Biotehnoloki renik za hranu ipoljoprivredu

Obnovljeno i proireno izdanje renikaBiotehnologije i genetikog inenjeringa

Autori

A. ZaidH. G. Hughes E. PorcedduF. Nicholas

Preveli

M. Plavi, T. obi, S. Stojanovi

Tehniki seretar

Z. Stojanovi

Recenzent

prof. dr Marija Kraljevi Balali

Published by arrangement withFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations by

Miroslav Plavi

FAO ISTRAIVAKI

ITEHNOLOKI

RAD

9

Beorad, 2007

II

Ova knjiga je prvobitno objavljena od strane Organizacije za Hranu i PoljoprivreduUjedi njenih Nacija (FAO) kao Glossary of Biotechnology for Food and Agriculture(Renik Biotehnologije za hranu i poljoprivredu)

Primenjene oznake i prikazivanje materijala ove publikacije oslobadja odgovornostiOrga nizaciju za hranu i poljoprivredu Ujedinjenih nacija (FAO), u odnosu na zakonski sta-tus bilo koje zemlje, teritorije, grada ili oblasti kada je u pitanju definisanje njihovih granica.

Znaenja razvijene i nerazvijene ekonomije namenjena su radi statistike priklad-nostii ne ispoljavaju obavezno ocenu o postignuotm stadijumu od pojedine zemlje, teritorijeili oblasti u procesu razvoja.

Partner izdava je odgovoran za prevod teksta na srpski i FAO ne preuzima nikakvuodgovornost za tenost prevoda.

FAO 2001 Engleska verzija

Miroslav Plavi 2007 Srpska verzija

III

Biotehnoloki renik za hranu ipoljoprivredu

Obnovljeno i proireno izdanje renikaBiotehnologije i genetikog inenjeringa

PARTENON BEOGRAD

IV

Primenjene oznake i prikazivanje materijala ove publikacije oslobadja odgovornosti Orga-nizaciju za hranu i poljoprivredu Ujedinjenih nacija (FAO), u odnosu na zakonski status bilokoje zemlje, teritorije, grada ili oblasti kada je u pitanju definisanje njihovih granica.

Sva autorska prava su zadrana. Umnoavanje i distribucija ove publikacije u cilju obrazovanjai nekomercijalne upotreba su dozvoljene bez prethodne pismene saglasnosti od vlasnika au-torskog prava, pod uslovom da je korisnik priznat. Umnoavanje ove publikacije u cilju pre-prodaje je zabranjeno bez pismene saglasnosti vlasnika autorskog prava. Zahtev za umnoavanjetreba uputiti na sledeu adresu: Chief, Electronic Publishing Policy ann Support Branch, FAO,Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy, ili na e-mail adresu: copyright@fao.org

FAO 2001

ISBN 86-7157-355-9

VPREDGOVOR

Ovaj Biotehnoloki renik za hranu i poljoprivredu je preraena i

proirena verzija Renika Biotehnologije i Genetikog Ineenjeringa ob-

javljenog od strane FAO-a 1999. godine. Uvod prethodnih izdanja je jasno

izloio razloge za neposrednu potrebu da se preduzme kompletna revizija, zbog

promena u sektoru, stalnog razvoja terminologije i tekoa da se ostane u korak

sa tehnolokom evolucijom.

Kada je renik publikovan, FAO je bio svestan da bi isti mogao da sadri

neke greke, propuste i nepodesnosti, i zbog toga je smatrao da je prvo izdanje

privremeno.

Renik je izazvao obiman interes u svetu, to je potvreno brojnim priz-

natim ocenama i posetama web stranica na kojima se nalazi, te ponovljenim

zahtevima za prevod definicija na druge zvanine jezike FAO-a.

Zajedno sa neprekidnim procesom obnavljanja, FAO planira da prevede

izraze i definicije na druge jezike, da bi renik uinila pogodnim za vei broj

korisnika.

Ovo novo izdanje takoe donosi promenu u naslovu. Nov naslov pre-

ciznije odrava svrhu renika, ogranienog na izraze u Biotehnologiji za hrenu

i poljoprivredu.

Zbog interesa za renik u naoj zemlji, dobili smo dozvolu organizacije

FAO da prevedemo i tampamo Englesko-Srpsku verziju istog, zbog ega smo

duboko zahvalni.

V

UVOD

Biotehnologija je opti izraz, korien u vrlo irokoj oblasti istraivanja.

Prema Konvenciji o biolokom diverzitetu, biotehnologija znai: bilo koja

tehnoloka primena koja koristi bioloke sisteme, ive organizme, ili derivate

istih, da bi proizvela ili modifikovala proizvode ili procese za specifino ko-

rienje.

Predstavljena u ovom irem smislu, definicija predstavlja mnoge od sred-

stava i tehnika koje su uobiajene rei danas u poljoprivredi i proizvodnji

hrane. Ako se predstavi u uem smislu, definicija razmatra samo novu DNK,

molekularnu biologiju i reproduktivnu tehnologiju. Brzina promene u sektoru

znai da se terminologija stalno razvija, tako da je bilo teko ostati na nivou

tekuih korienja.

Ideja za takav zbornik terminologije povezan sa brzo ireim poljima

povezanih sa istim ili poreklom od biotehnologije i genetikog inenjeringa,

predstavljena je tekoom efikasnog komuniciranja u diskusijama na meu-

vladinom nivou. U razliitim prilikama, jednostavne razlike interpretacije ter-

minologije su ugroavale pregovore od meunarodne vanosti da ispadnu iz

koloseka.

Postoje brojne publikacije koje se odnose na terminologiju uskih disci-

plinskih oblasti, ali FAO nije bio u mogunosti da nadje pojedinanu listu koja

je pokuala da pokrije irok zamah disciplina i primena odgovarajuih svom

mandatu i kompetenciji.

Dakle, ovaj renik pokuava da obezbedi iscrpnu i pored toga pristupanu

listu izraza i akronima koji se redovno koriste u biotehnologiji i irem smislu,

i u vrlo irokoj oblasti obino nazvanoj genetiki inenjering, sa svim

prateim problemom korienja originalno uzdranih tehnikih izraza u

optem kontekstu, putem masovnih medija koji ne razlikuju, ili u legalnom

kontekstu koji zahteva vrlo tane definicije.

Ovaj renik je pokuaj da se prikae jedan savremeni popis izraza koji se

sada koriste u biotehnologiji, genetikom inenjeringu, i usko povezanim

oblastima. On je namenjen da obezbedi pogodnu informaciju za istraivae,

studente i strunjake. Tekoe je od posebne vrednosti za one iji jezik nije en-

gleski.

VI

Renik je pripremljen reagujui na ispoljenu potrebu. Mnogi od izraza

navedenih u ovoj knjizi se inae nalaze samo u publikovanim radovima i kn-

jigama. Izrazi koji su ukljueni, odabrani su ispitivanjem knjiga, renika, a-

sopisa i siea, koji su povezani u potpunosti ili delom sa biotehnologijom ili

bliskim oblastima.

Dodavi tome, nainjen je pokuaj da se ukljue izrazi iz primenjene

biotehnologije koji su vani za meuvladine aktivnosti FAO-a, a naroito u

oblastima biljnih i ivotinjskih genetikih resursa, kvaliteta hrane i zatite bilja.

VII

ZAHVALNOST

Autori ele da se zahvale Gospodinu Andrei Sonnino kao i SDDR-u (Sus-

tainable Development Department of FAO), za njihovu dozvolu za prevod

renika i za svaku drugu podrku i pomo u realizaciji ovog projekta.

Takoe se zahvaljujemo na pomoi Gospoi Zorici Stojanovi za njen rad

na prekucavanju originalnog rukopisa.

VIII

NAPOMENA ITAOCIMA

FAO bi eleo da bude informisan o bilo kakvim propustima, grekama ili

apsurdnostima utvrenim od strane korisnika. Molimo Vas otkrijte ih, i bilo

kakve druge komentare koji se odnose na miljenje ili mogue puteve za

budue revizije publikacije dostavite na sledeu adresu:

Andrea Sonnino

Research and Technology Development Service (SDRR)

Sustainable Development Department

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Viale delle Terme di Caracalla

00100 Rome

Italy

Email: Andrea.Sonnino@fao.org

Renik biotehnologije za hranu i poljoprivredu je takoe raspoloiv kao

baza podataka za pretraivanje na FAO Biotechnology Website:

www.fao.org/biotech/index.asp

IX

X

SADRAJ

Predgovor V

Uvod VI

Zahvalnost VII

Napomene itaocima IX

Skraenice i simboli X

Napomene o strukturi renika XIII

Biotehnoloki renik za hranu i poljoprivredu 1

Aneks 1 Prefiksi SI za numerike faktore i oznake 146

Aneks 2 Grka azbuka 147

Aneks 3 Kodoni i aminokiseline 148

Aneks 4 Amino kiseline, kodovi sa jednim i tri slova 149

XI

SKRAENICE I SIMBOLI

Tipografkse skraenice koje slede su koriene u tekstu.

Pogledati Aneks 1 za listu prefiksa SI jedinica za numerike faktore i oznake

Pogledati Aneks 2 za grku azbuku

XII

NAPOMENE O STRUKTURI RENIKA

Sve jedinice su izraene kao SI jedinice ako drugaije nije pokazano.

Stavke su u jednostavnom abecednom redu.

Akronimi per se su ukljueni u njihovom abecednom poloaju utekstu. Grka slova su izgovorena potpuno (na pr. alfa umesto a).

Sve rei u definicijama koje su saoptene u boldu su sami defi nisani

izrazi (ili njihove mnoine).

Specifini propisi:

FAO. 1983. Resolution 8/83 of the Twenty-second Session of the FAO Con-

ference. Rome, 5-23 November 1983.

FAO. 1999. The Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal GeneticResources - Executive Brief. (see Glossary, pp.39-42; the Glossary was stillevolving, but the draft definitions are those developed by the Panel of Experts

assisting FAO to detail the Global Strategy.)

XIII

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Biotehnoloki renik za hranu ipoljoprivredu

XV

A Abbreviation for adenine. Skraenica za adenin.Ab Abbreviation for antibody. Skraenica za antitelo.ABC model Widely accepted model of

flower organ identity that appears ge-nerally applicable to distantly relateddicotyledonous, although less wellto monocotyledonous plants. Themodel incorporates the Arabidopsisgenes required for flower organ iden-tity.

iroko prihvaen model identiteta orga-na cveta koji je izgleda opte primen-ljiv na udaljeno povezane dikotiledo-ne, iako manje dobro na monokotile-done. Model ukljuuje Arabidop-sisgene, potrebne za identitet cvetnogorgana.

abiotic Absence of living organisms. Odsustvo ivih organizama.abscisic acid A phytohormone impli-

cated in the control of many plant re-sponses to abiotic stress, such as ex-tent of stomatal opening under waterdeficit (i.e. drought) conditions.

Fitohormon koji uestvuje u kontrolimnogih biljnih reagovanja na abio-tiki stres, kao to je obim otvora sto-ma pri deficitu vode (tj. sui).

abzyme See: catalytic antibody. Vidi: catalytic antibody.acaricide A pesticide used to kill or

control mites or ticks. Pesticid korien za suzbijanje pauka ili

krpelja.

ACC synthase Abbreviation for 1-ami-nocyclopropane-1-carboxylase. Theenzyme catalyses the rate limitingstep in the ethylene biosynthetic pat-hway, and is particularly significantin the fruit ripening process. Plantstypically carry a number of distinctACC synthase genes, which are dif-ferentially regulated in response to avariety of developmental, environ-mental and chemical factors.

Skraenica za l-aminociklopropan-l-karboksilazu. Enzim katalizuje ste-pen ograniavajueg koraka u bio-sintezi etilena, i posebno je signifi-kantan u procesu zrenja ploda. Biljketipino nose neki broj izrazitih genaACC sinteze koji su diferencijalnoregulisani u regovanju faktora razvi-a, sredine i hemije.

acceptor control The regulation of therate of respiration by the availabilityof ADP as a phosphate acceptor.

Podeavanje brzine disanja putem ras-poloivosti ADP-a kao akceptorafosfata.

acceptor junction site The junction bet-ween the 3 end of an intron and the5 end of an exon. See: donor jun-ction site.

Veza izmeu treeg kraja introna i petogkraja eksona. Vidi: donor junction site.

accessory bud A lateral bud occurringat the base of a terminal bud or atthe side of an axillary bud.

1

A

Lateralni pupoljak koji nastaje na osno-vi terminalnog pupoljka, ili na stranipazunog pupoljka.

acclimatization The adaptation of a li-ving organism (plant, animal or mic-ro-organism) to a changed environ-ment that subjects it to physiologicalstress. Acclimatization should not beconfused with adaptation.

Adaptacija ivog organizma (biljke, i-votinje ili mikroorganizma) na izme-njenu spoljnu sredinu koja ga podvr-gava fiziolokom stresu. Aklimatiza-ciju ne treba meati sa adaptacijom.

acellular Tissues or organisms that arenot made up of separate cells but of-ten have more than one nucleus.

Tkiva ili organizmi koji nisu sastavljeniod posebnih elija ali esto imaju vi-e od jednog nukleusa

acentric chromosome Chromosomefragment lacking a centromere.

Fragment horomozoma bez centromereacetyl CoA Abbreviation for acetyl co-

enzyme A.Skraenica za acetyl co-enzyme A.acetyl co-enzyme A (Abbreviation:

acetyl CoA) A compound formed inthe mitochondria when an acetyl gro-up (CH3CO-) derived from break-down of fats, proteins, or car-bohydrates combines with the thiolgroup (-SH) of co-enzyme A.

(Skraenica za Acetyl CoA) Jedinjenjeformirano u mitohondriji kada seacetilna grupa (CH3CO-) nastalarazlaganjem masti, proteina ili uglje-nih hidrata kombinuje sa tiolnomgrupom (-SH) koenzima A.

ACP Abbreviation for acyl carrier pro-tein.

Skraenica za acyl carrier protein.acquired Developed in response to the

environment, not inherited, such as a

character trait (acquired characteri-stic) resulting from environmentaleffect(s). cf acclimatization.

Razvijen u reagovanju na spoljnu sredi-nu, nenasledan, kao karakterna oso-bina (steena osobina) nastaje poduticajem sredine. Uporedi aklimati-zacija

acridine dyes A class of positively char-ged polycyclic molecules that inter-calate into DNA and induce frames-hift mutations.

Klasa pozitivno optereenih policikli-nih molekula koji se umeu u DNK iizazivaju okvirne mutacije.

acrocentric A chromosome that has itscentromere near the end.

Hromozom koji ima centromeru blizukraja.

acropetal Arising or developing in alongitudinal sequence beginning atthe base and proceeding towards theapex. Opposite: basipetal.

Koji nastaje ili se razvija u longitudinal-noj sekvenci poev od osnove i pru-ajui se ka vrhu (Suprotno: basipe-tal).

activated carbon See activated char-coal.

Vidi: activated charcoal.activated charcoal Charcoal that has

been treated to remove hydrocarbonsand to increase its adsorptive proper-ties. It acts by condensing and hol-ding a gas or solute onto its surface;thus inhibitory substances in nutrientmedium may be adsorbed to charcoalincluded in the medium.

Ugalj koji je bio tretiran da se odstraneugljovodonici i da se poveaju nje-gove adsorptivne osobine. Delujekondenzovanjem i dranjem gasa ilise rastvara na njegovoj povrini; takoinhibitorne supstance u medijumu

acclimatization activated charcoal

2

hraniva mogu biti adsorbovane naugalj ukljuen u medijum.

active transport The movement of amolecule or groups of molecules ac-ross a cell membrane, which requiresthe expenditure of cellular energy,because the direction of movement isagainst the prevailing concentrationgradient.

Pokretanje molekula ili grupa molekulakroz elijsku mebranu, koja zahtevatroenje elijske energije, poto jesmer kretanja protiv preovlaujueggradienta koncentracije.

acute transfection Short-term tran-sfection.

Kratkotrajna prenoenjaacyl carrier protein (Abbreviation:

ACP). A class of molecules that bindacyl intermediates during the forma-tion of long-chain fatty acids. ACPsare important because of their invol-vement in many of the reactions ne-cessary for in vivo fatty acid synthe-sis.

Klasa molekula koja vezuje acil posred-nike tokom formiranja masnih kiseli-na dugog lanca. Vani su to je njiho-vo ukljuenje u mnogim reakcijamapotrebno za sintezu masnih kiselinain vivo.

adaptation Adjustment of a populationto changes in environment over ge-nerations, associated (at least in part)with genetic changes resulting fromselection imposed by the changedenvironment. Not acclimatization.

Prilagoavanje populacije promenama usredini tokom generacija, povezano(bar delom) sa genetikim promena-ma koje nastaju selekcijom nametnu-tom usled promenjene sredine. Nijeaklimatizacija.

additive genes Genes whose net effectis the sum of their individual allelic

effects, i.e. they show neither domi-nance nor epistasis.

Geni iji neto efekat predstavlja sumunjihovih individualnih alelnih efeka-ta, t.j. oni ne pokazuju ni dominant-nost ni epistazu

additive genetic variance The net ef-fect of the expresson of additive ge-nes, and thus the chief cause of theresemblance between relatives. It re-presents the main determinant of theresponse of a population to selec-tion. Formally, the variance of bree-ding values.

ist uticaj ispoljavanja aditivnih gena, itako glavni uzronik slinosti izme-u srodnika. Predstavlja glavnu de-terminantu reagovanja populacije naselekciju. Formalno, varijansa ople-menjivakih vrednosti.

adenine (Abbreviation: A). One the ba-ses found in DNA and RNA. See:adenosine.

Jedna od baza naenih u DNK i RNK.Vidi: adenosine.

adenosine The (ribo)nucleoside resul-ting from the combination of the ba-se adenine (A) and the sugar D-ri-bose. The corresponding deoxyribo-nucleoside is called deoxyadenosi-ne. See: adenosine triphosphate,adenylic acid, dATP.

(Ribo) nukleozid koji nastaje kombina-cijom baze adenina (A) i eera D-ri-boze. Odgovarajui dezoksiribonu-kleozid zove se dezoksiadenozin. Vi-di: adenosine triphosphate, adenylicacid, dATP.

adenosine diphosphate (adenosine 5-diphosphate) (Abbreviation: ADP).See: adenosine triphosphate.

Adenozin difosfat (Skraenica: ADP).Vidi: adenosine triphosphate.

adenosine monophosphate (adenosine5-monophosphate) (Abbreviation:

active transport adenosine monophosphate

3

AMP). See: adenylic acid, adenosi-ne triphosphate.

Adenozin monofosfat (Skraenica:AMP). Vidi: adenilyc acid, adenosinetriphosphate.

adenosine triphosphate (adenosine 5-triphosphate) (Abbreviation: ATP).A nucleotide of fundamental impor-tance as the major carrier of chemi-cal energy in all living organisms. Itis also required for RNA synthesissince it is a direct precursor molecu-le. ATP consists of adenosine withthree phosphate groups, linked toget-her linearly. The phosphates are at-tached to adenosine through the 5-hydroxyl of its ribose (sugar) por-tion. Upon hydrolysis, these bondsyield either one molecule of adenosi-ne 5-diphosphate (ADP) and theinorganic phosphate ion, or one mo-lecule of adenosine 5-monophosp-hate (AMP) and pyrophosphate; inboth cases releasing energy that isused to power biological processes.ATP is regenerated by the phosp-horylation of AMP and ADP.

Adenozin trifosfat (Skraenica ATP).Nukleotid od fundamentalne vano-sti kao glavni nosilac hemijske ener-gije kod svih ivih organizama. Ta-koe je potreban za sintezu RNK,poto je direktan molekul prethod-nik. ATP sadri adenozin sa tri fos-fatne grupe linearno povezane zajed-no. Fosfati su dodati adenozinu pu-tem 5 hidroksila svog riboznog (e-ernog) dela. Posle hidrolize, ove ve-ze daju bilo jedan molekul adenozin5difosfata (ADP) i neorganski fos-fatni jon, ili jedan molekul adenozin5 - monofosfata (AMP) i pirofosfa-ta; u oba sluaja otputajui energijukoja se koristi za pokretanje biolo-

kih procesa. ATP se regenerie pu-tem fosforilacije AMP i ADP.

adenovirus One of a group of DNA-containing viruses found in rodents,fowl, cattle, monkeys, and man. Inman they are responsible for respira-tory-tract infections, but they havebeen exploited as a vector in genetherapy, especially for genes targe-ted at the lungs.

Jedan od grupe virusa koji sadre DNK,nadjenih u glodara, kokoi, goveda,majmuna i oveka. U oveka su od-govorni za infekcije disajnog puta,ali su korieni kao vektor u genskojterapiji, naroito za gene usmerenena plua.

adenylic acid Synonym for adenosinemonophosphate, a (ribo)nucleotidecontaining the nucleoside adenosine.The corresponding deoxyribonucle-otide is called deoxyadenosine 5-monophosphate or deoxyadenylicacid.

Sinonim za adenozin monofosfat, (ribo)nukleoid koji sadri nukleozid ade-nozin. Odgovarajui deoksiribonu-kleotid zove se deoksiadenozin 5monofosfat ili deoksiadenilina kise-lina.

adoptive immunization The transfer ofan immune state from one animal toanother by means of lymphocytetransfusions.

Prenos imunog stanja od jedne ivotinjena drugu, putem transfuzija limfocita.

ADP Abbreviation for adenosine dip-hosphate.

Skraenica za adenosine diphosphate.adventitious A structure arising at sites

other than the usual ones, e.g. shootsfrom roots or leaves, and embryosfrom any cell other than a zygote.

Struktura koja se pojavljuje na neuobi-ajenim mestima, npr. izdanci iz ko-

adenosine triphosphate adventitious

4

rena ili listova, i embrioni od bilo ko-je elije osim zigota.

aerobe A micro-organism that growsin the presence of oxygen. Opposite:anaerobe.

Mikroorganizam koji raste u prisustvukiseonika. Suprotno: anaerobe.

aerobic Active in the presence of freeoxygen, e.g. aerobic bacteria that canlive in the presence of oxygen.

Aktivan u prisustvu kiseonika, npr.aerobna bakterija koja moe da ivi uprisustvu kiseonika.

aerobic respiration A type of respira-tion in which foodstuffs are comple-tely oxidized to carbon dioxide andwater, with the release of chemicalenergy, in a process requiring at-mospheric oxygen.

Tip disanja, pri kojem su hraniva potpu-no oksidisana u ugljen dioksid i vo-du, sa otputanjem hemijske energijeu procesu koji zahteva atmosferskikiseonik.

affinity chromatography A method forpurifying specific components in asolution by exploiting their specificbinding to known molecule(s). Themixed solution is passed through acolumn containing a solid medium towhich the binding molecule is cova-lently attached. See: immunoaffi-nity chromatography; metal affi-nity chromatography; pseudo-affi-nity chromatography.

Metod preiavanja specifinih kom-poneneta u rastvoru putem korie-nja njihovih specifinih veza za po-znate molekule. Meani rastvor seproputa kroz stub koji sadri vrstimedium, za koji je vezujui molekulkovalentno dodat. Vidi: immunoaffi-nity chromatography; metal affinitychromatography; pseudo-affinitychromatography.

affinity tag An amino acid sequencethat has been engineered into a pro-tein to make its purification easier.The tag could be another protein or ashort amino acid sequence, allowingpurification by affinity chromato-graphy. Synonym: purification tag.

Aminokiselinska sekvenca koja je ine-njeringom ubaena u protein, da biolakala njegovo preiavanje. Do-dat bi mogao biti drugi protein ilikratka sekvenca aminokiseline, omo-guavajui preiavanje putem afi-nitetne hromatografije. Sinonim : pu-rification tag.

aflatoxins A group of toxic compounds,produced by Aspergillus flavus, thatbind to DNA and prevent replica-tion and transcription. Aflatoxinscan cause acute liver damage andcancer. A health hazard in certain sto-red foods or feed.

Grupa toksinih jedinjenja, proizvede-nih od Aspergillus flavus-a, koja sevezuje za DNK i spreava replikacijui transkripciju. Aflatoksini mogu iza-zvati akutno oteenje jetre i rak.Zdravstvena opasnost u izvesnimskladitenim hranivima ili stonomhranivu.

AFLP Abbreviation for amplified frag-ment length polymorphism.

Skraenica za amplified fragment lengthpolymorphism.

Ag Abbreviation for antigen. Skraenica za antigen.agar A polysaccharide gelifying agent

used in nutrient media preparationsand obtained from Rhodophyta (redalgae). Both the type of agar and itsconcentration can affect the growthand appearance of cultured explants.

Polisaharid, agens za gel korien uhranljivim medijima, a dobijen od

aerobe agar

5

Rhodophyta (crvene alge). Oboje, tipagara i njegova koncentracija, moguda utiu na rast i izgled kultivisaniheksplantata.

agarose The main functional constituentof agar.

Glavni funkcionalni sastojak agara.agarose gel electrophoresis A method

to separate DNA and RNA molecu-les on the basis of their size, in whichsamples are subjected to an electricfield applied to a gel made with aga-rose.

Metod separacije DNK i RNK molekulana bazi njihove veliine, u kojem suuzorci podvrgnuti elektrinom polju,primenjenom na gel sainjen sa aga-rozom.

aggregate 1. A clump or mass formedby gathering or collecting units. 2. Abody of loosely associated cells, suchas a friable callus or cell suspension.3. Coarse inert material, such as gra-vel, that is mixed with soil to increa-se its porosity. 4. A serological reac-tion in which the antibody and anti-gen react and precipitate.

1.Gomila ili masa, formirana zbiranjemili sakupljanjem jedinica. 2. Telo la-bavo povezanih elija, kao to je tro-an kalus ili suspenzija elija. 3.Grub inertan materijal, kao to jeljunak, mean sa zemljitem da po-vea njegovu poroznost. 4. Serolokareakcija u kojoj antitelo i antigen rea-guju i taloe se.

agonist A drug, hormone or transmittersubstance that forms a complex witha receptor site. The formation of thecomplex triggers an active responsefrom a cell.

Lek, hormon ili prenosna substanca kojaformira kompleks sa mestom recep-tora. Formiranje kompleksa koi ak-tivno reagovanje od elije.

Agrobacterium A genus of bacteria thatincludes several plant pathogenic spe-cies, causing tumour-like symptoms.See: Agrobacterium rhizogenes,Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

Rod bakterija koji ukljuuje nekolikobiljnih patogenih vrsta, izazivajuisimptome sline tumoru. Vidi: Agro-bacterium rhizogenes, Agrobacteri-um tumefaciens.

Agrobacterium rhizogenes A bacteri-um that causes hairy root disease insome plants. Similar to the crowngall disease caused by Agrobacteri-um tumefaciens, this is achieved bythe mobilization of the bacterial Riplasmid with the transfer to the plantof some of the genetic material fromthe plasmid. This process has beenused to insert foreign genes intoplant cells, but to a lesser extent thanthe Agrobacterium tumefaciens-me-diated transformation system, be-cause regeneration of whole plantsfrom hairy root cultures is proble-matical.

Bakterija koja izaziva bolest vlaknastogkorena u nekih biljaka. Slina rakuizazvanom od Agrobacterium tume-faciens, to se postie putem mobili-zacije bakterijskog Ri plazmida, saprenosom na biljku od nekog genet-skog materijala od plazmida. Taj pro-ces je korien da se ubace strani ge-ni u biljne elije., ali u manjem obi-mu nego Bacterium tumefaciensomposredovani transformacioni sistem,poto je regeneracija celih biljaka izkulture vlaknastog korena problema-tina.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens A bacteri-um that causes crown gall disease insome plants. The bacterium characte-ristically infects a wound, and incor-

agarose Agrobacterium tumefaciens

6

porates a segment of Ti plasmidDNA into the host genome. ThisDNA causes the host cell to grow in-to a tumour-like structure thatsynthesizes specific opines that onlythe pathogen can metabolize. ThisDNA-transfer mechanism is exploi-ted in the genetic engineering ofplants. See: T-DNA.

Bakterija koja izaziva rak u nekih bilja-ka. Bakterija karakteristino inficiraranu, i ukljuuje segment Ti plazmi-da DNK u genom domaina. OvaDNK izaziva eliju domaina da ra-ste u obliku strukture sline tumoru,koja sintetizuje specifina stanja kojasamo ptogen moe da metabolie.Ovaj prenosni mehanizam DNK sekoristi u genetikom inenjeringu bi-ljaka. Vidi: T-DNA.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-media-ted transformation The process ofDNA transfer from Agrobacteriumtumefaciens to plants, that occursnaturally during crown gall disease,and can be used as a method of tran-sformation.

Proces transfera DNK iz Agrobacteriumtumefaciens-a u biljke, koji se pri-rodno deava tokom raka, a moe sekoristiti kao metod transformacije.

AHG Abbreviation for antihaemophi-lic globulin.

Skraenica za antihaemophilic globulin.AI Abbreviation for artificial insemi-

nation. Skraenica za artifical insemination.airlift fermenter A cylindrical fermen-

tation vessel in which the cells aremixed by air introduced at the baseof the vessel and that rises throughthe column of culture medium. Thecell suspension circulates around thecolumn as a consequence of the gra-

dient of air bubbles in different partsof the reactor.

Cilindrina fermentaciona posuda u ko-joj se elije meaju vazduhom uve-denim na osnovu posude, a to se po-veava kroz stub medijuma kultura.elijska suspenzija cirkulie oko stu-ba kao posledica gradijenta vazdu-nih mehuria u razliitim delovimareaktora.

albinism Hereditary absence of pig-ment in an organism. Albino ani-mals have no colour in their skin, ha-ir and eyes. Albino plants lack chlo-rophyll.

Nasledno otsustvo pigmenta u nekomorganizmu. Albino ivotinje nemajupigment u koi, dlaci i oima. Albinobiljke nemaju hlorofil.

albino 1. An organism lacking pigmen-tation, due to genetic factors. Thecondition is albinism 2. A conspicu-ous plastid mutant involving loss ofchlorophyll.

1.Organizm bez pigmentacije usled ge-netikih faktora. Stanje je albinizam.2. Jasan mutant plastida, uzrokujuigubitak hlorofila.

aleurone The outermost layer of the en-dosperm in a seed, and the site ofenzymes concerned with endospermdigestion during seedling growth.

Spoljanji sloj endosperma u semenu, imesto enzima povezano sa razmek-avanjem endosperma tokom rastaizdanka.

algal biomass Single-celled plants (e.g.Chlorella spp. and Spirulina spp.)grown commercially in ponds to ma-ke feed materials for zooplankton,which are in turn harvested as feedfor fish farms.

Jednoelijske biljke (na pr. Chlorellaspp. i Spirulina spp.) gajene komer-

Agrobacterium algal biomass

7

cijalno u jezercima, da se stvorehranljivi materijali za zooplankton,koji se za uzvrat ubira kao hranivo zaribnjake.

alginate Polysaccharide gelling agent. Polisaharidno sredstvo za eliranje.alkylating agent A class of chemicals

that transfer alkyl (methyl, ethyl,etc.) groups; for example to the basesin DNA. Some of these (especiallyethyl methane sulphonate, abbrevia-ted EMS) have been much used asmutagens.

Grupa hemikalija koja prenosi alkil(metil, etil, itd.) grupe; na primer ba-zama u DNK. Neki od tih (naroitoetil metan sulfonat, skraeno EMS)bili su mnogo korieni kao muta-gensi.

allele A variant form of a gene. In a di-ploid cell there are two alleles ofevery gene (one inherited from eachparent, although they could be identi-cal). Within a population there maybe many alleles of a gene. Alleles aresymbolized with a capital letter todenote dominance, and lower casefor recessive. In heterozygotes withco-dominant alleles, both are expres-sed. See: multiple alleles. Synonym:allelomorph.

Varijantni oblik gena. U diploidnoj eli-ji ima dva alela od svakog gena (pojedan nasledjen od svakog roditelja,iako oni mogu da budu identini). Uokviru populacije moe biti mnogoalela nekog gena. Aleli se oznaavajuvelikim slovom da oznae dominant-nost, a nii sluaj za recesivnost. Uheterozigota sa kodominantnim aleli-ma, oba su izraena. Vidi: multiplealleles. Sinonim : allelomorph.

allele frequency The relative number ofcopies of an allele in a population,

expressed as a proportion of the totalnumber of copies of all alleles at a gi-ven locus in a population.

Relativan broj kopija nakog alela u po-pulaciji, izraen kao proporcijaukupnog broja kopija svih alela nadatom lokusu u populaciji.

allelic (adj.) See allele.Alelomorf Vidi: allele.allele-specific amplification (Abbrevi-

ation: ASA). The use of the polyme-rase chain reaction at a sufficientlyhigh stringency that only one alleleis amplified. A powerful means ofgenotyping for single-locus disordersthat have been characterized at themolecular level.

(Skraenica: ASA). Korienje lananereakcije polimeraze pri dovoljno vi-sokoj skuenosti da je samo jedanalel umnoen. Mono sredstvo za od-redjivanje genotipova za poremeajepojedinanog lokusa koji su bili ka-rakterisani na molekularnom nivou.

allelic exclusion A phenomenon whe-reby only one functional allele of anantibody gene can be assembled in agiven B lymphocyte.

Fenomen, ime samo jedan funkcionalnialel gena antitela se moe nalazitiskupljen u datom B limfocitu.

allelomorph See: allele. Vidi: allele.allelopathy The secretion of chemicals,

such as phenolic and terpenoid com-pounds, by a plants roots, which in-hibit the growth or reproduction ofcompetitor plants.

Luenje hemikalija, kao to su fenolnaili terpenoidna jedinjenja, putem bilj-nih korenova koji inhibiraju rast ilireprodukciju konkuretnih biljaka.

allergen An antigen that provokes animmune response.

alginate allergen

8

Antigen koji izaziva imuno reagovanje.allogamy Cross fertilization in plants.

See: fertilization. Stranooplodnja u biljaka. Vidi: fertiliza-

tion.allogenic Differing at one or more loci,

although belonging to the same spe-cies. Thus an organ transplant fromone human donor to another is allo-geneic, whereas a transplant from ababoon to a human would be xeno-geneic.

Razliit na jednom ili vie lokusa, iakopripadajui istoj vrsti. Tako je jedantransplant organa od jednog ljudskogdonora na drugi alogenian, dok bitransplant od babuna na oveka bioksenogenian.

allometric When the growth rate ofone part of an organism differs fromthat of another part or of the rest ofthe body.

Kada je brzina rasta jednog dela organi-zma razliit od drugog dela ili ostat-ka tela.

allopatric In the context of natural po-pulations of animals or plants, inha-biting distinct and separate areas.

U kontekstu prirodnih populacija ivoti-nja ili biljaka, nastanjivati odredjeneili posebne oblasti.

allopatric speciation Speciation occur-ring at least in part because of geo-graphic isolation.

Formiranje vrsta, koje nastaje bar deli-mino zbog geografske udaljenosti.

allopolyploid A polyploid organismwith sets of chromosomes derivedfrom different species. Opposite:autopolyploid.

Poliploidni organizam sa nizovima hro-mozoma nastalih od razliitih vrsta.Suprotno: autopolyploid.

allosome Synonym for sex chromoso-me.

Sinonim za polni hromozom.allosteric control See: allosteric regu-

lation. Vidi: allosteric regulation.allosteric enzyme An enzyme that has

two structurally distinct forms, oneof which is active and the other inac-tive. Active forms tend to catalysethe initial step in a pathway leadingto the synthesis of molecules. Theend product of this synthesis can actas a feedback inhibitor, convertingthe enzyme to the inactive form, thuscontrolling the amount of productsynthesized. Synonym: allozyme.

Enzim koji ima dva, strukturno posebnaoblika, od kojih je jedan aktivan adrugi neaktivan. Aktivni oblici imajutendenciju da katalizuju poetni ko-rak u putanji koja vodi sintezi mole-kula. Krajnji proizvod ove sintezemoe delovati kao inhibitor povrat-nog procesa, pretvarajui enzim uneaktivni oblik, tako suzbijajui ko-liinu sintetizovanog proizvoda. Si-nonim allozyme.

allosteric regulation A catalysis-regu-lating process in which the bindingof a small effector molecule to onesite on an enzyme affects the activityat another site.

Proces regulisanja katalize, u kojem ve-zivanje malog efektor molekula zajedno mesto na enzimu utie na ak-tivnost na drugom mestu.

allosteric site That part of an enzymemolecule where the non-covalentbinding of an effector molecule canaffect the enzymes catalytic activity.See: conformation, ligand.

Deo enzimskog molekula gde nekova-lentno vezivanje efektor molekula

allogenic allosteric site

9

moe da utie na enzimsku kataliti-ku aktivnost. Vidi: conformation, li-gand.

allosteric transition A reversible inter-action of a small molecule with aprotein molecule, resulting in achange in the shape of the proteinand consequent alteration of the in-teraction of that protein with a thirdmolecule.

Povratna interakcija malog molekula saproteinskim molekulom, rezultiraju-i u promeni oblika proteina i menja-nju interakcije tog proteina sa treimmolekulom.

allotetraploid An allopolyploid havingtwo different progenitor genomes.

Alopoliploid koji ima dva razliita pro-genitor genoma.

allotype A classification of antibodymolecules according to the antigeni-city of the constant regions; a varia-tion that is determined by a single al-lele.

Klasifikacija molekula antitela premaantigenosti konstantnih regiona; va-rijacija koja je odredjena jednim ale-lom.

allozygote A individual that is hete-rozygous for two different mutant al-leles.

Individua koja je heterozigotna za dvarazliita mutantna alela.

allozyme See: allosteric enzyme.Vidi: allosteric enzyme.alpha globulin See: haptoglobin. Vidi: haptoglobin.alternative mRNA splicing The inclu-

sion or exclusion of different exonsto form different mRNA transcriptsfrom a single transcription unit.

Ukljuenje ili iskljuenje razliitih eg-zona da se formiraju razliiti mRNKtranskripti iz jedne transkipcione je-dinice.

Alu sequences A highly repeated familyof 300-bp long sequences dispersedthroughout the human genome, sonamed because they are released bythe digestion of genomic DNA withthe restriction endonuclease AluI.

Visoko ponovljena familija od 300-bpdugih sekvenci, rasejanih u ljudskomgenomu, tako nazvane poto su otpu-tene putem digestije genomineDNK sa restrikcionom endonuklea-zom AluI.

amber stop codon See: stop codon. Vidi: stop codon.amino acid A compound containing

both amino (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) groups. In particular, any of20 basic building blocks of proteinshaving the formula NH2-CR-COOH,where R is different for each specificamino acid. See: annex 3.

Jedinjenje koje sadri i amino (-NH2) ikarboksilne grupe (-COOH). Naroi-to, bilo koje od 20 gradjevnih jedini-ca proteina, formula je NH2-CR-COOH, gde je R razliit za svakuspecifinu amino kiselinu. Vidi:an-nex 3.

aminoacyl site (Abbreviation: A-site).One of two sites on ribosomes towhich the aminoacyl tRNA molecu-les can bind.

(Skraenica:A:site): Jedno od dva mestana ribozomima za koje se mogu ve-zati molekule amonoacila tRNK.

aminoacyl tRNA synthetase Anenzyme that catalyses the attachmentof an amino acid to its specific tR-NA molecule.

Enzim koji katalizuje povezanost aminokiseline sa svojom specifinom mo-lekulom tRNK.

amitosis A cell division (including nuc-lear division through constriction of

allosteric transition amitosis

10

the nucleus) that occurs withoutchromosome differentiation as inmitosis. The mechanism wherebythe genetic integrity is maintainedduring amitosis is uncertain.

Deoba elije (ukljuujui deobu jedraputem skupljanja jedra), to se dea-va bez diferencijacije hromozomakao u mitoze. Mehanizam kojim segenetiki integritet odrava tokomamitoze je neizvestan.

amniocentesis A procedure for obtai-ning foetal cells for prenatal diagno-sis by sampling the amniotic fluidfrom a pregnant mammal. Cells arecultured, and the karyotype is chec-ked for known irregularities (e.g.Downs syndrome and spina bifida inhumans).

Postupak za dobijanje fetalnih elija zaprenatalnu dijagnozu putem uzorko-vanja amnionske tenosti od breme-nite enke sisara. elije se kultiviu,i kariotip se pregleda zbog poznatihnepravilnosti (npr. Down-ov sindromi spina bifida u ljudi).

amnion The thin membrane that linesthe fluid-filled sac in which the em-bryo develops in higher vertebrates,reptiles and birds.

Tanka membrana koja okruuje kesu na-punjenu tenou u kojoj se razvijaembrion u viih kimenjaka, reptila iptica.

amniotic fluid Liquid contents of theamniotic sac of higher vertebrates,containing foetal, but not maternalcells.

Tenost, sadrana u amnionskoj kesi vi-ih kimenjaka, koja sadri fetalne,ali ne majinske elije.

amorph A mutation that abolishes genefunction. Synonym: null mutation.

Mutacija koja uklanja funkciju gena. Si-nonim: null mutation.

AMP Abbreviation for adenosine mo-nophosphate.

Skraenica za adenosine monophospha-te.

amphidiploid A plant derived from do-ubling the chromosome number ofan interspecific F1 hybrid. Naturallyfound hybrids of this sort are referredto as allopolyploid.

Biljka dobijena udvostruavanjem brojahromozoma jednog interspecijes F1hibrida. Hibridi ove vrste se nazivjuspontani allopoliploidi.

amphimixis True sexual reproductioninvolving the fusion of male and fe-male gametes and the formation of azygote.

Stvarna polna reprodukcija, ukljuujuifuziju mukih i enskih gameta i for-miranje zigota.

ampicillin A penicillin-type antibioticthat prevents bacterial growth by in-terfering with synthesis of the cellwall. Commonly used as a selectablemarker in the creation of transgenicplants.

Antibiotik tipa penicilina koji spreavarast posredstvonm bakterija u sintezielijskog zida. Obino korien kaoselektivni marker u stvaranju tran-sgenih biljaka.

amplicon The product of a DNA ampli-fication reaction. See: polymerasechain reaction.

Produkat reakcije amplifikacije DNK.Vidi: polymerase chain reaction.

amplification 1. Creation of many copi-es of a segment of DNA by thepolymerase chain reaction. 2. Tre-atment (e.g. use of chloramphenicol)designed to increase the proportionof plasmid DNA relative to that ofbacterial (host) DNA. 3. Evolutio-nary expansion in copy number of a

amniocentesis amplification

11

repetitive DNA sequence through aprocess of repeated duplication.

1.Stvaranje mnogo kopija od segmentaDNK putem lanane reakcije poli-meraze. 2. Tretman ( na pr. korie-nje hloramfenikola) u cilju povea-nja proporcije plazmidne DNK u od-nosu na bakterijsku (domainsku)DNK. 3. Evoluciono irenje u brojukopija ponovljive sekvence DNK pu-tem procesa ponovljene duplikacije.

amplified fragment length polymorp-hism (Abbreviation: AFLP). A typeof DNA marker, generated by thePCR amplification of restrictionendonuclease treated DNA. A smallproportion of all restriction frag-ments is amplified in any one reac-tion, so that AFLP profiles can beanalysed by gel electrophoresis. Thishas the important characteristic thatmany markers can be generated withrelatively little effort.

(Skraenica:AFLP). Tip markera DNK,stvorenog putem amplifikacije lana-ne reakcije polimeraze restrikcionomendonukleazom tretirane DNK. Malideo svih restrikcionih fragmenata seumnoava u bilo kojoj reakciji, takoda AFLP profili mogu da se analizi-raju putem gel elektroforeze. To imavanu karakteristiku, da mnogi mar-keri mogu da se stvore sa relativnomalo napora.

amplify To increase the number of copi-es of a DNA sequence, either in vivoby inserting into a cloning vectorthat replicates within a host cell, or invitro by polymerase chain reaction.

Poveati broj kopija sekvence DNK, bi-lo in vivo, ubacivanjem u vektor klo-niranja koji se ponavlja unutar elijedomaina, ili in vitro, putem lananereakcije polimeraze.

ampometric See: electrochemical sen-sor

Vidi:electrochemical sensor.amylase Describing a wide class of

enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysisof starch.

Opisuje iroku grupu enzima koji katali-zuju hidrolizu skroba.

amylolytic The capability of enzymati-cally degrading starch into sugars.

Sposobnost enzimatskog razlaganjaskroba na eere.

amylopectin A polysaccharide compri-sing highly branched chains of glu-cose residues. The water-insolubleportion of starch.

Polisaharid koji se sastoji od visoko raz-granatih lanaca ostataka glukoze. Uvodi nerastvorljiv deo skroba.

amylose A polysaccharide consistingof linear chains of 1001000 glucoseresidues. The water-soluble portionof starch.

Polisaharid koji se sastoji od linearnihlanaca od 1001000 ostataka gluko-ze. U vodi rastvorljiv deo skroba.

anabolic pathway A pathway by whicha metabolite is synthesized; a bi-osynthetic pathway.

Putanja putem koje se sintetie metabo-lit; biosintetska putanja.

anabolism One of the two subcategori-es of metabolism, referring to thebuilding up of complex organic mo-lecules from simpler precursors.

Jedna od dve podkategorije metaboli-zma, odnosi se na izgradnju kom-pleksnih organskih molekula od pro-stih prekursora.

anaerobe An organism that can grow inthe absence of oxygen. Opposite:aerobe.

Organizam koji moe da raste u odsu-stvu kiseonika. Suprotno areobe.

amplified anaerobe

12

anaerobic An environment or conditionin which molecular oxygen is notavailable for chemical, physical orbiological processes.

Sredina ili stanje u kojem molekularnikiseonik nije dostupan za hemijske,fizike ili bioloke procese.

anaerobic digestion Digestion of mate-rials in the absence of oxygen. See:anaerobic respiration.

Svarljivost materijala u odsustvu azota.Vidi: anaerobic respiration.

anaerobic respiration Respiration inwhich foodstuffs are partially oxidi-zed, with the release of chemicalenergy, in a process not involving at-mospheric oxygen. A notable exam-ple is in alcoholic fermentation, whe-re sugar is metabolized into ethanol.

Disanje pri kojem se hraniva delom ok-siduju otputanjem hemijske energi-je, u procesu koji iskljuuje atmos-ferski kiseonik. Izraziti primer je ualkoholnoj fermentaciji, gde se eermetabolie u etanol.

analogous Features of organisms or mo-lecules that are superficially or fun-ctionally similar but have evolved ina different way or contain differentcompounds.

Odlike organizama ili molekula da supovrinski ili funkcionalno slini, alisu se razvili na razliit nain, ili sadr-e razliita jedinjenja.

anaphase The stage of mitosis or meio-sis during which the daughter chro-mosomes migrate to opposite polesof the cell (toward the ends of thespindle). Anaphase follows metap-hase and precedes telophase.

Stanje mitoze ili mejoze tokom kojegerke hromozomi idu ka suprotnimpolovima elije (prema krajevimavretena). Anafaza sledi metafazu aprethodi telofazi.

anchor gene A gene that has been posi-tioned on both the physical map andthe linkage map of a chromosome,and thereby allows their mutual alig-nment.

Gen koji je postavljen, kako u fizikojmapi, tako i linkage mapi hromozo-ma, i time omoguava njihovu zajed-niku postrojenost.

androgen Any hormone that stimulatesthe development of male secondarysexual characteristics, and contribu-tes to the control of sexual activity invertebrate animals. Usually synthesi-zed in the testis.

Bilo koji hormon koji stimulie razvojmukih sekundarnih polnih karekter-stika, i doprinosi kontroli seksualneaktivnosti u kimenjaka. Obino sesintetizuje u testisu.

androgenesis Male parthenogenesis,i.e. the development of a haploid em-bryo from a male nucleus. The ma-ternal nucleus is eliminated or inacti-vated subsequent to fertilization ofthe ovum, and the haploid individual(referred to as androgenetic) containsin its cells the genome of the malegamete only. See: anther culture;gynogenesis.

Muka partenogeneza, t.j. razvie haplo-idnog embriona od mukog nukleu-sa. Majinski nukleus je eliminisanili neaktiviran posle oplodnje jajneelije, i haploidna individua (oznae-na kao androgenetika) sadri u svo-jim elijama genom samo mukoggameta. Vidi: anther culture; gynoge-nesis.

aneuploid An organism or cell having achromosome number other than thenormal somatic number. Aneuploidgametes have a chromosome num-ber other than the normal haploidnumber. The condition is aneuploidy.

anaerobic aneuploid

13

Organizam ili elija koja ima hromo-zomski broj razliit od normalnog so-matskog broja. Aneuploidne gameteimaju hromozomski broj razliit odnormalnog haploidnog broja. Stanjeje aneuploidija.

angiogenesis The formation and deve-lopment of new blood vessels in thebody, stimulated by growth factors,such as angiogenin. The process isrequired for the spread of malignanttumours.

Formiranje i razvie novih krvnih sudo-va u telu, stimulisano faktorima ra-sta, kao to je angiogenin. Proces jepotreban za irenje malignih tumora.

angiogenin One of the human angioge-nic growth factors. In addition to sti-mulating (normal) blood vessel for-mation, angiogenin levels are corre-lated with placenta formation and tu-mour growth.

Jedan od ljudskih angiogeninih faktorarasta. Dodavi stimuliranju (normal-nog) formiranja krvnog suda, nivoiangiogena su povezani sa formira-njem placente i rastom tumora.

angiosperm A division of the plantkingdom that includes all floweringplants, i.e. vascular plants in whichdouble fertilization occurs resultingin development of fruit containingseeds. Divided into two major gro-ups, monocotyledons and dicotyle-dons. See: gymnosperm

Podela biljnog sveta koji ukljuuje svebiljke cvetnice tj. vaskularne biljke,u kojih se deava dvostruka oplodnjato dovodi do ploda koji sadri seme.Podeljena u dve glavne grupe, mono-kotile i dikotile. Vidi: gymnosperm.

animal cell immobilization Entrap-ment of animal cells in some solidmaterial in order to produce some

natural product or genetically engi-neered protein. Animal cells havethe advantage that they already pro-duce many proteins of pharmacolo-gical interest, and that genetically en-gineered proteins are produced bythem with the post-translation modi-fications normal to animals. Howe-ver, because animal cells are muchmore fragile than bacterial ones, theycannot tolerate a commercial fer-mentation process.

Hvatanjem u klopku ivotinjskih elijau nekom vrstom materijalu, da bi seproizveo neki prirodan produkt iligenetiki izgradjen protein. ivotinj-ske elije imaju prednost da one veproizvode mnoge proteine od farma-kolokog interesa, i da su genetikiizgradjeni proteini, proizvedeni odnjih sa posleprenosnim modifikacija-ma, normalnim ivotinjama. Medju-tim, poto su ivotinjske elije mno-go nenije nego bakterijske, one nemogu tolerisati komercijalni procasfermentacije.

animal cloning See: cloning. Vidi: cloning.anneal The pairing of complementary

DNA or RNA sequences, via hydro-gen bonding, to form a double-stran-ded polynucleotide. Opposite: de-nature.

Sparivanje komplementarnih sekvenciDNK ili RNK, putem vodonikovogvezivanja, da se formira dvo-lananipolinukleotid. Suprotno: denature.

annual 1. (adj:) Taking one year, or oc-curring at intervals of one year. 2. Aplant that completes its life cyclewithin one year. See biennial, peren-nial.

1. (adj:) Godinji, ili nastao u intervali-ma od jedne godine. 2. Biljka koja

angiogenesis annual

14

zavrava svoj ivotni ciklus za godi-nu dana. Vidi:biennial, perennial.

anonymous DNA marker A DNAmarker detectable by virtue of vari-ation in its sequence. The function (ifany) of the sequence is unknown.Microsatellites and AFLPs are typi-cal anonymous DNA markers.

DNK marker koji se moe otkriti putemosobine varijacije u svojoj sekvenci.Funkcija (ako ima) sekvence nije po-znata. Mikrosateliti i AFLP su tipininepoznati markeri DNK.

antagonism An interaction betweentwo organisms (e.g. moulds or bacte-ria) in which the growth of one is in-hibited by the other. Opposite:synergism.

Interakcija izmedju dva organizma (napr. plesni ili bakterije) pri kojoj jerast jednog inhibiran drugim. Suprot-no: synergism.

antagonist A compound that inhibitsthe effect of an agonist in such a waythat the combined biological effect ofthe two becomes smaller than thesum of their individual effects.

Jedinjenje koje inhibira efekt nekogagonista na takav nain, da kombino-vani bioloki efekt ova dva postajemanji nego suma njihovih individu-alnih efekata.

anther The upper part of a stamen, con-taining pollen sacs within which thepollen develops and matures.

Gornji deo pranika, koji sadri poleno-ve kesice u kojima se polen razvija isazreva.

anther culture The aseptic culture ofimmature anthers to generate ha-ploid plants from microspores viaandrogenesis.

Aseptina kultura nezrelih pranika, dabi se putem androgeneze stvorile ha-ploidne biljke od mikrospora.

anthesis The period during which ant-hers bear mature and functional pol-len.

Period tokom kojeg pranici nose zreo ifunkcionalni polen.

anthocyanin A water-soluble blue, pur-ple or red flavonoid pigments foundin vacuoles of cells of certain plants.

Vodorastvorljivi plavi, purpurni ili crve-ni flavonoidni pigmenti, nadjeni uvakuolama elija nekih biljaka.

antiauxin A chemical that interfereswith the auxin response, sometimesby the prevention of auxin transport.Some antiauxins may promotemorphogenesis in vitro (e.g. 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoate (TIBA) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4,5-T))and are therefore used to stimulatethe growth of some cultures.

Hemikalija koja se mea sa reagova-njem auksina, ponekad putem spre-avanja transporta auksina. Neki an-tiauksini mogu potpomoi morfoge-nezu in vitro (npr. 2, 3, 5, -tri-jodo-benzoat (TIBA) i 2, 4, 5-trihlorofe-noksiacetat (2, ,4, 5-T), i zbog togase koriste da stimuliu rast nekih kul-tura.

antibiosis The prevention of growth ordevelopment of an organism by asubstance or another organism.

Spreavanje rasta ili razvia nekog orga-nizma putem neke supstance ili dru-gog organizma.

antibiotic A class of natural and synthe-tic compounds that inhibit thegrowth of, or kill some micro-orga-nisms. Antibiotics are widely usedmedicinally to control bacterial pat-hogens, but resistance in bacteria toparticular antibiotics is often rapidlyacquired through mutation.

Grupa prirodnih ili sintetikih jedinjenjakoja inhibira rast, ili ubija neke mi-

anonymous antibiotic

15

kroorganizme. Antibiotici se irokomedicinski koriste za suzbijanje bak-terijskih patogena, ali rezistentnost ubakterija na odredjene antibiotike seesto brzo postie putem mutacije.

antibiotic resistance The ability of amicro-organism to disable an antibi-otic or prevent its transport into thecell.

Sposobnost mikroorganizma da onespo-sobi antibiotik, ili sprei njegov tran-sport u eliju.

antibiotic resistance marker gene(Abbreviation: ARMG). Genes (usu-ally of bacterial origin) used as selec-tion markers in transgenesis, becau-se their presence allows cell survivalin the presence of normally toxic an-tibiotic agents. These genes werecommonly used in the developmentand release of first generation tran-sgenic organisms (particularly cropplants), but are no longer favouredbecause of perceived risks associatedwith the unintentional transfer of an-tibiotic resistance to other organisms.See kanr, neor.

(Skraenica ARMG)- Geni (obino bak-terijskog porekla) korieni kao se-lekcioni markeri pri transgenezi,zbog njihovog prisustva omoguujupreivljavanje elije u prisustvu nor-malno toksinih antibiotikih agena-sa. Ti geni bili su obino korieni urazviu i oslobadjanju prve generaci-je transgenih organizama (posebnouseva), ali nisu due korieni, zbogprimeenih rizika povezanih sa nena-mernim transferom rezistantnosti an-tibiotika prema drugim organizmi-ma. Vidi: kanr, neor.

antibody (Abbreviation: Ab). An immu-nological protein produced by thelymphocytes in response to contact

with an antigen. Each antibody re-cognizes just one antigenic determi-nant of one antigen and acts by spe-cifically binding to it, thus renderingit harmless. Those from the IgG anti-body class are found in the blood-stream and used in immunoassay.Synonym: immunoglobulin. See: mo-noclonal antibody, polyclonal anti-body.

(Skraenica Ab). Imunoloki protein,proizveden od limfocita u reagova-nju sa antigenom. Svako antitelo pre-poznaje tek jednu antigenu determi-nantu jednog antigena i deluje putemspecifinog vezanja za nju, inei jetako bezopasnom. One iz IgG klaseantitela nadjene su u krvotoku, i kori-ene su u imuno probi. Sinonim:imunoglobulin. Vidi: monoclonal an-tibody, polyclonal antibody.

antibody binding site The part of anantibody that binds to the antigenicdeterminant. See: complementa-rity-determining regions. Synonym:paratope.

Deo antitela koji se vezuje za antigenskudeterminantu. Vidi: complementa-rity-determining regions. Sinonim:paratope.

antibody class The class to which anantibody belongs, depending on thetype of heavy chain present. In mam-mals, there are five classes of antibo-dies: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM.

Grupa kojoj pripada antitelo, u zavisno-sti od tipa prisutnosti tekog lanca. Usisara ima pet klasa antitela: IgA,IgG, IgE, IgD i IgM.

antibody structure Describes the mole-cular architecture of an antibody,which consists of two identicallight chains and two identical he-avy chains and has two antigen-

antibiotic resistance antibody structure

16

binding sites. Each chain consists ofa constant region which is the samebetween antibodies of the same classand sub-class, and a variable regionthat is antibody-specific.

Opisuje molekularnu arhitekturu nekogantitela, koja se sastoji od dva iden-tina laka lanca, i dva identinateka lanca, a ima dva mesta kojase vezuju za antigen. Svaki lanac sa-stoji se od stalnog regiona koji je istiizmedju antitela iste klase i podklase,i razliitog regiona, koji je antitelo-specifian.

antibody-mediated immune responseThe synthesis of antibodies by Bcells in response to an encounter ofthe cells of the immune system witha foreign antigen. Synonym: humo-ral immune response.

Sinteza antitela pomou B elija, u od-govoru na susret elija imunog siste-ma sa stranim antigenom. Sinonim:humoral immune response.

anticlinal The orientation of cell wall orplane of cell division perpendicularto the surface. Opposite: periclinal.

Orijentacija elijskog zida ili ravni deo-be elije, uspravna na povrinu. Su-protno: periclinal.

anticoding strand The DNA strandused as template for transcription.The resulting mRNA is complemen-tary in sequence to that of the antico-ding strand. Synonym: templatestrand.

Lanac DNK, korien kao model zatranskripciju. Nastala mRNK jekomplementarna u sekvenci sa onomu antikodnom lancu. Sinonim: tem-plate strand.

anticodon A triplet of tRNA nucleoti-des that corresponds to a comple-mentary codon in an mRNA mole-cule during translation.

Triplet tRNK nukleotida koji je komple-mentaran sa komplementarnim ko-donom u molekulu mRNK tokomtranslacije.

antigen (Abbreviation: Ag). A macro-molecule (usually a protein foreignto the organism), which elicits an im-mune response on first exposure tothe immune system by stimulatingthe production of antibodies specificto its various antigenic determi-nants. During subsequent exposures,the antigen is bound and inactivatedby these antibodies. Synonym: im-munogen.

(Skraenica:Ag) Makromolekul (obinoprotein stran za organizam) koji ot-kriva imunoreakciju pri prvom izla-ganju imunom sistemu putem stimu-lacije proizvodnje antitela specifinonjihovim razliitim antigenim deter-minantama. Tokom sledeih izlaga-nja, antigen je vezan i neaktivirantim antitelima. Sinonim: immuno-gen.

antigenic determinant The individualsurface feature of an antigen, thatelicits the production of a specificantibody in the course of the immu-ne response. Each antigenic determi-nant, typically a few amino acids insize, causes the synthesis of a diffe-rent antibody and thus exposure to asingle antigen may result in the ex-pression of a number of antibodies.See: monoclonal antibody, polyclo-nal antibody. Synonym: epitope.

Individualna povrinska karakteristikanekog antigena, koja otkriva proiz-vodnju specifinog antitela u tokuimunoreakcije. Svaka antigenska de-terminanta, sa malim brojem aminokiselina, uzrokuje sintezu razliitihantitela, i to izlaganje jednom antige-

antibody antigenic determinant

17

nu moe dovesti do ispoljavanja jed-nog broja antitela. Vidi: monoclonalantibody, polyclonal antibody. Sino-nim: epitope.

antigenic switching The altering of amicro-organisms surface antigensthrough genetic re-arrangement, toelude detection by the hosts immunesystem.

Promena antigena povrine mikroorga-nizma putem genetikog ponovnogaranmana, da se izbegne otkrivanjeputem imunog sistema domaina.

antihaemophilic factor VIII See: anti-haemophilic globulin.

Vidi: antihaemophilic globulin.antihaemophilic globulin (Abbrevia-

tion AHG). One of the blood clottingfactors, a soluble protein that causesthe fibrin matrix of a blood clot toform. Used as a treatment for hae-mophilia, AHG is usually obtainedfrom genetically engineered cell cul-tures. Synonym: antihaemophilic fac-tor VIII.

(Skraenica: AHG) Jedan od faktorazgruavanja krvi, rastvorljivi proteinkoji izaziva formiranje matrica krv-nog ugruka. Korien kao nain le-enja hemofilije, AHG se obino do-bija iz genetiki proizvedenih elij-skih kultura. Sinonim: antihemofili-ki faktor VIII.

anti-idiotype antibody An antibody,produced by an organism, which spe-cifically binds to the binding site ofan antibody developed by that orga-nism against a foreign antigen. In-volved with the regulation of the im-mune response. Some allergic re-sponses are in part due to the break-down of this sort of regulation.

Antitelo, koje proizvodi neki organizamkoje se specifino vezuje na veziv-

nom mestu antitela, koje stvara tajorganizam protiv stranog antigena.Ukljueno u regulisanju imunoreak-cije. Neka alergijska reagovanja sudelom usled prekida ove vrste regu-lacije.

antimicrobial agent Any chemical orbiological agent that inhibits thegrowth and/or survival of micro-or-ganisms. See: antibiotic.

Bilo koji hemijski ili bioloki agens kojiinhibira rast i/ili preivljavanje mi-kroorganizama.Vidi: antibiotic.

antinutrient Compounds that inhibitthe normal uptake or utilization ofnutrients.

Jedinjenja koja inhibiraju usvajanje iliiskoriavanje hranljivih materija.

anti-oncogene A gene whose productprevents the normal growth of tissue.

Gen iji produkt spreava normalan rasttkiva.

antioxidant Compounds that slow therate of oxidation reactions.

Jedinjenja koja usporavaju stepen oksi-dacionih reakcija.

antiparallel orientation The normal ar-rangement of the two strands of a do-uble-stranded DNA molecule, andof other nucleic-acid duplexes(DNA-RNA, RNA-RNA), in whichthe two strands are oriented in oppo-site directions so that the 5-phosp-hate end of one strand is aligned withthe 3-hydroxyl end of the comple-mentary strand.

Pravilan raspored dva lanca, dvostrukihupletenih DNK molekula, i drugihnukleinsko-kiselinskih dupleksa(DNK-RNK, RNK-RNK), u kojih sudva lanca orijentisana u suprotnimpravcima, tako da je 5 fosfatni krajjednog lanca doveden u pravu linijusa 3 hidroksilnim krajem dopunskoglanca.

antigenic switching antiparallel orientation

18

antisense DNA One of the two strandsof double-stranded DNA, usuallythat which is complementary (henceanti) to the mRNA, i.e. the non-transcribed strand. However, there isnot universal agreement on this con-vention, and the preferred designati-ons are coding strand for the strandwhose sequence matches that of themRNA, and non-coding strand ortemplate strand for the complemen-tary strand (i.e. the transcription tem-plate).

Jedan od dva dvostruka lanca DNK,obino onaj koji je dopunski (dakleanti) prema mRNK, tj. ne-transkri-bovanom lancu. Medjutim, nema op-te saglasnosti o tom sporazumu, iprihvaene oznake su kodirajui la-nac za lanac ija sekvenca odgovaraonoj od mRNK, i nekodirajui lanacili model lanac za dopunski lanac (tj.transkipcioni model).

antisense gene A gene that produces anmRNA complementary to the tran-script of a normal gene (usually con-structed by inverting the coding re-gion relative to the promoter).

Gen koji proizvodi mRNK, koji je kom-plementaran transkriptu normalnoggena (nastao obrtanjem regiona kodi-ranja u odnosu na promoter).

antisense RNA An RNA sequence thatis complementary to all or part of afunctional mRNA molecule, towhich it binds, blocking its transla-tion.

RNK sekvenca koja je komplementarnaceloj ili delu funkcionalne mRNKmolekule, za koju se vezuje, blokira-jui translaciju.

antisense therapy The in vivo treatmentof a genetic disease by blockingtranslation of a protein with a DNA

or an RNA sequence that is comple-mentary to a specific mRNA.

In vivo leenje genetike bolesti putemblokiranja translacije proteina sa se-kvencom DNK ili RNK, koja jekomplementarna specifinoj mRNK.

antiseptic Any substance that kills orinhibits the growth of disease-cau-sing micro-organism (a micro-orga-nism capable of causing sepsis), butis essentially non-toxic to cells of thebody.

Bilo koja supstanca koja ubija ili inhibi-ra rast mikroorganizama izazivaabolesti (mikroorganizma u stanju daizazove sepsu), ali je netoksina zatelesne elije.

antiserum The fluid portion of theblood of an immunized animal (aftercoagulation of the blood), which re-tains any antibodies.

Teni deo krvi neke imunizovane ivoti-nje (posle koagulacije krvi), koji za-drava bilo koja antitela.

anti-terminator A protein which ena-bles RNA polymerase to ignore cer-tain transcriptional stop or termina-tion signals and thereby producelonger than normal transcripts.

Protein koji omoguava RNK polimera-zi da ignorie neki transkripcioni za-stoj ili zavrne signale, i time proiz-vodi transkripte due od normalnih.

antitranspirant A compound designedto reduce plant transpiration. Appliedto the leaves of newly transplantedtrees, shrubs etc., or cuttings in lieuof misting. Can interfere with pho-tosynthesis and respiration if the co-ating is too thick or is unbroken.

Jedinjenje koje smanjuje transpiracijubiljke. Primenjeno na listovima novopresadjenih drvea, bunja itd., ili namestu seenja. Moe se ometati foto-

antisense antitranspirant

19

sintezom i respiracijom, ako je slojsuvie debeo ili neisprekidan.

antixenosis The modification of the be-haviour of an organism by a substan-ce or another organism. Particularlyused in the context of a plants appa-rent resistance against insect feeding,when the insects are presented with achoice of plant genotypes.

Promena ponaanja nekog organizmapod uticajem drugog organizma. Po-sebno oigledno u kontekstu biljneotpornosti razliitih genotipova bilja-ka u ishrani fitofagnih insekata.

apex The portion of a root or shoot con-taining the primary or apical meri-stem.

Deo korena ili izdanka koji sadri pri-marni ili vrni meristem.

apical cell A meristematic initial in theapical meristem of shoots or roots ofplants.

Meristemski zaetak na vrnom delu iz-danaka ili korena biljaka.

apical dominance The phenomenonwhere growth of lateral (axillary)buds in a plant is inhibited by thepresence of the terminal (apical) budon the branch. Explained by the ex-port of auxins from the apical bud.

Fenomen gde je rast lateralnih (pazu-nih) pupoljaka inhibiran prisustvomterminalnog (vrnog) pupoljka nagrani. Objanjen isputanjem auksi-na iz vrnog pupoljka.

apical meristem A region of the tip ofeach shoot and root of a plant inwhich cell division is continually oc-curring to produce new stem and roottissue, respectively. Two regions arevisible in the apical meristem: Anouter 1-4-cell layered region (the tu-nica), where cell divisions are antic-linal; and below the tunica, (ii) the

corpus, where the cells divide in alldirections, and increase in volume.

Region vrha svakog izdanka i korenabiljke, u kojem se deoba elija stalnoodvija, da proizveda novo tkivo sta-bla, odnosno korena. Dva regiona suvidljiva u vrnom meristemu. Naspoljnom 14 poloenom regionu (tu-nica) , gde su deljenja elija sa suprot-nim nagibom; i ispod tunike, (ii) cor-pusa, gde se elije dele u svim pravci-ma, i zapreminski se poveavaju.

apoenzyme Inactive enzyme that has tobe associated with a co-enzyme inorder to function. The apo-enzyme/co-enzyme complex is cal-led a holoenzyme.

Neaktivni enzim, koji treba da bude po-vezan sa koenzimom da bi funkcio-nisao. Kompleks apoenzim/koenzimnaziva se holoenzim.

apomixis The production of an embryoin the absence of meiosis. Apomictichigher plants produce asexual seeds,derived only from maternal tissue.See: parthenogenesis.

Proizvodnja embriona u odsustvu mejo-ze. Apomiktine vie biljke stvarajuseme bez oplodnje, koje je poreklomsamo od majinskog tkiva. Vidi: par-tenogenesis.

apoptosis The process of programmedcell death, which occurs naturally asa part of normal development, main-tenance and renewal of tissue. Dif-fers from necrosis, in which cell de-ath is caused by external factors(stress or toxin).

Proces programirane smrti elije, koji seprirodno deava kao deo normalnograzvia, odravanja i obnove tkiva.Razlikuje se od nekroze, kod koje jesmrt elije izazvana spoljnim faktori-ma (stresom ili toksinom).

antixenosis apoptosis

20

AP-PCR See: arbitrarily primedpolymerase chain reaction.

Vidi: arbitrarily primed polymerasechain reaction.

aptamer A polynucleotide moleculethat binds to a specific molecule, of-ten a protein.

Polinukleotidni molekul koji se vezujena specifini molekul, esto protein.

aquaculture Farming of aquatic orga-nisms, including fish, molluscs, cru-staceans and aquatic plants.

Uzgajanje vodenih organizama, uklju-ujui ribe, mekuce, rakove i vode-ne biljke.

Arabidopsis A genus of floweringplants in the Cruciferae. A. thalianais used in research as a model plantbecause it has a small fully sequen-ced genome, can be cultured andtransformed easily, and has a rapidgeneration time.

Rod biljaka cvetnica u familiji Crucife-rae. A. thaliana se koristi u istraiva-nju kao model biljka, poto ima mali,potpuno sekvencionirani genom,moe lako biti kultivisana i transfor-misana, i brzo se reprodukuje.

arbitrarily primed polymerase chainreaction (Abbreviation: AP-PCR)An application of the polymerasechain reaction to generate DNA fin-gerprints. The technique uses arbi-trary primers to amplify anonymo-us stretches of DNA. See: DNA am-plification fingerprinting, randomamplified polymorphic DNA.

(Skaenica: AP-PCR) Primena lananereakcije polimeraze da se stvore oti-sci DNK. Tehnika koristi nedefinisa-ne prajmere da umnoi nedefinisanedelove DNK. Vidi: DNK amplifica-tion fingerprinting, random ampli-fied polymorphic DNK.

arbitrary primer An oligonucleotideprimer whose sequence is chosen atrandom, rather than one whose sequ-ence matches that of a known locus.These primers therefore amplifyDNA fragments which have not beenpre-selected.

Jedan oligonukleotid, ija je sekvencaodabrana sluajno, pre nego neki ijase sekvenca slae sa onom poznatoglokusa. Ovi prajmeri poveavajufragmente DNK koji nisu bili pret-hodno selekcionisani.

Archaea Single-celled life forms adap-ted to existence in high pressure,anaerobic, environments such as atextreme ocean depths. These orga-nisms are seen as a promising sourceof enzymes robust enough for a num-ber of demanding industrial proces-ses.

Jednoelijske ivotne forme adaptiranena egzistenciju pod visokim priti-skom, anaerobnim uslovima sredine,kao to su ekstremne okeanske dubi-ne. Ti organizmi su vidjeni kao mo-gui izvor enzima koji su dovoljnorobustni za odredjen broj znaajnihindustrijskih procesa.

ARMG Abbreviation for antibiotic re-sistance marker gene.

Skraenica za antibiotic resistance mar-ker gene.

ARS Abbreviation for autonomous(ly)replicating segment (or sequence).

Skraenica za autonomno ponavljajuisegment (ili sekvenca).

artificial inembryonation Non-surgi-cal transfer of embryo(s) to a recipi-ent female. As in vitro embryo tec-hnology develops, artificial inem-bryonation may replace artificial in-semination.

Neoperativni transfer embriona u enkurecipijenta. Kako se razvija in vitro

AP-PCR artificial inembryonation

21

embriona tehnologija, vetakainembrionacija moe da zameni ve-tako osemenjavanje.

artificial insemination (Abbreviation:AI). The deposition of semen, usinga syringe, at the mouth of the uterusto make conception possible.

(Skraenica: AI) Deponovanje semena,korienjem katetera na grli materi-ce, da bi se koncepcija inila mogu-om.

artificial medium See: culture medi-um.

Vidi: culture medium.artificial seed Encapsulated or coated

somatic embryos that are plantedand treated like seed.

Stavljeni u kapsule, ili obloeni somat-ski embrioni, koji su ponovo implan-tirani i tretirani kao seme.

artificial selection The practice of cho-osing individuals from a populationfor reproduction, usually becausethese individuals possess one or mo-re desirable traits.

Praksa odabiranja individua iz populaci-je za reprodukciju, obino zbog togato te individue poseduju jednu ili vi-e poeljnih osobina.

ASA Abbreviation for allele-specificamplification.

Skraenica za allele-specific amplifica-tion.

ascites Abnormal accumulation of fluidin the peritoneal cavity, occurring na-turally as a complication of cirrhosisof the liver, among other conditions.In the context of monoclonal anti-body production, hybridoma cellsare injected into mice to induce theirproliferation in the resulting ascites.This method has been largely super-seded by in vitro culture of hybrido-mas.

Nenormalna akumulacija tenosti u pe-ritonealnoj upljini, koja prirodnonastaje usled komplikacija ciroze je-tre, izmedju drugih stanja. U kontek-stu proizvodnje monoklonalnog anti-tela, hibridoma elije se injektiraju umia da izazovu njihovo umnoava-nje u nastajuem ascites-u. ovaj me-tod je bio uveliko zamenjem sa in vi-tro kulturom hibridoma.

ascospore One of the spores containedin the ascus of certain fungi.

Jedna od spora, sadrana u askusu nekihgljiva.

ascus (pl.: asci) Reproductive sac in thesexual stage of a type of fungi(Ascomycetes) in which ascosporesare produced.

Reproduktivna kesica u seksualnom sta-dijumu gljivica (Ascomycetes) u ko-joj se stvaraju askospore.

aseptic Sterile, free of contaminatingorganisms (bacteria, fungi, algae butnot generally including viruses, andparticularly not internal symbionts).

Sterilan, bez kontaminirajuih organiza-ma (bakterija, gljivica, algi ali gene-ralno ne ukljuujui viruse, a poseb-no ne unutranje simbionte).

asexual Reproduction not involvingmeiosis or the union of gametes.

Reprodukcija koja ne ukljuuje mejozuili sjedinjavanje gameta.

asexual embryogenesis See: somaticcell embryogenesis.

Vidi: somatic cell embryogenesis.asexual propagation Vegetative, soma-

tic, non-sexual reproduction of aplant without fertilization.

Vegetativna, somatska, neseksualna re-produkcija biljke, bez oplodnje.

asexual reproduction Reproductionthat does not involve the formationand union of gametes from the diffe-

artificial insemination asexual reproduction

22

rent sexes or mating types. It occursmainly in lower animals, micro-orga-nisms and plants. In plants, asexualreproduction is by vegetative propa-gation (e.g. bulbs, tubers, corms) andby formation of spores.

Reprodukcija koja ne ukljuuje formira-nje i sjedinjavanje gameta razliitihpolova ili tipova parenja. Deava seuglavnom u niih ivotinja, mikroor-ganizama i biljaka. U biljkama, asek-sualna reprodukcija se odvija putemvegetativne propagacije (na pr. luko-vice, krtole, izdanci) i formiranjemspora.

A-site Abbreviation for aminoacyl site. Skraenica za aminoacyl site.assay 1. To test or evaluate. 2. The pro-

cedure for measuring the quantity ofa given substance in a sample (che-mically or by other means).

1. Testirati ili oceniti. 2. Postupak mere-nja koliine date supstance u uzorku(hemijski ili drugim sredstvima).

assortative mating Mating in which thepartners are chosen on the basis ofphenotypic similarity.

Parenje, pri kojem se partneri biraju nabazi fenotipske slinosti.

assortment See: segregation. Vidi: segregation.asymmetric hybrid A hybrid formed,

usually via protoplast fusion, bet-ween two donors, where the chro-mosome complement of one of thedonors is incomplete. This chromo-some loss can be induced by irradia-tion or chemical treatment, or canoccur naturally.

Hibrid, obino nastao fuzijom protopla-sta, izmedju dva donora, gde je hro-mozomska dopuna jednog od donoranekomplentna. Taj gubitak hromozo-ma moe se izazvati putem zraenja

ili hemijskim trentmanom, ili se mo-e desiti spontano.

asynapsis The failure or partial failurein the pairing of homologous chro-mosomes during the first meioticprophase.

Odsustvo ili delimino odsustvo parenjahomolognih hromozoma tokom prvemejotike profaze.

ATP Abbreviation for adenosine trip-hosphate.

Skraenica za adenosine triphosphate.ATP-ase An enzyme that brings about

the hydrolysis of adenosine trip-hosphate, by the cleavage of eitherone phosphate groups with the for-mation of ADP and inorganic phosp-hate, or of two phosphate groups,with the formation of AMP andpyrophosphate.

Enzim koji dovodi do hidrolize adeno-zin trifosfata, putem hidrolize, bilojedne fosfatne grupe sa formiranjemADP i neorganskog fosfata, ili dvefosfatne grupe, sa formiranjem AMPi pirofosfata.

attenuated vaccine A virulent organismthat has been modified to produce aless virulent form, but neverthelessretains the ability to elicit antibodiesagainst the virulent form. See: inacti-vated agent.

Virulentan organizam koji je modifiko-van da proizvede manje virulentnioblik, ali zadrava sposobnost da iz-mami antitela protiv virulentnog ob-lika. Vidi: inactivating agent.

attenuation A mechanism for control-ling gene expression in prokaryotesthat involves premature terminationof transcription.

Mehanizam za kontrolu ekspresije genau prokariotima, to izaziva preraniprestanak transkripcije.

A-site attenuation

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attenuator A nucleotide sequence in the5 region of a prokaryotic gene (or inits RNA) that causes premature ter-mination of transcription, possiblyby forming a secondary structure.

Sekvenca nukleotida u 5regionu genaprokariota (ili u njegovoj RNK) kojaizaziva prerani zavretak transkripci-je, mogue putem sekundarne struk-ture.

aureofacin An antifungal antibioticproduced by a strain of Streptomycesaureofaciens. A possible candidatefor the transgenic control of plantfungal disease.

Antifungalni antibiotik, koji proizvedisoj Streptomyces aureofaciens-a.Mogao bi se koristiti za transgenosuzbijanje biljne gljivine bolesti.

authentic protein A recombinant pro-tein that has all the properties in-cluding any post-translational modi-fications of its naturally occurringcounterpart.

Rekombinantni protein, koji ima sveosobine-ukljuujui bilo koje post -translacione modifikacije- od svojenormalne kopije.

autocatalysis Catalysis in which one ofthe products of the reaction is a ca-talyst for the reaction.

Kataliza kod koje je jedan od proizvodareakcije katalizator reakcije.

autocatalytic reaction See: autoca-talysis.

Vidi:autocatalysis.autoclave 1. An enclosed chamber in

which materials can be heated underpressure to sterilize utensils, liquids,glassware, etc., using steam.

1. Zatvorena komora u kojoj se raznimaterijali mogu zagrevati pod priti-skom, da se sterilizuju uteunzilije,tenosti, staklarija itd., korienjempare.

autogenous control The action of a ge-ne product to inhibit (negative auto-genous control) or enhance (positiveautogenous control) the expressionof the gene that codes for it.

Dejstvo produkta gena da inhibira (ne-gativna autogena kontrola) ili pojaa(pozitivna autogena kontrola) ispo-ljavanje gena koji je kodiran za isto.

auto-immune disease Disorder inwhich the immune systems of affec-ted individuals produce antibodiesagainst molecules that are normallyproduced by those individuals (cal-led self antigens).

Poremeaj, u kojem imuni sistem na-padnutih individua proizvodi antitelaprotiv molekula koji su normalnoproizvedeni od tih individua (zvanisamoantigeni).

auto-immunity A disorder in the bodysdefence mechanism in which an im-mune response is elicited against itsown (self) tissues.

Poremeaj u odbrandbenom mehanizmuorganizma, u kojem je imuna reakci-ja izvedena protiv sopstvenih tkiva.

autologous cells Cells taken from an in-dividual, cultured (or stored), and,possibly, genetically manipulated be-fore being transferred back into theoriginal donor.

elije, uzete od individue, kultivisane(ili skladitene) i mogue genetskimanipulisane, pre nego to budu vra-ene u originalnog donora.

autolysis The process of self destructionof a cell, cell organelle, or tissue,through the action of lysosomicenzymes.

Proces samodekstrukcije elije, eliskeorganele, ili tkiva, putem delovanjaenzima lizozoma.

autonomous A term applied to any bio-logical unit that can function on its

attenuator autonomous

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own, i.e. without the help of anotherunit, such as a transposable elementthat encodes an enzyme for its owntransposition.

Izraz, primenjen na bilo koju biolokujedinicu koja moe da funkcionieautonomno, tj. bez pomoi druge je-dinke, kao element koji prenosi en-zim za sopstveno premetanje.

autonomous(ly) replicating segment(or sequence) (Abbreviation: ARS).Any eukaryotic DNA sequence thatinitiates and supports chromosomalreplication; they have been isolatedin yeast cells.

(Skraenica: ARS) Bilo koja DNK se-kvenca eukariota koja zapoinje ipodstie replikaciju hromozoma;izolovane su iz elija kvasca.

autopolyploid A polyploid whose con-stituent genomes are derived fromthe same or nearly the same progeni-tor. In an autotetraploid, each chro-mosome is present in four copies, someiotic configurations may includemany (or exclusively) quadrivalents(four paired chromosomes), and theinheritance of alleles will be qua-druplex. Quadrivalents do not al-ways segregate normaly at meiosis,resulting in lowered fertility, so someestablished autotetraploid speciesthat reproduce sexually have restric-ted quadrivalent formation.

Poliploid iji su genomi nastali iz istogili skoro istog predaka. U autotetra-ploidu, svaki hromozom je prisutan uetiri kopije, tako da mejotike kon-figuracije mogu da ukljue mnoge(ili iskljuivo) kvadrivalente (etirinaparena hromozoma), a nasledjiva-nje alela e biti kvadrupleks. Kvadri-valenti se ne razdvajaju uvek nor-malno pri mejozi, dovodei do sma-

njene plodnosti, tako da neke stvore-ne autotetraploidne vrste koje se pol-no razmnoavaju imaju ogranienoformiranje kvadrivalenata.

autoradiograph A technique for visua-lizing the presence, location and in-tensity of radioactivity in histologi-cal preparations, paper chromato-grams or electrophoretic gel separati-ons, obtained by overlaying the sur-face with X-ray film and allowingthe radiation to form an image on thefilm.

Tehnika za ocenu prisustva, lokacije, iinteziteta radioaktivnosti u histolo-kim preparatima, papirnim hroma-togramima ili razdvajanja gel elek-troforezom, dobijenim prevlaenjempovrine sa filmom X-zraka i omo-guavanjem da formira sliku na fil-mu zraenjem.

autosome Any of the chromosomes ex-cept the sex chromosomes.

Bilo koji od hromozoma izuzev polnihhromozoma.

autotroph Organism capable of self-no-urishment utilizing carbon dioxide orcarbonates as the sole source of car-bon and obtaining energy from radi-ant energy or from the oxidation ofinorganic elements, or compoundssuch as iron, sulphur, hydrogen, am-monium and nitrites. Opposite: hete-rotroph.

Organizam, sposoban za samoishranu,koristei ugljen-dioksid ili karbonatekao jedini izvor ugljenika i dobijaju-i energiju iz energije zraenja, ili odoksidacije neorganskih elemenata, ilijedinjenja, kao to su gvodje, sum-por, vodonik, amonijak i nitrit. Su-protno: heterotroph.

autotrophic (adj.) See: autotroph. Vidi: autotroph.

autonomous(ly) autotrophic

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auxin A group of plant growth regula-tors (natural or synthetic) which sti-mulate cell division, enlargement,apical dominance, root initiation,and flowering.

Grupa regulatora rasta biljaka (prirodnaili sintetika) koja stimulie deobuelija, poveanje, vrnu dominant-nost, zaetak korena i cvetanja.

auxin-cytokinin ratio The relative pro-portion of auxin to cytokinin pre-sent in plant tissue culture media.Varying the relative amounts of thesetwo hormones affects the proportio-nal growth of shoots and roots.

Relativna proporcija auksina prema ci-tokininu, prisutnom u medijumu kul-ture tkiva biljaka. Variranje relativ-nih koliina ta dva hormona utie naproporcijalni rast izdanaka i korena.

auxotroph A mutant cell or micro-or-ganism lacking one metabolic pat-hway present in the parental strain,and that consequently will not mul-tiply on a minimal medium, but requ-ires for growth the addition of a spe-cific compound, such as an aminoacid or a vitamin.

Mutantna elija ili mikroorganizam sanedostatkom jedne metabolike pu-tanje prisutne kod roditelja i koja sekonsekventno ne umnoava na mini-malnom medijumu, nego za rast zah-teva za rast dodavanje specifinogjedinjenja, kao to je neka aminoki-selina ili vitamin.

availability A reflection of the form andlocation of nutritional elements andtheir suitability for absorption.

Odraz forme i lokacije elemenata ishranei njihove pogodnosti za apsorpciju.

avidin A glycoprotein present in eggwhite, which has a strong affinity tobiotin. Can lead to biotin deficiency

if given in large quantities. Used as abiological reagent in the same way asstreptavidin.

Glikoprotein, prisutan u belancu jajeta,koji ima jak afinitet ka biotinu. Moedovesti do nedostatka biotina ako seda u velikim koliinama. Koristi sekao bioloki reagens na isti nain kaostreptavidin.

avidity A measure of the bindingstrength of an antibody to its antigen.

Mera jaine vezivanja antitela za njegovantigen.

avirulence gene (Abbreviation: avr ge-ne). Many plants contain R genes,which confer simply-inherited resi-stance to a specific pathogen race.The plants are able to recognize thepresence of the pathogen by an inter-action between their R gene and thematching pathogens avirulence ge-ne. Successful recognition triggers acascade of further genes, often lea-ding to a hypersensitive response.

(Skraenica: avr gene) mnoge biljke sa-dre R gene, koji daju jednostavno-nasledjenu otpornost prema specifi-noj rasi patogena. Biljke su u stanjuda prepoznaju prisustvo patogena pu-tem interakcije izmedju njihovog Rgena i odgovarajueg patogenog avi-rulentnog gena. Uspeno prepoznava-nje inicira kaskadu daljih gena, estovodei hipersenzitivnom reagovanju.

avr gene Abbreviation for avirulencegene.

Skraenica za avirulence gene.axenic culture Free of external conta-

minants and internal symbionts; ge-nerally not possible with surface ste-rilization alone, sometimes used in-correctly to indicate aseptic culture.

Bez spoljnih zagadjivaa i unutranjihsimbionata; uopte nije mogua sa-

auxin axenic culture

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mo putem povrinske sterilizacije,ponekad nepravilno koriena daukae na aseptinu kulturu.

axillary bud A bud found at the axil of aleaf. Synonym: lateral bud.

Pazuni pupoljak, izmedju lista i stabla.Sinonim: boni pupoljak.

axillary bud proliferation Propagationof plant tissue in vitro to promoteaxillary growth, to generate largenumbers of plantlets in culture.

Razmnoavanje biljnog tkiva in vitro ra-di podsticanja pazunog rasta, u ciljustvaranja velikog broja mladih bilji-ca u kulturi.

axillary bud axillary bud proliferation

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lymphocytes that mature in bone mar-row (in mammals) and the Bursa ofFabricius (in birds) and produce an-tibodies. Largely responsible for theantibody-mediated or humoral im-mune response, giving rise to the an-tibody-producing plasma cells andsome other cells of the immunesystem. Synonym: B lymphocyte.

Vana klasa limfocita, koja sazreva ukotanoj sri (u sisara) i Bursa Fa-bricius-u (u ptica), i proizvodi antite-la. Uveliko odgovorna za reagova-nja, posredstvom antitela, ili humo-ralno imunoreagovanje, delujui napoveanje broja plazma elija kojeproizvode antitela, i nekih drugih e-lija imunog sistema. Sinonim: Blymphocyte.

B chromosome A supernumerary chro-mosome present in some individuals(both plant and animal). They aresmaller than the normal chromoso-mes, behave abnormally in both mi-tosis and meiosis, can vary in num-ber between somatic cells and are notthought to have any significant genecontent.

Prekobrojni hromozom, prisutan u ne-kim individuama (kako biljkama ta-ko i ivotinjama). Manji su od nor-malnih hromozoma, ponaaju se ab-normalno u mitozi i mejozi, njihovbroj varira izmedju somatskih elija,i ne smatraju se da imaju bilo kojisignifikantan sadraj gena.

B lymphocyte See: B cell. Vidi:B cell.BABS Abbreviatio