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Biostrat igraphy and Paleoecologic Tolerances of Oligocene through Paleocene Foraminiferal Assemblages
of the Gulf Coast Basin
S. Q. Breard, M. J. Nault, and A. D. Callender Applied Biostratigraphix, 1572 West Gray, No. 368, Houston, TX 77019
Extended Abstract
Operationally oriented biostratigraphic and paleoecologic models are developed for Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene foraminifera of the Gulf Coast Basin. This paper is a companion to Breard et al. (1993), which describes models of significant paleoecologic and biostratigraphic foraminifera of the Miocene through Pleistocene of this region.
Key benthic paleoenvironmental markers (Figs. 1 and 2) for particular depth zones of the Paleogene are graphically presented with updated biostratigraphic charts (Figs. 3 and 4). Estimates of environment ranges for optimal stratigraphic utility are listed for all marker species on the biostratigraphic charts.
It is important to note that species depth ranges on the two biostratigraphic charts are for their zones of optimum stratigraphic utility. It is possible to find shallower species reworked or ranging into deeper-than-normal zones, where they have little or no correlative value. It is also possible to find deeper water species ranging into shallower zones. This is especially true in the lower bathyal to abyssal zones of the Eocene and Paleocene, where species considered characteristic of these zones range above those environments (van Morkhoven et al., 1986). Because relatively few wells have penetrated such deep environments in the Eocene and Paleocene, we have relied on the literature for Paleogene deep-water sections of Mexico and Trinidad to supplement our list of environmentally important species. The United States Eocene and Paleocene Gulf Coast sections are mostly deposits from nonmarine to outer neritic environments. Published material on foraminifera from deep-water Eocene and Paleocene sections penetrated in oil and gas exploration wells is almost nonexistent. Literature on U.S. Gulf Coast Eocene and Paleogene foraminifera is based mostly on outcrop material.
Several trends are noted when comparing Paleogene to Neogene and younger foraminiferal assemblages. Pre-Oligocene planktic diversity tends to be high, and many planktic species range as high as the inner shelf, which is considerably shallower than most Neogene occurrences. This is probably a result of higher paleotemperatures during the Eocene and Paleocene. Because the Paleogene zonation was derived from both well and outcrop studies, the biostratigraphy of that time can be tied to Gulf Coast lithostratigraphy, whereas the Neogene of the Gulf Coast shelf section is known almost entirely from the subsurface.
Recognition of finer environmental subdivisions is more difficult with increasing geologic time because biostratigraphic and environmental resolution become more broad. Reliance on similar morphotypes replaces the use of living fauna for determining environment tolerances, especially in pre-Oligocene strata.
Comparison of several time slices in the Cenozoic reveals a generally decreasing trend in the number of recognizable biostratigraphic events with increasing time. A 2-million-year period in the Pleistocene between the extinction top/last appearance datum (LAD) of Globorotalia inflata and Globorotalia miocenica contains more than 20 planktic and benthic foraminiferal events. A 2-million-year interval in the Middle Miocene between LAD of Textularia W and Cibicides opima has a total of 12 foraminiferal datums. Another 2-million-year period in the Oligocene Anahuac Formation between LAD of Bolivina perca and Marginulina howei has but seven datable horizons. Similarly, a 2-million-year period in the Eocene Claiborne Group between LAD of Ceratobulimina eximia and Orbulinoides beckmanni has seven datums. Within a portion of Eocene Wilcox Formation, a 2-million-year period between LAD of Spiroplectammina wilcoxensis and Globorotalia acuta has but three marker events. Finally, a 2-million-year period in the Paleocene Midway Formation between LAD Vaginulina longiforma and Polymorphina cushmani has only four faunal datums. This clearly illustrates the decline in biostratigraphic resolution with increased time. This trend suggests greater environmental stability (e.g., higher, less fluctuating paleotemperatures) in the Paleogene, with decreasing Neogene stability resulting in more rapid evolution of Gulf Coast foraminiferal assemblages.
Combination of data from Figures 1 through 4 with Breard et al. (1993) will allow explorationists to estimate environmental tolerances for the entire Gulf Coast Cenozoic biostratigraphic column. This should serve as a predictive tool for foraminiferal studies useful in the exploration and production of oil and gas for the post-Mesozoic strata of the Gulf Coast Basin and beyond.
100'
30
0'
600'
15
00'
3000
' 60
00'+
M
AR
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INN
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icid
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ma
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nio
ne
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pp
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ulu
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p.
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elig
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xtu
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en
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ep
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r
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livin
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(few
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w)
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icid
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pip
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oid
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ntic
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bu
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en
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om
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M
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lace
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ew)
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ge
rin
a p
ere
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(few
)
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xica
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ide
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icid
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ho
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i
(co
mm
on
) U
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na
pe
reg
rin
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om
mo
n)
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ge
rin
a V
K
Vu
lvu
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ava
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ep
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dle
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mo
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culit
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nu
mm
us
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om
alin
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isco
rbis
6
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oid
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lata
(fe
w)
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xtu
lari
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ba
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tti
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ge
rin
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ria
rie
nsi
s U
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na
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els
kyi
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livin
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en
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ass
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bo
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ilost
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vulin
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pre
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us
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po
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limin
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an
na
i G
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idin
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ltif
orm
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oid
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lata
(co
mm
on
) H
oe
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ns
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gu
lina
ma
son
en
sis
No
do
sari
a lo
ng
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ta
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do
sari
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inic
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od
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sta
info
rth
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cto
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nu
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er
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idin
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e)
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mo
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ina
trig
on
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mm
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ira
ta m
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can
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no
ma
lina
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en
sis
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om
alin
a
me
cate
pe
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sis
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om
ella
ovi
form
is
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icid
es
ba
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icid
es
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ycla
mm
ina
can
cella
ta
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mo
spir
a ch
aro
ide
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idin
a o
rbic
ula
ris
Gyr
oid
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sold
an
ii H
ap
lop
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es
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ap
lop
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gm
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es
pro
bo
cid
ifo
rmis
H
ap
lop
hra
gm
oid
es
wils
on
i K
arr
eri
ella
bra
dyi
K
arr
eri
ella
me
xica
na
No
nio
n p
om
pili
oid
es
Pla
nu
lina
ha
ran
ge
nsi
s
(co
mm
on
) P
lan
ulin
a su
bte
nu
issi
ma
Pse
ud
og
lan
du
lina
com
atu
la
Re
ctu
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eri
na
sto
ne
i S
che
nck
iella
o
ccid
en
talis
S
che
nck
iella
pa
llid
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iph
og
en
eri
na
sen
ni
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idin
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ide
s (c
om
mo
n)
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xtu
lari
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tum
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eri
na
ad
ele
nsi
s U
vig
eri
na
H
Uvi
ge
rin
a m
exi
can
a V
ern
eu
ilin
a m
exi
can
a
Am
mo
dis
cus
ince
rtu
s A
no
ma
lina
do
rri
Cib
icid
es
cush
ma
ni
Cib
icid
es
spir
alis
C
ibic
ide
s m
exi
can
us
Cib
icid
es
wu
elle
rsto
rfi
Do
roth
iaa
sip
ho
nia
D
oro
thia
cylin
dri
ca
Egg
erel
la b
rad
yi
Ho
rmo
sin
a sp
p.
Pla
nulin
a re
nzi
Sa
cca
mm
ina
spp
. T
rita
xilin
a m
exi
can
a T
roch
am
min
a
glo
big
eri
nif
orm
is
Tro
cha
mm
ina
irre
gula
ris
Tro
cha
mm
ina
qu
ad
rata
U
vige
rina
ru
stic
a
Bu
limin
aro
stra
ta
La
tica
rin
ina
pa
up
era
ta
Osa
ng
ula
ria
cult
er
Osa
ng
ula
ria
me
xica
na
Vu
lvu
lina
me
xica
na
Vu
lvu
lina
spin
osa
Co
mp
iled
by:
S
.Q.
Bre
ard
M
.J.
Na
ult
A.D
. C
alle
nd
er
(Oct
ob
er,
19
94
Fig
ure
1. S
elec
ted
fora
min
ifer
al p
aleo
env
iro
nm
enta
l in
dic
ato
rs f
or t
he
Oli
goce
ne o
f th
e G
ulf
Co
ast
Bas
in.
0'
100'
MA
RG
INA
L M
AR
INE
Am
rno
ba
culit
es
spp
. E
lph
idiu
m s
pp
. H
ap
lop
hra
gm
oid
es
spp
. th
in
Ost
raco
ds
Tro
cha
rnm
ina
spp
, fla
t
INN
ER
N
ER
ITIC
M
IDD
LE
NE
RIT
IC
300'
60
0'
1500
' 6
00
0'+
OU
TER
U
PP
ER
M
IDD
LE/L
OW
ER
J
NE
RIT
IC
BA
THY
AL
BA
TH
YA
L A
Am
ph
iste
gin
a sp
p.
Ast
eri
ge
rin
a te
xan
a B
ifari
na
spp
. C
am
eri
na
spp
. C
era
tob
ulim
ina
exi
mia
C
ibic
ide
s h
ilga
rdi
Co
rnu
spir
a o
lyg
og
yra
Dis
cocy
clin
a sp
p.
Dis
corb
is c
oco
ae
nsi
s O
isco
rbis
he
mis
ph
eri
ca
Dis
corb
is s
pp
. D
isco
rbis
ye
gu
ae
nsi
s E
gg
ere
lla c
ush
ma
ni
Ep
on
ide
s m
exi
can
a E
po
nid
es
spp
. E
po
nid
es
yeg
ua
en
sis
Gyp
sirt
ag
lob
ula
L
am
arc
kin
a cl
aib
orn
en
sis
Le
pid
ocy
clin
a sp
p.
Ma
rgin
ulin
a co
coa
en
sis
Ma
ssili
na
pra
tti
Mili
olid
s
No
do
sari
a m
exi
can
a N
on
ion
spp
. N
on
ion
ella
co
ckfi
eld
en
sis
No
nio
ne
lla s
pp
. O
pe
rcu
lino
ide
ssp
p.
Ro
bu
lus
spp
. sm
oo
th
Sip
ho
nin
a sp
p.
Sp
iro
ple
cta
mm
ina
wilc
oxe
nsi
s T
extu
lari
a d
ibo
llen
sis
Tex
tula
ria
ho
ckle
yen
sis
Te
xtu
lari
a sm
ilhvi
llen
sis
Tex
tula
ria
spp
. T
extu
lari
a za
po
ten
sis
Vag
inul
ina
lon
gif
orm
a
De
ep
Inne
r
An
om
alin
a p
erf
ora
ta
An
om
alin
a u
mb
on
atu
s C
era
tob
ulim
ina
pe
rple
xa
Dis
corb
is n
ew
ma
na
e M
arg
inu
lina
fra
ge
ria
texa
sen
sis
Ma
rgin
ulin
a tu
be
rcu
lata
R
ob
ulu
s g
utt
ico
sta
tus
Ro
bu
lus
mid
wa
yen
sis
Ro
bu
lus
me
xica
nu
s U
vig
eri
na
ga
rdn
era
e (f
ew)
Ala
ba
min
a m
idw
aye
nsi
s lim
ba
ta
Ala
ba
min
a sc
itu
ia
An
om
alin
a co
coa
en
sis
Bo
livin
a ja
ckso
ne
nsi
s B
oliv
ina
hu
ne
ri
Bo
livin
a lo
uis
ian
a C
an
cris
cla
ibo
rne
nsi
s C
lavj
lino
ide
s
gu
aya
ba
ien
sts
Cla
vulin
oid
es
mid
wa
yen
sis
Cyc
lam
min
a ca
ne
rive
ren
sis
Cyc
lam
min
a E
E
po
nid
es
gu
aya
ba
len
sis
Gla
nd
ulin
a la
evi
ga
ta
Gyr
oid
ina
A l
imb
ata
G
yro
idin
a o
cto
cam
era
ta
Pla
nu
lina
kniff
en
i P
oly
mo
rph
ina
cush
ma
ni
Ro
bu
lus
pse
ud
oco
sta
ta
Sa
race
na
ria
spp
. S
igm
om
orp
hin
a
jack
son
en
sis
Uvi
ge
rin
a g
ard
ne
rae
{co
mm
on
) V
ag
inu
lina
gra
cilis
V
agin
ulin
a m
idw
aya
na
Vag
inul
ina
rob
ust
a
De
ep
Mid
dle
Bu
limin
a ca
cum
en
ata
B
ulim
ina
jack
son
en
sis
(few
) C
hilo
sto
me
lla e
oce
nic
a G
yro
idin
a o
be
sa
Ho
eg
lun
din
a e
oce
nic
a P
lect
ofr
on
dic
ula
ria
spp
. P
seu
do
ep
on
ide
s a
eri
s P
seu
do
ep
on
ide
s la
ssis
P
seu
do
ep
on
ide
s m
ed
ialis
R
ob
ulu
s in
suls
us
Uvi
ge
rin
a co
coa
en
sis
Uvi
ge
rin
a ja
ckso
ne
nsi
s
Bo
livin
a d
alli
B
oliv
ina
retif
era
Bo
livin
a st
ria
tella
ta
Bu
limin
a ja
ckso
ne
nsi
s (c
om
mo
n)
Ca
ssid
ulin
a su
bg
lob
osa
C
ibtc
ide
s a
llen
i C
ibic
ide
s co
coa
en
sis
Cib
icid
es
cush
ma
ni
Cib
icid
es
wa
lli
Co
elit
esr
eti
culo
sus
Elli
pso
no
do
sari
a sp
p.
Ep
on
ide
s p
lum
me
rae
Ga
ud
ryin
a sp
p.
Lin
gu
lina
sub
cra
ssa
Osa
ng
ula
ria
exp
an
sa
Ro
bu
lus
eu
gly
ph
eu
s T
rifa
rin
a b
rad
yi
Uvi
ge
rin
a d
um
ble
i U
vig
eri
na
gla
bre
ns
De
ep
Ou
ter
Ga
ud
ryin
a ja
ckso
ne
nsi
s L
ieb
use
llatu
rgid
a L
iste
rella
pe
tro
sa
Vu
lvu
lina
ad
ven
a
Allo
mo
rph
ina
trig
on
a A
no
ma
lina
cap
ita
tus
An
om
alin
a d
orr
i A
rag
on
ia v
ela
sco
en
sis
Bo
livin
oid
es
de
lica
tulu
s B
ulim
ina
glo
ma
rch
alle
ng
eri
B
ulim
ine
lla g
rata
C
ibic
ide
s b
rad
yi
Cib
icid
es
cari
ba
ea
Cib
icid
es
pe
rlu
cid
us
Cyc
lam
min
a e
leg
an
s G
au
dry
ina
pyr
am
ida
ta
Glo
mo
spir
a ch
aro
ide
s G
yro
idin
a g
lob
osu
s H
ap
lop
hra
gm
oid
es
exc
ava
ta
Hyp
era
mm
ina
spp
. N
od
osa
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sari
a ve
lasc
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nsi
s P
lan
ulin
a co
sta
ta
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ab
da
mm
ina
spp
. R
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aki
na
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pp
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s
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icid
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icid
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s R
ecu
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p.
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elt
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rita
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exi
can
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is
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s T
roch
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min
a p
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us
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ava
ne
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s V
ern
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ilin
a tr
iqu
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a V
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can
a
Sa
me
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thya
a
bu
nd
a P
lan
kli
spe
cie
ass
em
Co
mp
iled
by:
S
.Q.
Bre
ard
M
.J.
Na
ult
A.D
. C
alle
nd
er
(Oct
ob
er,
199
4)
Fig
ure
2. S
elec
ted
fora
min
ifer
al p
aleo
env
iro
nm
enta
l in
dic
ato
rs f
or t
he
Eo
cen
e an
d P
aleo
cen
e of
th
e G
ulf
Co
ast
Ba
114 TRANSACTIONS OF THE GULF COAST ASSOCIATION OF GEOLOGICAL SOCIETIES, VOL. XLIV, 1994
SE
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Figure 3. Foraminiferal biostratigraphy and useful paleoenvironmental ranges of marker foraminifera of Oligocene strata of the Gulf Coast Basin.
BREARD, NAULT, CALLENDER 115
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MID
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IAN
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PA
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IAN
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MID
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^ ^ ^ • • i i n n ™'"T^M J
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CE
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MID
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PA
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CE
NE
DAN
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KINCAID
n K / ' Compiled by
CRET. MAAS. NAVA.
S Q Bteard
CRET. MAAS. NAVA. K! C !MP -AY |
AC (Oc
Calien lODer 1
aer 94)
Figure 4. Foraminiferal biostratigraphy and useful paleoenvironmental ranges of marker foraminifera of Eocene and Paleocene strata of the Gulf Coast Basin.
116 TRANSACTIONS OF THE GULF COAST ASSOCIATION OF GEOLOGICAL SOCIETIES, VOL. XLIV, 1994
References
Albers, C. C , et al., 1966, Foraminiferal ecologic zones of the Gulf Coast: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 16, p. 345-348.
Bandy, O. L., 1949, Eocene and Oligocene foraminifera from Little Stave Creek, Clarke County, Alabama: Bulletin of American Paleontology, v. 32, no. 131, 210 p.
Berggren, W. A., and Miller, K. G., 1989, Cenozoic bathyal and abyssal calcareous benthic foraminiferal zonation: Micro-paleontology, v. 35, no. 4, p. 308-320.
Breard, S. Q., Callender, A. D., and Nault, M. J., 1993, Paleo-ecologic and biostratigraphic models for Pleistocene through Miocene foraminiferal assemblages of the Gulf Coast Basin: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 43, p. 493-502.
Cole, W. S., 1927, A foraminiferal fauna from the Guayabal Formation in Mexico: Bulletin of American Paleontology, v. 14, no. 51, 46 p., 5 pis.
Cole, W. S., 1928, A foraminiferal fauna from the Chapapote Formation in Mexico: Bulletin of American Paleontology, v. 14, no. 53, p. 200-232, pis. 1-5.
Cushman, J. A., 1935, Upper Eocene foraminifera of the south-eastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 181, 88 p., 23 pis.
Cushman, J. A., 1951, Paleocene foraminifera of the Gulf Coast region of the United States and adjacent areas: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 232, 73 p., 24 pis.
Cushman, J. A., and Ellisor, A. C , 1945, The foraminiferal fauna of the Anahuac Formation (Middle Oligocene of Texas): Journal of Paleontology, v. 19, no. 6, p. 545-572.
Cushman, J. A., and Jarvis , P. W., 1932, Upper Cretaceous foraminifera from Trinidad: Proceedings of U.S. National Museum, v. 8, no. 2914, 60 p., 16 pis.
Cushman, J. A., and Renz, H. H., 1947, The foraminiferal fauna of the Oligocene Saint Croix Formation of Trinidad, British West Indies: Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication 24, 46 p., 8 pis.
Cushman, J. A., and Stainforth, R. M., 1945, The foraminiferal of the Cipero Marl Formation of Trinidad, British West Indies: Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, Special Publication 14, p. 3—75, pis. 1-16.
Garrett, J . B., 1938, The Hackberry Assemblage—an interesting foraminiferal fauna of post-Vicksburg age: Journal of Paleontology, v. 12, no. 4, p. 309-317.
Gernant , R., and Kesling, R. V., 1966, Foraminiferal paleoecology and paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the Oligocene middle Frio in Chambers County, Texas: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 16, p. 131-158.
Howe, H. V., 1939, Louisiana Cook Mountain Eocene foraminifera: Louisiana Geological Survey Bulletin 14, 122 p., 14 pis.
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