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Newsletter of the Cultural Resources Division n Kansas State Historical Society March - April 2002 n Vol. 24, No. 2 Article on page 7. Bison, or buffalo, appear docile when grazing and ruminating, but the mind behind the massive forehead and curved horns still thinks the way its ancestors thought. Kansas Preservation Kansas Preservation

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Page 1: Bison, or buffalo, appear docile when grazing - … or buffalo, appear docile when grazing ... nomination to the National Register of ... to levy a one-time quarter mill property

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Article on page 7.

Bison, or buffalo, appear docile when grazingand ruminating, but the mind behind themassive forehead and curved horns still thinksthe way its ancestors thought.

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The Cultural Resources Division isworking with developers, investors, prop-erty owners, and legislators to seek tech-nical amendments to the Kansas Rehabili-tation Tax Credit program that was en-acted in 2001. The amendments, pro-posed in House Bill 2948, are intended toaddress some technical glitches discov-ered since the program’s implementationlast September. Although the proposedamendments should not significantlychange the application process or pro-gram requirements for most applicants,they would improve the viability ofprojects undertaken by partnerships ororganizations.

The amendments would allow the taxcredit to be applied toward the privilegetax (banks) and the premiums tax (insur-ance companies), in addition to incometax liability. They would also make the

Seeking Amendments to theKansas Rehabilitation Tax Credit

tax credit transferable, making projectseasier to finance by allowing the creditsto be sold by entities without a Kansas taxliability. In addition, the amendmentswould allow partnerships to allocate thetax credit based upon an agreement be-tween partners, rather than by ownershippercentage.

The first hearing was scheduled forMarch 26. For a copy of the bill, or totrack its progress, go online towww.accesskansas.org. From the mainscreen, click on “Government” (left side),then “Kansas Legislature” (right side),then “Single Bill Tracking” (under “Iwant to find...” on left side).

For more information about the reha-bilitation tax credit program, please con-tact Katrina Klingaman at (785) 272-8681 Ext.226 or [email protected].

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Historic Preservation Funds GrantedThe Kansas Historic Sites Board of

Review voted on February 23 to provide$180,902 to eleven projects across thestate from this year’s round of HistoricPreservation Fund (HPF) grants. Thisnumber compares with the $133,422awarded to eleven projects this past year.

Of the total,$154,752 wentto Certified Lo-cal Govern-ments. DodgeCity, which isthe newest Cer-tified LocalGovernment,was awarded$20,000 to con-duct the secondphase of a re-connaissancesurvey.

A grant of$38,000 to the

City of Hutchinson will fund a districtnomination to the National Register ofHistoric Places for the HoustonWhiteside neighborhood as well as se-lected properties located in the down-town area.

The City of Lawrence received a$29,460 grant to prepare district nomina-tions and another $12,972 to employ adesign review intern.

The City of Newton will use its$1,800 grant to prepare and reproduce adriving tour brochure of historic proper-ties in Newton and North Newton.

The City of Wichita was awarded$27,000 for the preparation of NationalRegister nominations for five historic dis-tricts. A second grant of $10,000 willfund a survey of historic parks, while athird grant in the amount of $15,520 willbe used to hire an intern for design review.

Other cities that are not certified re-ceived grants as well. An award of$13,050 will be used to develop guide-lines for the restoration of facades indowntown Atchison.

Two grants were awarded to the Cityof Topeka to conduct surveys. An $8,050grant will be used to conduct a reconnais-sance survey in the neighborhood sur-rounding the Ward-Meade Park. Anothergrant for $5,050 will fund a resurvey ofthe northern end of the downtown area.

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The Kansas Historic Sites Board ofReview held its regular quarterly meetingon Saturday, February 23, at the Topeka-Shawnee County Public Library. In addi-tion to recommending projects for federalHistoric Preservation Fund (HPF) grants,the board also evaluated 13 submissionsfor National Register and state registereligibility. (See article on preceding pagefor information on the grant projects.)

All properties considered at themeeting were approved for the NationalRegister with the exception of one build-ing that was on the agenda for the stateregister only. The New Deal MultipleProperty Context Statement–prepared byHistoric Preservation Services, L.L.C.under contract to the Historic Preserva-tion Office–will serve as the context fornominating Kansas New Deal propertiesto the National Register. A summary ofthat context statement was printed in theJanuary-February issue of Kansas Pres-ervation.

In addition, three properties werepresented for listing as part of the NewDeal Multiple Property Nominations.

ReviewBoardApprovesMultipleProperties

The Abilene City Park Historic Districtnomination was prepared by HistoricPreservation Services as part of theircontract. The Colby Municipal Swim-ming Pool and Bath House nominationwas prepared by the Thomas County His-torical Society with an HPF grant. Thenomination for the Marion County Parkand Lake was developed by local resi-dents with the support of the MarionCounty Commissioners.

Two districts from Leavenworth wereconsidered by the board. Both the Down-town Historic District and the HistoricIndustrial District nominations werefunded with HPF grants to the City of

Leavenworth, which thencontracted with HistoricPreservation Services toprepare the nominations.The downtown commercialdistrict has 65 contributingproperties; while the indus-trial district has seven largebuildings that reflect the 19th

and early 20th century indus-trial prominence of the com-munity.

The nomination of theQuindaro Townsite Archeo-logical Site (1857-1862) wasbased on the archeologicalevidence exposed and re-covered in the 1980s when

Continued on 13

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Hutchinson’sSoldiers andSailorsMemorialApprovedfor NationalRegister

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The Soldiers and Sailors Memorial inHutchinson was recently approvedfor nomination to the National Reg-

ister of Historic Places for its historicalassociation as a Grand Army of the Re-public (G.A.R.) commemorative Civil Warmonument. The G.A.R. was a nationwideorganization of Union Civil War veteransestablished in 1866 to perpetuate thememory and history of those comradeskilled in the Civil War. Many Kansascommunities received G.A.R. memorialsbetween 1885 and 1936, when the lastmemorial was erected.

The Hutchinson memorial is an ex-ample of a multi-figure monument, ofwhich only three were erected in Kansas.The two others stand in Wichita andKinsley. This type of monument consistsof a center shaft, column or dome crownedwith a symbolic figure that overlooks fourmilitary figures at the base. The figures atthe base represent the four branches of theUnion military and include a sailor, anartilleryman, an infantryman, and a caval-ryman. The Kansas multi-figure monu-ments were erected at the end of the“Great Monument Era,” which spannedthe dates of 1885 to 1918.

Located in city parks, courthouselawns, or public cemeteries, the memorialserected by the G.A.R. served the purpose

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of venerating the Civil War service ofUnion soldiers and sailors. They alsoexposed Americans to memorial artworkon a widespread basis for the first time.

The Hutchinson memorial stands atits original location on a median east ofthe intersection of Walnut Street and FirstAvenue, the final remnants of what oncewas Lincoln Park, a linear park along FirstAvenue.

The memorial includes a 41-foot,Neo-Classically styled, white granitemonument and two bronze ConfederateCivil War cannons. The four-sided, ta-pered granite shaft stands on an irregularlyshaped, triple stepped granite base withoverall dimensions of 6 feet high and 16feet wide. A 9-foot granite figure ofAbraham Lincoln stands on a pedestalatop the shaft. Figures of three soldiersand one sailor stand on pedestals thatproject at a 45 degree angle from the baseof the structure.

The tapered granite shaft is cappedwith a plain classical entablature. Theedges of each elevation’s frieze are accen-tuated with two large triglyphs. Thewestern face of the shaft is recessed andcontains a garland that drapes across theupper half of the shaft. A granite pedes-tal that stands on a stepped base iscapped by a plain classical entablaturethat rises atop the shaft. The faces of

each side of the pedestal are recessed;the western face contains a carved deco-rative cartouche. Inscribed into a panelat the western base of the monument arethe words: “Lest We Forget. In Memoryof all Soldiers andSailors Loyal to OurFlag. Erected byReno County 1918.”

Two cannons areplaced on the easternside of the monu-ment, their barrelspointing to the north-west and southwest.The cannons are aQuinby & Robinson/Western Foundry 6-pounder gun #16 andan A.B. Readingcannon, 6-pounder smoothbore #39. Thebronze cannon barrels rest on brokenwagon chassis instead of historicallyaccurate wooden carriages.

Creating the MemorialThe process of creating the Soldiers

and Sailors Memorial for Hutchinson be-gan in 1915 when the city hosted thestate encampment of the G.A.R. As anoutcome of this event, a gun committeewas established in January of 1916 to se-cure the donation of two bronze fieldpieces. The committee worked with rep-resentatives in Congress and members ofthe city commission to bring two CivilWar field artillery pieces to Hutchinson.

The two guns that were sent toHutchinson and the G.A.R. were not

Federal pieces, but captured Confederateweapons. One of the cannons representsthe Federal model of 1841 manufacturedby the Quinby & Robinson WesternFoundry and is the only one of its kind

known to havesurvived. A.B.Reading & BrothersFoundry ofVicksburg, Missis-sippi, produced thesecond cannon.Only eight docu-mented A.B.Reading cannonsremain.

The G.A.R.placed the cannonson carriages and

dedicated them to the City of Hutchinsonon June 28, 1917. In his remarks dedicat-ing the guns, former Congressman GeorgeA. Neeley, who as a member of Congressintroduced the bill donating the cannon toHutchinson, challenged the community todo even more to commemorate its CivilWar veterans. Neeley emphasized that:

“[t]he people of Reno County shoulddemand that a respectable statue should beerected in this county, by county taxation,as a memorial to the soldiers of the CivilWar. It should be a hundred feet high andbear on it the names of all the RenoCounty Soldiers of the grand war, to keepalive the memory of the men and womenwho made it possible for this nation to bepreserved.”

The G.A.R., responding to ex-Con-gressman Neeley’s challenge, quickly

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pledged $1 for every $2

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established a monument committee com-posed of representatives of theHutchinson, Nickerson, and HavenG.A.R. and Women’s Relief Corps(W.R.C.) posts. On July 30th, representa-tives of the committee met with the Com-mercial Club, precursor of today’s Cham-ber of Commerce, seeking their supportin lobbying the Reno County Commissionto levy a one-time quarter mill propertytax to fund construction of a soldiers andsailors monument. The followingday, the Hutchinson News reported:

“President Charles W.Oswald… appointed LieutenantGovernor W.Y. Morgan, State Sena-tor Will S. Thompson and Repre-sentative F.L. Martin as a committeeto call on the county board urgingthat the levy be made… On motionof Emerson Carey, the club unani-mously voted in favor of the quarterof a mill levy, and adopted a resolu-tion asking the county board tomake that levy.”

After securing the countycommission’s financial support, themonument committee next turned tothe design and location of the monu-ment. The legislation enabling thecounty to raise funds for the monu-ment also required that it be placedon county-owned property or onproperty owned by the county seat.At its September 25, 1917 meeting,the Hutchinson City Commissionand the monument committee dis-cussed placing the monument oncity-owned property. Three dayslater City Commissioners Flinn andShears submitted a report recom-mending that it be located “…onFirst Avenue East at the Main Street line”(City Clerk’s Record, September 28,1917). The monument committee ac-cepted this location at the citycommission’s October 2 meeting, al-though many members apparently pre-ferred placing the memorial two blockseast on First Avenue at the west end of alinear park between Walnut and Poplar.This preference was acknowledged threeweeks later when the Commission re-versed itself and authorized placement ofthe memorial “…in the middle drivewayof First Avenue east of the Walnut St.line” (City Clerk’s Record, October 23,1917). The Commission also approvedsetting aside space to the east of themonument for the placement of the can-non, benches, or flowerbeds.

Four firms submitted a total of fivebids for construction of the statue. Thecounty commission opened these bids onJanuary 26, 1918. Hutchinson Monument

Works (also known as Grimes and Jones),in association with Hugh A. Price of Chi-cago, a well-known designer of militarymonuments, submitted the winning designfor the statue with a low bid of $20,500.The statue was finished by September1918.

The finished memorial, including thetwo bronze cannons, was dedicated onFlag Day, June 14, 1919. The ceremonieswere preceded by a parade including

veterans of the Civil War, Spanish-Ameri-can War, and World War I, the MilitarySisterhood, the Boy Scouts, the GirlScouts, the Daughters of the AmericanRevolution, and other organizations. Thecolumn marched from Convention Hallnorth on Walnut Street to the memorialsite, where a large crowd including repre-sentatives from every town and townshipin Reno County awaited. Following anumber of speeches, the presentation of atableau by the Military Sisterhood, andrecitation of a poem written for the occa-sion, Reno County Attorney WilliamBurnett officially received the monumenton behalf of the county.

Ten days later, the city commission,at the request of the G.A.R. and W.R.C.,renamed the linear park along First Av-enue “Lincoln Park,” thus bringing to aconclusion the monument committee’sproject.

The Memorial TodayFor decades following its dedication,

the memorial, popularly referred to as theSoldiers and Sailors Memorial, served asthe focus of patriotic and memorial obser-vances. But with the passage of time,memories faded and changes occurredalong First Avenue. Old homes and otherstructures were replaced by a large Fed-eral Post Office to the north. A newMethodist Church was constructed on the

southeast corner of First and Walnut. Alarge portion of Lincoln Park was re-moved to provide parking for the newpost office.

Today, the G.A.R. monument and can-nons still preside over what is left of Lin-coln Park, but they are largely inaccessibleto potential visitors and crowded on a sitetoo small for interpretation and pedestrians.The monument is a still-imposing landmarkin the City of Hutchinson, remindingpeople of the sacrifices made by so manyearly settlers of Reno County.

During the past few years, the cityand others interested in the memorialresearched alternatives for restoring thememorial and its site. Plans were devel-oped to restore the monument and alsorenovate the entire park, including repairand security for the cannons. Additionallandscaping, signage and interpretation,

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Bison are wild animals. Althoughthey are now raised commer-cially—the Kansas Buffalo Asso-

ciation currently has 107 members raising8,600 animals—bison do not have thesame temperament as their domesticatedcattle relatives. Bison, or buffalo, appeardocile when grazing and ruminating, butthe mind behind the massive forehead andcurved horns still thinks the way its an-cestors thought. It is an animal that pre-fers to run, but it is ready to fight whenthreatened.

Humans and bison have interactedfor thousands of years in North America,but that interaction until recent times hasbeen characterized by humans as preda-tors and bison as the prey.

The earliest evidence for bison hunt-ing comes from distinctively made pro-jectile points found in association withextinct forms of bison dating to around8000 B.C. Further evidence is seenamong bison bone refuse commonlyfound in archeological sites of AmericanIndian camps and villages in all subse-quent time periods. This long-term rela-tionship ended suddenly and dramaticallyin the latter portion of the nineteenth cen-tury when the North American buffalowas hunted almost to extinction by com-mercial hide-hunters.

In Kansas, the period from 1870to1874 saw the confluence of a number offactors contributing to the sudden disap-

pearance of once numerous herds. Ademand from the eastern United Statesfor bison products, both meat and hides,coupled with the arrival in western Kan-sas of railroad lines that provided themeans for cheaply and efficiently trans-porting those products, led to a massivekilling of bison. The killing was unregu-lated and thorough and was condoned bythe U.S. and state governments, anxiousto subdue free-roaming Indian tribes whodepended upon buffalo for food, materi-als for shelter, and numerous other neces-sities, as well as for spiritual needs.Small remnant herds of bison remainedafter the departure of the hide-hunters,surviving for a decade or so in the roughcountry drained by the Canadian Riverand its tributaries in the Oklahoma andTexas panhandles. By 1888, when C. J.“Buffalo” Jones went searching in thisregion for bison to capture alive, he founda total of 37 animals.

Ancient Bison on the PlainsBison first came to North America

during the middle Pleistocene (Ice Ages),and they have been resident here for hun-dreds of thousands of years. At approxi-mately 8000 B.C., some Pleistocene ani-mals, such as the mammoth, camel, andhorse became extinct. However, the bi-son survived beyond this time to becamethe largest land animal in North America.Larger than today’s buffalo (Bison bison

and Bison athabascae), skeletal remainsof extinct forms (such as Bison latifrons,Bison alleni, and Bison antiquus) can berecognized primarily by their continueddiminution in overall size and smallerhorn cores, which also change in shape.

These characteristics seem to point toa relatively straightforward evolution ofthe animal from the larger Pleistoceneforms to the smaller present-day animals,although the causes of this evolutionarychange are debatable. For one thing,bison species continued to enter the NewWorld over a lengthy period of time, asthe ice-free corridor opened and closed inresponse to climatic changes. It is notcertain whether the new arrivals wereadditions to the existing herds (and genepools) or replacements for buffalo speciesthat died off. Perhaps the new arrivalscoexisted with established species but didnot breed with them.

Some scientists argue that the differ-ences in skeletal remains that are used todistinguish species are, in some instances,

By 1888, when C. J.

“Buffalo” Jones went

searching in this region for

bison to capture alive, he

found a total of 37 animals.

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only variations to be expected in a “nor-mal” population. This would mean thatinstead of classifying two species from askeletal population, there should be onlyone. Others believe that prehistoric bisonhunters were a contributing factor in theevolution to smaller size bison. Their ar-gument is partly based upon the hunters’preference for prime animals versusolder, ill, or injured animals that typicallyare eliminated by natural selection. Theycontend that some hunting methods, suchas the bison drive—wherein herds orlarge segments of herds were trapped ordriven over natural obstacles to theirdeaths—were a contributing factor to thedevelopment of faster maturing, butsmaller animals.

In western Kansas, the Twelve MileCreek site in Logan County yielded theremains of at least ten animals, killedaround 8000 B.C. The Norton bone bedin Scott County contained the remains ofeight or more bison deposited in an an-cient gully approximately 9,000 years ago.

Another High Plains bison kill sitethat illustrates the potential human impacton ancient bison (Bison occidentalis) isthe Olsen-Chubbuck site, located approx-imately 30 miles west of the Kansas stateline near First View, Colorado. At thislocation, the remains of 190 animals wereuncovered in a wide and deep gully that,ironically, had been formed by the ero-sion of a buffalo trail. A herd had beenstampeded across the gully. Animals infront fell into and filled up the chasm,providing a bridge for those that fol-lowed. The excavated bones of the un-fortunate animals killed in the gullycame from both male and female adults,juveniles, and calves. Animals in theupper part of the gully were butchered bythe hunters, but those at the bottom wereinaccessible, comprising 40 whole oralmost complete skeletons. This site alsodates to approximately 8000 B.C.

Archeology can contribute to an un-derstanding of the natural history of thebison through the excavation of suchsites. Although the hunters disarticulatedthe skeletons and modified some bones,they also left behind datable materials,such as charcoal from camp fires and

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projectile points or other artifacts repre-sentative of certain time periods. Thischronological information can be valu-able. Some sites, such as Olsen-Chubbuck, also contain complete animalskeletons to provide study specimens.

Saved from ExtinctionThe natural history of the bison has

many blank pages, but due to the effortsof a few individuals, the buffalo weresaved from extinction and the bison bookwas not closed forever at the end of thenineteenth century.

C. J. “Buffalo” Jones of Garden Citywas one of those individuals. A flamboy-ant promoter, he captured (by roping)calves from the few remaining bison in theregion for various schemes, including abuffalo-drawn streetcar system for GardenCity. The herd that grew from this roundupprovided ten animals for a private zoo atthe turn of the century for a cost of $1,000each. This compares with the price of$2.50 for a bison robe scarcely ten yearsearlier. Jones became warden atYellowstone Park in 1902, overseeing thelast remaining bison on public land, a

small herd of 25 animals. In 1906, hestarted a ranch on the north rim of theGrand Canyon stocked by “cattelo,” histerm for a cross between buffalo and Gal-loway cattle. This attempt to combine thebest attributes of both animals was notcommercially successful.

Early in the twentieth century, mostbuffalo were found in private herds, as istrue now at the beginning of the twenty-first. Publicity about the near extinctionof the animal led to the founding of theAmerican Bison Society with WilliamHornaday, chief taxidermist at the U. S.National Museum, as president. This or-ganization spearheaded efforts to stockbison on public land, so that by 1915bison herds had been established in theWichita Mountains National WildlifeRefuge (NWR) in Oklahoma, FortNiobrara NWR in Nebraska, and WindCave National Park and Custer State Parkin South Dakota.

Ernest Harold Baynes, a NewEngland journalist, was instrumental informing the American Bison Societyand in publicizing the need to save thebuffalo. Anxious to promote the useful-

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ness of the animal, he advocated usingbuffalo wool (the hair that grows overthe front part of the animal) in blanketsand articles of clothing. He also recom-mended bison as strong draft animals.Neither of these beneficial uses pannedout; they floundered because of the na-ture of the buffalo. How does one sheara living bison? And although some indi-vidual animals took to a harness, thevast majority—even those raised fromyoung calves by humans—were toounmanageable for the task.

The Nature of the BeastSome bison characteristics have been

constant for thousands of years. A bisonherd’s propensity to run in headlongflight at a perceived threat was used toadvantage by those American Indianhunters responsible for creating the bonebed that filled the gully at the Olsen-Chubbuck site. This strategy also figuredinto the creation of the massive bisonbone deposits at the famous buffalojumps of the Northern Plains, such as theHead-Smashed-In jump in Alberta,Canada. At this site and similar sites in

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Page 11: Bison, or buffalo, appear docile when grazing - … or buffalo, appear docile when grazing ... nomination to the National Register of ... to levy a one-time quarter mill property

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the northern United States, buffalo herdswere gathered together and driven overhigh precipitous cliffs by the coordinatedactions of the on-foot hunters, who usedconcealment and then their sudden ap-pearance to guide the running bison to thecliff; the resulting fall killed or injured theanimals. Hunters used the same locationsover and over again for many thousandsof years.

With the reintroduction of the horseinto North America by the Spanish in thesixteenth century, some tribes alteredtheir buffalo-hunting tactics. Mountedhunters would chase the animals on fastand fearless horses, chosen especially fortheir ability to run close to the bisonwhere their riders could shoot arrows orfire bullets into the selected animals.

Suggested Reading

Foster, John, Dick Harrison, and I. S.MacLaren1992 Buffalo. The University of

Alberta Press, Edmonton,Alberta, Canada.

Geist, Valerius1996 Buffalo Nation: History and

Legend of the North AmericanBison. Voyageur Press Inc.,Stillwater, Minnesota.

Kersey, Ralph T.1958 Buffalo Jones: A True Biography.

Elliot Printers, Garden City,Kansas.

McHugh, Tom1972 The Time of the Buffalo. Univer-

sity of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.

Roe, Frank G.1970 The North American Buffalo.

University of Toronto Press,Toronto.

Schultz, C. Bertrand, and Larry D.Martin1970 Quaternary Mammalian Se-

quence in the Central GreatPlains: Pleistocene and RecentEnvironments of the CentralGreat Plains. Special PublicationNo. 3. Department of Geology,University of Kansas, Lawrence.

Wheat, Joe Ben1972 The Olsen-Chubbuck Site: A

Paleo-Indian Bison Kill. Mem-oir No. 26 of the Society forAmerican Archaeology. Ameri-can Antiquity 37(1)Pt. 2.

Selected Web Resources

Appropriate Technology Transfer forRural Areas (www.attra.ncat.org)

National Bison Association(www.bisoncentral.com/nba)

North Dakota State University BisonResearch Program(www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu)

Temple Grandin(www.grandin.com/references)

The Bison Centre of Excellence inAlberta, Canada (www.bisoncentre.com)

The key to this hunting method was toavoid spooking the herd with suddenmovements—either by the hunter himselfor by, for instance, only wounding ananimal that caused its sudden movementsto alert the herd to danger. Apparentlythe loud report from the rifle’s dischargewas not a factor.

Such tactics as these, plus the num-ber of hide-hunters operating in the field,caused an incredible number of bison tobe killed. Colonel Richard I. Dodge, acontemporary observer of the slaughter,obtained figures from the Atchison, To-peka and Santa Fe Railway for three yearsof hide shipments from Dodge City. In1872, hides shipped numbered 165,721;in 1873 there were 251,443; and in 1874there was a reduction to 42,289—a totalof 459,453 bison hides. This figure doesnot include animals killed but not skinnedor buffalo hides that spoiled in the fielddue to the inexperience of the hunters.

The rebound in numbers of buffalo inthe twentieth century can be attributedpartly to their ability to reproduce andtheir adaptation to the Plains environ-ment. A buffalo cow can breed at twoyears of age and have her first calf at agethree. Under optimal conditions, a cowcan have a calf each year of her 20- to 25-year life span.

Bison eat a wide range of grasses andplants, typically gaining weight during thespring and summer but losing weightduring the winter months. Unlike cattle,bison can move away snow with theirsnouts to reach buried winter grasses,which allows them to be self-sufficientand to survive extreme weather events.Bulls in prime can weigh around 2,000pounds, while a mature cow will weighapproximately 1,100 pounds.

Although bison have not reboundedto their former numbers, there are todayapproximately 350,000 located on privateand public lands. Bison meat and bisonproducts are generally available to thepublic, and bison can become a part of anindividual’s diet if one so desires.

Bison research is carried on at sev-eral institutions in the Plains states, in-cluding the Konza Prairie unit of KansasState University. In Kansas, public view-ing of bison herds is available at the Max-well Wildlife Refuge near Canton inMcPherson County and at the FinneyGame Refuge near Garden City. Surplusbison from the Finney and Maxwell herdsare sold at auction at the Maxwell Wild-life Refuge during the first two weeks ofNovember each year. Further increases inthe bison population of North Americawill need to come through an increase inthe number of privately owned herds.

In 1872, hides shipped

from Dodge City

numbered 165,721; in

1873 there were 251,443;

and in 1874 there was a

reduction to 42,289—a

total of 459,453 bison

hides. This figure does

not include animals

killed but not skinned or

buffalo hides that spoiled

in the field due to the

inexperience of the

hunters.

Another less dramatic, but equallyefficient, way of hunting bison relied onusing a combination of the animal’s pooreyesight and keen nose. By keepingdownwind of a herd and by using stealthymovements, hunters could sometimesapproach quite closely. Indians, usingwolf skins or blankets draped over theirbodies, could get within arrow-shot rangeusing this method.

Nineteenth-century hide-hunterscould sometimes establish a “stand”within rifle range of a herd and be able toshoot bison after bison from one position.

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Archeological Site SurveyESU Designation: AN 540 ADates: June 3-7Time: 8 a.m.-12 noonInstructor: Martin Stein, archeologist,KSHSDescription: The survey class providesan introduction to the methods used infinding and recording archeological sites.Instruction relating to the identification ofartifacts, basic map reading, and site re-cording will be combined with field trips.

Basic Archeological ExcavationESU Designation: AN 540 CDates: June 3-7Time: 1-5 p.m.Instructor: Bob Hoard, state archeologist,KSHSDescription: This class focuses on thetechniques, principles, and theories ofarcheological site excavation, recordkeeping, and materials preservation. Stu-dents are taught proper techniques forpreparing and conducting an archeologi-cal excavation. Instruction is given onthe identification and interpretation ofartifacts, structural remains, and environ-mental data. The course consists of lec-tures and field work.

MappingESU Designation: AN 540 BDates: June 10-14Time: 8 a.m.- 12 noonInstructor: Will Banks, preservation ar-cheologist, and Tim Weston, highwayarcheologist, KSHSDescription: Mapping archeological sitesand materials is one of the fundamentalmethods of documentation for both ama-teur and professional archeologists. Pro-ficiency in preparing maps is dependentupon an understanding of basic carto-graphic principles as well as field map-ping techniques. The study of carto-graphic principles involves reviewing themethods for determining the spatial rela-tionships between places and/or pointswhile field mapping consists of creating agraphic representation of a defined space.Students will learn how to define areas ofarcheological interest and to constructmaps with a minimum of equipment. Stu-dents will also be introduced to moresophisticated optical mapping equipment(e.g., plane table and alidade, transit)traditionally used in archeological investi-gations. Students will also be instructedin the use of global positioning systemreceivers as well as a modern electronictotal mapping station. Practical experi-ence in both basic cartographic principles

and mapping will be gained through aseries of field exercises, culminating inmapping a portion of an archeologicalsite.

Archeological Field MethodsESU Designation: AN 540 B, Archeo-logical Field MethodsInstructor: StaffDescription: In this field/laboratorycourse students receive on-the-job train-ing by direct participation in site excava-tion and artifact processing. Instruction isgiven concerning the use of hand tools,removal and preservation of archeologi-cal materials, record keeping, and labora-tory procedures. A total of 40 hours ofwork is necessary to complete the course;up to 20 of these hours can be spent in thefield laboratory. To allow for possiblerain days, students would be wise to startwork on the first day of the excavationand continue until they have completed40 hours. Please note that this class has aprerequisite. Students must have takenthe Basic Archeological Excavationcourse.

Classes Offered in Conjunction with Field School

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12

Schedule ofAssociatedPrograms andWorkshopsExhibit – Custom Cowboy Boots: TheKansas Story. The high-heeled, belowthe knee, custom-made cowboy boot tookform in post-Civil War Kansas, wherecowboys bought their boots after collect-ing their pay at the end of the ChisholmTrail. Bootmakers in Kansas cowtownsresponded to this market with footwearcustomized to the cowboy’s individualfoot and tastes. This exhibit focuses oncontemporary custom bootmakers in Kan-sas who are working within a long-stand-ing tradition. Actual work by Kansasbootmakers is included. This exhibit wasproduced by the Kansas State HistoricalSociety with partial funding from theNational Endowment for the Arts.Date: June 1-16Time: 10 a.m.-5 p.m. Wednesday-Satur-day, 1-5 p.m. SundayLocation: Cottonwood Ranch, Studley

Workshop – Exhibits for Museums withSmall Budgets: A Basic TechnicalWorkshop. Separate registration is re-quired. For more information, see page14 or contact Virginia A. Wulfkuhle at(785) 272-8681 Ext. 255.Date: Saturday & Sunday, June 1-2Time: 9 a.m.-4 p.m. Saturday, 1-5 p.m.SundayLocation: Morland High School, 107 W.Main St., Morland

Historic ArchitectureESU Designation: AN 540 DDates: June 10-14Time: 1-5 p.m.Instructor: Christy Davis, assistant cul-tural resources division director, KSHSDescription: This course provides anintroduction to historic commercial archi-tecture in Kansas from the late nineteenthcentury to 1950. Students will learn toidentify and describe the historic architec-ture that interprets the economic historyof Kansas towns. The course will notonly cover nineteenth-century structures,but will explore buildings from the Pro-gressive Era, Automobile Age, and be-yond. Students will gain hands-on expe-rience through exploring and surveyingdowntown Hoxie, Kansas.

Event – Collectors Night. Archeologists,curators from the Kansas Museum ofHistory, and archivists from the KSHSlibrary/archives will be on hand to iden-tify all types of objects, including NativeAmerican artifacts, furniture, tools, linensand quilts, ceramics and glassware, otherhousehold items, photographs and paperdocuments. Conservation advice will beshared, but no appraisals can be given.Date: Wednesday, June 5Time: 7-9 p.m.Location: Morland High School

Event – Kansas State Historical SocietyCollecting Project. People in the area areinvited to bring in their photographs,personal letters, diaries, maps, etc. andmeet with KSHS staff. Materials collectedin the project will be taken to the KSHS inTopeka where they will be copied. Orig-inal material will be returned to the ownersand copies will be retained by the KSHS.Date: Thursday, June 6Time: 9 a.m.-4:30 p.m.Location: Morland High School

Talk – Cowboyology, by Don Rowlison,administrator of Cottonwood Ranch StateHistoric Site.Date: Thursday, June 6Time: 7 p.m.Location: Morland High School

Event – Potluck Supper and Resumé, asummary of the first week’s accomplish-ments on the project by site supervisors.Date: Friday, June 7Time: 6:30 p.m.Location: Morland High School

Event – Cottonwood Cowboy Gathering,consisting of demonstrators, scholarlypapers, reenactors, an evening concert ofmusic and poetry, and chuckwagonmeals.Date: Saturday & Sunday, June 8 & 9Time: 10 a.m.-whenever on Saturday, 10a.m.-5 p.m. on SundayLocation: Cottonwood Ranch State His-toric Site, Studley

Talk – The History of CottonwoodRanch by Don Rowlison, administratorof Cottonwood Ranch State Historic Site.Date: Tuesday, June 11Time: 7 p.m.Location: Morland High School

Event – Lab Work Night on field schoolartifacts.Date: Wednesday, June 12Time: 6:30-9 p.m.Location: Morland High School

Event – Tour of Historic Ranch Archi-tecture, visits to various area ranchesdating from the 1880s to early 1900s, ledby Don Rowlison, administrator ofCottonwood Ranch State Historic Site.Date: Thursday, June 13Time: 7 p.m.Meeting Location: Cottonwood RanchState Historic Site, Studley

Event – Ice Cream Social and Resumé,a summary of project accomplishmentsby site supervisors.Date: Saturday, June 15Time: 7 p.m.Location: Morland High School

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13

2002 HistoricPreservation Week

“Preserving the Spirit of Place” is thetheme of the week-long celebration spon-sored annually by the National Trust forHistoric Preservation since 1971.

Every community has a spirit ofplace that identifies it as special andunique. It may be a building or a monu-ment, a street or a public square, a stretchof lakeshore or a view of distant moun-tains. It sets the community apart fromevery other. It attracts tourists, contrib-utes to the area’s stability and livability,and gives residents a sense of connectionwith their shared heritage.

“Despite its importance in the social,cultural and economic life of the commu-nity, the spirit of place is easily de-stroyed,” said National Trust PresidentRichard Moe. “Older neighborhoods,rich in texture and character, start to de-cline. Familiar landmarks are allowed todeteriorate or are replaced by new build-ings that fail to respect their historic set-ting. Scenic vistas are spoiled by insensi-tive development, and precious openspace is devoured by sprawl. Uniquenessfades into anonymity. Every place startslooking like Anyplace, and eventuallythey all look like Noplace. PreservationWeek 2002 calls on us to do all we can torecognize, save and enhance irreplaceablefeatures that give each community itsdistinctive character.”

For additional information check theweb site of the National Trust for HistoricPreservation at www.nationaltrust.org/preservationweek.

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the site was projected for use as a landfill.Excavations revealed foundations andother features of both residential andcommercial buildings in Quindaro. Theterritorial town of Quindaro was estab-lished on the Missouri River in 1857 inan area that is now the northwest part ofKansas City, Kansas. The town was vir-tually abandoned after 1862 and buildingmaterials were salvaged over the years byarea residents for reuse. In addition to itsarcheological significance, local histori-ans also value the property for its associa-tion with the Underground Railroad. Theproperty is owned by the A.M.E. Churchand the Unified Government of KansasCity and Wyandotte County.

The Schaeffler House at 312 EastGrand in Hillsboro, a 1909 Queen Anneresidence associated with local merchantsWilliam and Ida Schaeffler, is operated asa historic house museum by the City ofHillsboro in cooperation with theHillsboro Historical Society.

The I.O.O.F. Lodge at Nicholas andMill Streets in Alton was nominated forits association with local fraternal organi-zations in Alton and as an example of a19th century vernacular limestone com-mercial building.

The Gelbach House at 1721 ParkPlace in Wichita was nominated for itsassociation with George W. Gelbach, aWichita merchant, and for its architec-tural significance as an example of theNeo-Classical style.

The Union Pacific Railroad Passen-ger Depot at 701 N. Kansas in Topeka

was built in 1925-1927 from plans pre-pared by Gilbert S. Underwood; it is cur-rently being rehabilitated as a railroadheritage museum.

The Soldiers and Sailors Monument,located at 1st Avenue and Walnut inHutchinson, was erected in 1918-19 bythe Grand Army of the Republic to com-memorate those who had served theUnion in the Civil War; it is one of onlythree multi-figure Civil War monumentserected in Kansas. (A detailed storyabout this monument begins on page 3.)

Approved for the state register wasthe Masonic Lodge at 107 W. Lincoln inWellington. Built in 1909-1910, it is nowused for commercial and office purposes.

In other business, the board set meet-ing dates for the rest of the year: May 11,August 24, and November 2. The Maymeeting will be held at the Topeka-Shawnee County Public Library and theothers will be in the museum classroomsat the Kansas History Center.

lighting, ADA accessibility, paved walkways, and seatingare part of the plan. The city council has pledged $1 forevery $2 raised, up to $27,500. The estimated cost for theentire project is $80,000.

Today the ownership of the monument lies with theCity of Hutchinson and the Sons of Union Veterans of theCivil War (SUVCW), the legal descendant of the now de-funct G.A.R. The SUVCW supports the nomination andthe plans for renovation of the monument.

Bibliography

Julian Brothers Sculpture. “Assessment of the Civil WarMemorial, Sculpture Repair.” Wichita, Kansas: March 13, 1998.

Daniel, Larry J. and Riley W. Gunter. Confederate CannonFoundries. Union City, TN: Pioneer Press, 1977.

Hutchinson, Kansas. Clerk’s Record/ City CommissionMinutes. May 12, 1914- June 24, 1919.

Hutchinson News. May 30, 1917; June 28, 1917; July 31,1917; October 26, 1917; October 27, 1917; September 19, 1918,June 14, 1919.

Neeley, George A. Dedication Remarks. June 28, 1917.

Johnson, Tim. “A Tribute to Our Civil War Ancestors: TheG.A.R. Monument & Cannon of Reno County, Kansas.” Legacy.V. 10, No. 4 (Fall 1998).

Savage, Kirk. Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves.Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1997.

Thies, Randall M. “Civil War Valor in Concrete: DavidLester and the Kinsley Civil War Monument.” Kansas History.V. 22, No. 3 (Autumn 1999).

Thomas, Dean S. Cannons. Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publi-cations, 1985.

Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Continued from page 5

Review Board Approves Continued from 2

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14

In coordination with the Kansas Ar-cheology Training Program field school,the Kansas State Historical Society Cul-tural Resources Division will offer a basictechnical workshop on museum exhibits.The course, aimed at museum profession-als and volunteers, will be an overview ofexhibit design and fabrication for muse-ums with limited budgets. The workshopis on Saturday, June 1, 9 a.m.-4 p.m. andSunday, June 2, 9 a.m.-noon at MorlandHigh School, 107 W. Main St., Morland,Kansas.

The instructor will be James West,M.F.A., Wichita State University. Westworked in the KSHS Exhibits Departmentfor 15 years and assisted with the KSHSCommunity History Institute on museumexhibits in 1993. He was a National En-dowment for the Arts and Kansas Arts

Exhibits for Museums with Small Budgets:A Basic Technical Workshop

Commission Artist in Education in 1986.Among other topics, West will introducelabel and mount making and cover pre-sentation and preservation issues.

A minimum of ten registrants will benecessary for the workshop to be held.Registration forms must be received byMay 1, 2002. The registration fee of $20per person may be paid on-site atMorland High before the course starts at9 a.m. on June 1. Participants will receivea packet of helpful information on a vari-ety of topics. Meals are not provided.

Participants are not required to regis-ter for the KATP field school.

To reserve a spot, please submit theaccompanying form to or contact VirginiaA. Wulfkuhle, 6425 SW 6th Ave., Topeka,KS 66615, (785) 272-8681 Ext. 255, [email protected].

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Owners of historic buildings acrossKansas are taking advantage of two taxincentive programs administered by theHistoric Preservation Office. Federal andstate tax credits are available to propertyowners willing to rehabilitate their build-ings according to the Secretary of theInterior’s Standards for Rehabilitation.

Some projects recently approved forfederal tax credits include major renova-tions to Mundinger Hall in Winfield andrehabilitation of the E.F. Goodrich Housein Lawrence for commercial office space.

Other Federal tax credit projectscurrently in the application phase includethe building at 417 Poyntz in Manhattan’sdowntown historic district and the WellsFargo Building on Main Street inHutchinson. Other projects in processinclude the AXA Building in downtownLeavenworth and the Calhoun Building indowntown Fort Scott. All projects apply-ing for federal tax credits must be usedfor income-producing purposes. Each ofthe above named projects involve com-mercial uses such as restaurants, officespace, or local businesses.

Kansas state tax credits are availableto both income-producing and non-in-come producing buildings. Projectsqualifying for federal tax credits can auto-

Renovation Projects AcrossKansas Utilize Tax Credits

matically receive state tax credits as well.Recently approved state tax creditprojects include maintenance and repairwork to historic residences such as theWarren Wesley Finney House in Emporia,the Jacob House Residence in Lawrence,and the Frank Wear Residence in thePotwin Historic District of Topeka.

Other projects have involved moresubstantial rehabilitation of buildingssuch as the project at 107 N. State inYates Center that involves thereconfiguration of the storefront and theinterior to accommodate the owner’s per-sonal use.

A project was also recently approvedfor the Hackney House in Winfield, in-volving the restoration of a rear porch.The original porch was replaced by aconcrete patio at some time in the past.

For further information on tax creditsfor the rehabilitation of historic buildings,please contact the Cultural ResourcesDivision of the Kansas State HistoricalSociety at (785) 272-8681 Ext. 240 or e-mail [email protected].

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