Biosphere:

This is the portion of the Earth that supports living things.

The climates, soils, plants, and animals in one part of the world can be very different from those in other parts of the world.

Abiotic Factors

• The nonliving parts of an organism’s environment.– Air currents

– Temperature

– Moisture

– Light

– Soil

– Climate

– pH

– Fire

Water is needed to carry out all life processes.

Water Video Clip

Air is a combination of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and a few trace elements

Air Video Clip

Soil is a combination of decomposing organisms, minerals, and moisture

Its characteristics depend on the amount of rainfall and the temperature

Soil Video Clip

The range of temperatures in an area determines the organisms that live there

The seasons on earth are determined by the distance of the earth from the sun

The tilt of the earth toward or away from the sun affects temperature

Heat Video Clip

Sunlight is reflected, transmitted, and absorbed by the earth

Sunlight controls the temperatures on earth

Light Video Clip

Sunlight is 5 times more intense at the equator than the poles

Since less sunlight hits the poles, it is colder there

List all 5 abiotic factors

*Remember- “a” means not“biotic” means living

Biotic Factors

• Living organisms

• in the environment

• are biotic factors.

Levels of Organization

• Organism• Population• Community• Ecosytem• Biosphere

Organism=Living Thing

• Organism

• Population

• Community

• Ecosytem

• Biosphere

Mr. Sefcheck is an organism

Population- all individuals of thesame organism living in an area.

• Organism

• Population

• Community

• Ecosytem

• Biosphere

Population Video

A population of Sefchecks

Community- populations of differentorganisms living in an area.

• Organism

• Population

• Community

• Ecosytem

• Biosphere

Community Video

Ecosystem- consists of communitiesand abiotic factors

OrganismPopulationCommunityEcosystemBiosphere

Communities Abiotic factors

ElephantsGiraffesZebras

All living together

soil

water

sunlight

• African grasslands

• This is an example of

• an

• Ecosystem

Biosphere- made of all ecosystemson earth.

• Organism

• Population

• Community

• Ecosystem

• Biosphere

shelter space food

water

Habitat is where an organism lives.

Habitat Video

• What is a biotic factor?

What is an abiotic factor?

What is ahabitat?

List 4 parts of a habitat.

Give an example Of the following:

organism

population

community

ecosystem

biosphere

Population Growth

Limiting Factors

• What are limiting factors?• Factors that can limit the growth of

organisms.• What limiting factors may exist within an

ecosystem?– Light– Water– Soil pH

• Draw an age structure diagram of a population that is decreasing in size.

• What is carrying capacity? Can it ever change?• What is exponential growth?• What is logistic growth?• What is the boom and bust cycle• What is the difference between density dependent

and density independent factors?

• A niche is all strategies and adaptations a species uses in its environment. It is all the interactions with the biotic and abiotic parts of its habitat.

• These are large regions with a distinct climate and specific life forms. E.g. Desert, grassland. Each biome may have many ecosystems with communities adapted to the changes in soil, climate and other factors throughout the biome.

• Terrestrial ecosystems are found on land.

• The marine and freshwater portions of the biosphere are divided into aquatic life zones.

What is ecology? (oikos = house or place to life; logos = study of)

Ecology is the study of the way living things interact with each other and their physical surroundings. It looks at the ways an organism is molded by its surroundings, how they make use of these surroundings, and how the area is altered by the presence and activities of organisms.

These interactions involve energy and matter, which must flow through the organism if it is to stay alive.

is the genetic diversity, species diversity and ecological diversity that are so important to life on this planet. It is the result of adaptations that have evolved over billions of years due to environmental changes in the Earth’s past.

Biodiversity

Survival Relationships

• Most species survive because of the relationships they have with other species.

Predator-Prey Video

Pesticides Video

Symbiosis

• The relationship in which there is a close and permanent association between organisms of different species.

• It means “living together”.• There are three types of symbiosis:• Mutualism• Commensalism• Parasitism

Mutualism

• A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from each other.

• Ex. Lichen= algae + fungus

• (Alice algae and Freddy fungus had a lichen for each other)

Commensalism

• A symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.

• Ex. Moss growing on a tree trunk.

Parasitism

• A symbiotic relationship in which a member of one species derives benefit at the expense of another species.

• Ex. A dog with ticks.

Elephantitis

How Organisms Obtain Energy

• An organism that uses light energy or energy stored in chemicals to make energy-rich compounds are known as autotrophs.

• Ex. Photoautotrophs• Ex. Chemoautotrophs

• An organism that cannot make its own food and feeds on other organisms is called a heterotroph.

• A heterotroph that feeds only on plants is called a herbivore.

• Heterotrophs that eat other heterotrophs are called carnivores.

• Scavengers eat already dead animals.

• Decomposers(detrivores) break down the complex compounds of dead and decaying plants and animals into simpler molecules that can be more easily absorbed.

• Ex. Fungus and bacteria

Flow of Energy in Ecosystems

• A food chain is a simple model that are used to show how matter and energy move through an ecosystem.

• Autotrophs to heterotrophs to decomposers (detrivores)

• Each organism in a food chain represents a feeding step known as a trophic level.

Food Chain Video

Ex of Trophic Levels

• Starts with producers

• A first order heterotroph (= primary) is an organism that feeds on plants.

• Ex. grasshopper

• A second order heterotroph (=secondary)is an organism that feeds on the first order heterotrophs.

• Ex. The bird that feeds on the grasshopper.

• A third order heterotroph (=tertiary) feeds on the second order heterotroph also known as a carnivore.

• A fourth order hetertroph (=quaternary) is an organism that feeds on a third order hetertroph.

Food Webs

• A food web shows all the possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in a community.

Energy Pyramids

• An energy pyramid shows how energy flows through an ecosystem.

• The amount of available energy decreases at each succeeding trophic level.

• The total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next is only ten percent because organisms fail to capture and eat all the food energy available at the trophic level below them.

Energy Pyramid Video

Heat is NOT recycled!

The Water Cycle

• Evaporation = Liquid water becomes water vapor.

• Transpiration = Water given off by plants through their leaves (stomata).

• Precipitation = Water vapor becomes liquid water or snow.

Water Cycle Video

Transpiration

The Nitrogen Cycle

The Nitrogen Cycle

• Nitrification = bacteria change unuseable nitrogen into useable for plants.

• Denitrification = bacteria change useable nitrogen back into atmospheric nitrogen.

• Ammonia (nitrates) = most common nitrigen containing molecule given off by organisms as a waste product (through their urine).

• Protein = nitrogen containing molecule found and needed in organism.

Nitrogen Cycle

The Carbon dioxide-Oxygen Cycle

• Heterotrophs give off carbon dioxide.

• and take in oxygen.

• Autotrophs give off oxygen and take in carbon dioxide.

Oxygen-Carbon Dioxide Video

The Greenhouse Effect

Satellite GOES 6 monitors infrared reflected by Earth

The Ozone Hole

http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/daily.php?date=2006-12-31

The Phosphate Cycle