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Biosecurity on the Horse Farm. ANSC 420 – Critical Thinking in Animal Science March 24, 2010 Erin D. Pittman, MS, PAS. Oversight?. Why bother?. How do we control disease?. Vaccinations Farm Management. How it Works. Infection Control Plan Avoid or minimize exposure - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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ANSC 420 – CRITICAL THINKING IN ANIMAL SCIENCEMARCH 24 , 2010
ERIN D. PITTMAN, MS, PAS
Biosecurity on the Horse Farm
Oversight?
Why bother?
How do we control disease?
VaccinationsFarm Management
How it Works
Infection Control Plan Avoid or minimize exposure Optimize resistance
Vaccination Optimize overall health care Areas to consider
Nutrition and training/exercise schedule Ventilation and airflow in stabling area Insect control
Other Example: “normal” gastrointestinal flora
Horse Lifestyles – Pasture Potatoes!
Breeding
Breeding
Showing, trail-riding and lessons
Transport
Risk of Disease
Varies by type of horse population!Some horses predisposed to disease if
exposed: Foals, old horses Problems with digestive function Drug treatments
Situations can increase risk of exposure Commingling with other horses Exposure to insects
Before we talk “control…” Do you recognize a
sick vs. a healthy horse?
Vital Signs – Adult Horses
Controlling Infectious Diseases
Infection Control Plan1. Avoid or minimize exposure
2. Optimize resistance• Vaccination• Optimize overall health care• Other
Avoiding/Minimizing Exposure
How are diseases transmitted? Aerosol Oral Direct Contact Fomites Vector Zoonotic
Limiting exposure must address all methods of diseasetransmission!
Examples and Methods of Exposure
Where would you rather your horse be?
Things to Consider – Hygiene and Sanitation
Hygiene and Sanitation - Facilities
Hygiene and Sanitation - Personal
Hygiene and Sanitation - Horse
Transmission - Aerosol
Transmission – Oral
Transmission – Direct Contact
Transmission - Fomites
Transmission - Vector
Transmission - Zoonotic
Equine Diseases
Equine Herpes Virus
“Rhino”9 documented strains
5 affect domestic horses
EHV-1 and EHV-4 are most common and pathogenic
Clinical Signs: Fever! Malaise Respiratory Abortion Neurologic
Equine Infectious Anemia
“Swam Fever”Horses = natural hostClinical Signs:
Severe depression Weakness Sudden onset of high
fever Anemia!
No treatment available!
Detection = Coggins Test
Coggins Test
Equine Viral Arteritis
EVAClinical Signs:
Respiratory Infection Abortion Subfertility (stallions) Limb and Scrotal
Edema Skin reaction
Influenza
Clinical Signs: Harsh, dry cough Loss of appetite Depression Watery nasal discharge
Can lead to pneumonia
Eastern, Western, Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyeltis
ZOONOTIC DISEASES!
High fatality rates Eastern > Venezuelan
> WesternNeurological Signs
Vesicular Stomatitis
Can be transmitted between cattle/pigs and horses
Clinical Signs: Ulceration of mucosa
and coronary band Crusting lesions of
sheath, abdomenReportable Disease
Rabies
ZOONOTIC DISEASERaccoon strain most
common hereNeurological
symptoms Behavioral changes
are most common Time to clinical signs
varies No treatment
Streptococcus Equi
“Strangles”Clinical Signs:
High Fever Nasal Discharge Abscessed Lymph
nodes “Silent Carrier” status
High morbidity, low mortality
Salmonellosis
ZOONOTIC DISEASE!
Clinical Signs: Colitis Diarrhea
Highly contagious bacterial infection
Contagious Equine Metritis
Clinical Signs: Uterine infection Failure to conceive
Strict importation controls
Rhodococcus Equi
Leading cause of foal pneumonia Foals under 6 months
of age most susceptible
High (28%) mortality rate
Vaccinations
Purpose Acquired Immunity to diseaseInitial vaccination
Boosters for unvaccinated animals – 3-6 weeks apart (up to 3, depending on vaccine)
Annual or semi-annual boostersRoutes of AdministrationConsult with vetDifferent vaccines for different “types” of
horses! Broodmares vs. performance vs. “home-bound”
Intramuscular (IM) Intranasal (IN)
Routes of Administration
What are your options?
Establish a Biosecurity Plan Not as easy as vaccination Risk aversion of the operation or horse owner?
All will come at some cost!
Communication with staff, owners and visitors!
Make sure they know the rules!
Language barriers?
Signage
Visitors and employees?
Ask! Especially if there is a current disease outbreak in the area
Use good hygiene methodsHave a plan in case of outbreak
Separate Farm and Personal Vehicles
Traffic patterns
People, animals, vehicles Farm personnel Veterinarians Farriers Visitors Horse owners (boarders)
Wheel barrows, trucks, trailers, tractors, 4-wheelers, etc.
Facility Design
Think about infection control before you build Alleyways High traffic areas Treatment areas
(stocks, wash stall, etc.)
Ease of cleaningCan it be isolated?
Optimize Health Plans for All HorsesTransport and Housing
Post Contact Information
Insect Control
Facilities
Separated from other horses for (ideally) a minimum of 3 weeks
How far apart? Distances diseases travel not established “35 feet” rule for neurological herpes virus?
Management Separate equipment Do new horses last
Where does the drain go?
What if facilities or schedules don’t allow isolation?
Group horses according to use/exposure potential
Commingled horses are of equal status – exposure WILL happen between them
Keep number of horses per group as small as possible
Minimize contact between groups
Spread of disease can happen easily!
Consider all means of disease transmission
Route of exposure? Can you control it?
Insects, rodents, other animals!
Install Wash Stations
Clean and Disinfect Regularly
Recommendations for New Horses
Options for managing risk posed by horse contact
Establish health requirements Visiting horses New arrivals Horses returning after an event
Segregation by risk levelIsolation/monitoring of new arrivalsMonitoring for illness + plan of action
Quarantine
Examples of Health Requirements
Certificate of veterinary inspection (health certificate) Timing of exam vs. arrival of horse?
Ask about past medical history Illness in this horse or others it has been around
Examine horse when it arrivesTest for infection
Coggins test Others (i.e., screening for strangles)
Example of Testing for Infection
Endoscopy for Strangles
Isolation of New Arrivals
Adequate facilities?
Adequate equipment?
Enough personnel?
All must be present to ensure good infection control!
Early detection is key
Determine cause of disease Allows you to develop a control plan
Isolate ill horse(s) at first sign of diseaseDO NOT MOVE
EXPOSED HORSES Until you have determined
they don’t pose a risk to unexposed horses
Monitor exposed horses for illness
Recommendations for Show Horses
Maintain Herd Health Program
Avoid Contact with Other Horses and Equipment
House Traveling Horses Together
Quarantine Upon Return
Discuss Sanitation with Shipper
Recommendations for Racetracks
Coggins Test & CVI
Install Wash Stations
Limit Barn Access to Authorized Personnel Only
Recommendations for Hired Professionals
Decontamination Procedures
Decontamination
Disinfectants
Footbaths
Dispose of Waste
Risk Assessment