BIOSENSORS: ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

7/21/2019 BIOSENSORS: ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

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ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

BIOSENSORS

MADE BY: DEEPANSH MODY

U101113FBT259

NIIT UNIVERSITY


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INTRODUCTION

A BIOSENSOR IS AN ANALYTICAL DEVICE WHICH IS USED TO DETER

PRESENCE AND CONCENTRATION OF A SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE IN A B

ANALYTE.

THEY HAVE APPLICATIONS IN DIVERSE FIELDS LIE DIAGNOSTICS! D

MONITORING! FOOD INDUSTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

PROF. LELAND C CLAR "R. IS NOWN AS THE FATHER OF BIOSENSO


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Biosensor

DiBio receptor T#$%&'()*# Signal

Processing

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Bio sample

COMPONENTS OF A BIOSENSOR

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IT IS THE RECOGNITION COMPONENT. IT IS DESIGNED TO INTERACTSPECIFIC ANALYTE OF INTEREST AND PRODUCE AN EFFECT MEASUR

THE TRANSDUCER.

IT NEEDS TO BE IMMOBILIED IN THE VICINITY OF THE TRANSDUCER

OBTAIN PROPER PROBE ORIENTATION! AND INCREASE ACCESSIBILIT

TARGET ENYME.

IT IS DONE EITHER BY PHYSICAL ENTRAPMENT OR CHEMICAL ATTACH

CHEMICAL ATTACHMENT OFTEN INVOLVES COVALENT BONDING TOTRANSDUCER SURFACE BY SUITABLE REAGENTS.

IT IS TO BE NOTED THAT ONLY MINUTE QUANTITIES OF BIORECEPTOMOLECULES ARE NEEDED! AND THEY ARE USED REPEATEDLY FORMEASUREMENTS.

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A TRANSDUCER IS CAPABLE OF CONVERTING THE BIO6RECOGNITION

INTO A MEASURABLE SIGNAL.

IT ACTS AS AN INTERFACE! MEASURING THE PHYSICAL CHANGE THAT

WITH THE REACTION AT THE BIORECEPTOR! AND THEN TRANSFORM

ENERGY INTO MEASURABLE ELECTRICAL OUTPUT.

DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF TRANSDUCER! A BIOSENSOR IS DIVIDE

FOLLOWING CATEGORIES:

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WORING OF A BIOSENSOR ANALYTE DIFFUSES FROM THE SOLUTION TO THE SURFACE OF THE

BIOSENSOR.

ANALYTE REACTS SPECIFICALLY AND EFFICIENTLY WITH THE BIORE

THIS REACTION CHANGES THE PHYSIO6CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF

TRANSDUCER SURFACE.

THE TRANSDUCER THEN TRANSFORMS THE BIOLOGICAL SIGNAL IN

ELECTRICAL SIGNAL.

THIS SIGNAL IS PASSED ON TO THE MICROPROCESSOR! WHERE ITUNDERGOES AMPLIFICATION.

IT THEN REACHES THE DISPLAY! OR THE STORAGE DEVICE.


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BREATHROUGH 77GLUCOSE MONITORING BIOSENSORS:

THE GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION IN A BLOOD SAMPLE CAN BE MEASUDIRECTLY

GLUCOSE 8 O2 GLUCOSE OIDASEGLUCONIC ACID 8 H2O2

BIORECEPTOR: GLUCOSE OIDASE

TRANSDUCER:

1 OYGEN SENSOR6 MEASURES OYGEN CONCENTRATION

2 PH SENSOR6 MEASURES THE ACID ;GLUCONIC ACID

3 PEROIDASE SENSOR6 MEASURES H2O2CONCENTRATION


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APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSORS

BIOSENSORS HAVE APPLICATIONS IN A VARIETY OF FIELDS! RANGIN

FOOD QUALITY TO DNA SEQUENCING. SOME OF THE APPLICATIONS

DNA SEQUENCING

MUTATION DETECTION

CRIME DETECTION

FOOD ANALYSIS

DRUG DEVELOPMENT

QUALITY CONTROL

MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS

INDUSTRIAL PROCESS CONTROLS


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DNA BASED BIOSENSORS

THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE BEHIND DNA BIOSENSORS DEPENDS

SEQUENCE COMPLEMENTARITY AS PER CHARGAFF


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THEY ARE BASED ON THE OPTICAL TRANSDUCTION OF A BIOLOGICA

TO AN OPTICAL SIGNAL.

THE DEGREE OF TRANSDUCTION FOLLOWS BEER LAMBERT=S LAW.

OPTICAL BIOSENSORS CAN BE MINIATURIED BY USING FIBRE OPTI

CONVERT EMISSION SIGNAL INTO A DETECTABLE FLORESCENT SIGN

DNA PROBE AND TARGET HYBRIDISATION IS DETECTED BY A FLUOR

MARER! WHICH RESULTS IN TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION IN THE

WHICH IS MEASURED BY THE DETECTOR.

THE FLUORESCENCE MARER INTERCALATES WITH THE HELICAL STAND IN CASE OF SSDNA! MOLECULAR BEACONS ACT LIE FALSE HE

A MOLECULAR BEACON IS A SINGLE6STRANDED NUCLEIC ACID PRO

COMPRISING THREE FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS > A STEM! A LOOP! AND

FLUOROPHORE?QUENCHER PAIR

Optical DNA Biosensors


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DNA PROBE IS IMMOBILIED ONTO AN ELECTRODE ! AND A CHANGE

ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS ;EG: CURRENT! CONDUCTANCE! IMPEDAN

GENERATED BY THE HYBRIDISATION REACTION IS MEASURED.

Electrochemical DNA Biosen

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)-,/-(%'& $#* $$)*'+ * '%$ /#-@*!+) #*$) + *$#* '%$ $%' /#-'()***)#+)$ )$#*&.

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A STRETCH OF NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE WITH A FEW HUNDRED BAS

POSSESSES A MEASURABLE AMOUNT OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT. WHE

DNA PROBE HYBRIDISES WITH THE TARGET SEQUENCE! THERE IS A

INCREASE IN MOLECULAR WEIGHT! WHICH FURTHER LEADS TO A DIN THE RESONANT FREQUENCY OF THE PIEOELECTRIC BIOSENSOR

Piezoelectric DNA Biosens


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SIGNAL PROCESSING THE TRANSDUCED SIGNAL NEEDS TO BE PROCESSED BEFORE IT IS

MONITORED.

THIS IS DONE WITH THE HELP OF DNA6FET ;DNA FIELD EFFECT TRA

IT LEADS TO AN AMPLIFICATION IN THE SIGNAL PRODUCED.

HYBRIDISATION OF STRANDS LEADS TO CURRENT TRANSPORT THR

TRANSDUCER! WHICH IS FED INTO THE GATE TERMINAL OF THE FIE

TRANSISTOR.

THE NEGATIVE CHARGES RELEASED VARY THE GATE POTENTIAL! LE

A VARIED RESPONSE.

THE PROCESSING OF SIGNAL IS DONE USING THE FOLLOWING PRO


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THE SOURCE TERMINAL IS GROUNDED! AND OUTPUT IS OBTAINED AT

DRAIN TERMINAL.


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DNA SEQUENCING

IT IS DONE SO AS TO DETERMINE THE CORRECT ORDER OF BASES IN THE D

SPECIES. IT IS DONE USING PHOTOCLEAVABLE FLUORESCENT NUCLEOTIDES.

IT FOLLOWS SEQUENCING6BY6SYNTHESIS ;SBS METHOD.

THE BIORECEPTOR HERE IS THE SSDNA SEQUENCE WHICH HAS TO BE SEQ

DIFFERENT PHOTOCLEAVABLE FLUORESCENT NUCLEOTIDE ANALOGUES W

DGTP6PC6BODIPY6FL6510DTTP6PC6RG!

DATP6PC6RO!

DCTP6PC6BODIPY650

FLUOROPHORE WAS ATTACHED TO THE 5 POSITION OF THE PYRIMIDINES ANDPOSITION OF THE PURINES.


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AFTER IMMOBILISATION OF PROBE! PCR WAS CARRIED OUT ONE BASE AT

PCR BEGINS AT THE FIRST NUCLEOTIDE OF THE PROBE STRAND AND GR

COMPLEMENTARY BASE! TO WHICH ONLY ONE OF THE FLUOROPHORES

THE PCR COULD BE TERMINATED BY THE PHOTOCLEAVABLE

26NITROBENYL LINER ATTACHED TO EACH FLUOROPHORE.

IT WAS DONE USING THE UV NITROGEN LASER WITH DISTINCT

WAVELENGTHS! WHICH FACILITATED EACH FLUOROPHORE TO EMIT

LIGHT! WHICH WAS THEN DETECTED BY THE SCANNER.

MEANWHILE! THE NET STEP OF PCR WAS CARRIED BY THE

AIDO6LABELED PRIMER! WHICH IS A SELF PRIMING COMPLE ATTACHED TIMMOBILIED DNA TEMPLATE BY ENYMATIC LIGATION.


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MUTATION DETECTION

THE POINT MUTATIONS IN GENES RESULT IN VARIOUS DISORDERS!

INCLUDING CANCERS.

THE SNP CAN BE DETECTED USING PIEOELECTRIC DNA BIOSENSO

AS THE HYBRIDISATION OF TARGET DNA STARTS! SIGNALS ARE

TRANSFERRED TO QUART CRYSTAL! WHOSE RESONANT FREQUENCHANGES ACCEDING TO THE RECEIVED SIGNAL. DURING THIS PRO

THERE IS A MISMATCH BETWEEN THE PROBE=S SEQUENCE AND TH

SEQUENCE! THERE IS A DIFFERENCE IN THE RESONANT FREQUENC

QUART CRYSTAL! AND HENCE! MUTATION IS DETECTED.


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REFERENCES

WEBSITE LINS:

HTTP:??WWW.DOCSTOC.COM?DOCS?1355?PPT666BIOSENSORS6DNAPROTEIN6BIOSENSORS

HTTP:??EN.WIIPEDIA.ORG?WII?DNAFIELD6EFFECTTRANSISTOR

HTTP:??WWW.IUE.TUWIEN.AC.AT?PHD?WINDBACHER?NODE.HTML

HTTP:??WWW.ACADEMIA.EDU?1155?PRINCIPLEANDREVIEWONDNSOR

HTTP:??WWW.RESEARCHGATE.NET?POST?HOWDOESETHIDIUMBROMBRINTERCALATEWITHTHESINGLESTRANDEDDNAORRNA


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RESEARCH PAPERS:

OPTICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL DNA NANOBIOSENSORS!

HTTP:??WWW.MOLECULAR6BEACONS.ORG?DOWNLOAD?LI!AS01;111

RECENT ADVANCES IN FIBER6OPTIC DNA BIOSENSORS YI6MING WANIAO6FENG PANG1 ! YU6YU HANG2

FOUR6COLOR DNA SEQUENCING BY SYNTHESIS ON A CHIP USING PHCLEAVABLE FLUORESCENT NUCLEOTIDES

OPTICAL! ELECTROCHEMICAL! AND MAGNETIC DNA BIOSENSORS > AOVERVIEW! NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY

NUCLEIC ACID BASED BIOSENSORS FOR CLINICAL APPLICATIONS UT

BORA1!2! ARGHYA SETT1 AND DEEPIA SINGH1


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THANK YOU

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BIOSENSORS: ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES