BIOSCI107 2015 Incourse Test

7/26/2019 BIOSCI107 2015 Incourse Test

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THE UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND

INCOURSE TEST 2015

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Biology for Biomedical ScienceBIOSCI 107 FC

Thursday 23 April 2015, 6.30 - 8.30 pm

(Time Allowed: TWO hours)

VERSION 1016563

Student Identication Form

PLEASE COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING:

Family Name: _______________________________________________

First Name: _______________________________________________

ID Number: _______________________________________________

Signature: _______________________________________________

Submit this page to supervisors at the beginning of the test.

(Failure to do this may result in non-assessment of your script!)

CONTINUED


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BIOSCI 107 FC


BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Biology for Biomedical Science

In-course Assessment Test

Thursday 23 April 2015, 6.30 - 8.30 pm

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

Multiple Choice Questions:

Use the Teleform Answer Sheet. Use pencilsonly. Shade the rectangle completely.

Do not cross out mistakes. ERASE them completely.

Complete family name, rst name, initial and

ID Number. Do not complete your stream. Fill spaces from left to right.

Check your Code (=version number) in the box headed Version code.

Your code should be 1016563 Failure to enter the version code or other details correctly will

mean your MCQ cannot be marked.

Short Answers: Print your name and I.D. at the top of EVERY ANSWER PAGE. Record your answers in the spaces provided.

All questions should be attempted.

Test Format:

Section A: Multiple Choice Questions

Cells & Tissues 13 marks

Cell Structure & Function 19 marks

Embryology & Development 18 marks

Section B: Cells & Tissues Short Answer Questions 15 marks

Section C: Cell Structure & Function Short Answer Questions 20 marks

Section D: Embryology & Development Short Answer Questions 15 marks

TOTAL 100 MARKS

ALL QUESTIONS SHOULD BE ATTEMPTED.

Hand in the Teleform answer sheet and your short answer sheets (Sections B, C and D).

Retain your multiple choice question pages.

CONTINUED


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VERSION 1016563 2 BIOSCI 107 FC

CONTINUED

SECTION A:

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

TEST VERSION CODE: 1016563Recommended time: 60 minutes

Choose the ONE correct answer from the alternatives provided

1. To which of the following listed body systems do oil glandsbelong?

a. endocrine

b. integumentary

c. reproductive

d. lymphatic and immune

2. Which two tissue types contribute to the basement membrane?

a. connective and epithelialb. None of the other answers is correct.

c. epithelial and muscle

d. muscle and nervous

3. Which of the following represents an example of transitional epithelium?

a. the lining of a kidney tubule

b. None of the other answers is correct.

c. the lining of the gall bladder

d. the lining of the oesophagus

4. Which of the following is NOTrepresentative of connective tissue cells?

a. leukocytes and erythrocytes

b. smooth muscle cells and broblasts

c. adipocytes and mast cells

d. adipocytes and broblasts

5. The thymus belongs to the:

a. lymphatic and immune system.

b. nervous system.

c. digestive and endocrine systems.

d. reproductive system.

6. Intercalated discs:

(i) are found in cardiac muscle.

(ii) contain tight junctions.

(iii) contain desmosomes.

(iv) contain connexin proteins.

a. only (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct

b. only (i) and (iii) are correctc. All of the options (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv) are correct.

d. only (i), (iii) and (iv) are correct


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CONTINUED

7. Endocrine glands:

a. secrete into the duodenum.

b. have an excretory function.

c. secrete into the blood.

d. secrete sweat.

8. Which of the following is NOTa component of the connective tissue extracellular matrix?

a. glycosaminoglycans

b. elastin

c. broblasts

d. water

9. Epithelial tissue:

a. is composed of cells in a matrix of bres and ground substance.

b. forms glands.

c. is mineralised to form bone.d. is a major site to store energy as fat.

10. Which of the following is NOTa component of the integumentary system?

a. ngernails

b. oil glands

c. sweat glands

d. teeth

11. Blood is considered to be a specialised connective tissue. In blood, what does the

extracellular matrix consist of?a. platelets

b. plasma

c. formed elements

d. erythrocytes

12. Which of the following statements about stratied squamous epithelium is/are TRUE?

(i) It lines kidney tubules.

(ii) It is actually a simple type of epithelium.

(iii) It lines the human oesophagus.

(iv) It has mainly an absorptive role.

(v) It is the outer layer of skin.

a. only (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) are correct

b. only (i) and (ii) are correct

c. only (iii) and (v) are correct

d. only (ii), (iii) and (v) are correct


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CONTINUED

13. When you break a bone, osteoclasts undertake the repair process. In doing this, what is/are

the main function(s) of the osteoclasts?

a. They undertake all of the functions listed in the other options.

b. They resorb and break down old bone fragments at the fracture site.

c. They produce collagen bres at the fracture site to help close the wound.

d. They form new bone matrix and initiate calcication

14. Of the cytoskeletal bres described in the table above, correctly identify each bre type.

a. type 1 is intermediate laments; type 2 is microlaments; type 3 are microtubules

b. type 1 is microlaments; type 2 is microtubules; type 3 are intermediate lamentsc. type 1 is microtubules; type 2 is intermediate laments; type 3 are microlaments

d. type 1 is intermediate laments; type 2 is microtubules; type 3 are microlaments

15. Which statement CORRECTLYdescribes the location of bre type 2(correctly

completes option (ii) in the table above)?

a. through/ across the cytoplasm of the cell

b. around the periphery of the cell

c. along the outside of the plasma membrane

d. extend from the centrosomes out

16. Which statement CORRECTLYdescribes the function of bre type 1(correctly

completes option (iv) in the table above)?

a. bear tension and weight, anchoring smooth ER to rough ER

b. bear tension and weight, scaffolds cellular organelles

c. bear tension and weight, anchoring to plasma membrane proteins

d. bear tension and weight, scaffolds vesicle movements

17. Which statement CORRECTLYdescribes the function of bre type 3(correctly

completes option (vi) in the table above)?

a. bear tension and weight, anchoring smooth ER to rough ER

b. bear tension and weight, scaffolds vesicle movements

c. bear tension and weight, scaffolds cellular organelles

d. bear tension and weight, anchoring to plasma membrane proteins

Study the following table regarding eukaryotic cytoskeletal bres, and then answer the FOUR

(4)questions that follow.


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CONTINUED

18. Which statement CORRECTLYdescribes the Golgi apparatus?a. The Golgi receives vesicles at the transface from the RER, functions as the site of

translation proteins that are then packaged in vesicles that leave via the cisface to go to

their destination.

b. The Golgi receives vesicles at the transface from the RER, functions to process and

modify proteins that are then packaged in vesicles that leave via the cisface to go to

their destination.

c. The Golgi receives vesicles at the cisface from the RER, functions as the site of

translation of proteins that are then packaged in vesicles that leave via the transface to

go to their destination.

d. The Golgi receives vesicles at the cisface from the RER, functions to process and

modify proteins that are then packaged in vesicles that leave via the transface to go totheir destination.

19. Regarding membrane protein functions, which of the following statements is CORRECT?

a. Membrane proteins are responsible for both cell to cell recognition and cell anchoring,

and are stabilised by linking through to the microtubule cytoskeletal bres.

b. A protein that is enzymatically active and membrane-bound will function signicantly

differently to a protein that is enzymatically active and cytosolic.

c. Membrane proteins are manufactured in the internal cavity (lumen) of the rough ER.

d. Damage to the smooth ER could alter the makeup of the molecules that are displayed at

the cell surface.

20. TRUEor FALSE: The nuclear membrane is made up of a double phospholipid bilayer,

which contains nuclear pore proteins, and is supported by the nuclear laminar network.

a. False, the nuclear membrane does not contain phospholipids.

b. True, the nuclear pores allow entry and exit from the nucleus.

c. False, the nuclear membrane is a single lipid bilayer.

d. True, the nuclear laminar is found under the rst layer of the nuclear membrane.

21. TRUEor FALSE: snRNPs are integral to determining protein tertiary structure.

a. False, snRNPs are integral to determining protein function but not structure.b. False, snRNPs have nothing whatsoever to do with proteins, their structure or their

function.

c. True, snRNPs determine which amino acid side chains are available to contribute to the

tertiary structure.

d. True, snRNPs modify amino acid side chains which can and does alter protein tertiary

structure.


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CONTINUED

Read the following information and then answer the THREE (3)questions that follow.

In studying for her PhD, a researcher determines that the disease Sponditis is caused by the

functional absence of the protein named stabilo. She determines that:

Those without the disease have the protein stabilo, and the stabilo protein is fullyfunctional;

Those with the disease have a mutated form of the protein, called stabiloMUT, and the

mutation means that stabiloMUT no longer functions;

The gene coding for the stabilo protein seems to have undergone a number of one to two

nucleotide changes, and this has given rise to the gene for the stabiloMUT protein.

22. Regarding the development of the disease, is the underlying problem most likely to be an

issue in the process of transcription?

a. Yes, because what is being transcribed by the cell has changed.b. No, because a version of the protein is still being manufactured in the cell.

c. No, because transcription will not occur where the coding region of a gene has been

changed or mutated.

d. Yes, because it appears as though the post-translational modications are inactivating

the protein.


issue in the process of translation?

a. Yes, because the mutation appears to be silent, meaning the mutation(s) has/have not

altered the proteins structure or function.

b. Yes, because what is being translated by the cell has changed.

c. No, because translation will not occur where the coding region of a gene has been

changed or mutated.

d. No, because a version of the protein is still being manufactured in the cell.


issue in the process of mRNA maturation?

a. Yes, and a possible reason is a lack of a 5'cap attached to the 3'UTR.

b. Yes, and a possible reason is an absence of catalytic spliceosome proteins.c. No, because during transcription, elongation of the growing peptide chain will be

disrupted.

d. No, the mRNA coding for stabiloMUT will likely undergo the exact same maturation

steps as that of the mRNA coding for stabilo.


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CONTINUED

25. Which if the following statements is CORRECT?

a. Structure G is formed through the removal of B.

b. Structure D is formed by the removal of B.

c. Structure C is formed through the removal of B.

d. Structure F is formed through the removal of B.

26. All proteins have directionality. In describing this directionality, all proteins are said to be

ordered from:

a. G to F

b. F to G

c. D to C

d. C to D

27. Fill in the gaps to correctly complete the following statement:

Protein secondary structures are formed through bonding of ______ whereas tertiary protein

structures are stabilised by bonding of ______.

a. C, E

b. A, Cc. E, C

d. A, E

Study the following diagram, and then answer the THREE (3)questions that follow.


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CONTINUED

28. What is biochemical species a?

a. FADH2

b. CO2

c. acetyl coenzyme A

d. NADH

29. What is biochemical species b?

a. acetyl coenzyme Ab. NADH

c. CO2

d. FADH2

30. What is biochemical species d?

a. acetyl coenzyme A

b. NADH

c. CO2

d. FADH2

31. TRUEor FALSE: Phosphofructokinase is a pivotal enzyme in glycolysis, and regulates the

ability of a cell to produce ATP.

a. True, phosphofructokinase activity is stimulated by the accumulation of ATP in the cell.

b. False, phosphofructokinase activity is inhibited by the accumulation of cAMP in the cell.

c. True, phosphofructokinase activity is stimulated by the accumulation of AMP in the cell.

d. False, phosphofructokinase activity is inhibited by the accumulation of AMP in the cell.

32. Fill in the gaps to correctly complete the following statement:

The protein ras is a ______ that signals via a(n) ______ to ______ the cell cycle.

a. G protein, receptor tyrosine kinase, stimulate

b. proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase, inhibit

c. transcription factor, receptor tyrosine kinase, stimulate

d. G protein, intracellular receptor, stimulate

33. Regarding the pre-implantation embryo, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. Embryonic cells begin to differentiate into different tissues before the embryo implants.

b. The onset of cleavage marks the transition from a zygote to a two cell embryo.

c. Cells initially divide through a process called cleavage.

d. It is surrounded by a zona pellucida that helps the embryo implant.

Study the following biochemical equations about cellular respiration where the names of four

biochemical species have been replaced with the letters ato d, and then answer the THREE (3)

questions that follow.

1 x glucose 2 x pyruvic acid

2 x pyruvic acid 2 x aand 2 x band 2 x c

2 x b 6 x aand 2 x ATP and 4 x cand 2 x d


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CONTINUED

34. Which of the following is thought to correctly explain the differentiation of the inner cell

mass (ICM) in to the epiblast and hypoblast?

a. Cell fate decisions to become epiblast or hypoblast are inuenced by cells polarity.

b. Cells that are fully surrounded by other cells become part of the epiblast.

c. Cells are under the inuence of determinants that direct them to become epiblast or

hypoblast, independent of their position within the inner cell mass (ICM).

d. Removal of the layer of cells in contact with the blastocyst cavity leads to a failure to

form the hypoblast cell layer.

35. Once a three layered embryo is formed, which of the following structures is NOT FOUND?

a. amniotic cavity

b. epiblast

c. syncytial trophoblast

d. anterior neuropore

36. The hypoblast contributes to the formation of all of the following structures EXCEPTthe:a. head organiser.

b. primary chorionic villus.

c. wall of the yolk sac.

d. anterior visceral endoderm.

37. In a rare mutation, the blastocyst cavity fails to form. Based on what you know, which of the

following is most likely to be TRUE?

a. The trophoblast cells do not express Yap/Tead4

b. The epiblast and hypoblast fail to differentiate properly.

c. The inner cell mass cells die.d. Throphoblast cells express a dysfunctional Na+/K+ATPase.

38. Which of the following is formed as a direct result of gastrulation?

a. pharyngeal arches

b. amniotic cavity

c. blastocyst cavity

d. notochord

39. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

a. The endoderm contributes to structures in the limb.

b. The endoderm migrates to form the roof of the amniotic cavity.

c. The mesoderm layer is absent at the level of the bucchopharyngeal (oropharyngeal)

membrane.

d. The notochord extends through the entire length of the neural tube.

40. Which of the following occurs BEFOREthe embryo undergoes embryonic folding?

a. formation of an internal body cavity by fusion of lateral plate mesoderm sheets

b. appearance of the amniotic cavity

c. opening of the buccopharyngeal and oropharyngeal membranes

d. formation of a full set of segmented somites


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CONTINUED

41. Which of the following is NOTa derivative of the ectoderm?

a. skin dermis

b. trigeminal nerve

c. mesencephalic (midbrain) vesicle

d. bones of the lower face

42. The mesoderm contributes to all of the structures EXCEPTthe:

a. primitive heart.

b. spinal vertebrae.

c. pharyngeal arches.

d. lungs.

43. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. There are no somites at the level of the head.

b. There is no axial mesoderm at the level of the head (rostral to the level of the ear).

c. The mesoderm plays a role in the differentiation of the nervous system.d. The heart is formed by contributions from the ectoderm.

44. A mutation has been discovered where embryos do not form a notochord. Based on what you

know about the events that happen during and after gastrulation, which of the following is

the BESTpredicted phenotype of the mutant?

a. The neural plate will differentiate normally, but will fail to curl and close to form a

neural tube.

b. The neural plate will differentiate normally, but the spinal cord will fail to form.

c. The neural plate will fail to differentiate and the spinal cord will fail to form.

d. The neural tube will form normally but the regional dorso-ventral specication of thespinal cord will fail to proceed normally.

45. Regarding the mesoderm, which of the following is FALSE?

a. Lateral plate mesoderm ends up lining a body internal cavity formed during embryonic

folding.

b. Lateral plate mesoderm provides precursors for the long bones of the limb.

c. Somites becomes segmented in a caudal to rostral sequence.

d. Somite development is tightly regulated by the rhythmic expression of a specic set of

mRNAs.

46. Regarding the differentiation of the ectoderm, which of the following is FALSE?

a. It contributes to the formation of some bones.

b. All ectodermal derivatives surround the embryo, forming part of the skin.

c. Some elements of the peripheral nervous system do not originate from the neural plate.

d. Some ectodermal cells become mesenchymal and highly migratory.


a. The rhombencephalic vesicle gives rise to the hindbrain.

b. The closure of the anterior neuropore happens after the formation of the telencephalic

vesicle.

c. The neural plate forms as ectodermal cells become columnar in shape.d. The neural tube always forms by folding and closing of the neural plate.


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CONTINUED


a. Hox family of genes are not involved in the differentiation of the forebrain.

b. Hox genes secreted by the notochord inuences the position of the neural plate.

c. The formation of the brain depends on antagonists secreted by the anterior visceral

endoderm.d. The ventral somite differentiates under the inuence of the notochord.

49. Which of the following are structures associated with the pharyngeal arches?

a. bones of the forehead, muscles of the eyelids and muscles of mastication

b. bones of the forehead, muscles of the eyelids and trigeminal nerve

c. mandibular bone, muscles of mastication and trigeminal nerve

d. mandibular bone, muscles of the eyelids and trigeminal nerve


a. The yolk sac is irrigated by the vitelline portion of the embryonic circulatory system.

b. The extraembryonic mesoderm contributes to the placenta.

c. The cellular trophoblast is not a part of the secondary chorionic villus.

d. The chorion does not contribute to the structures of the umbilical cord.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS FOLLOW


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CONTINUED


In-Course Test 2015

BIOSCI 107

Short Answer Questions Section

Instructions

Print your name and ID in the space above

Print your name and ID at the top of each answer page.

Record your answers in the spaces provided. Only answers in the specied areas will be

marked.

All questions should be attempted.

Short Answer Format

Section B: Cells & Tissues 15 marks

Section C: Cell Structure and Function 20 marks

Section D: Embryology & Development 15 marks

Total: 50 marks. Recommended time: 60 minutes.

CT CSF E&D ALL

Admin Use Only

15 20 15 50

Family name: ________________________________________________

First name: ________________________________________________

Student ID Number: __________________________


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CONTINUED

SECTION B: CELLS & TISSUES

15 marks

Recommended time: 18 minutes

51. Correctly complete the following sentences.

(a) The junctions that provide the major form of electrical insulation near the apical

region of adjacent simple epithelial cells are called ________________ junctions.(0.5 marks)

(b) _______________ is the major common linker protein spanning the gap between

adjacent cells for both the adherens and __________________ junctions.(1 mark)

(c) The major junction type that spans between the basal surface of a cell and the

basement membrane is called a(n) _________________ junction.(0.5 marks)

Study the image below, and then answer the FOUR (4)question that follows.

52. The image above is a histology slide that shows a representative section of tissue from an

abdominal organ that belongs in TWO(2)different major body systems. One of the body

systems it belongs to is the Digestive System.


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CONTINUED

QUESTION/ANSWER SHEET

ID NUMBER: ___________________________

SURNAME: ____________________________ FIRST NAME: ______________________

(a) TRUEor FALSE: This histology slide shows predominantly epithelial tissue.

(0.5 marks)

Please circle: TRUE FALSE

(b) TRUEor FALSE: The main central feature of this section (labelled A) shows a

glomerulus. (0.5 marks)

Please circle: TRUE FALSE

(c) Correctly complete this sentence: (0.5 marks)

The image shown above is a histology slide that shows a representative section of

tissue from an abdominal organ, that belongs in TWO different major body systems.

The rst is the digestive system. The second is the __________________________

system.

(d) In the image above there is a structure marked B. Please use this to correctly

complete the following sentence: (1 mark)

This small circular structure marked B shows an epithelial lining that has an

appearance best described as being an example of ____________________

__________________ epithelium.

(Please note that TWO(2) words are required.)

52. cont.


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CONTINUED

53. There is one LOW magnication picture presented below of a transverse cross section of the

rodent neck. On this LOW magnication image, four locations are shown, labelled I to IV.

The HIGH magnication images of these same four locations are also shown, labelled I to IV.

Please study these images and then answer the EIGHT (8)questions that follow.

Correctly complete ALLof the following sentences.

(a) The organ shown in cross section and labelled with A in the low magnication

picture is called the ______________________________________________.

(0.5 marks)

(b) The major cell type being indicated by the arrow B in Picture I is a(n)

________________________ and this cell type belongs within the Basic Tissue

Type called _________________________ tissue.

(1 mark)


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CONTINUED

53. cont.

(c) This TYPE of cartilage indicated by C in picture II is named

____________________________ cartilage. (0.5 marks)

(d) The multiple little chambers or opening where cells reside within the cartilage

matrix (marked as D in picture III), are called _____________________ and in this

tissue they predominantly contain cells called__________________________.

(1 mark)

(e) The specic TYPE of muscle tissue associated directly with the trachea shown by the

arrow E in picture III is called, _________________________ muscle?

(0.5 marks)

(f) The cell indicated by F in picture IV, that has a red-spotted granular looking

cytoplasm in this slide, is most likely to be a _____________________cell.

(0.5 marks)

(g) The specic appearance of the type of epithelium present in the bracketed area

by the letter G in picture IV, is best classied as ______________________

______________________ epithelium.

(Please note that TWO(2) words are required.) (0.5 marks)

(h) The specic cell membrane modication indicated by the arrow H on the apical

aspect of these epithelial cells in picture IV is called _______________________.

(0.5 marks)


ID NUMBER: ___________________________



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CONTINUED

54. Shown below is a stylised image of Hyaluronan (also known as, hyaluronic acid) that is non-

covalently complexed with other large molecules that are comprised of sugars and protein.

These types of large aggregates are found in some connective tissues and synovial uid.

Study this diagram and then answer the questions that follow.

(a) In the image above, different component features of the molecular structure of the

complex have been indicated. Correctly label these features by writing the best

descriptive term for the component in the corresponding empty boxes. To do this,

please SELECT your answers from the list of options below, and WRITE it clearly in

each empty box on the diagram. The rst one (Hyaluronan) has already been done for

you. (2 marks)

Note: There are MORE terms provided as options than you need and a term canonly be used ONCE.

Select your answers from this list:

lipoprotein; linker protein; desmosome junction; integrin protein; cadherin complex;

core protein; proteoglycan; glycosaminoglycan; collagen; hyaluronidase; elastin;

connexin polysaccharide.

(b) What do we call the extracellular matrix jelly-like substance comprising a mixture of

protein, sugar and water? (0.5 marks)

_________________________________________________________________

Note: TWO(2) words required.

(c) Name the THREE(3) major types of connective tissue bre found in the extra cellular

matrix (ECM)?

Fibre type 1: __________________________________________________________

(0.5 marks)

Fibre type 2: __________________________________________________________

(0.5 marks)

Fibre type 3: __________________________________________________________(0.5 marks)

Hyaluronan orHyaluronic acid


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CONTINUED

55. Read through the following information and then answer the question that follows.

A person has an accident and deeply cuts a major arm muscle. You examine the wound, rstlylooking closely at the exposed damaged muscle, then looking at its deeper structure using

your light microscope, and nally using a handy portable atomic resolution microscope

that lets you see atoms and molecules. You note that all the structures, down to the simplest

molecular structure, have been damaged in the muscle.

Correctly complete the table below by writing in the structures that would be visible in this

cut muscle.

To do this, please ARRANGE the following NINE (9) anatomical terms in the CORRECT

ORDER as you would encounter them, going from outside (visible muscle level) down

progressively through to the smallest molecular component(s) of the muscle. Use ALLthe 9 terms in this list and use them only ONCE.

Myosin; Fascicle; Perimysium; Muscle-bre; Endomysium; Myobril; Myolaments;

Muscle-belly; Epimysium.

NOTE: Put the outermost anatomical layer in row Number 1 in the table below and

arrange your list to move progressively down to the innermost smallest molecular

component of the muscle structure by row Number 9.

Layer

Number

Anatomical Layer of Muscle

(Your Answer)Outermost Aspect

of Muscle Structure(Macroscopic

Resolution)1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9Innermost and

Smallest Aspect ofMuscle Structure

(Microscopicand Molecular

Resolution)


ID NUMBER: ___________________________


(1.5 marks)

(Hint: This rst level is a muscle connective tissue layer.)


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CONTINUED

THERE ARE NO QUESTIONS ON THIS PAGE.


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CONTINUED

56. Please read the information given below and then answer the questions that follow.

Dr.Manawanui* is a researcher at the University of Auckland. She is studying a disease

called Foundational Disorder or FD. When a patient has FD, there are three main

symptom sets:

1. Their cells seem to age or develop faster than normal;

2. In general, patients undertake many metabolic processes a lot faster than normal and

as the disease progresses, those same metabolic processes seem to no longer occur at

all;

3. Patients cells seem to divide more rapidly than normal.

As part of her research, she discovers that there are two proteins involved in the

development of FD; the rst is the enzyme phospholipase C and the second is a new protein

called caroASP*. BOTHof these proteins must be present for the disease to occur.

The protein caroASP is found to be a water-soluble protein that acts as a rst messenger in

cellular signalling. Dr.Manawanuis research also indicates that for FD to develop, there

must be calcium ions present. Dr.Manawanuis research indicates that are four possible

signalling systems that may be used by the protein caroASP; namely: Intracellular receptors;

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases;

G Protein Coupled Receptors;

Ligand Gated Ion Channels.

(*Please note that this is a ctional researcher working to characterise the ctional protein

caroASP, both of which have been created solely for the purposes of this exam.)


ID NUMBER: ___________________________


SECTION C: CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

20 marks



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CONTINUED

56. cont.

(i) Provided below is a list of specic steps that may or may notbe used by any or all of the

receptors above.

(5 marks)

(a) use of phosphorylation cascade

(b) signalling molecule able to freely cross biological membranes.

(c) signalling viaa second messenger

(d) uses dimerisation

(e) requires activation of an enzyme such as adenylyl cyclase

(f) uses autophosphorylation

(g) requires GTPase activity

Below are four types of cellular receptors, representing four different methods of cell

signalling. For each method below, correctly indicate (by circling the letter) which

specic steps from the list above (a to g) might be used during that method of cell

signalling. Signalling step (a) has been correctly lled in for all appropriate receptor

types for you.

Please circle only those that apply.

Intracellular receptorsuse the following steps during cell signalling:

Please circle:

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

Receptor tyrosine kinasesuse the following steps during cell signalling:

Please circle:

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

G protein coupled receptorsuse the following steps during cell signalling:

Please circle:

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

Ligand gated ion channelsuse the following steps during cell signalling:

Please circle:

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)


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CONTINUED


ID NUMBER: ___________________________


56. cont.

(ii) Based on the information provided and question 56(i) above, correctly indicate which

signalling pathway is the most likely to be used by the protein caroASP:

(1 mark)

Please circle:

INTRACELLULAR

RECEPTOR

RECEPTOR

TYROSINE

KINASE

G PROTEIN

COUPLED

RECEPTOR

LIGAND

GATED ION

CHANNEL

(iii) Based on your answer to question 56(ii) above, concisely draw or describe the general

signalling pathway most likely used by the protein caroASP.

(6 marks)


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CONTINUED

Dr.Manawanuis research shows that the outcome elicited from cell signalling is gene

expression; in particular, signalling via caroASP leads to the expression of the protein cyclin

(a second pathway to increase the production of cyclin, in addition to the regular pathway to

production of the protein).

(iv) Correctly but concisely explain what is meant by the term gene expression.

(1 mark)

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

(v) Circle the term that best describes the function of the protein caroASP.

(0.5 marks)

Please circle:

PROTO-

ONCOGENEONCOGENE

TUMOUR

SUPPRESSOR

MUTATED

TUMOUR

SUPPRESSOR

One of the potential treatments discussed for FD is the administration of cyclin, so that

cyclin is more readily and more constantly available in the cell.

(vi) Would this treatment plan (administration of cyclin to the affected cells) result in an

improvement in the disease, or would this make it worse? (0.5 marks)

Please circle:

IMPROVEMENT MAKE IT WORSE

(vii) Clearly but concisely justify your answer to question 56(vi). (3 marks)

56. cont.


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CONTINUED

A second potential treatment discussed for FD is the administration of a drug that;

systematically removes ions from a cell, so that those ions are never available in the cell.

(viii) Would this treatment plan (administration of drug to remove ions from the affected

cells) result in an improvement in the disease, or would this make it worse?

(0.5 marks)

Please circle:

IMPROVEMENT MAKE IT WORSE

(ix) Clearly but concisely justify your answer to question 56(viii). (2.5 marks)


ID NUMBER: ___________________________


56. cont.


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CONTINUED

THERE ARE NO QUESTIONS ON THIS PAGE.


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CONTINUED

57. You are an Embryology researcher, and carry out the following TWO (2) experiments.

Experiment 1: You are working with a dye that is red in colour, and is known to be able

to be used or applied to embryonic cells, and still persist and be visible all the way until

adulthood. During your experiment, you label cells that are migrating through the node

during Gastrulation.

(i) In the 2 month embryo, where would you expect to nd red cells?

(0.5 marks)

____________________________________________________________________

(ii) In the adult, where would you expect to nd red cells?

(0.5 marks)

____________________________________________________________________

(iii) Concisely justify your answer to question 57(ii) above.

(1 mark)

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________


ID NUMBER: ___________________________


SECTION D: EMBRYOLOGY & DEVELOPMENT

15 marks



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CONTINUED

Experiment 2: You are working with the same dye. In this experiment, it is applied to cells

that are migrating through the primitive streak, just behind the node, still during Gastrulation.

You examine the embryo and look for the labelled cells right after somite formation is

complete. From this, you are likely to see one of the following four possibilities:

A. Cells that are labelled red are found in all mesodermal structures.

B. Cells that are labelled red are found only in the intermediate mesoderm.

C. Cells that are labelled red are found in the somite, but not all cells are labelled.

D. Cells that are labelled red are found in the somite, and all cells are labelled.

(iv) In carrying out this experiment, the correct option that you are likely to see is:

(0.5 marks)

Please circle:

A B C D

(v) Concisely justify your answer to question 57(iv) above.

(1.5 mark)

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

57. cont.


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CONTINUED

58. Draw a schematic cross section of the secondary chorionic villus and label the tissues thatcontribute to it. (2 marks)

59. An early morula is harvested and the outermost layer of cells is experimentally removed. The

most likely result of this will be one of the following three possibilities:

A. The blastocyst cavity would fail to form.

B. Yap expression can be detected on the new cells that are forming the outside surface.

C. The embryo fails to implant.

(i) In carrying out this experiment, the correct option for the result that you are likely to

see is: (0.5 marks)

Please circle:

A B C

(ii) Concisely justify your answer to question 59(i) above. (2.5 mark)


ID NUMBER: ___________________________



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CONTINUED

60. The following FIVE (5)questions refer to the early embryonic heart.

(i) Draw a schematic diagram of the early embryonic heart (before looping) and label it

as appropriate. (2 marks)

(ii) Which region of the early embryonic heart is in the most cranial (rostral, anterior)

position in the embryo? (0.5 marks)

____________________________________________________________________

(iii) Which region of the early embryonic heart ends up in the most caudal (posterior)

position in the adult? (0.5 marks)

____________________________________________________________________

(iv) Which region of the early embryonic heart receives blood that is coming from the

placenta? (0.5 marks)

____________________________________________________________________

(v) Which region of the early embryonic heart receives blood that is coming from the

yolk sac? (0.5 marks)

____________________________________________________________________


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61. The following TWO (2)questions refer to the development of the somites.

(i) Correctly complete the following sentence. (1 mark)

The ventral somite begins expressing Pax1 in response to a molecule called

_____________________ which is secreted by the ______________________.

(ii) Correctly complete the following sentence. (1 mark)

The dorsal epithelium of the somite differentiates into two regions. One

of these regions is the ______________________, which gives rise to the

_____________________________.

END OF TEST.


ID NUMBER: ___________________________


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BIOSCI107 2015 Incourse Test