part 1: Total
moisture – Reference method
ISO/CD 18134-
1:2015
Solid biofuels -- Determination of moisture
content -- Oven dry method -- Part 1: Total
moisture -- Reference method
EN 14774-
2:2009
Solid biofuels – Determination of moisture
content – Oven dry method – Part 2: Total
moisture – Simplified method
ISO/CDP 18134-
2:2015
Solid biofuels -- Determination of moisture
content -- Oven dry method -- Part 2: Total
moisture - Simplified method
EN 14774-
3:2009
Solid biofuels – Determination of moisture
content – Oven dry method – Part 3: Moisture
in general analysis sample
ISO/NP 18134-
3:2015
Solid biofuels -- Determination of moisture
content -- Oven dry method -- Part 3: Moisture
in general analysis sample
EN 14775:2009 Solid biofuels – Determination of ash content ISO/CD 18122 Solid biofuels -- Determination of ash content
EN 14918:2009 Solid biofuels – Determination of calorific value ISO/NP 18125 Solid biofuels -- Determination of calorific
value
EN 15103:2009 Solid biofuels – Determination of bulk density ISO/CD 17828 Solid biofuels -- Determination of bulk density
EN 15148:2009 Solid biofuels – Determination of the content of
volatile matter
ISO/CD 18123 Solid biofuels -- Determination of the content
of volatile matter
EN 15149-
1:2010
Solid biofuels – Determination of particle size
distribution – Part 1: Oscillating screen method
using sieve apertures of 1 mm and above
ISO/CD 17827-1 Solid biofuels -- Determination of particle size
distribution for uncompressed fuels -- Part 1:
Oscillating screen method using sieves with
apertures of 3,15 mm and above
OVERVIEW ON EUROPEAN ANDINTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
References: http://www.solidstandards.eu/; www.iso.org
European standards (EN)
If dated, the (draft) standard is published and publicly
available
International standards (ISO)
If dated, the (draft) standard is published and publicly
available
Physical and mechanical properties Physical and mechanical properties
EN 15149-
2:2010
Solid biofuels – Determination of particle size
distribution – Part 2: Vibrating screen method
using sieve apertures of 3,15 mm and below
ISO/CD 17827-2 Solid biofuels -- Determination of particle size
distribution for uncompressed fuels -- Part 2:
Vibrating screen method using sieves with
aperture of 3,15 mm and below
CEN/TS 15149-
3: 2006
Solid Biofuels – Methods for the determination
of particle size distribution – Part 3: Rotary
screen method
EN 15150:2011 Solid biofuels – Determination of particle
density
EN 15210-
1:2009
Solid biofuels – Determination of mechanical
durability of pellets and briquettes – Part 1:
Pellets
ISO/CD 17831-1 Solid biofuels -- Solid biofuels -- Determination
of mechanical durability of pellets and
briquettes -- Part 1: Pellets
EN 15210-
2:2010
Solid biofuels – Determination of mechanical
durability of pellets and briquettes – Part 2:
Briquettes
ISO/CD 17831-2 Solid biofuels -- Determination of mechanical
durability of pellets and briquettes -- Part 2:
Briquettes
EN 16126:2012 Solid biofuels – Determination of particle size
distribution of disintegrated pellets
ISO/CD 17830 Solid biofuels -- Particle size distribution of
disintegrated pellets
EN 16127:2012 Solid biofuels – Determination of length and
diameter for pellets and cylindrical briquettes
ISO/CD 17829 Solid biofuels -- Determination of length and
diameter of pellets
OVERVIEW ON EUROPEAN ANDINTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
References: http://www.solidstandards.eu/; www.iso.org
European standards (EN)
If dated, the (draft) standard is published and publicly
available
International standards (ISO)
If dated, the (draft) standard is published and publicly
available
Chemical analysis Chemical analysis
EN 15104:2011 Solid biofuels – Determination of total
content of carbon, hydrogen and
nitrogen – Instrumental methods
ISO/DIS
16948:2015
Solid biofuels -- Determination of total
content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen
EN 15105:2011 Solid biofuels – Determination of the
water soluble chloride, sodium and
potassium content
ISO/DIS
16995:2015
Solid biofuels -- Determination of the
water soluble chloride, sodium and
potassium content
EN 15289:2011 Solid biofuels – Determination of total
content of sulfur and chlorine
ISO/DIS
16994:2015
Solid biofuels -- Determination of total
content of sulfur and chlorine
EN 15290:2011 Solid biofuels – Determination of major
elements – Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, P, K, Si, Na
and Ti
ISO/DIS
16967:2015
Solid biofuels -- Determination of major
elements-- Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, P, K, Si, Na
and Ti
EN 15296:2011 Solid biofuels – Conversion of analytical
results from one basis to another
ISO/DIS
16993:2015
Solid biofuels -- Conversion of analytical
results from one basis to another
EN 15297:2011 Solid biofuels – Determination of minor
elements – As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn,
Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, V and Zn
ISO/DIS
16968:2015
Solid biofuels -- Determination of minor
elements
ISO/CD 16996 Solid biofuels -- Determination of
elemental composition by X-ray
fluorescence
OVERVIEW ON EUROPEAN ANDINTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
References: http://www.solidstandards.eu/; www.iso.org
TERMINOLOGY
Reference: LWF
Energy wood Examples Processing
Forest wood Small wood, tree top,
limbs, poor quality
wood
Log Wood
Wood chips
Sawmill products and
industrial waste wood
Bark, Sawdust and
planing chips, cap
timber, splinters
Wood chips
Pellets/ Briquettes
untreated
Field wood, Driftwood Hedge trimming
material, roadside
wood
Wood chips
Log wood
Waste wood Demolition wood,
furniture
Shredded wood,
wood chips
Short rotation crop
wood
Poplar and Willow Wood chips
Reference: LWF, Bayerische Landesanstalt für Wald und Forstwirtschaft
Pulpwood
Trunk wood
Forest
residues
Forest
residues
Merchandable wood = Wood > diam. 7 cm
CLASSIFICATION OF FORESTRY WOOD
Picture: www.jenz.de
Smallwood from
thinning and tending
strategies or energy
roundwood
respectively
Provider: Forestry
DIRECT TREATMENT OF SMALLWOOD
Reference picture: FBG Aitrach-Isar-Vils; Reference text: LWF aktuell 103
SUPPLY CHAIN „TREATMENT OF WOOD
CHIPS“ AT THE FOREST ROAD• Allocation as decoupled process step with large mobile
chipper
• On-site chipping can be approved, if the truck can approach
properly (driveway should be 8-10 m wide, flat and not steep)
• Raw material should be stored consitently with the thicker end
vertical to the road
• Feeding of chippers is often on the right!
• Highest productivity for round timber is Ø 100 m³/h, for forest
residues (crown and branches) Ø 75 m³/h
• The stronger the chipper‘s gear the higher the output; mesh!
• Output/h for softwood > hardwood
• Knife sharpness is very important!
• Overall efficiency is dependent on adjusting the logistics to
the chipper‘s efficiency; Avoid waiting time!
• Avoid input of soil, stones etc.
Pulpwood (Hardwood)
SMALLWOOD AS PULPWOOD
Pulpwood is a coproduct,
which is not suitable for
utilization in a sawmill
because of its size or
quality (e.g. colour or
shape). Instead it is used in
the pulp- and paper
industry, in the wood
product industry or as
biofuel for wood chip
production;
Provider: ForestryPulpwood (Softwood)
INDUSTRIAL WASTE WOOD = SAWMILL
BYPRODUCTS
Industrial waste wood accrues in
sawmill processes:
• Sawdust and planing chips
• Splinters
• Wood chips
• Bark
o Often as a refined product
for direct energetic use
o Sawdust as raw material for
pellet production
o High demand, pice increase;
occasional shortage
o Provider: sawmill industry
FIELD WOOD, GREEN WASTE,
LANDSCAPE WOOD
• High bark content,
• Low energy content,
• High fines
• Provider: e. g. composting
plants, forestry, landscape
maintenance, Road
administration, railway and
grid operators, land
consolidation
FIELD WOOD, GREEN WASTE
• decentral production
• areas can be difficult to reach
• high salvage costs
• Price-performance ratio
Processing of unsorted Landscape material (here: low-speed motor)
often leads to quality problems (low heat value, fines and high ash
content).
„Resorting of mixed Landscape material is unprofitable.“
FUEL PRODUCTION FROM WOODY
LANDSCAPE MATERIAL
Bildunterschrift
Seperate storage
mono-fraction delivery
FUEL PRODUCTION FROM WOODY
LANDSCAPE MATERIAL
Screening of landscape wood
(e.g. with mobile drum screen
or local starscreen)
Fines are composted
PROCESSING OF LANDSCAPE/ FIELD
WOOD IN A COMPOSTING PLANT
Raw fuel with overlength
Wood yard for storage and mixing Covered storage, small particle size wood
chips can loose up to 1/3 of their heat value
Outside storage is only
recommended for raw material;
Drying within a summer half-year
from >50 % to 35 % water
content. Sunny, airy spots are
favorable.
REASONABLE STORAGE OF
WOOD CHIPS
DRYING OF WOOD CHIPS
DRYING OF WOOD CHIPS
Size Thermal power Air mass Motor power Container
kW m3/h kW el
ED 150 150 12.000 4 1 – 8
ED 370 370 26.000 7,5 3 – 11
ED 650 650 45.000 15 6 – 16
Reference: Eco-Sys // Wikipedia
Heating
Condensation
SHORT ROTATION COPPICE
• Not widespread; about 1.000 ha in Bavaria; about 7.000 ha in Germany
• Initial investment around 2.500 €/ha; up to 10.000 cuttings
•Soil is loosened before planting; plant protection in the first ½ year
• High moisture content > 50% with full mechanized „direct harvest“ techn. drying at
biogas plants? No fertilization.
•12 to DM/ha, a = 5.000 L fuel oil, first experiences regarding yields, usually first harvest
after 3-5 years; no investment assistance in Germany
Picture: www. Loryhof.at
Picture: Burger, LWF
SHORT ROTATION COPPICE
• Good biodiversity compared to other arable crops
• Planting is possible on marginal agricultural land
• Soil recovery with humus enrichment (CO2-sink?); erosion protection
• pest infestation is possible but occurs rarely; Mixture of species is beneficial; Willow is
usually more robust than poplar
• Different management models like land purchase, land lease or contract farming
•Assurance of own fuel supply for heating/ CHP plants less market dependence
Pictures of Vattenfall show 3 months growth July to September 2011
• Up to now there is no satisfactory
solution: affordable, effective
harvesting
• full mechanization of harvesting
(rebuilt corn harvester)
• Partially mechanized harvesting
with feller buncher
SHORT ROTATION COPPICE
CUTTER FORAGE HARVESTER
Max. 10 cm +/- 1- or 2-rows 340 PS 1 ha/h
OR MANUAL HARVEST
Pictures: Burger, LWF
Residues from
the Timber
industry
Crooked logs
Landscape material
High
quality
wood
chips
Lower quality wood chips
Larger Heat Plants
Smaller
Heat Plants
SOLID BIOFUELS IN DIFFERENT QUALITIES
QUALITY CRITERIA FOR WOOD CHIPS
Reference: LWF
Good quality Poor quality
low Water content high
low Green content high
Sharp-edged Shape „smashed“
low Fines high
Slag in combustion chamber,
lumps of slag
PROBLEMS CAUSED BY POOR FUEL
QUALITY
Slag in upper combustion chamber
Extensive cleaning of heat exchanger
PROBLEMS BECAUSE OF POOR FUEL
QUALITY
Feeding with arm spring, screw stroke
„SENSITIVE“ FEEDING
Fully hydraulic push floor
„ROBUST“ FEEDING
GOOD PROCESSING = HIGH FUEL
QUALITY
• Consistent moisture content helps to achieve a smooth
plant operation; dry fuel ensures the boiler‘s power level
• Low fines lower particulate emissions, ash formation
and slagging of combustion chamber
• This helps to reach an optimized operation with low
maintenance effort.
• Small share of overlengths in the fuel assures
minimization of errors and long retention.
SHARE OF DIFFERENT BIOFUELS IN BAVARIAN HEATING PLANTS
Wood chips
Saw mill residue/
industrial waste woodf
Waste Wood
Landscape
maintenance materiall
Wood Pellets
gBark
fOther
(Own inquiry)
Reference: Oechsner, Universität Hohenheim
ASH DEFORMATION TEMPERATURE OFSEVERAL SOLID BIOFUELS
Ash softening
As
h s
oft
en
ing
po
int
°C
Wood Straw Hay Wheat
Extremely high losses in wood stoves and open fireplaces.
Efficiency (system: full load), referring to net calorific value
Annual efficiency (determined over the whole year)
EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT FURNACES
Pellet boiler/ stove
85 – 95 %
Wood chip boiler
80 – 90 %
Cockle stoves
60 – 85 %
Wood stoves (log wood)
40 – 85 %
Open fireplaces
5 – 20 %
Efficiency (%)
Reference: German Pellet Insitute (DEPI)
UNITS AND CONVERSION
FACTORS
Reference: FBG Aitrach - Isar - Vils
Round wood in
solid cubic meter (solid m³)
Wood in stacked cubic meter/
(stere/ stacked m³)Wood chips
(loose m³)
solid m³
solid m³
solid m³
stere
stere
stere
Loose m³
Loose m³
Loose m³
Moisture content [%]
Wood moisture [%]
Based on wet matter
Based on dry matter
ENERGY AND WATER
CONTENT
Fuel Energy content
[kWh]
Weight
[kg]
Volume
[Litre]
Log wood 10 2,50 5,0
Wood chips 10 2,50 12,5
Pellets 10 2,00 3,0
Fuel oil 10 0,86 1,0
Natural gas 10 0,84 1000,0
Water content [%] Net calorific value [kWh/kg]
Soft wood Hard wood
0 5,20 5,00
15 4,32 4,15
20 4,02 3,86
30 3,44 3,30
40 2,85 2,73
50 2,26 2,16
Ref.: LWF
HEATING VALUES OF WOOD CHIPS
Water content [%]
Tree species Unit Heating value Density1
Spruce
Beech
Data in kg dry matter per solid cubic meter, diminution through
drying is neglected (Density according to Kollmann 1982)
m³ LW
m³ WC
m³ LW: m³ loose log wood
m³ WC: m³ loose wood chips
m³ LW
m³ WC
solid m³
solid m³
stacked m³
stacked m³
Der Energiegehalt jeder Brennstoffsäule entspricht einem Liter Heizöl
ENERGY CONTENT – HOW MUCH OF EACH FUEL
(VOLUME) EQUATES 1 LITRE OF OIL
Reference: Technologie und Förderzentrum, Straubing
DENSITY AND OIL EQUIVALENT
Reference: TFZ, Klaus Reisinger, Herbert Sporrer, Dr. Hans Hartmann
Fuel Density Oil Equivalent
kg/L OE
Oil Equivalent
L Fuel/L OE
Fuel oil 0,84 kg/L 0,84 1,00
Rapeseedoil 0,92 kg/L 0,97 1,05
Stone coal (w = 5,1 %) 860 kg/m³ 1,28 1,49
Ethanol 0,79 kg/L 1,34 1,70
Wood pellets (EN 14961-2, w = 10 %) 664 kg/m³ 2,15 3,24
Straw pellets (w = 10 %) 603 kg/m³ 2,36 3,91
Hydrogen (liquid at – 252,8 °C) 0,07 kg/L 0,30 4,23
Beech log wood (air-dry, split, 33 cm long, w = 15 %) 445 kg/Rm 2,35 5,28
Spruce log wood (air-dry, split, 33 cm long, w = 15 %) 304 kg/Rm 2,30 7,54
Wood chips (pine air-dry, w = 15 %) 217 kg/m³ 2,25 10,35
Saw dust (spruce air-dry, w = 15 %) 160 kg/m³ 2,30 14,35
Grain, whole plant (air-dry, w = 15 %) 150 kg/m³ 2,53 16,85
Crop straw – large cubic bales (air-dry 15 %) 140 kg/m³ 2,52 18,00
Miscanthus chaff (air-dry, w = 15 %) 110 kg/m³ 2,45 22,30
WATER-, MOISTURE CONTENT OF
WOODY BIOMASS
Wood moisture u (% of dry matter)
Moisture content w (% of fresh matter)
Heati
ng
valu
eL
HV
/ N
CV
(kW
h/k
g)
10 20 30 40 50 60
0
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 25 50 100 150
Dependence of heating value of biomass from water-
and moisture content
PROPERTIES AND ADVANTAGES
OF WOOD PELLETS
• Raw material: saw dust from untreated wood
• Homogeneous , standardized fuel (DIN EN ISO) with high energy density (2
kg = 1 Liter fuel oil)
• Annual efficiency up to 90 %; low particulate, CO and NOx emissions
• Many small plants up to 50 kW, but also plants up to 5 MW
• High level of convenience
– Delivery with tankers with injection technology
– Fully automatic and failure-free operation
– Litte ash (only about 1% of the pellet‘s weight)
• Good option in rural AND urban areas – combination with solar heat
is a good possibility
• Commonly used and accepted certification systems, e.g. ENplus and
DINplus
ALTERNATIVE: MOBILE
PRODUCTION OF AGROPELLETS
• Crop, rape, rice or sunflower straw
• Hay, miscanthus, energy grass
• Homogeneous fuel with a similar energy density as
wood pellets
• Higher particulate and NOx emissions
• Higher requirements fot the combustion technology
(low ash melting point) and exhaust gas (fabric filter, electric filter)
• Higher ash content, higher Cl and S content corrosion
• On-site production with mobile press 1 t/h, 350 PS (diesel or electric unit)
• Suitable for rural areas
• Removal of humus feedstock and carbon by straw privation
• High potential
Picture: PCM Green Energy
DIFFERENTIATION OF INDUSTRIAL
PELLETS
• Mostly larger in diameter than certified pellets for domestic use
• Quality standards are less strict and bark in raw material is permitted ash
content is higher and domestic use is not to be recommended
• The certification system ENplus has a category called EN-B, which defines a
fuel certification for larger plants and helps to ensure a clean incineration
Reference: DEPI - www.enplus-pellets.de
PELLET PRODUCTION – DISTRIBUTION
OF MANUFACTURING COSTS
The highest percentage of the costs are spent on raw material.
Producers are dependent on the providers. Often companies embody both tasks = Saw mills
Cost
Distribution
Consumption costsRaw material
Operation costs
Capital costs
Other costs
Price development saw dust and wood pellets
Saw dust
Wood pellets
FUEL PRICES IN GERMANY (HOUSEHOLD
SCALE)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Euro
per
MW
h
Price development of wood fuels, fuel oil and natural gas
Wood chips
Wood pellets
Fuel oil
Natural gas
Split logs
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015References: Wood pellet and wood chip prices: C.A.R.M.E.N. e.V.; Fuel oil and natural gas prices: Statistisches Bundesamrt; Split log prices: Technologie- und Förderzentrum (TFZ)
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
Contact:
C.A.R.M.E.N. e.V.
Melanie Zenker
09421/ 960-383