BiotechnologyBiotechnology A historical overview A historical overview

Dr Chee Kai ChanDr Chee Kai ChanLa Trobe UniversityLa Trobe University

BiotechnologyBiotechnology

Modern Modern BiotechBiotechClassicalClassical

BiotechBiotech

GenomicsGenomics

Recombinant Recombinant DNADNA

MicrobialMicrobialBiotechBiotech

Plant Plant BiotechBiotechAnimal Animal

BiotechBiotech

MarineMarineBiotechBiotech

ImmunologyImmunology

Medical Medical BiotechBiotech

ForensicForensic

FermentationFermentation

BreedingBreeding

Restriction enzymologyRestriction enzymologyCloningCloningMicroarrays/GENE CHIPMicroarrays/GENE CHIP

Human Genome ProjectHuman Genome ProjectFunctional genomicsFunctional genomicsPROTEOMICSPROTEOMICS

CANCER RESEARCHCANCER RESEARCHGENE THERAPYGENE THERAPYTHERAPEUTIC CLONINGTHERAPEUTIC CLONINGSTEM CELLSSTEM CELLS

HUMAN DEFENCE SYSTEMHUMAN DEFENCE SYSTEMVACCINESVACCINESANTIBODIESANTIBODIES

FOOD BIOTECHFOOD BIOTECHENZYMOLOGYENZYMOLOGYANTIBIOTICSANTIBIOTICSFUELSFUELSBIOPOLYMERSBIOPOLYMERSAGRICULTUREAGRICULTUREBIOREMEDIATIONBIOREMEDIATION

TISSUE CULTURETISSUE CULTUREGENETICALLY MODIFIEDGENETICALLY MODIFIEDMEDICIANLMEDICIANL

TRANSGENICSTRANSGENICSAGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE

FISH BIOTECHFISH BIOTECHNATURAL BIOPRODUCTSNATURAL BIOPRODUCTS

ANIMAL HUSBUNDARYANIMAL HUSBUNDARYCROP IMPROVEMENTCROP IMPROVEMENTHIGHER YEILDHIGHER YEILDHIGHER RESISTANCEHIGHER RESISTANCE

CHEESECHEESEBEERBEERWINEWINEBREADBREADYOGHURTYOGHURT

DNA FINGER PRINTINGDNA FINGER PRINTINGCRIMINIAL PROFILINGCRIMINIAL PROFILINGCRIME SCENE INVESTIGATIONCRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

Dynamic time lineof biotechnology

• http://www.bio.org/speeches/pubs/er/timeline2.asp

• http://www.childrensmuseum.org/biotech/timeline.htm

Definitions

• Use of biology to solve problemsbiology to solve problems

• Developing Biological products useful to manBiological products useful to man

• Biotechnology” was first coined in 1917 by Karl Ereky1917 by Karl Ereky, a

Hungarian engineer and for much of the last century; it has

been the broad term applied to the use of any living use of any living

organism for a practical purpose,organism for a practical purpose, anything from the

selective breeding of plants and animals to fermentation of

beer or treatment of sewage with organic materials.

Classical Biotech Cutting edge Biotech

• Making of bread using yeast• Wine from grapes• Cheese & yoghurt from milk• Beers from malt & barley• New crops and animals from breeding

• Therapeutic drugs-magic bullet• GM Super crops pest resistant and bumper yield• Nanobots for microsurgery• Personalized medicine, information of personal genome on a

chip

Domestication of animals and cultivation of plants

Artificial selection of genetic variation or selective breeding

Evidence since 8000-8000-1000BC1000BC

Eg maize, rice, wheat, palms, dogs, horses, camels ,oxens

Prehistoric attempts by ancient ancestors to manipulate genetic composition of useful species.

Biotechnology: Is it something new ?

Yeast for baking, wine & beers

http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/Chem101/alcohol/alcohol.htm

Sumerian tablet recipe for beer 3200 BCAncient Egyptians diet included bread & beerChinese use of fermentation using beneficial bacteria to flavor and preserve food. Aztecs make cakes from Spirulina algae.

5000 year old bread

http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/bread.htm

Herbs for medicine ancient vaccines

Saffron- stigmas of the flowerCrocus sativus

Cumin

Tumeric

And the ancient Chinese first inoculated people with a weakened strain of the smallpox (variola) virus to prevent further infection

Greek ideas of inheritanceHippocrates (400-500BC)Various parts of a man’s body contains “humors” that are bearers of hereditary traits that are drawn to contribute to the semen. Offspring preformed as miniature, newborn which will inherit the traits of father.

Aristotle (384-322 BC) Male semen possess the “vital heat” which cooks and shapes the menstrual blood which is the “physical substance’ to give rise to an offspringEmbryo develops as a result of shaping power of vital heat.

Dawn of modern biologyDawn of modern biology1600-1600-

Theory of EpigenesisEmbryonic development Differentiates into adult structures and organs not present initially. They are formed de novo.

Theory of PreformationSex cell contain a complete miniature adult called the homunculus.Its perfect in every formStill popular in the 1700sDispel by embryologist Casper Wolff.

Why was Mendel's work not appreciated b4 1900?

1850-1900birth of modern genetics

Charles DarwinOrigin of species Gregor Mendel

Principles of Inheritance in pea plants

1900

1850

1866

1859

Carl Correns, Hugo de Vries & Tschermak Rediscovery of Mendel’s work. Beginning of modern genetics 1900

Natural selection. How does the variation that drives evolution get transmitted? If Darwin had considered Mendel's work he would have an available answer. Darwin did receive Mendel's paper but was unread (unopened).

Gregor Johann Mendelfather of classical genetics

Heinzendorf Central EuropeAugustinian monk1856

Developed the theory of inheritanceDemonstrated with statistical data from crossing Pisum sativumUnits of inheritance exist and parents transmit these traitsto offspring in predictable pattern.Hybridization expts thru careful observation, experimental design, analysis and good science laid down the principles of transmission genetics

Unappreciated , but rediscovered 1900

Experiments in plant hybridization

Pasteurization

• -1861 French chemist Louis Pasteur develops pasteurization - preserving food by heating it to destroy harmful microbes.

Chromosomal theory of inheritance

Chromosomes discovered in early 20th centuryEpigenetic interpretation was further established

Inherited traits are controlled by genesThey reside in chromosomesThese traits are faithfully transmitted through gametes (reproductive cell) to future individuals in the next generation

Thomas Hunt Morgan

1900-1950cell biology, chromosomes,

the search for genetic material

1900 1950

Stevens & WilsonSex chrXX: female XY: male

1902

1908

Archibald GarrodInborn errors of metabolismDue to lack of specific enzyme (albinism & alkaptonuria)

1944

Avery, MacLeod & McCartyPurified the transforming principle found to be DNA

1945

Max DelbruckBacteriophages

NB Nucleic acid was 1st discovered 1869 by Friedrich Miescher obtained from pus

1910

Thomas H MorganChr theory of inheritanceX linked inheritanceFly lab (Sturtevant)Linkage analysis

Barbara McClintockJumping genesColour variationin MaizeTransposableelements

Erwin ChargaffA:T, G:C ratio

1st antibiotic Penicillin discovered byAlexander FlemingHoward Florey1928

1919 term biotechnology used fro the 1st time

Karl Ereky

Paul Berg & Herb Boyer1st recombinant DNA molecules

1972

Francis Crick & James WatsonSolved double helixstructure of DNA

1953

1950-1980The code breakers

1950 198019701960

Smith & Wilcox1st restriction enzymeHind III

19701951

Rosalind FranklinX-ray diffraction photos of DNA

1952

Martha Chase &Alfred HersheyProof that DNA isMolecule of heredity

1977

Fred SangerDNA sequencing

BoyerHuman Insulin from bacteria1978 Genentech

Monolconal antibody 1975 Kohler and Milstein.

The dawn of biotechnology

1960s-1980s

• 1960's Olah Hornykiewicz, who originally discovered that

Parkinson's disease - development of L-Dopa as a therapeutic L-Dopa as a therapeutic

agentagent while working in Toronto.

• 1961 Discovery of the hematopoietic stem cell by Toronto researchers

• 1975 George Kohler and Cesar Milstein show that fusing cells can

generate monoclonal antibodiesmonoclonal antibodies.

• • 1982 First genetically engineered product - human insulinhuman insulin

produced by Eli Lilly and Company using E. coli bacteria - is

approved for use by diabetics.

1980-2000

1980 1990 2000

Kary MullisPCR

1985 Olson, YAC1987

1989

Francis CollinsLap Chee TsuiIdentified gene CFTR(cystic fibrosis)

Human Genome project

Embryonic stem cells

1998

GM corn, FlavrSavr tomatoes

1994

Breast cancer gene Bcl-1, Bcl-2Obesity geneApoptosis gene etcidentified

WilmutClonesDolly

1997

Gene Chip

Gene control of developmentin Drosophila

Gene therapy trial

Automated DNASequencing machineCaltech & ABI

1986

Check timeline

Huntington's diseaseLinked to markerGusella

Announcement of HGP completionCollins & Venter

Alec JeffreysDNA fingerprinting 1984

2000-2010

2000 2005 2010

Glofish2003GM zebrafish

1985 Olson, YAC1987

1988

Preimplantation genetics

Alec JeffreysDNA fingerprinting

1989

Francis CollinsLap Chee TsuiIdentified gene CFTR(cystic fibrosis)

Human Genome project

Embryonic stem cells differentiated to heart muscle cells

1998

GM corn, tomatoesFlavrSavr

1994

Breast cancer gene Bcl-1, Bcl-2Obesity geneApoptosis gene etcidentified

Gene Chip

Gene control of developmentin Drosophila

Personal genomeSequencing

$1000

Rice genome seq-2002

1986

Check timeline

Personalised medicine

Announcement of HGP completionCollins & Venter

Gene-ethics II

Genetics and agricultureGM food: increased yields, increase resistance to pest etcsuper strains and special desirable qualities eg increaseprotein yield, with special vitamins, or aa, reduce vulnerabilityto weather conditions or pesticide.Green revolution-Borlaug, Nobel prize 1970-mexican wheatBt (B.thuringiensis) pest resistance (produce toxin that kills insects)Round up (glyphosate resistance gene)

Genetics and medicine Human Genome projectGene therapy Animal CloningHuman CloningStem cells-regenerative medicine

BiotechnologyBiotechnology

Modern Modern BiotechBiotechClassicalClassical

BiotechBiotech

GenomicsGenomics

Recombinant Recombinant DNADNA

MicrobialMicrobialBiotechBiotech

Plant Plant BiotechBiotechAnimal Animal

BiotechBiotech

MarineMarineBiotechBiotech

ImmunologyImmunology

Medical Medical BiotechBiotech

ForensicForensic

FermentationFermentation

BreedingBreeding

Restriction enzymologyRestriction enzymologyCloningCloningMicroarrays/GENE CHIPMicroarrays/GENE CHIP

Human Genome ProjectHuman Genome ProjectFunctional genomicsFunctional genomicsPROTEOMICSPROTEOMICS

CANCER RESEARCHCANCER RESEARCHGENE THERAPYGENE THERAPYTHERAPEUTIC CLONINGTHERAPEUTIC CLONINGSTEM CELLSSTEM CELLS

HUMAN DEFENCE SYSTEMHUMAN DEFENCE SYSTEMVACCINESVACCINESANTIBODIESANTIBODIES

FOOD BIOTECHFOOD BIOTECHENZYMOLOGYENZYMOLOGYANTIBIOTICSANTIBIOTICSFUELSFUELSBIOPOLYMERSBIOPOLYMERSAGRICULTUREAGRICULTUREBIOREMEDIATIONBIOREMEDIATION

TISSUE CULTURETISSUE CULTUREGENETICALLY MODIFIEDGENETICALLY MODIFIEDMEDICIANLMEDICIANL

TRANSGENICSTRANSGENICSAGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE

FISH BIOTECHFISH BIOTECHNATURAL BIOPRODUCTSNATURAL BIOPRODUCTS

ANIMAL HUSBUNDARYANIMAL HUSBUNDARYCROP IMPROVEMENTCROP IMPROVEMENTHIGHER YEILDHIGHER YEILDHIGHER RESISTANCEHIGHER RESISTANCE

CHEESECHEESEBEERBEERWINEWINEBREADBREADYOGHURTYOGHURT

DNA FINGER PRINTINGDNA FINGER PRINTINGCRIMINIAL PROFILINGCRIMINIAL PROFILINGCRIME SCENE INVESTIGATIONCRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION