BIRTH OF THE MOTOR CITY1900-1929

http://www.canoelover.com/?attachment_id=1091

Washington Blvd. was very fashionable 139 sq. mi. of bedroom communities 1900 – Detroit ranked #13 among cities Population doubled between 1910-1920 :

450,000 to 1,000,000 4th largest city other than New York,

Chicago and Philadelphia from 1920-1940 1950 was peak of population at 1.85

million, when LA overtook, so 5th largest U.S. city from 1950-1970.

DETROIT: “PARIS OF THE WEST”

http://and1morefortheroad.blogspot.com/2012/01/last-word.html

“THE PONTCH” REPLACES THE RUSSELL HOUSE The Pontchartrain Hotel is built on site of old Russell House (built

in 1857) in 1907. Owned by the Detroit Hotel Company, a syndicate led by estate of James McMillan and Dr. E.M. Clark, owner of the property.

Built for $1 million (about $25 million today) Doris McMillan, granddaughter, was first to sign the hotel

register. Henry B. Joy, president of the Packard Motor Car Company,

complained in 1911 that the Pontch was the only place to meet, so he rebuilt the Detroit Athletic Club in 1913. The Statler Hotel was built in 1915 with bathrooms in each room and air conditioning. The Pontch was outdated by 1917, and demolished in 1920.

Ty Cobb, a racist and the most famous Detroit Tiger, drank there. New “Pontchartrain Hotel” was built on Jefferson, on site of old

Fort Pontchartrain, in 1965

http://www.lansingstatejournal.com/article/C4/20121125/FEATURES05/311250034/Excerpt-from-Dan-Austin-s-Forgotten-Landmarks-of-Detroit-

http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748703730704576066043187920376

5 KINDS OF PROGRESSIVES

Social Reformers: improve life for the poor Labor Reformers: better hours, conditions,

wages, materials Political Reformers: bigger gov’t role in all

facets of life, include more people in political process (suffragettes)

Moral Reformers: Prohibition Technocrats: standardize and rationalize

processes

PROGRESSIVE TRENDS 1896-1917 Industrialization – factories, not cottage industry Urbanization – cities become place to live Specialization – de-skilling and alienation Mechanization – technology replaces workers, creates

more leisure time, make goods cheaper Standardization – scientific principles to create order

(assembly line, building codes, etc.) Nationalization – national businesses tied by rail Immigration – Jews and Europeans Migration – blacks move North for jobs Consumerization – advertising creates demand Professionalization – ABA, AMA increase competency

REFORMING CITY GOVERNMENT- Municipal reform = change the structure and function of city

gov’t (eliminate corruption and inefficiency)- Wards vs. Citywide election of council members (citywide

preferred to address needs of whole city, not a particular neighborhood)

- Commission system = voters elect commission to handle a specific city function

- City Manager = professional hired by city council to run handle city administration and report back

- City planning = zoning- Public Health issues (tuberculosis), clean water, sewers- Public schools (professional superintendents not elected),

greater centralization, IQ tests to help students

THE WEAKENING OF PARTIES Many states adopted direct primary to replace

nominating conventions, so candidates had to appeal to voters, not political bosses or convention delegates. With secret ballot, voter turnout fell.

Merit system replaced state patronage system Judgeships, school board seats, and educational offices

were made nonpartisanOregon System Initiative = people vote directly to create a new law Referendum = people vote directly to overturn an

existing lawRecall = special election to remove politician from officeDirect Democracy = recall, initiative, referendum

MCMILLAN “MACHINE” ENDS James McMillan died in 1902 at age 64, and

his senate seat was taken by Russell Alger. William C. McMillan, his son, continued in politics until his death in 1907 (45 years old).

McMillan backed Republican Fred Warner to replace Aaron Bliss as governor in 1904.

Warner, the only governor to serve three terms (1905-1911), pushed for direct primary to replace nominating convention (finally enacted in 1909), and other progressive reformsFred Warner

http://medicolegal.tripod.com/michiganlaw.htm

CONSTITUTION OF 1909 96 convention delegates (elected) (mostly

conservative Republicans, not progressives) Largely kept 1850 Constitution intact Initiative and referendum were

rejected Cities could own public utilities Legislature could pass laws limiting hours

worked by women and children and regulate conditions

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE “HORSELESS CARRIAGE”

In 1893, Frank Duryea of Illinois tested the first “horseless carriage” in the U.S.

In March 1896, Charles B. King tested first gas car in Michigan, but never launched a car company

In June 1896, Henry Ford tested his “quadricycle” Ransom Olds was the true pioneer of mass-

producing gasoline-powered cars

Frank and Charles Duryea made the first successful commercial automobile in 1893 in Springfield, Mass. The Duryea Motor Wagon Company was the first American auto company in 1895.Frank Duryea

http://connecticuthistory.org/frank-duryea-drives-the-first-automobile-in-connecticut/

WHO DID IT FIRST? Karl Benz – made first gasoline powered car Frank Duryea – made first commercial automobile,

and started first automobile company in the world (Duryea Motor Wagon Company in 1895)

Ransom Olds – made first mass-produced car using first assembly line (1901 Olds Curved Dash)

Henry Ford – first moving assembly line (1913 Highland Park Plant – entire chassis of car) made Model T’s in far greater quantities which made them more affordable (“brought cars to the masses”)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Benz

DETROIT’S FIRST AUTO SHOW 1895 – London hosts world’s first auto show.

William Metzger of Detroit attends, and then visits Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler

1897 – Metzger opens the first auto showroom in the U.S. selling Waverley electric cars.

1899 – Metzger sells the first Oldsmobile 1899 – Metzger and Seneca Lewis rent the

Light Guard Armory, and display two electric and two steam-powered automobiles.

http://emfauto.org/EMF_history.php

RANSOM E. OLDS Born in Ohio, he moved to Lansing in 1880 with his father who

owned an engine repair shop (P.F. Olds and Son). 1896 – Olds switched from making steam engines to gas engines

mostly for marine use. He tested the engine on a car in August, following King and Ford.

1897 – received patent on Olds gasoline automobile, and started the first auto company in Michigan, the Olds Motor Vehicle Company, with $10,000 investment from Edward Sparrow

1900 – Olds built world’s first auto factory near Belle Isle Bridge in Detroit. 11 different models ranging from $1,200-$2,700, but switches to producing “runabouts” in 1901 with one-cylinder engine at price of $600. Sold 425 in 1901, and 2,500 in 1902. The “Olds” Curved Dash was the first mass-produced car in the world.

1902-1905 – Production rose from 3,000 to 6,500 in factories in Detroit and Lansing, but decided in 1905 to move all production to Lansing.

1905 – Olds starts the Reo Motor Car Company after a dispute with a major investor. Starts making heavier, more expensive cars. Olds was the first man to produce cars in significant numbers. He influenced several former employees and suppliers to build their own cars.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransom_E._Olds

Olds was the first automobile millionaire

HENRY M. LELAND: THE “FORGOTTEN” AUTO PIONEER

Produced engines for “Oldsmobiles.” He redesigned the valve ports and raised its compression and offered it to Olds, who turned him down, as did Henry Ford in 1902.

Demonstrating an engine small enough for one man to carry, Leland sought the help of Detroit investors who formerly backed Henry Ford.

1902 – Cadillac Automobile Company formed from the old Henry Ford Company to compete with the Oldsmobile runabout. By 1904, it was producing luxury cars. Chose the name of Detroit’s founder rather than himself.

1917 – Formed the Lincoln Motor Company with his son, Wilfred, and made Liberty aircraft engines during WWI, but soon went bankrupt.

1922 – Bought by Ford, who got revenge on Leland for deserting his Detroit Automobile Company in 1899

http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=616

http://www.motorera.com/cadillac/cad1900/1903/cad02b.jpg

FORMER OLDS EMPLOYEES Former Olds employee Jonathan

Maxwell builds the Maxwell automobile in 1904, which was later copied by Walter P. Chrysler.

Former Olds employee Robert Hupp makes the Hupmobile in 1908. Ty Cobb was spokesman.

Former Olds employees Roy Chapin and Howard Coffin, backed by department store magnate, J.L. Hudson, formed the Hudson Motor Car Company in 1909. Made the first closed car in the 1920s, and produced cars until 1954. Howard Coffin built a

steam-powered car as a student at U of M.

Roy Chapin later served as the Secretary of Commerce under Herbert Hoover.

Both images: http://www.clanmaxwellusa.com/maxcars.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_D._Chapin

http://bentley.umich.edu/research/guides/automotive/

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hupmobile_1909-0905.jpg

JOHN AND HORACE DODGE 1900 – Like Henry Leland, the Dodge

brothers made engines for Oldsmobiles. Formed the Dodge Brothers Company.

1903 – Dodges supply parts for Henry Ford’s Model A, and bought stock in Ford Motor Company. Ford bought them out in 1919.

1914 – Start making their own vehicles, and amass a fortune of $200 million ($2 billion today).

Both brothers died in 1920. Rose Terrace, rebuilt in 1930 by Anna Dodge, Horace’s widow, was the most luxurious home in Grosse Pointe. She remarried, and lived until 1970 (age 99). The Dodge also owned the largest private yacht, the 257’ Delphine, named for Horace and Anna’s daughter.

1914 Dodge

http://www.dodgemotorcar.com/history/early_history.php

http://www.allpar.com/cars/dodge/dodge-cars.htmlhttp://www.greeceyachts.com/delphine_yacht_history.htm

http://marshallfredericks.org/archives/1320

HENRY FORD 1863 – Born in Dearborn on a farm 1879 – Fired from job at Michigan Car Company 1880-82 – Worked on engines at Detroit Dry Dock Company 1891 – Worked for Edison Illuminating Company as electrical

engineer trying to perfect internal combustion engine 1893 – Chicago World’s Fair inspired Ford, like Olds, to switch from

steam to gas engines 1896 – Builds the Quadricycle 1899 – Ford starts the Detroit Automobile Company. Many

investors (including William C. McMillan with 100 shares) gave Ford a factory, equipment, and laborers. Failed because Ford lacked manufacturing experience like Olds. Ford was perfectionist who wanted to correct all flaws before production. With no cars, investors bailed on Ford in late 1900, and backed Henry Leland’s Cadillac. 300 auto companies started from 1896-1908, but most failed.

1901 – Beats famous race car driver Alexander Winton in race in Grosse Pointe. The next year, Barney Oldfield drives Ford’s race car to victory again. His second company, the Henry Ford Co. fails

1903 – Starts Ford Motor Company making the Model A. James Couzens was the treasurer, who insisted Ford ship out the cars despite defects. Only $28,000 ($700,000 now) raised by investors.

Quadricycle

1903 Model A(price = $900)

http://narimanshatayev.blogspot.com/p/henry-ford.html

http://www.imcdb.org/vehicle_298690-Ford-Quadricycle-1896.html

http://blog.hemmings.com/index.php/2009/11/02/hemmings-find-of-the-day-1903-ford-model-a-and-1903-stevens-duryea-l/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Couzens

HENRY FORD’S DREAM "I will build a car for the great multitude. It will

be large enough for the family, but small enough for the individual to run and care for. It will be constructed of the best materials, by the best men to be hired, after the simplest designs that modern engineering can devise. But it will be so low in price that no man making a good salary will be unable to own one – and enjoy with his family the blessing of hours of pleasure in God's great open spaces.”

MODEL T (1908-1927) After the Model A, Ford made Models B

(first four cylinder), F, K, N, R, and S. Work began in 1907, and introduced in Oct.

1908 for $825. Eventually sold for $360 in 1916. Affordable Model T “put America on wheels.” Easy to fix with interchangeable parts. Developed rattles, so called “Tin Lizzie.” Only color available was black.

1913 – Highland Park plant with moving assembly line was birth of mass production. Cars that once took 12 hours to build now took only 90 minutes. Ford got idea from conveyor belts at Chicago slaughterhouse.

By 1927, Ford made 15 million Model T’s.

http://econhist.econproph.net/2012/12/henry-ford-changing-the-automotive-industry/

HIGHLAND PARK PLANT, 1913

In 1914, Ford shocked the nation by paying his workers $5 per day at a time when $2.34 per day was normal. The assembly line made cars eight times faster than any other plant in the world.

This 1915 Highland Park plant photo included workers from 53 nationalities.

http://sites.duke.edu/ragtime/category/general-dramaturgy/page/3/

What remains of the factory is a National Historic Landmark, but is not open to the publichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Park_Ford_Plant

http://coildoctor.com/historical_sights

HENRY B. JOY AND PACKARDHenry Joy was born in Detroit in 1864, the son of Michigan Central Railroad president James F. Joy.

After seeing a Packard, he invested with Packard founder, James Ward Packard, along with other Detroit investors like brother-in-law Truman Newberry and William C. McMillan. In 1902, the Ohio Automobile Company became the Packard Motor Car Company. Joy convinced Packard to move to Detroit in 1903.

1902 Packard Model F

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bourne_Joy

http://oldcarandtruckpictures.com/Packard/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packard

THE PACKARD PLANT The Packard plant was built in 1907 by Albert Kahn,

and was 3.5 million sq. ft. over 40 acres. It closed in 1958, and has been vacant ever since. It was purchased in Dec. 2013 by a Peruvian investor, who will spend $350 million to redevelop the site.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packard_Automotive_Plant

http://www.examiner.com/article/auto-pop-culture-graffiti-artist-banksy-hits-motor-city-to-tag-packard-auto-plant-his-message

DAVID D. BUICK

Expert plumber started the Buick Motor Company in 1903 aided by Benjamin and Frank Briscoe

Buick poorly managed his company, so Billy Durant took complete control in 1904. In 1908, Buick sold to Durant, who made it part of GM.

Buick used the Durant-Dort factory to build Buicks, and entered them in car races

Louis Chevrolet learned about engines at Buick By 1908, Buick was as popular as the Ford Model T

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dunbar_Buick

BILLY DURANT AND GENERAL MOTORS

Durant didn’t agree with Ford’s one model idea, so he decided to offer a variety of models and styles, so he tried to merge several auto companies together (Ford, Buick, Maxwell-Briscoe, and REO).

Talks with Ford and Olds broke down, so Durant incorporated General Motors in 1908 in New Jersey, which had lax corporation laws. General Motors owned stock in companies that produced cars, but made none itself. Olds Motors Work merged in late 1908, and Cadillac in 1909. Oakland Motor Car Company (eventually called Pontiac) was also merged in 1909.

Charles S. Mott’s company, which made wheels and axles, merged with GM, and he was once the largest holder of GM stock (which was estimated at one time to be worth $800 million). Mott sat on GM’s board for 60 years until his death in 1973.

http://www.tomorrowstechnician.com/Article/36096/report_card_highlights_to_gms_historic_anniversary.aspx

http://www.automotivehalloffame.org/inductee/charles-mott/100/

LOUIS CHEVROLET AND BILLY DURANT 1910 - Durant accepted loan that prohibited

him from managing GM for 5 years. Durant then established the Chevrolet Motor

Car Company in 1911, named after Louis Chevrolet, the race car driver for Buick. Below is the 1911 Series C.

In 1915, the Chevrolet became a very popular car, and Durant used money to regain control of GM In 1915, Louis Chevrolet

sold his stock to Durant, who merged Chevrolet with GM in 1917. He drove in the Indy 500 four times, but never won,and died nearly penniless in Detroit in 1941. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Interstate_69_in_Michigan

http://thelsxdr.com/the-history-chevrolet-bowtie/

http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1911-1912-1913-chevrolet-series-c-classic-six.htm

DETROIT QUICKLY BECOMES THE MOTOR CITY By 1904, Detroit was the leader

mainly thanks to Ford, Olds, and Leland

1906 – Detroit’s auto production = $12 million (<2% of all manufactured goods in state)

1914 – Detroit’s auto production = $400 million (37% of all manufactured goods in state)

DETROIT AUTO-RELATED “FIRSTS” 1909 – First concrete road in U.S. on

Woodward between 6 and 7 Mile Road at a cost of $14,000

1911 – First painted dividing line in center of road on River Road near Trenton (Edward Hines was the Wayne County Road Commissioner)

TIGER STADIUM Built in 1911 as Navin Field (Tigers owner was Frank Navin) on

site of old stadium, Bennett Park, which had wooden grandstands

Opened in 1912 on the same day as Boston’s Fenway Park, the oldest MLB stadium

Renamed Briggs Stadium in 1838 for owner Walter Briggs Renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 by new owner John Fetzer Tigers played there until 1999 Lions played there from 1938-74, until moved to the

Silverdome. Demolished in 2008-09 Only the playing field remains today

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Stadium_(Detroit)

Two major storm fronts collided on Nov. 9 Winds were 60-70 mph, with gusts to 90 mph Waves more than 35 feet high (opposite direction of wind) Snow squall lasted 16 hours rather than usual 4-5 hours (24 inches) 12 ships were lost (8 on Lake Huron, 2 on Superior, 1 on Erie and

Michigan). 255 men died (1953 Flint-Beecher Tornado killed 116) In aftermath, weather forecasting, communication, and ship design

were improved

GREAT LAKES HURRICANE OF NOV. 1913

Charles S. Price was a “mystery ship” floating upside down off Port Huron. Identified on Nov. 15, it was the first fully loaded iron ore carrier to capsize on the Great Lakes. 28 men died.

Big wave in Chicagohttp://www.crackedhistory.com/worst-storm-ever-strike-great-lakes/

http://michpics.wordpress.com/2009/11/07/freshwater-fury-the-great-lakes-storm-of-1913/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Storm_of_1913

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Storm_of_1913

6/28/14 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary (ally of Germany and Italy = Triple Alliance) was assassinated by a Serbian, who didn’t like Austria-Hungary annexing Serbia, an ally of Russia, France and Britain = Triple Entente). Austria-Hungary invades Serbia on 7/28/14, and Germany declares war on Russia on 8/1/14, and invades Belgium two days later.

8/4/14 – War begins when Britain declares war on Germany (Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire) vs. Entente Powers (Allies) (Britain, France, Russia, and Italy)

Germans tried to march through Belgium, but British and French blocked them, creating 475 mile western front where stalemate occurred

HOW THE GREAT WAR STARTED

War of Attrition – wear down enemy with continuous losses of men and materiel

First war where more deaths by combat (usually artillery fire) than by disease

Defense easy, offense hard (trench warfare) Tanks (British, broke down frequently) Submarines (German U-boats, 5,000 Allied ships

sunk) Machine guns, concrete pill box (guard house) Dig tunnels, listening devices Hand grenades High explosive shells (“shell shock”) Anti-aircraft guns Air warfare – bombers, fighter planes, zeppelins

DEADLY TECHNOLOGIES

Total Deaths = 16.5 million (10 million military, 6 million civilian)

American: 126,000 (only in war 18 months)

British: 1.1 million French: 1.4 million (31% of all who

served died, and 44% wounded) Russian: 1.7 million Central Powers: 3.5 million Deaths per day = 5,500 (over almost 4

years)

WORLD WAR I

- Wilson naively believed the U.S. could be “impartial in thought as well in action” and he could be a peacemaker, but both sides wanted territory

- Propagandists exaggerated German atrocities (civilized people vs. barbarian Huns) but 8 million of the 97 million Americans were of German or Austrian descent

U.S. TRIES TO REMAIN NEUTRAL 1914-1917

http://webpages.scu.edu/ftp/jgiedt/hwv-e-ww.html

Wilson calls for “peace without victory” Germans resumed unrestricted

submarine warfare hoping to draw the Americans in, but hoped they’d defeat the British and French before the Americans intervened

Wilson broke off diplomatic relations, so U-boats began sinking Atlantic ships

March 1917- Zimmerman telegram – British intercept message from German foreign secretary proposing that Mexico should attack U.S. if U.S. enters war, and Mexico will get “lost provinces” of Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico if Germany wins war

THE DECISION FOR WAR

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmermann_Telegram

Americans outraged by Zimmerman telegram

Wilson authorizes merchant ships to be armed, but by March 21, six American ships sunk

April 2, 1917 - Wilson asks Congress for Declaration of War vs. Germany to stop German militarism: “warfare against mankind” “The world must be made safe for democracy”

League of Nations to “bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world itself at last free.”

THE DECISION FOR WAR

https://www.milestonedocuments.com/documents/view/woodrow-wilson-joint-address-to-congress-leading-to-a-declaration-of-war-ag/

This poster by Ellsworth Young, also from 1918, encouraged Americans to buy Liberty Bonds (that is, loan money to the government) by emphasizing the image of the vicious and brutal Hun, part of a larger process of demonizing the people of the Central Powers.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wilson/gallery/p_war_06.html

Opponents to war: Some German-Americans, some Irish-Americans, Socialist Party, Wobblies (IWW), pacificists (Jeannette Rankin of MT)

Committee on Public Information (journalist and editor George Creel – Creel Committee) used posters, films, pamphlets, and news stories

Pro-Germans = “slackers” (TR called them “alien enemy”)

Americanization = rapid assimilation Sauerkraut = “liberty cabbage”, Hamburger =

“liberty sausage,” Frankfurters = “hot dogs,” burn German books, attack or lynch slackers

MOBILIZING PUBLIC OPINION AGAINST “HUNS”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Creel

Espionage Act (1917) – crime to convey info or false info with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the U.S. armed forces OR to promote the success of their enemies

$10,000 fine or 20 years Postmaster General can prevent objectionable

material from circulating Sedition Act (1918) – amended Espionage Act –

prohibited “any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the form of government of the United States...or the flag of the United States, or the uniform of the Army or Navy” (repealed in 1920)

S.C. upheld, and Civil Liberties Bureau formed

CIVIL LIBERTIES IN TIME OF WAR

80,000 German-born and 20,000 Austrian-born residents of Michigan

French and Spanish replace German as popular second-language

Berlin, Michigan became Marne, Michigan (named after 1914 French battle) in 1919

GERMANS IN MICHIGAN

http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~mipoh/ottawa.html

April 1917 – Organize state militia to replace the Michigan National Guard, and start a War Preparedness Board (WPB) with $5 million budget to supply the National Guard with shoes and blankets

MICHIGAN MOBILIZES FOR WAR

The Bureau of Military Relief was created by the WPB to give comfort to servicemen during the war

https://seekingmichigan.org/look/2009/11/10/real-michigan-welcome

Gov. Albert Sleeper tried to win the votes of German-Americans in 1916, angering many voters. He also initially opposed the draft instituted by the federal gov’t.

Men age 18 – 45 in Michigan = 875,000 were eligible for service

115,000 were drafted, but 40% failed the physical, so physical education became a requirement in schools and colleges

MICHIGAN AND THE DRAFT

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sleeper

135,485 Michigan men (of 4 million Americans) including 46,000 volunteers

5,000 died (of 75,000 Americans), and 15,000 wounded

MICHIGAN’S CONTRIBUTION TO WWI

http://www.hal.state.mi.us/mhc/museum/explore/museums/hismus/1900-75/twenties/ww1/

32nd (Red Arrow) Division went to France in early 1918 and fought on the front lines from May to November. It was the first allied division to pierce the German Hindenburg Line of defense.

MICHIGAN NATIONAL GUARD

The Red Arrow Division was made up of Wisconsin and Michigan National Guards, and fought in World War II.

http://www.32nd-division.org/history/ww1/32-ww1.html

http://mdo20.tripod.com/mi/mi_redarrow.jpg

Housed and trained draftees in Battle Creek (3,000 buildings cost $10 million). 100,000 troops trained or demobilized there.

Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918-1919 killed 674 at Camp Custer Operated during WWI from Sept. 1917 – March 1919. Camp

Custer was renamed Fort Custer and became a permanent military training base

In 1940, than 300,000 troops trained there during WWII, and 5,000 German prisoners were held there.

The Michigan National Guard still trains here

CAMP CUSTER

http://www.firstworldwar.com/photos/camplife.htm

Land bought by Henry B. Joy of Packard Motor Car Company, and donated to federal gov’t

Nation’s first school of aerial gunnery (Eddie Rickenbacker trained here). Rickenbacker had 26 victories vs. the Red Baron’s 80.

It was named in honor of Lt Thomas E. Selfridge, the first military pilot of an aircraft driven engine who died in a powered air flight (piloted by Orville Wright in 1908)

SELFRIDGE FIELD IN MOUNT CLEMENS

From 1971-1998, Selfridge ANGB was the largest and most complex joint Reserves Forces base in the United States. It is home to the Military Air Museum.

Selfridge

1908 Crash

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Selfridge

http://acepilots.com/wwi/us_rickenbacker.html

http://acepilots.com/wwi/ger_richthofen.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Selfridge

http://www.127wg.ang.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123295151

107th Fighter Squadron uses A-10 Thunderbolts

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/107th_Fighter_Squadron

• President Wilson created the North Russian Expeditionary Forces, aka the Polar Bears. 5,500 U.S. troops went to fight the Red Army (the Bolsheviks) in Siberia in 1918-1919, to convince Russia to rejoin the war against Germany.

• 75% of the 5,500 troops were part of Michigan Army National Guard trained at Camp Custer near Battle Creek.

THE POLAR BEARS

http://antiqueshopsinmichigan.com/oakland/troy.htm

Mobilizing the Economy – direct federal control of the economy and industry, but business cooperated War Industries Board = Bernard

Baruch led federal agency that coordinated production (production quotas, allocate raw materials, develop new industries, increase efficiency)

Industrial production rose 20% sometimes under threat of gov’t takeover, but most voluntary

Gov’t took over railroads, telephone, telegraph, shipbuilding

THE HOME FRONT – “TOTAL WAR”

Daylight Saving Time – save fuel (coal) by extending daylight hours;

National War Labor Board (NWLB) = advocated collective bargaining to resolve labor strikes (8 hour day and higher wages for no-strike pledge)

Union membership increased 50% during war More women joined workforce in factories, offices,

and stores (after war, men reclaimed factory jobs) U.S. Food Administration – Herbert Hoover urges

Americans to conserve food for soldiers: Meatless Mondays, Wheatless Wednesdays, war gardens

War was paid for by income taxes and the sale of Liberty Bonds (Liberty Loans = 4 bond issues)

MOBILIZING THE ECONOMY

25% increase in food production in 1917 as the WPB buys additional seed, but labor shortage occurred

WPB sold 1,000 Ford tractors to farmers at cost

At harvest time, schools closed so children, college students, and women could help

MICHIGAN FARMERS AID WAR EFFORT

http://www.antiquefarming.com/farm-tractor.html

Estimated 25% of Michigan residents bought liberty bonds or liberty stamps during four “Liberty Loan drives.” Local newspaper sometimes published names of people who didn’t contribute

LIBERTY LOANS

http://docsouth.unc.edu/wwi/41880/menu.html http://docsouth.unc.edu/wwi/

41931/100.html

In U.P., people used wood instead of coal Store hours limited; churches only could be heated

for six hours a week Iron and Copper production at record highs Steel ships built in Saginaw, Wyandotte, Ecorse Civilian car production greatly reduced, and

Packard and Reo made armored trucks Packard, Buick, Cadillac, Ford, and Lincoln

(under former Cadillac head Henry Leland) made the Liberty airplane engine

Ford’s new River Rouge plant produced a few Eagle boats (“submarine chasers”)

MICHIGAN AND WORLD WAR I

Ford’s first product from the Rouge Plant was the Eagle Boat, a 110’ “submarine chaser.” Ford only produced 60 boats, and they never saw service in WWI, but a few were used in WWII. Ford also built thousands of Model T ambulances, and a few tanks.

6 , 8, and 12-cylinder airplane engines were called “Liberty engine.” By the end of the war, Detroit produced 13,574 Liberty engines, attaining a production rate of 150 engines per day

9,500 Liberty trucks were produced by 15 manufacturers. The 3-5 ton truck had a 52 hp engine capable of 15 mph.

Dodge made a light repair truck

http://corporate.ford.com/our-company/heritage/company-milestones-news-detail/681-eagle-boats

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_truck

http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Concise_History_of_the_U.S._Air_Force/Trial_and_Error_in_World_War_I

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._military_vehicles_by_supply_catalog_designation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Eagle_Boat_56_(PE-56)

http://www.oldwoodies.com/gallery-truckwoodies1.htm

Model T ambulance

Ford was initially a pacificist, and denied that his company would ever produce any war materials. James Couzens quit over disagreement with Ford’s pacifist views.

November 1915 peace mission failed, but he supported ($60,000 in newspaper ads) Democrat Woodrow Wilson in 1916, who promised to keep America out of war

Democrat Ford ran for vacated Senate seat against Republican Truman Newberry, but Newberry won by less than 5,000 votes in the “most celebrated and controversial” election in Michigan’s history. Ford, who did no campaigning, called for a recount, but to no avail. Republicans now had control of the U.S. Senate, and later vetoed American entry into to President Wilson’s League of Nations.

Newberry, accused by Ford of exceeding the $10,000 spending limit, was not seated until January 1922 (38 months after election) after the Supreme Court overruled a federal grand jury.

HENRY FORD AND WORLD WAR I

THE SPANISH FLU HITS MICHIGAN 1918-19

Perhaps 50 million people died worldwide (675,000 in the U.S.) Killed more young than old. Killed more people in one year than the WWI (16 million) and the Bubonic Plague in Europe did in four years (1347-1351)

“Flu villages” made of tents kept the sick isolated and outdoors because fresh air and sunshine were believed to kill the virus. “No spitting” signs became standard

Victims sometimes died within 24 hours of first symptoms, usually a minor cough

Peaked in fall 1918, and by Nov. 1918, Michigan had 789 new cases. State Dept. of Health closed all theaters, churches, pool halls, and schools, and banned public gatherings

By summer 1919, flu was largely gone Famous victims: John and Horace Dodge

• 1896 – Anti-Saloon League branch organized in Michigan. Anti-Saloon League persuaded Congress to pass temporary national prohibition in 1917 to aid the war effort.

• 1907 - Van Buren is the only remaining dry county (first one in 1887)

• 1911 – ½ of Michigan counties are dry. Anti-Saloon League (and Henry Ford) emphasized lost worker productivity rather than moral issue.

• May 1, 1918 – Michigan voted itself dry, the first state to do so (almost 2 years before the 18th Amendment) BUT IT WAS NOT THE FIRST STATE TO RATIFY THE 18th AMENDMENT (Mississippi - Jan. 1918).

POSTWAR “DRY” MICHIGAN

Westerville, OH, once called the “Dry Capital of the World,” was the home of the Anti-Saloon League. Westerville was dry until 2006.

http://www.ediblegeography.com/spaces-of-prohibition/

http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM1DPH_The_Anti_Saloon_League_Headquarters_Westerville_Ohio

http://www.wpl.lib.oh.us/AntiSaloon/

Preacher Billy Sunday was the most vocal supporterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Sunday

GERMAN BREWERS FIGHT PROHIBITIONBrewers ran ads extolling the benefits of beer for children and adults,

such as:

“Lagers amber fluid mild, gives health and strength to wife and child.”

“The youngster, ruddy with good cheer, serenely sips his Lager Beer.”

“Refreshing beer gives strength and health, and smooths away the rugged road to wealth.”

“In robust age with wealth and friends, enjoying beer, his days he spends.”

http://pastperfect-online.tumblr.com/post/40602153912/prohibition

http://lunapancake.tumblr.com/post/11886026153/jsinghurse-george-h-gies-against-prohibition

http://lunapancake.tumblr.com/post/11886026153/jsinghurse-george-h-gies-against-prohibition

http://lunapancake.tumblr.com/post/11886026153/jsinghurse-george-h-gies-against-prohibition

“Blind pigs” (“speakeasies”) = illegal drinking establishments, frequently with gambling

Detroit got alcohol legally from Ohio until 1920. Detroit became center of smuggling from Canada. 75%

of all illegal alcohol to the U.S. came through the “Windsor-Detroit Funnel.”

April 10, 1933 – Michigan was first state to repeal prohibition, but created the Liquor Control Commission

Some Michigan cities prohibited alcohol sales by the glass as late as 1960.

PROHIBITION IN MICHIGAN (JAN. 1920)

The term “Blind pig” may come from the practice of charging an entry fee to see something unusual, like a blind pig, and then serving “free” alcohol. “Speakeasy” came from speaking quietly when ordering.

http://www.reuther.wayne.edu/node/8278

THE TERMINOLOGY OF PROHIBITION Beerocrat = person who make a fortune selling beer Bootlegger = person who sold liquor illegally, perhaps by

hiding liquor in his boot legs Bleary-eyed, corked, embalmed, loaded for bear, pull

a Daniel Boone, Three sheets in the wind = Drunk Barrel house, Boozery, Dive, Doggery, Gin Mill, Jimmy,

Joint, Rumhole, Schooner, Shoe Polish Shop = Saloon Apple Jack, Bingo, Blue Pig, Blue Ruin, Demon Rum,

Hooch, Jackass Brandy, Juniper Juice, Monkey Swill, Moonshine, Mule, Panther Sweat, Red Eye, Rye Sap, Shoe Polish, Squirrel, White Coffee, White Lightning = Liquors

Jewish bootleggers (4 brothers in the Bernstein family) based in Detroit, guilty of hijacking, extortion, kidnapping, and murder. Controlled prostitution, gambling, liquor and drug trade. Sold Canadian whiskey to the Capone family in Chicago.

Rumrunners – people with fast boats across the Detroit River to Canada

Hijacking – steal shipment of illegal booze from rumrunner by killing everyone

THE PURPLE GANG (1927-1932)

http://1920s-style.tumblr.com/

THE PURPLE GANG - 1929

Jail sentences and in-fighting ended the reign of the Purple Gang prior to repeal of 18th Amendment in 1933. Four members were sentenced to jail after the Collingwood Manor Massacre in 1931 where three Chicago mobsters were killed.

http://www.j-grit.com/criminals-the-purple-gang.php

1860s – women worked as school teachers or domestic servants

1867 – Women taxpayers allowed to vote in school elections

1870 – Michigan Suffrage Association formed 1884 – Michigan Equal Suffrage Association 1893 – State Supreme Court overturns laws allowing

women to vote in municipal elections Voters in Michigan feared women voters would favor

Prohibition November 5, 1918 (6 months after Prohibition) – women

allowed to vote (nationally, 19th Amendment adopted in 1920)

19TH AMENDMENT AND WOMEN’S RIGHTS

Ku Klux Klan originally started in 1860s, but reborn with 1915 movie Birth of a Nation, with the center in Indiana, Ohio, and Illinois.

70,000 KKK members in Michigan Klan-supported mayoral candidate in Detroit

Charles Bowles almost won as a write-in candidate in 1924.

Judson Transue, with KKK support, became mayor of Flint

KKK was weak by 1928, and gone by 1934

THE KKK IN THE 1920S

1910-1920- Massive movement from South to North (many blacks) mainly to industrial cities in the North

“Push” = lynchings, hard life in agriculture “Pull” = huge need for factory workers, better jobs,

higher pay, less racism Race riots in many cities (worst was St. Louis – 39 died)

due to housing, job discrimination, segregation Rebirth of the KKK in the Midwest (Southern whites move

north seeking jobs) Michigan finally becomes 50% urban, 50% rural between

1910-1920. Michigan became urban later than neighboring states and cities such as Buffalo and Cleveland. Auto industry shift population from northern 2/3 of state to southern 1/3. Michigan population grew 32% between 1910 and 1920.

THE GREAT MIGRATION AND WHITE REACTION

1910 – 5,741 blacks (1.2%) 1920 – 40,838 blacks (4%) (Gen. Pop. grew 113%) 1930 – 120,000 blacks (7.6%) (Gen. pop. grew 58%) 1940 – 149,000 blacks (9%) (Gen. pop. grew 3.5%) 1950 – 300,000 (16%) (Gen. pop. grew 14%) 1960 - 482,000 (29%) (Gen. pop. shrank 10%) 1970 – 660,000 (44%) (Gen pop. shrank 10%) 1980 – 759,000 (63%) (Gen. pop. shrank 20%) 1990 – 778,000 (76%) (Gen. pop. shrank 15%) 2000 – 776,000 (82%) (Gen. pop. shrank 7.5%) 2010 - 590,226 (83%) (Gen. pop. shrank 25%)

BLACK MIGRATION TO DETROIT

4 million Americans rejoined workforce, compete for jobs (unemployment rose to 12%)

Blacks have moved north into white areas HCL (High Cost of Living = inflation) prices

doubled 1913-1919 Strikes (workers want wages to keep pace with

inflation) U.S. Steel – Feds send troops to quell (18 killed)

Anarchists mail bombs, plant bombs Red Scare – fear of subversion by

Bolsheviks, radical Socialists and anarchists

ANXIETY AFTER THE GREAT WAR

Palmer Raids (1919) = Atty. Gen. A. Mitchell Palmer orders arrest of 5,000 suspected radicals and Bolshevik sympathizers. Raids were largely unsuccessful, but deported several hundred radicals. Palmer also appoints J. Edgar Hoover to head anti-radical unit of the Bureau of Investigation (precursor of the FBI). Hoover led FBI for 48 years starting in 1924. Jan. 2, 1920 – 800 arrested in Detroit , confined for several days, but freed because no evidence could be found Red Scare died down as general strikes didn’t occur and people denounced NY’s expulsion of five Socialists from the state legislature.

RED SCARE (1919-1920)

Attorney General in 1916 and 1918 under Gov. Sleeper and acted as a “muckraker”

Became Governor in 1921, and created the State Administrative Board to coordinate the over 100 departments, bureaus, commissions and agencies. 3 functions:

1.) create a budget2.) Centralize purchasing3.) Uniform accounting4.) Governor can veto Board’s decisions

Tough, dictatorial bachelor was a great administrator, and he was reelected in 1922 and 1924, but was defeated for a fourth term in 1926 by Fred W. Green

ALEX GROESBECK (REPUBLICAN) 1921-26

http://records.ancestry.com/Braden_Alex_Groesbeck_records.ashx?pid=157610245

Business manager of the Ford Motor Company from 1906 to 1915. He invested $2,500 in 1902, and Ford bought him out in 1919 for $30 million.

Democratic-leaning Republican served as Detroit Police commissioner and mayor of Detroit 1919-1922

As Detroit mayor, he broke up the streetcar monopoly, and created the Department of Street Railways.

Appointed to U.S. Senate by Gov. Groesbeck, serving from 1922 until his death in 1936.

Refused to endorse Calvin Coolidge for president in 1924. Fought with Coolidge’s Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon over

raising income tax rates on the rich, so Mellon sued Couzens for underpayment of taxes on his sale of Ford stock. Couzens won, and donated $10 million to charity.

JAMES COUZENShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_J._Couzens

Bicycles became popular in the 1880s, and bicycle clubs, like the League of American Wheelmen under Horatio Earle, demanded better roads. Earle later became the first state highway commissioner in 1905.

1905 – 68,000 miles of public dirt roads, and only 245 miles of macadam roads. Road tax was insufficient

1905 – Motor vehicle license fees start funding road construction, but only 3,000 cars

1912 – Congress authorizes $10,000 to each state to develop “post roads” used for rural mail delivery

1913 – State authorizes 3,000 mile trunkline network 1916 – Federal Road Aid Act ($75 million over 5 years) 1921 – Federal Highway Act (create interstate highway) - $81

billion 1924 – Federal aid and $50 million in bond money built

1,195 miles of concrete highway (Michigan was first state to use bypasses)

1925 - $.02 gas tax to pay for highway (one of the first “user fees” in MI)

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROADS

1920s – replace trains and the interurban 1923 – State starts regulation of buses 1929 – 164 companies and 1,500 buses Motor trucks replace railroads Car, trucks, and buses transformed rural

communities, and brought them closer to cities

MOTORBUSES AND MOTOR TRUCKS

http://www.detroittransithistory.info/Routes/JohnRNorth.html

1920 – 50% of farms had telephones

Radio – Thomas “Wireless” Clark pioneered wireless telegraphy (Morse Code)

WWJ in Detroit becomes second broadcasting station in the U.S. in 1920 (first was KDKA in Pittsburgh)

TELEPHONE, RADIOhttp://earlyradiohistory.us/1910mrg.htm

http://assolingue.com/blog.php?258d9ce8679fd14016c93de9452b9f8d

1879 – Binder binds cut grain into sheaves (called reaping)

1881 - Threshing machine separates grains from stalks and husks

1920s – Tractor replaces horses, pulls combine

1940 – Combines do reaping, threshing, and winnowing (separate grain from chaff)

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_harvester

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordson_tractor

http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/IH170859/horsedrawn-combine-thresher

1885 – James McMillan has first residence in Detroit with electric lighting

Prior to 1920 – basement generators (8% of farms had electricity)

1920 -1950 – lines from central power plant (96.6% of farms had electricity)

ELECTRICITY

Thomas Edison, the “Wizard of Menlo Park,” had over 1,000 inventions. He grew up in Port Huron, but spent most of his life in Menlo Park, NJ. His company, which merged in 1892 to become General Electric was, and still is, one of the world’s largest corporations.

http://contributionstoscience.wikispaces.com/Thomas+Edison+and+the+Lightbulb

Wheat was leading crop until 1900 (now one of the leading growers of winter wheat for pastries and breakfast foods)

Corn is an another important crop Wool from sheep was a important in 1800s Pigs and hogs became more important in

20th century Increased specialization in profitable

crops like potatoes, dry beans, sugar beets, fruit

Increased scientific knowledge – “Farmer Institutes” (MAC professor Dr. Robert Kedzie) and “experiment stations” produce better strains, fertilizers, and pesticides

MICHIGAN AGRICULTURE

http://www.hal.state.mi.us/mhc/museum/explore/museums/hismus/1900-75/erlyagri/images/agmap2.gif

1870 – Michigan Horticultural Society 1919 – Michigan State Farm Bureau

established to regulate, tax, and advocate for farmers (Farm Bureau Insurance in 1928)

1850 – 85% of Michiganders relied on agriculture

1950 – Less than 5% 1910 – Peak # of farms = 207,000 (now

56,000)

THE DECLINE OF AGRICULTURE

Prices and production reached highs prior to and during World War I, but declined significantly during the Depression.

Prices rose during WWII, but dropped off so both iron and copper mining largely ended.

Oil was discovered in Saginaw in 1925 1928 – Discovery Well made Mt. Pleasant the

center of Michigan Petroleum industry. Michigan still produces a significant amount of

oil and natural gas

IRON MINING, COPPER MINING, AND OIL

Walter P. Chrysler left General Motors over dispute with Billy Durant, and was put in charge of two automakers, Maxwell and Chalmers. He quickly made them profitable.

1925 – founded Chrysler Corporation 1928 – merged with Dodge Brothers,

who had the best dealer network

CHRYSLER CORPORATION

http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-139445/Walter-P-Chrysler

Head of GM after death of Billy Durant

With market saturated, Sloan recommended annual model changes, making GM the market leader by the late 1920s.

ALFRED P. SLOAN, JR.

/http://www.nndb.com/people/631/000117280

CADILLAC PLACE (THE GM BUILDING) Started in 1919, and completed in 1923 Was originally called the Durant Building, but Durant was

ousted in 1921, so renamed the General Motors Building Was world’s 2nd largest office building Served as GM’s world headquarters from 1923 to 2001 when

moved to the Ren Cen Now leased by the State of Michigan for 20 years, and renamed

Cadillac Place

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Place http://detroit1701.org/General%20Motors%20Building.html

1927 – Ford discontinues Model T due to competition from Chevrolet, then makes Model A

GM remained leader, followed by Ford, followed by Chrysler (called the Big Three)

Flint becomes GM town, with huge Buick and Chevrolet plants, and AC Spark Plug and Fisher Body plants.

Saginaw had Chevrolet plant, Lansing produced Reos and Oldsmobiles

EDSEL FORDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsel_Ford

Polish were most numerous of the new Europeans, replacing the Irish and Germans of the 19th century

1871 – First Polish Catholic church, St. Albertus, in Detroit

1915 – 80% of Hamtramck population is Polish, thanks to Dodge Brothers plant

1930 – Over 66,000 Poles in Detroit (followed by 28,581 Italians)

1973 – Detroit has the largest Arabic-speaking community in North America

POLES IN HAMTRAMCKhttp://www.hamtramckstar.com/america_automobile_workers_1900_1933/

DETROIT’S BUILDING BOOM

At 10 stories tall, the Hammond Building was Detroit’s first skyscraper in 1889. George Hammond pioneered refrigerated railroad cars. Located at Fort and Griswold, it was torn down in 1956.

When completed in 1928, the 47-story Penobscot Building was the world's eighth tallest building. It was the city's tallest from 1928 to 1977.At 19 stories

tall, the Ford Building was Detroit’s tallest building from 1909 to 1913. In the 1920s, several Detroit

buildings were constructed: Buhl, Guardian, Fisher, Book Tower, and Book Cadillac Hotel.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_Building

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Building_(Detroit)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penobscot_Building

All images: Wikipedia

In 1924, the National Origins Act limited foreign immigration

Before 1924, few Southerners came to MI

By 1930, Michigan had 165,000 whites born in the South

Movement of blacks and white southerners to Michigan during WWI caused tensions (segregated housing, schools, parks)

MIGRATION TO MICHIGAN

BATH SCHOOL DISASTERMay 18, 1927 at 8:45 AM

Andrew Kehoe, the 55-year-old school board treasurer, was angry after his defeat in the spring 1926 election for township clerk. His wife was ill,and he was in danger of losing his 80-acre farm due to a school tax he fought against.Kehoe first killed his wife, fire-bombed his farm as a diversion, and dynamited the Bath Consolidated School (only 300 residents in whole town) that killed 37 elementary school children, 1 teacher, and injured 58 more people. He then committed suicide by detonating a final explosion in his truck, which killed the school superintendent and several others. It is the deadliest mass murder in a school in United

States history. 45 people died, including 38 children. By comparison, 28 people were killed in the Newtown, CT killing in 2012.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/92726077@N00/3502827714/

http://www.csmonitor.com/Books/chapter-and-verse/2012/0724/America-s-deadliest-school-violence-Not-Columbine-but-Bath-Mich.-in-1927

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Kehoe

http://www.todayifoundout.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/bath-school.jpg

Dr. Sweet (and 9 other men) defended his home in Detroit from a white mob in 1925. A stone broke the upstairs window. Shots were fired from the house (from guns purchased by Sweet), killing a white man. Defending himself in court but with help from the NAACP and Clarence Darrow, an all-white jury acquitted him of murder. Judge Frank Murphy presided. Years later and financially destitute, Sweet killed himself in 1960.

THE CURIOUS CASE OF DR. OSSIAN SWEET

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossian_Sweet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossian_Sweet

"I have to die like a man or live a coward."

No blacks allowed in MLB from 1887 to 1947 First Negro professional team was the Cuban

Giants in 1885. Last Negro League season was 1960.

Rube Foster was the “Father of Black Baseball” Negro League teams in Detroit from 1894 to 1960

(Stars, Giants, Wolves, Senators, Black Sox, and Clowns)

Most famous was the Detroit Stars in the Negro National League from 1920 to 1930 (490-384, .561)

Norman “Turkey” Stearnes (1923-1930) was one of the greatest Negro League players (.353 lifetime)

Last team to integrate: the Boston Red Sox in 1959

Detroit Tigers were second to last: Ozzie Virgil in 1958 (Walter “no Jiggs with” Briggs owned the team)

NEGRO LEAGUES

TURKEY STEARNES AND THE STARS Detroit Stars played in the Negro National

Leagues from 1919-1931. Most of their games were at Mack Park.

Outfielder Norman “Turkey” Stearnes was their best player. Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2000. Worked at Tigers owner Walter (“No Jiggs for Briggs”) Briggs’ auto factory in the offseason.

First black player in MLB was Jackie Robinson in 1947. First black Tiger was Ozzie Virgil (also first Dominican in MLB) in 1958. Virgil was 5-for-5 that day.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_Stearnes“I never

counted my home runs. I hit so many, I never counted them, and I'll tell you why: If they didn't win a ball game, they didn't amount to anything.”

http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/v/virgioz01.shtml

Symbol of consumer-oriented economy of 1920s Ford’s Model T (“Tin Lizzies”) cost only $290 in 1927

($3,400 today) (15 million made) Ford workers were paid very well, but weren’t allowed to

talk, sit, smoke, sing or whistle while performing very repetitive tasks.

GM (1908) and Chrysler (1925) cars had more style and comfort than Model T. Ford introduced Model A in 1928 to compete. GM started introducing new models every year.

80% of the world’s cars were in the U.S., and the Big Three made 83% of all cars. 5 million cars made in 1929.

2/3 of cars sold on credit

DETROIT AND AUTOMOBILES

http://www.canoelover.com/?attachment_id=1091

Model A’s on the assembly line in 1928. The line moved at a rate of 6 feet per minute.

FORD ROUGE PLANT After 11 years of construction, it was

the world’s largest industrial complex in 1928 with 16 million square feet of factory floor space (3X the size of the Ren Cen)

Albert Kahn designed some of the 93 buildings, housing over 100,000 workers

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:River_Rouge_aerial_4a25915r.jpghttp://www.semiwiki.com/forum/

content/671-apple-strength-will-compel-arm-trim-its-sails.html

Profoundly changed patterns of living Promoted movement to citiesTractors allowed more agricultural productivityGrowth of Suburbs, single family houses Traffic Lights (first one in Detroit in 1920)Personal mobility made the youth less dependent on their parents, and wives less dependent on men

Los Angeles: Automobile Metropolis (population went from 100,000 in 1900 to 2.2 million in 1930) 1 car for every 3 residents, first supermarket, shopping district designed for cars

HOW THE AUTOMOBILE CHANGED EVERYTHING