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What is biotechnology? The Office of Technology Assessment of the US Congress defined as: “Any techniques that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms, to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses.”
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BIOTEHNOLOGYPROCESSING PRINCIPLE
What is biotechnology?
• The Office of Technology Assessment of the US Congress defined as:
“Any techniques that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms, to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses.”
Why Biotechnology Such A Big Deal?
• The benefits of biotechnology may be discussed under 6 major categories:
1. Agriculture (crop, livestock).2. Industry (ethanol, biofuel, bioplastic).3. Health/medicine (diagnostic tool, vaccine)4. Environmental (bioremediation, disease
resistant cultivar)5. Forensic (crime, paternity disputes)6. Advancement of knowledge
What is a bioprocess?
• An industrial operation in which living systems are used to transform raw materials (biological or nonbiological) into products.
• It is a multidiscipline (biochemistry + chemical engineering + biotechnology) area.
• Process to use biology system in commercial scales.
Biotechnology can be bring into bioprocess because:
1.The present of engineering innovation:- exp. genetic engineering, discovery of site-
specific enzyme cleavage of DNA by restriction endonucleases in bacteria is the key to DNA manipulation.
2. The development of appropriate enabling technologies:
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology- Blotting technology- Fermenter technology
3.Economic opportunity- Arise from identifiable potential benefit
that may accrue to society from development of a product.
KEY STEPS IN BIOPROSES ENGINEERING
1. Pretreatment2. Bioreaction3. Downstream processing
pretreatment
Suit raw material into process
equipment
Design of process Equipment
According to Physical & chemical
properties
Environment factors-physiologically
tolerance of the organism
and enzymes.
Bioreaction1. Bioreactor fluids2. Media sterilization3. Growth media4. Microbial growth5. Mirobial culture systems in bioreactors6. Bioreactors
1. Bioreactor Fluids- Medium in which a bioprocess occurs is
usually a liquid or slurry.- two main kinds of biofluids and slurries used.i. Newtonian fluidsii. Non-Newtonian fluids
2. Media Sterilization- To initiate specific microorganisms for a
specific purpose.- Usually filter sterilization or heat sterilization.- Heat sterilization may be accomplished in
batch sterilization or continuous sterilization.
3. Growth Media- Formulated to maintain microbial growth
for economic production of the target products.
- Should consists basic components such as carbon source, nitrogen source, minerals, vitamins, micronutrients, hormones and oxygen.
- May contain additives that facilitate the process e.g antifoams.
4. Microbial Growth- Progresses through four basic phases (lag,
exponential, stationary and death).- Usually 5 to 10 percent by volume of microbial
suspension in a rapid exponential growth phase may be used.
5. Microbial Culture System in Bioreactors- Grown in three basic ways:1. Batch fermentation2. Fed-batch fermentation3. Continuous fermentation.
6. Bioreactors (will be discussed further)- Designs- Mode of operation
Downstream Processing- To retrieve, purify and pack products for use of
sales.- Involves a number of processing.1. Solid-liquid separation- To separate cells (solid) from the liquid.- Commonly used: centrifugation and filtration.2. Cell disruption- Extracellular product: the cells are discarded
and the medium is concentrated and purified.- Intracellular product: cells have to be disrupted
using nonmechanical or mechanical method.
i. Nonmechanical methods- Using various chemicals, including alkali,
organic solvents, and detergents.- Also some enzymes such as lysozyme, EDTA,
β-1,3-glucanase, mannase and chitinase.- Other physical methods are osmotic shock and
pressure.ii. Mechanical methods- Two catagories: solid shear and liquid shear.- Solid shear: grinding of frozen cells through
narrow gaps under high pressure.- Liquid shear: acceleration of the suspension at
a high velocity and under high pressure.
3. Precipitation- To convert the soluble protein product to
insoluble form.- Commonly used is salting-out technique
using anions and cations.4. Chromatography- To separate components of mixtures
based on their differential physiochemical interaction and a stationary phase.
- The stationary phase is a solid packed in a column by porous and hydrophilic substances like agarose, cross-linked polyacrylamide, and cellulose.
5. Drying- Required for safe-storage, packaging, and
transportation.- Dehydration is used for vaccines,
enzymes, pharmaceuticals and others.- For thermolabile products or biologically
active, spray-dried or freeze-dried.
References:
1. Acquaah, G. (2004). Understanding Biotechnology:An Integrated and Cyber-Based Approach. Pearson-Prentice Hall.
B. Mode of cells growthi. Immobilized cell systemii. Suspension cultures
Immobilized cell systemAdvantages:1.Provides high cell concentrations2.Provides cell reuse 3. Eliminates cell washout problems at high
dilution rates4. Allows high volumetric productivities.
5. Provide favorable microenvironmental conditions for cells, resulting in better performance of biocatalytics.
6. In some cases, improves genetic stability7. Protection against shear damage.Limitation:1.The interest product should b excreted by
the cells.2.