Black Holes and the Universe –Black Holes and the Universe –How the LHC re-creates the beginning How the LHC re-creates the beginning

of timeof timeRene BellwiedRene Bellwied

Wayne State UniversityWayne State University((bellwied@physics.wayne.edu))

A public lectureA public lecture

Lessons from the cosmosLessons from the cosmos

Earth based experimentsEarth based experiments

Discoveries and new challengesDiscoveries and new challenges

Towards the most fundamental questionsTowards the most fundamental questions

T in the universe:3 K = -454oF

Cosmic wavebackground map

Matter in the universeMatter in the universeA problem of galactic proportionsA problem of galactic proportions

In spiral galaxies, the rotation In spiral galaxies, the rotation curve remains at about the curve remains at about the same value at great distances same value at great distances from the center from the center

This means that the enclosed This means that the enclosed mass continues to increase mass continues to increase even though the amount of even though the amount of visible, luminous matter falls off visible, luminous matter falls off at large distances from the at large distances from the center. center.

Something else must be adding to the gravity of the Something else must be adding to the gravity of the galaxies without shining. galaxies without shining. Dark Matter ! Dark Matter !

Accounts for > 90% of the mass in the universe.Accounts for > 90% of the mass in the universe.

Dark Matter vs. Luminous Matter distributionDark Matter vs. Luminous Matter distributionBullet Cluster, 3.4 Billion Lightyears from Earth Bullet Cluster, 3.4 Billion Lightyears from Earth

X-ray image vs. gravitational lensingX-ray image vs. gravitational lensing

Cluster contents by mass:

~ 2% galaxies

~ 13% hot gas

~ 85% dark matter

Dark and visible matter are close together ? Formed in same process ?

Matter in the UniverseMatter in the UniverseBefore 1911,

the atom was thought to be the most fundamental form of matter!

Matter in the UniverseMatter in the UniverseElectronsorbiting

Atom

nucleus

100 trillionths (10-10) meter

1911 – atomic nucleus discovered by E. Rutherford

Matter in the UniverseMatter in the UniverseElectronsorbiting

Atom

nucleus

Atomic nucleus.01 trillionths (10-14) meter

1919 – atomic nucleus contained protons(1932 – and neutrons)

Matter in the UniverseMatter in the UniverseElectronsorbiting

Atom

nucleus

Atomic nucleus

quarksNeutrons & Protons

100 trillionths (10-10) meter

.01 trillionths (10-14) meter

.001 trillionths (10-15) meter (also gluons!)

1974 – “elementary” particles made up of quarks & gluons

Stars are moving :Stars are moving :Doppler Effect with StarsDoppler Effect with Stars

A star's motion causes a wavelength shift in its light emission spectrum, A star's motion causes a wavelength shift in its light emission spectrum, which depends on speed and direction of motion. which depends on speed and direction of motion.

If star is moving If star is moving towardtoward you, the waves are compressed, so their you, the waves are compressed, so their wavelength is wavelength is shorter = shorter = blueshiftblueshift. .

If the object is moving If the object is moving awayaway from you, the waves are stretched out, so from you, the waves are stretched out, so their wavelength is their wavelength is longer = longer = redshiftredshift

The spectral lines of nearly all of the galaxies in the universe are shifted The spectral lines of nearly all of the galaxies in the universe are shifted to the red end of the spectrum. This means that the galaxies are moving to the red end of the spectrum. This means that the galaxies are moving away from the Milky Way galaxy. Evidence for the expansion of the away from the Milky Way galaxy. Evidence for the expansion of the universe. universe.

uniform expansion = Hubble lawAge of universe = 1/H0

Let’s go back in time to when matter Let’s go back in time to when matter was formed – but how ?was formed – but how ?

It’s -454It’s -454ooF out there nowF out there now

Assume that the universe expands homogenously and Assume that the universe expands homogenously and simply run the expansion backwards (compression) at a simply run the expansion backwards (compression) at a compression rate set by the Hubble constantcompression rate set by the Hubble constant

Volume goes down

Pressure goes up

Temperature goes up

Energy goes up

Going back in time…Going back in time…

AgeAge Energy Energy Matter in universe Matter in universe 00 10101919 GeV GeV grand unified theory of all forcesgrand unified theory of all forces

1010-35-35 s s 10101414 GeV GeV 11stst phase transition phase transition (strong: q,g + electroweak: g, l,n)(strong: q,g + electroweak: g, l,n)

1010-10-10 ss 101022 GeV GeV 22ndnd phase transition phase transition

(strong: q,g + electro: g + weak: l,n)(strong: q,g + electro: g + weak: l,n)

1010-5-5 s s 0.2 GeV0.2 GeV 33rdrd phase transition phase transition protons/neutronsprotons/neutrons

(strong:hadrons + electro:g + weak: l,n)(strong:hadrons + electro:g + weak: l,n)

3 min.3 min. 0.1 MeV0.1 MeV nucleinuclei

6*106*1055 years years 0.3 eV0.3 eV atomsatoms

Now Now 3*103*10-4-4 eV = 3 K (13.7 billion years) eV = 3 K (13.7 billion years)

phases of matter form whenever energy phases of matter form whenever energy is low enough for them to surviveis low enough for them to survive

RHIC & LHC-NP

FRIB & FAIR

LHC-HEP

Time Since the Big Bang

10-43 seconds

10-5 sec.

3 min.

380,000 yrs

1 billion yrs

13.7 billion yrs

Quarks & Gluons (T=1012 K)

ParticlesAtomic Nuclei

Atoms (3,000 K)

Man

BIGBANG

Evolution of Matter Evolution of Matter in the Universein the Universe

Galaxies(3 K)

T ~ 1032 K

The 4 Forces of NatureThe 4 Forces of Nature

Strong Nuclear Force – force that keeps nuclei together – force that holds quarks (and gluons) inside protons & neutrons

Gravitational force – attractive force between objects of matter

Electromagnetic force – force between electrically charged objects

Weak nuclear force – force that causes transmutation of nuclei

Mass puzzle:p/n believed to contain three quarks, but mp = 1.67*10-27kg andmq= 9*10-30kg, so 3mq = mp.

Where does all the mass come from ?

Strong color fieldForce grows with separation !!!

Forces get weaker with distance…..exceptForces get weaker with distance…..exceptto study structure of an atom…

“white” proton

…separate constituents

Imagine our understanding of atoms or QED if we could not isolate charged objects!!

nucleus

electron

quark

quark-antiquark paircreated from vacuum

“white” proton(confined quarks)

“white” 0

(confined quarks)

Confinement: fundamental & crucial (but not understood!) feature of strong force- colored objects (quarks) have energy in normal vacuum

neutral atom

To understand the strong force and the phenomenon of confinement:Create and study a system of deconfined colored quarks (and gluons)

F ~ 1/r2

F ~ r

Force between two quarksForce between two quarks

Compare to gravitational force at Earth’s surface

Quarks exert 16 metric tons of force on each other!

quark quarkgluons

Making ‘Quark-Gluon Soup’Making ‘Quark-Gluon Soup’

Nuclear Matter(confined)

Hadronic Matter(confined)

Quark Gluon Plasmadeconfined !

How to do it ? Instead of pulling particles apart:• heating• compression‘free’ quarks and gluonsneeds a trillion (!) degrees

(30,000 times the Sun’s Temp)

instead of heating how about banging together ?

The The RRelativistic elativistic HHeavy eavy IIon on CColliderollider

RHIC BRAHMSPHOBOS

PHENIXSTAR

AGS

TANDEMS

3.8 km circle

v = 0.99995

speed of light

Gold nuclei each with 197 protons + neutrons are accelerated

The The

ExperimentExperiment

STARSTAR

The The

ExperimentExperiment

Brazil: Sao Paolo China: IHEP - Beijing, IPP - Wuhan

England: Birmingham France: IReS - Strasbourg, SUBATECH-Nantes

Germany: Frankfurt, MPI - Munich Poland: Warsaw University, Warsaw U. of TechnologyRussia: MEPHI - Moscow, JINR - Dubna, IHEP - Protvino

U.S.: Argonne, Berkeley, Brookhaven National Laboratories UC Berkeley, UC Davis, UCLA, Creighton, Carnegie-Mellon, Indiana, Kent State, MSU, CCNY, Ohio State, Penn State, Purdue, Rice, Texas, Texas A&M, Washington, Wayne, Yale Universities

STARSTAR

~ 540 collaborators44 institutions8 countries

Cost for RHIC:~ $550 MillionCost for STAR:~ $50 MillionTook 10 years tobuild

First beam in 2009

Geneva with Large Hadron Collider Geneva with Large Hadron Collider SuperimposedSuperimposed

Heavy Ion Physics at the LHCHeavy Ion Physics at the LHC

ALICE : ALICE : A window to the A window to the

most fundamental questionsmost fundamental questions

(1100 scientists,(1100 scientists,

250 Million Dollars,250 Million Dollars,

12,500 tons,12,500 tons,

15 years to build)15 years to build)

Study all phases of a heavy ion collisionStudy all phases of a heavy ion collision

If the QGP was formed, it will only live for 10-21 s !!!!BUT does matter come out of this phase the same way it went in ???

Study all phases of a heavy ion collisionStudy all phases of a heavy ion collision

If the QGP was formed, it will only live for 10-21 s !!!!BUT does matter come out of this phase the same way it went in ???

We are forming a fireball of a new mediumWe are forming a fireball of a new medium(free quarks and gluons) which will de-excite (free quarks and gluons) which will de-excite

(explode) into many, many particles(explode) into many, many particles(600 on 600 quarks gives you nearly 10,000 new (600 on 600 quarks gives you nearly 10,000 new

particles – (Einstein at its best))particles – (Einstein at its best))

What are the propertiesof this phase ?

How does it convert backto ordinary matter ?

Is anything else produced ?

Size of fireball: ~ 10x10x10 fm

So what do we hope for ?So what do we hope for ?a.) Re-create the conditions as close as possible to the a.) Re-create the conditions as close as possible to the Big Bang, i.e. a condition of maximum density and Big Bang, i.e. a condition of maximum density and minimum volume in an expanding macroscopic system. minimum volume in an expanding macroscopic system. Measure a phase transitionMeasure a phase transition, characterize the new , characterize the new phase, measure the de-excitation of the new phase into phase, measure the de-excitation of the new phase into ‘ordinary’ matter – ‘ordinary’ matter – ‘do we come out the way went in ?’‘do we come out the way went in ?’

b.) b.) How do the particles (ordinary matter) form ? How How do the particles (ordinary matter) form ? How do they attain their mass ?do they attain their mass ?

c.) c.) Does Dark Matter form at the same time ?Does Dark Matter form at the same time ?

d.) d.) Do Black Holes form ? Are they related to Dark Do Black Holes form ? Are they related to Dark Matter or Dark Energy ?Matter or Dark Energy ?

e.) e.) Does matter separate from anti-matter ?Does matter separate from anti-matter ?

It’s news all over the worldIt’s news all over the world

USA Today: The Great Fear of the UnknownUSA Today: The Great Fear of the Unknown

Malaysia Sun: Large Hadron Collider could Malaysia Sun: Large Hadron Collider could spell doomsday for the Earth in nine days !spell doomsday for the Earth in nine days !

MSNBC: Atom smasher fears spark lawsuitMSNBC: Atom smasher fears spark lawsuit

Fox news: ‘World-ending machine’ slated to Fox news: ‘World-ending machine’ slated to go online soongo online soon

Spiegel (Germany): Black holes in Geneva: Spiegel (Germany): Black holes in Geneva: Is this the end of the world ?Is this the end of the world ?

The Black Hole scareThe Black Hole scareAt the LHC we think we can either make black holes on the scale of the At the LHC we think we can either make black holes on the scale of the proton or make objects that have quantum properties like a black hole but proton or make objects that have quantum properties like a black hole but are not actual black holes (quantum black holes)are not actual black holes (quantum black holes)

Is that dangerous ? Absolutely notIs that dangerous ? Absolutely notAs we all know a black hole grows by absorbing the surrounding matter. As we all know a black hole grows by absorbing the surrounding matter. But in order to have that ‘attractive’ force a black hole must have a But in order to have that ‘attractive’ force a black hole must have a minimum size, i.e. the size of an atom (~10minimum size, i.e. the size of an atom (~10-10-10m). The proton is 10m). The proton is 10-15-15m, so m, so about 100,000 times too small. There will never be enough energy to about 100,000 times too small. There will never be enough energy to make a black hole big enough for it to be dangerous. Luckily our make a black hole big enough for it to be dangerous. Luckily our instruments are so sophisticated that we can learn a lot from our mini or instruments are so sophisticated that we can learn a lot from our mini or quantum black holes.quantum black holes.

In addition natural high-energy cosmic rays bombard the earth daily for In addition natural high-energy cosmic rays bombard the earth daily for Billions of years now and cause collisions at significantly higher energies Billions of years now and cause collisions at significantly higher energies than the LHC can produce. than the LHC can produce.

So yes we want to make them, and no they are not So yes we want to make them, and no they are not threatening !!threatening !!

Measuring particlesMeasuring particles The basic principle: measure every particle The basic principle: measure every particle

that leaves a track in the detector.that leaves a track in the detector.

• Only charged particles lose energy when traversing the Only charged particles lose energy when traversing the detector (ionization of gas). From the amount of energy detector (ionization of gas). From the amount of energy loss and the time it takes to traverse the detector loss and the time it takes to traverse the detector volume we can determine the mass of the particle.volume we can determine the mass of the particle.

• Detector is in magnetic field. From the bending of the Detector is in magnetic field. From the bending of the track in the field we can determine the momentum and track in the field we can determine the momentum and velocity of each particle.velocity of each particle.

Probing the medium with fast particlesProbing the medium with fast particles

p

p

?

Au+Au

idea: use p+p collisions (no medium)as reference

?: what happens in Au+Au to particles which pass through medium?

Prediction: density in fireball is sohigh that particles get stuck.

Measure properties of medium from the interaction of particles with medium.

STAR, nucl-ex/0305015

energyloss

pQCD + Shadowing + Cronin

pQCD + Shadowing + Cronin + Energy Loss

High momentum particles get stuck !High momentum particles get stuck !

The system is very dense. Too dense to be made of protons and neutrons !

SYSTEM NEEDS TO BE MADE OF QUARKS & GLUONS

The deposited energy density is enormous, at least 5 GeV/fm3

The energy density is 5 GeV/fmThe energy density is 5 GeV/fm33. . Is that a lot?Is that a lot?

Last year, the U.S. used about 100 quadrillion BTUs of energy:

At 5 GeV/fm3, this would fit in a volume of:

Or, in other words, in a box of the following dimensions:

Collective motion of the matter constituents:Collective motion of the matter constituents:The medium is deconfined and consists of quarksThe medium is deconfined and consists of quarks

baryonsbaryons

mesonsmesons

2q-states (mesons) 3q-states baryons

RHIC discoveriesRHIC discoveries(2000 – 2010)(2000 – 2010)

based on strong collective flow

x

yz

The ‘Perfect Liquid’ (2005)

RHIC discoveriesRHIC discoveries(2000 – 2010)(2000 – 2010)

based on photon radiation

4 Trillion Degrees = 400 MeV = 2 Tc

The ‘Hottest State’ (2010)

Lessons from Lessons from RHIC: RHIC:

The Quark The Quark SoupSoup

AIP ScienceAIP ScienceStory of 2006Story of 2006

The early universe The early universe behaves like a liquid behaves like a liquid

not like a gas or not like a gas or plasmaplasma

Where are we ?Where are we ? We created a new phase of matter, made of quarks, which

existed only microseconds after the Big Bang. Surprisingly that phase behaves like a liquid rather than a

gas or a plasma We are starting to understand the creation of matter in the

universe.

collision evolution particle detectors

collision overlap

zone

QGP phasequark and gluon

degrees of freedom

~ 10 fm/c

hadronization

kineticfreeze-out

lumpy initial energy density

0~1 fm/c ~ 0 fm/c

distributions and correlations

of produced particles

quantum fluctuations

Heavy-ion Collisions: Rapid Expansion

expansion and cooling

The Universe: Slow Expansion

credit: NASA

Where are we going ? Collectivity causes correlations

particle distributionin and

The future is brightThe future is brightThe LHC: higher energy collisions,

bigger and better detectors

On to: black holes, dark matter,Super-symmetry, extra-dimensions,Higgs fields and parallel universes

Already....Already....An amazing journey !!An amazing journey !!

November 2009:900 GeV collisions(450 on 450 GeV)

December 2009:2.36 TeV collisions(11.8 on 1.18 TeV)

March 2010:7 TeV collisions(3.5 on 3.5 TeV)

Highest energy planned:14 TeV (in 2012)

Highest energy prior:1.8 TeV at FNAL

Welcome to the new age !Welcome to the new age !